Acta Academiae Medicinae Sinicae

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CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE

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	2014 Vol.34 Issue.11,Published 2014-11-20

	2721	Analogy research on wet fiber layer filtration resistance of mine dust
		CHEN Xi-Shan, ZHANG Yong-Liang
		To raise the efficiency of dust collection, theoretical analysis on filtrating resistance about the fiber of wet filtering layer precipitator was carried on, and the theoretical model about filtration resistance of dust when it passed the wet fiber layer precipitator was built. Filtration experiment simulation system of wet filtering layer was designed, characteristics of mine dust was simulated with experiment study, the dimensionless parameter of theoretical model was modified, and the theory formula for resistance of dust wet filter was optimized. Results showed that this theoretical model possessed high accuracy and can be applied in practice. It has exhibited good representation, not only did the tendency of theoretical curve is in agreement with the test curve, but also the result basically agreed well with calculated value, as mended.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2721-2725 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 499KB] ( 663 )

	2726	Evaluation of PM2.5 decrease in Beijing after emission restrictions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding regions
		LIU Jun, AN Xing-Qin, ZHU Tong, DI Shi-Xian, LI Nan
		The models-3 community multiscale air quality (CMAQ) Modeling System was used to simulate PM2.5 concentrations in Beijing with the application of a high-resolution emission inventory for Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in North China Plain. Based on the reanalysis of meteorological data derived from the national centersfor environmental prediction (NCEP) final analysis (FNL), in the autumn and winter of 2011, 2012, and 2013, we have chosen a representative period, October 1st to December 30th of 2012,for baseline simulation. According to the implementing measures for air pollution prevention and control action plans in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and surrounding area (hereinafter referred to as the measures) and Emission Source Control Target for the five-year period (2012~2017), we formulated an emission control scenario to evaluate the improvements in air quality with the comparison to baseline simulation. The modeling system well captured the temporal trend of PM2.5 concentrations,with a correlation coefficient of 0.71 and 0.63 betweenmodeled and measured PM2.5 daily average concentrationsat Haidian and Shangdianzi, respectively. After 30~40% reduction of emissions for main pollutants in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, PM2.5 average concentrations in Haidian, Shangdianzi, and urban area deceased by (24.9±2.3)%, (20.2±2.7)%, and (24.8±2.1)%, respectively. If the measures were strictly implemented and the meteorological conditions were similar with those in 2012, the goal of reducing PM2.5 annual mean concentration to 60μg/m3 could be reached in 2017.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2726-2733 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1082KB] ( 1541 )

	2734	Exposure to CO and NOx in different transport modes
		SONG Bing-Yue, HU Ke-Zhen, WU Jian-Ping, ZHOU Yang
		To characterize the difference of exposure level when traveling on different traffic modes, measuring devices were installed on a test vehicle, to simulate people’s traverse process over different transport modes at different moving speeds. In 10 sampling days in July and August, 2013, three transport modes included foot, bicycle and electric motor were simulated by test vehicle moving at 5km/h, 15km/h and 30km/h in the urban area, respectively. Mobile measurement represented the exposure level of corresponding transport modes. Results indicated that peak exposure happened in arterial roads with expressway and bypass follow, and exposure level in the holidays were higher than that of weekdays. Comparison of mobile measurement results with literature results indicated that simulation performance of exposure to CO was superior to NOx, taus this simulation method was more effective than the traditional method.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2734-2740 [Abstract] ( 230 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 572KB] ( 701 )

	2741	Design and application of hood dilution sampling system for measuring biomass burning sources
		ZHANG Yi-Sheng, LUAN Sheng-Ji, SHAO Min, ZENG Li-Wu, LIN Yun, ZENG Li-Min, HE Ling-Yan, HUANG Xiao-Feng
		A hood dilution stack sampling system was designed to measure particulate matter and trace gas emissions from biomass burning sources. The cooling, dilution and ageing process were simulated in the system after the hot flue gases were collected by the hood. A series of isokinetic nozzles were used to adjust dilution ratios ranged from 10 to 70. The design principles and the structure of the sampling system were described in detail. The reliability of the system was verified by performance tests. The system passed hermetic tests with acceptable fine particle loss, and negligible impacts on burning status. Real-time display of burning conditions was achieved by self-designed software. The system was utilized to characterize major carbonaceous species emissions from typical biomass burning sources in South China. Results indicated that the system was suitable of simulating various types of biomass burning activities.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2741-2748 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 975KB] ( 1134 )

	2749	Comparative analysis on emission factors of carbonaceous components in PM2.5 and PM10 from domestic fuels combustion
		KONG Shao-Fei, BAI Zhi-Peng, LU Bing
		PM10 and PM2.5 emitted from crop waste (JG), wood (XC), honeycomb coal (FW) and raw coal (KM) burning were collected through a dilution sampling system. Carbonaceous components in what are they were analyzed. Results showed that the emission factors (EFs) of particles and carbon components were influenced by fuel types. Fine particles were the most common particles, with PM2.5/PM10 ratios varying between 0.7~0.9. KM held the highest EFs of particles. They were 9.837g/kg and 11.929g/kg for PM2.5 and PM10 which were 12.6 and 13.7 times higher than FW, respectively. The EFs of particles for JG and XC were in the range of 7.359g/kg~10.444g/kg, slightly lower than those of KM. The EFs of OC were highest for KM (5.29 and 5.19g/kg for PM2.5 and PM10). The highest EFs of EC were in XC (1.065 and 1.126g/kg of PM2.5 and PM10) which were 300 and 10 times of those in FW and JG. The carbonaceous components accounted for 40%~60% of particles emitted from KM, XC and JG burning which were three times higher than FW. The OC/EC ratios for XC and KM varied from 3 to 6 and the ratios were up to 30~50 for JG and FW.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2749-2756 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 2221 )

	2757	Response of production and emission of CO2 and N2O of agricultural soil to drip irrigation
		GUO Shu-Fang, QI Yu-Chun, DONG Yun-She, PENG Qin, LIU Xin-Chao, SUN Liang-Jie, JIA Jun-Qiang, HE Yun-Long, CAO Cong-Cong, YAN Zhong-Qing
		The research on the effect of drip irrigation on the emission of CO2 and N2O and its impact mechanism was helpful to understand the influence of irrigation pattern changes on carbon and nitrogen cycles of agro-ecosystem. And they were also significant for the improvements of agricultural irrigation management and mitigation in greenhouse gas emission. In this paper, different impacts of drip irrigation on CO2 and N2O were summarized and the influence mechanism of soil moisture, soil temperature, soil nutrients, soil structure and soil microorganism on the production and emission of CO2 and N2O from agricultural soil were analyzed. Meanwhile, the uncertainties in the influence of drip irrigation on atmospheric greenhouse effec as well as the existing problems of current research were also discussed.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2757-2763 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 359KB] ( 2466 )

	2764	Characterization of new particle formation event in the rural site of Sichuan Basin and its contribution to cloud condensation nuclei
		CHEN Chen, HU Min, WU Zhi-Jun, WU Yu-Sheng, GUO Song, CHEN Wen-Tai, LUO Bin, SHAO Min, ZHANG Yuan-Hang, XIE Shao-Dong
		To investigate the formation mechanism of complex air pollution in Chengdu-Chongqing district, field campaign was conducted at a rural size Ziyang during the winter time of 2012 to study the new particle formation (NPF) events and their impact to cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the high polluted atmosphere background. Particle number size distribution and the number of CCN were measured. The gaseous sulfuric acid concentration was estimates based on the mixing ratio of SO2 and photolysis rate (JO1D). During the whole champion (Dec 5th, 2012 to Jan 5th, 2013), the particle number concentration was high, with an average of (16072±9713)cm-3. The dominate mode was the accumulation mode, accounting for 46% of the total particle number concentration, indicating dominant secondary formation. This ratio was higher than that of rural sites and background sites of Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, the Pearl River Delta, and the Yangtze River Delta. The coagulation condensation sink (CS), indicating preexisting particle concentration was high [(4.3 ± 3.6) × 10- 2s-1]. However, seven NPF events were measured, accounting for 23% of the observed days. Compared with the results of other studies, the particle formation rate was slightly higher [(5.2 ± 1.4)cm-3s-1], and the particle growth rate [(3.6 ± 2.5)nm/h] was lower. NPF events significantly contributed to the number concentration of CCN. After NPF events, the average growth rate of the number concentration of CCN was 19%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2764-2772 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 800KB] ( 1081 )

	2773	Ratio of haloacetic acids precursor in water-ice system during the freezing processes of water
		XUE Shuang, CHEN Jing, TIE Mei, HUI Xiu-Juan, ZHANG Li-Na, ZHANG Ying
		It was studied the partition of dissolved organic matter (DOM) fractions and haloacetic acids (HAAs) precursors in water-ice system during the freezing processes of water by the indoor simulating tests. DOM was fractionated using XAD resins into five fractions: hydrophobic acid (HPO-A), hydrophobic neutral (HPO-N), transphilic acid (TPI-A), transphilic neutral (TPI-N) and hydrophilic fraction (HPI). The results showed that the freezing rate of water samples containing acid fractions wove higher than samples containing neutral fractions. DOC concentrations for five DOM fractions in liquid phase increased with freezing time, presenting the freeze-concentration effect, during the freezing processes of water. HAAs precursors were more liable to be concentrated in liquid phase, as compared with the bulk DOM represented by dissolved organic carbon (DOC). HPI, among the five DOM fractions, was the main HAAs precursors. There was significant correlation between UV-254 and HAAFP for five DOM fractions in unfrozen liquid samples. Moreover, for HPO-A, TPI-A and HPI achieved very significant linear correlation. However, there was no significant correlation between UV-254 and HAAFP for all five DOM fractions in melted ice samples.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2773-2780 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 775 )

	2781	Estimation of energy efficiency of a destratification system for reservoirs: a case study of Jinpen Reservoir
		SUN Xin, YE Li-Li, HUANG Ting-Lin, LIU Wei
		In order guide the selection of effective and energy-saving destratification technologies for reservoirs, an uniform criteria of energy efficiency should be developed. The average water temperature after complete mixing can be calculated based on the conservation laws of mass and heat, the reservoir’s gravity centres before and after mixing were calculated.The total potential energy (PE) was determined by integrating the PE in each thin sub-layer over the water depth with data of water volume and density depending on the water temperature. The difference of total potential energy before and after mixing is the minimum energy input required for destratification. The minimum carbon emission from destratification was then calculated based on conversion ratio of the energy consumption to carbon emission. The energy efficiency of a destratification system was the ratio of the minimum required energy input to the actual energy input for destratification. Taking Jinpen Reservoir in Xi’an as a study case, water volumes under different water levels of the reservoir were numerically calculated using the geometry data, this new method was applied to estimate the energy input required for destratification and energy efficiency of destratification system. Minimum energy required for destratification of different months were both calculated using the geometry data. The results showed that minimum energy increase with the temperature gradient, was relatively high during the period from June to October, and reached a peak of 2432.08kW?h in July. The energy efficiency of the water-lifting aeration system was about 4%. It would be efficient at reducing the energy required for destratification and saving carbon emission by running the destratification system at the initial stratification period.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2781-2787 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 542KB] ( 5132 )

	2788	The fast start-up of CANON process in MBR system and the characterization of microbes
		LI Dong, HE Yong-Ping, ZHANG Xiao-Jing, LIANG Yu-Hai, ZHANG Yu-Long, FAN Dan
		To investigate the fast start-up of CANON process and characterization of functional microbes, conventional activated sludge was inoculated to an MBR and the reactor was operated intermediately at ambient temperature. In the launch strategy, the regulation of aeration and aeration time was used as the main method. First, partial nitrification was applied under oxygen-limited condition. Secondly, DO had to be decreased further to achieve CANON process. Finally, aeration time and inorganic carbon concentration needed to be adjusted to improve the total nitrogen removal rate. Besides, the characterization of functional microbes in stable CANON process was analyzed using PCR-DGGE techniques. The results showed that the CANON process launched successfully after 36 days, the ammonium removal rate and total nitrogen removal rate were kept at around 99% and 84% and the maxinum nitrogen removal rate can reach 0.41kg/(m3·d). DGGE profiles showed Nitrosomonas and Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis were predominant microbes in the reactor and they worked synergetically to form an efficient autotrophic nitrogen removal process within the MBR.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2788-2795 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 1076 )

	2796	Impact of temperature on nitrous oxide emission in a tricking filter
		WANG Ya-Yi, CHEN Yu, ZHOU Dong, LIN Xi-Mao
		As a powerful greenhouse gas,nitrous oxide (N2O) is found in wastewater treatment plants. The factors influencing N2O emission from a natural-draft trickling filter (TF) was investigated in situ by treating domestic wastewater. The concentration of N2O released from TF varied between 0~18.21×10-6and the amount of N2O emission was estimated to be 20.5~554g N2O/(m3?a), representing 0.1%~0.8% of oxidized ammonia. Variations of N2O emission followed the seasonal weather pattern, with more N2O emission in the summer period and less in the spring. Temperature differences between air and water were the most influential environmental factors governing the nitrification and the N2O emission patterns in TF. The highest N2O emission occurred in July when temperature differences between air and water were minimal, causing insufficient oxygen availability and incomplete nitrification. The daily patterns indicated that N2O emission was closely correlated with the variations of nitrification and temperature differences, which made it possible for using on-line temperature or N2O monitor to identify the nitrification failures.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2796-2804 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 830KB] ( 619 )

	2805	The cultivation of completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite granular sludge and the recovery and enhancement of nitrogen removal
		CAI Qing, ZHANG Dai-Jun, DING Jia-Jia
		Complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process was successfully startedup with a low volumetric exchange ratio (30%) under alternative limited-oxygen/anaerobic mode in SBR, and the total nitrogen removal rate as well as the total nitrogen removal efficiency reached (312±15)mg/(L·d) and (71.2±4.3)%, respectively. The startup of CANON SBR experienced nitrification-leading phase, partitial-nitritation-leading phase and CANON phase in general. Granular biomass and floccular biomass were both found in SBR. The volume of granular biomass (radius3300μm) and floccular biomass (radius<300μm) made up 39% and 61% of total sludge volume, respectively. The long-term N2H4 addition recovered and enhanced their autotrophic nitrogen removal capacity, with the total nitrogen removal rate increased to (480±34)mg/(L·d). The proportion of granular biomass increased to 51% of total sludge volume.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2805-2812 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 592KB] ( 766 )

	2813	Laboratory study for air flow during air sparging
		WANG He-Fei, SONG Xing-Long, ZHAO Yong-Sheng, WANG Xiao-Man, WANG Qian, QIN Chuan-Yu, SUN Jia-Qiang
		This paper presented the results of a series of laboratory studies on air sparging (AS) within a three-dimensional aquifer simulation tank. The study investigated the effects of particle size and air injection pressure on influence radius (ROI), gas flow rate and patterns during air sparging. The test results showed that improving injection pressure could increase ROI during AS. Air mass flow rate increased linearly with the increase of injection pressure after exceeding a certain sparging pressure. The air flow patterns were determined by the sizes of porous media regardless of the injection pressure. The shape of air flow was conical when particle size was 1-2mm, and parabolic when particle size was 4-8mm.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2813-2816 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 317KB] ( 770 )

	2817	Study on the performance for a coupleddenitrifying systemof 3BER-S
		MENG Cheng-Cheng, HAO Rui-Xia, WANG Jian-Chao, WANG Run-Zhong, REN Xiao-Ke, ZHAO Wen-Li
		To improve the denitrogenation effect of three-dimensional biofilm-electrode reactor (3BER), 3BER-S coupled system of 3BER and sulfur autotrophic denitrification technology has been applied for nitrate removal of simulated municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluentwithlowcarbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N). Results of the comparative test between 3BER and 3BER-S indicated that 3BER-S was superior in TN removal efficiency, pH buffering and nitrite nitrogen accumulation. When TOC:TN:P = 10.7:10:1, C(NO3--N) = 35±2mg/L and pH=7.0~7.5 in the influent of the systems, the average total nitrogen and nitrate removal efficiency was about 85% and 94% for 3BER-S, which was 15% and 10% higher than 3BER respectively. And the average accumulation of nitrite nitrogen was 3.04mg/L for 3BER-S, which was 2mg/L lower than 3BER. The quantitative analysis of sulfur autotrophic denitrification process in 3BER-S showed that the effective availability of elemental sulfur was about 79.5%, and sulfur autotrophic denitrification process accounted 14.07 percent of whole denitrification process which played an important role in buffering pH of the coupled system. Based on the clone library of nitrite reductase genes (nirS) fragments, all the denitrifying bacteria in 3BER-S system showed a high similarity with Betaproteobacteria, in which Thauera, Thiobacillusdenitrificans and Acidovoraxhavea accounted for 61.41%, 3.50% and 19.30% respectively. Therefore when the organic carbon source was sufficient relatively in influent of 3BER-S, the heterotrophic denitrification process played the dominant role, as well ashydrogenotrophicand sulfur autotrophic denitrification processes owe a certainproportionin the system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2817-2823 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1035 )

	2824	Biodegradation and interactions of fosfomycin and α-phenylethylamine in pharmaceutical wastewater
		XIE Xiao-Lin, ZENG Ping, SONG Yong-Hui, ZHU Chao-Wei, LIU Rui-Xia, CUI Xiao-Yu, XIAO Shu-Hu
		Specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR), respiratory inhibitory rate of activated sludge and light loss from luminous bacteria were used as indicators, biodegradability and acute toxicity of fosfomycin, α-phenylethylamine as well as their mixtures were investigated. The results showed that the acute toxicity and respiratory inhibitory rate of α-phenylethylamine were higher than those of fosfomycin. The biodegradability and acute toxicity of their mixtures highly depended on the ratios of α-phenylethylamine. For instance, biodegradability of the mixtures didn’t change when the ratio of α-phenylethylamine was lower than 25%. However, biodegradability of the mixtures decreased while the ratio of α-phenylethylamine exceeded 25%. The acute toxicity of the mixture was the lowest when the ratio of α-phenylethylamine was 25%.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2824-2830 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 647KB] ( 780 )

	2831	Fabrication and humic acid separation performance of hydrophilic negatively charged ultrafiltration membrane
		HUANG Jian, SHU Zeng-Nian, ZHANG Si-Hai
		To improve the antifouling performance and enhance the humic acid (HA) removal rate of polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane, the mesoporous silica (MS) was incorporated in PES membrane by phase inversion method and the surface of PES/MS membrane was negatively modified. The effects of MS on the PES membrane structure, surface chemical property and filtration performance were studied. The HA separation property of negatively charged PES/MS membrane and the effects of pH value, ion strength and Ca2+ concentration on the filtration performance were also investigated. SEM images showed that MS particles dispersed evenly on the PES/MS surface and the membrane pore connectivity was improved. After the hydrophilic charged modification, the contact angle of PES membrane decreased from 68° to 57°, the zeta potential decreased from -6.31mV to -11.45mV; the HA removal rate increased from 72% to 95% while the flux decline rate decreased from 29.8% to 4.9%. Results indicated that hydrophilic charged modification on the PES membrane could be an effective way for better removal of HA and reduction of the membrane fouling; In addition, solution environment, including pH, ionic strength and calcium ion concentration, affecting HA filtration process could be adjusted to achieve higher removal rate and less fouling.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2831-2837 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 820KB] ( 1028 )

	2838	Characteristics of EPS taken from an enhanced biological phosphorus removal system
		WANG Ran-Deng, CHENG Zhan-Li, PENG Yong-Zhen, WANG Shu-Ying
		EPS could act as a reservoir for phosphorus in biological phosphorus removal process. To better understand the physicochemical properties of EPS in the biological phosphorus removal system, two types of EPS taken from the systems that operated complete aerobically with little phosphorus removal ability (R1) and alternative anaerobically/aerobically with excellent phosphorus removal efficiency (R2) were studied. Results showed that protein was predominant in the EPS of R2, while the EPS from R1 was dominated by polysaccharides. Protein-like fluorophores and fulvic acid-like fluorophores were the main EEM spectra in both EPS types, whereas the fluorescence intensity of protein-like substances in R2 was higher than that of R1 at the end of aerobic phase. The content of Ca2+ was higher than Mg2+ in R1, while it was opposite in R2. Meanwhile, the average value of Ca2+ in R1 was 8.67mg/g-MLSS, higher than that of R2 (2.40mg/gMLSS) and the TP contents of R2 (21.65mg/gMLSS) was much higher than that in R1 (13.83mg/gMLSS) at the end of aeration. In addition, the zeta potential of R1 (-35mV) was more negative than that in R2 (-23mV).These results demonstrated that the characteristics of EBPR system was different from the complete-aerobic sludge system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2838-2843 [Abstract] ( 232 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 518KB] ( 1312 )

	2844	Effect of nitrate recycling ratio on denitrifying phosphorus removal characteristics in A2O-BCO process
		WANG Cong, WANG Shu-Ying, ZHANG Miao, WANG Chuan-Xin, XUE Xiao-Fei, PANG Hong-Tao, PENG Yong-Zhen
		The characteristics of biological nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal under different nitrate recycling ratios were investigated in a Anaerobic/Anoxic/Oxic (A2O)-Biological Contact Oxidation (BCO) system when treating low C/N in municipal wastewater. The results indicated that the removal of N and P was achieved simultaneously, and denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPR) process was realized with the total hydraulic retention time (HRT) of A2O at 8h, sludge reflux ratio of 100%, and nitrate recycling ratios set as 100%, 200%, 300% and 400% respectively. The effluent concentration of COD was less than 50mg/L. The removal efficiencies of total nitrogen (TN) were 48.8%, 66.5%, 75.6% and 62.5%, and the removal efficiencies of total phosphorus (TP) were 86.0%, 90.3%, 91.0% and 95.0% under various nitrate recycling ratios. When the nitrate recycling ratio was set at 300%, average concentration of TN and TP in effluent were 14.96mg/L and 0.49mg/L. The amount of denitrifying phosphorus removed was increased slightly as the nitrate recycling ratio improved. When the nitrate recycling ratio was set at 400%, the amount of P removed by DPR accounted for 98% of the total phosphorus removed.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2844-2850 [Abstract] ( 282 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 2844 )

	2851	Effects of biochar and chicken manure on cadmium uptake in pakchoi cultivars with low cadmium accumulation.
		WANG Lin, XU Ying-Ming, LIANG Xue-Feng, SUN Yue-Bing, LIN Da-Song, DONG Ru-Yin
		A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of biochar and chicken manure on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of low Cd accumulating Brassica chinensis grown in a vegetable farmland contaminated by sewage water irrigation, and the immobilization mechanism was elucidated through fractionation of cadmium in the tested soil. Results showed that addition of these additives increased the shoot yield of tested cultivars of Brassica chinensis. The effect of combined applications of high-dose biochar and chicken manure was the most significant, where the yield increased by 174% as compared with the control. The application of these additives significantly decreased shoot Cd concentration of tested cultivars. The effect of combined application of high-dose biochar and chicken manure was the most significant, where the shoot Cd concentration decreased by 72.0% compared with the control, and the shoot Cd concentration of all tested cultivars were lower than the maximum level permitted by the National Food Safety Standard of China (GB2762-2012). The application of these additives could significantly reduce extractable Cd concentration through toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) with a maximal reduction rate of 36.5%. The use of biochar and chicken manure could promote transformation of exchangeable Cd into organic bound or residual fractions, resulting in significant reduction of Cd bioavailability and mobility. These data revealed that a combination of planting low Cd accumulating cultivars and applications of biochar and chicken manure could meet the requirement of safe production of Brassica chinensis in Cd polluted soils.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2851-2858 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 390KB] ( 1257 )

	2859	Distribution characteristics and speciation of fluorine in tea Garden soils in the high fluoride area
		QIN Fan-Xin, WU Di, HUANG Xian-Fei, YANG Yu, XU Kai, PANG Wen-Pin
		The objectives of this article were to study fluorine speciation and its distribution characteristics in tea garden soils in the high fluoride area. The fluorine content and speciation in tea garden soils of northwest Guizhou were measured by consecutive extraction. The results showed that the soil total fluorine (T-F) content ranged from 314 to 3558mg/kg, with a mean of 945mg/kg, which was much higher than the natloncal mean of 453 mg/kg. The content of total fluoride in the collected soils were decreased in the order: brown soils and tan soils (with mean values of 1118mg/kg and 1114mg/kg) > yellowish-brown soils (with a mean value of 908mg/kg) > yellow soils (with a mean value of 681mg/kg). Residual fluorine (Res-F) was the highest among different fluorine forms, with a mean of 940mg/kg. The organic-fluorine (Or-F) was also an important part, with a mean of 7.82mg/kg. The result indicated that soils in the studied area were at a relatively high fluoride pollution level, which may be harmful to human health and ecological environment. The content of Fe/Mn oxide-fluorine (Fe/Mn-F) was also high, with a mean of 3.99mg/kg. The content of water soluble fluorine (Ws-F) and exchangeable fluorine (Ex-F) were relatively low, and their average value was 1.98 mg/kg and 1.14 mg/kg respectively. Therefore, fluorine in the collected soils mainly existed as Or-F, and Ws-F and Ex-F which could be hardly absorbed by tea leaves. Correlation analysis showed that Ex-F was significantly correlated with Ws-F (r = 0.459*), Ws-F was correlated with Fe/Mn-F, Re-F and T-F (r =0.240, 0.226, 0.229), and Or-F was correlated with Fe/Mn-F, Re-F and T-F (r=0.757, 0.312, 0.320**). In addition, significant correlation was found between Ws-F and content of exchangeable salt. However, no significant correlation was found between fluorine forms and soil organic matter with theexception of a weak negative correlation existed between Or-F and soil organic matter. The study provided scientific evidences for protection and restoration of fluorine polluted soils, and offered theoretical knowledge about migration and transformation of soil fluorine and their influence on ecology and environment.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2859-2865 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 441KB] ( 1628 )

	2866	Parameter optimization of sludge co-conditioning based on RSM model
		XING Yi, WANG Zhi-Qiang, HONG Chen, SI Yan-Xiao, LIU Min, LI Yang, TIAN Xing-Qiang
		The potential benefits of sludge dewaterability under surfactant-conditioning (1227) with CaO, PAFC were investigated. Water content of dewatered sludge (WC) and CST were regarded as evaluation index, and single factor experiment was conducted to obtain optimum range of reagent dosage. Then quadratic polynomial prediction models of WC and CST reduction efficiency were established by Box-Behnken experimental design based on response surface methodology (RSM), and optimum parameters of co-conditioning were obtained. The results demonstrated that co-conditioning could significantly improve sludge dewaterability. The optimum values for CaO, PAFC and 1227 were 42.00, 60.40 and 80.89mg/g, respectively, at which WC of (68.30±0.26)% and the CST reduction efficiency of (87.30±0.32)% could be achieved. Meanwhile, verifying experiment was conducted under the optimal conditions and experimental results coincided with model predictions. Thus the optimum parameters obtained from response surface methodology were accurate and reliable, and have certain directive meaning for related sludge treatment and condition optimization.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2866-2873 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 757KB] ( 1369 )

	2874	Electrokinetic deposition and removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge enhanced with ammonia complexation
		XIAO Chen-Xia, HU Qin-Hai, TIAN Yun, PEI Yu-Wen, ZHANG Xu
		The experiment used an in-house designed electrokinetic equipment in order to remove heavy metals from municipal wastewater sludge. Ammonia was added and mixed with four groups of sludge samples at ratios of 0, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 (V:V, NH3·H2O/sludge sample). The samples were electrolyzed for 120 hours at a constant DC voltage. The effects of anodic acid generation coupled with ammonia complexation on the enhanced removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge was measured. The results indicated that anodic acidification had a moderate removal rate on heavy metals. Although adding ammonia had no impact on pH and electric current density in the electrokinetic process, it enhanced the trapping and removal rate of heavy metals in the sludge. Results further indicated that different amount of ammonia exerted different levels of removal rates under electrokinetic treatment. When ammonia water was added at a ratio of 0.12, removal rates of Zn and Cu were 91.62% and 71.49%, respectively. Optimal remediation was achieved ata ratio of 0.08 for Pb with a removal rate of 47.85%. The enhanced removal effect by adding ammonia was presumably the result of decreased residual fractions and organic bound fractions, as well as the increased exchangeable fractions of these metals.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2874-2880 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 761 )

	2881	Influence of macrophytes on water quality in the eastern bays of Lake Taihu, China
		XIANG Su-Lin, ZHU Meng-Yuan, ZHU Guang-Wei, XU Hai
		Effects of macrophyte growth and water quality distribution factors such as total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), transparency and chlorophyll a were studied in an investigation on specie compositions, coverage of macrophyte and physicochemical properties of water body in eastern bays of Lake Taihu (Gonghu Bay, Guangfu Bay and Yuang Bay). The results showed that Potamogeton wrightii Morong was the most popular specie amony three bays. The coverage of macropyhte was spatially different among survey sites, with the coverage ranged from 4.8% to 95.2%. Nutrients in the macrophyte-coverage area were significantly lower than those in the non-macrophyte area with a decrease of TN and TP concentration of 39% and 51%, However, being locates at the border of Microcystis bloom region, the macrophytes also easy to catch the floating bloom, in which the submerged macrophytes showed higher ability to catch the bloom than floating macrophytes did. Therefore, different aquatic vegetation zones of Lake Taihu need the corresponding strategies to restore water quality.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2881-2887 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 1089 )

	2888	Investigation of the migration characteristic of DNAPL in aquifer with lenses and under the action of surfactant flushing
		CHENG Zhou, WU Ji-Chun, XU Hong-Xia, WANG Jia-Cheng, GAO Yan-Wei, LI Jing, DONG Shu-Nan
		Tetrachloroethylene (PCE) was selected as the representative DNAPL to carry out the migration experiments in a two-dimensional (2-D) sandbox, and a modified light transmission visualization method was used to study the migration and saturation distribution characteristics in heterogeneous aquifer containing different lenses, based on which, the recovery effect of DNAPL by situ flushing with a non-ionic surfactant (Tween 80) was investigated. The results showed that, when reaching the low permeability lenses, PCE did not migrate downward but pooled on the surfaces then migrated sideways on the surface of the coarser lens which was packed with a 1:1mixture of 20/30 mesh accusand and 40/60 mesh accusand in homogeneous saturated porous media under natural water flow velocity condition. The recovery effect of PCE made by Tween 80 was prominent, 94.2% of PCE was removed after 58 hours of flushing. The introduction of surfactant could decrease the interfacial tension (IFT) between PCE and water, and reduce the capillary pressure value on the surface of the lenses to varying degrees. Decrease of interfacial tension between PCE and water could reach 38.8dyn/cm. PCE on the surface of coarser lens could penetrate the lens and migrated downward during the surfactant flush. The remediation efficiency was restrained by the capillary intercept in the late stage of the recovery, and the remediation efficiency at 75min and 3520min were 0.63g/g and 0.05g/g respectively. The PCE entrapment on coarser lens could be removed more easily than that on finer lenses.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2888-2896 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 966KB] ( 742 )

	2897	Spectrum analysis on the evolution of dissolved organic matter during cattle manure composting
		CUI Dong-Yu, HE Xiao-Song, XI Bei-Dou, LI Dan, CHEN Feng-Xian, PAN Hong-Wei, YUAN Ying
		UV-visible spectra, 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and synchronous-scan fluorescence spectra were applied to investigate the structural characteristics and evolution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from cattle manure during the process of composting. The result from UV-visible spectra showed that, SUVA254 increased from 1.1614 at the initial stage to 2.543 at the curing stage, E465/E665 exhibited an upward trend with a variation range of 2.333~3.500, and the integration area within the range of 260~280 (A1), 460~480 (A2) and 600~700 nm (A3) all increased first then decreased with the maximum values at 26,14 in 14d, respectively. The result from the 1H-NMR analysis showed that, percentage of the integration area within the range of 0.5 ~ 3.1δ decreased from 43.06% to 8.63%, 3.1 ~ 5.5δ increased from 56.07% to 89.68%, and 5.5~10δ was below 6% with a insignificant variation tendency during composting. The analysis from synchronous-scan fluorescence spectra showed that, the integrated area ratio of protein-like substances (APLR) decreased from 0.331 to 0.252, that of fulvic-like acid matter (AFLR) increased from 0.325 to 0.336, while that of humic-like acid matter (AHLR) increased from 0.344 to 0.412 at the same time. The AFLR/APLR ratio and the fluorescence intensities of three peaks from synchronous-scan spectra exhibited an obvious correlation. In addition, significant correlation also observed between AHLR/AFLR ratio and I351/I284 and I382/I351 ratios. of DOM increased, the carbon structure In conclusion non-humic substances were transformed into humic matter during cattle manure composting, the aromaticitychains were oxidized, and the molecular weight of DOM increased, which increased the humification degree and stability of composts.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2897-2904 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 409KB] ( 1104 )

	2905	Temporal and spatial distributions and sources of particulate organic matter in the Shenzhen Bay and adjacent coastal waters from 2000 to 2011
		ZHAO Ming-Hui, LI Xu-Lu
		Based on the data obtained from monthly cruises from 2000 to 2011, temporal and spatial distribution of the particulate organic matter (POM) concentration in Shenzhen Bay and the coastal eastern Lingdingyang Estuary were discussed. Sources and residence time of POM were also investigated by combining measurements of the salinity with chlorophyll a (Chl a). The results showed that POM concentration and terrestrial fraction were about 4.2mg/L and 79% in Shenzhen Bay, and about 1.9mg/L and 42% in the coastal eastern Lingdingyang Estuary respectively. The ratios of the phytoplankton POM (PPOM):Chl a were about 92 and 54g/g, based on which the PPOM concentrations were estimated at about 0.8 and 0.2mg/L, in Shenzhen Bay and the coastal eastern Lingdingyang Estuary respectively. On the basis of the phytoplankton productivity and integrated marine POM, the POM residence time was estimated to be from 1~5 days in the Shenzhen Bay and about 10days in the coastal eastern Lingdingyang Estuary. The POM concentration increased slightly from 1.7 to 2.0mg/L in the coastal eastern Lingdingyang Estuary in the period 2000~2011, while increased from 3.0 to 5.5mg/L in the period 2000~2005 and decreased from 5.4 to 3.0mg/L in the period 2006~2011 in the Shenzhen Bay.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2905-2911 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 643 )

	2912	Aggregation of monorhamnolipid with concentrations near CMC in neutral solution
		TAN Fei, LIU Zhi-Feng, ZHONG Hua, ZENG Guang-Ming, YUAN Xing-Zhong
		Size distribution of monorhamnolipid aggregates in neutral pH solutions with rhamnolipid concentration near critical micelle concentration (CMC) was studied. Aggregates were formed when rhamnolipid concentration was either below or above CMC. Three types of aggregates which were large (d=5000nm), medium (d=200~500nm) and small (d=40nm) in size were found. When pH was below 7.0 and the rhamnolipid concentration was below CMC, size of the medium-size aggregates decreased with increasing rhamnolipid concentration, and large-size and medium-size aggregates transformed into small-size aggregates. With the increase of solution pH, size of the medium-size aggregate also decreased, and large-size and medium-size aggregates transformed into small-size aggreqates. These observations were assumed to result from change of density and dissociation degree of monorhamnolipid molecule in the aggregates with rhamnolipid concentration and solution pH.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2912-2916 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 410KB] ( 1255 )

	2917	Identification and thermal control on fungi from the filter of central air conditioning system
		FU Bai-Lin, 吕Yang
		To explore the propagative and diffused mechanism of fungi in central air conditioning system and control air microorganism contamination problem, growth rhythms of fungal colony and mycelium were researched in different thermal environments by thermal control. Fungi separated from the filter surface of the central air conditioning system in a gym were chosen as the research objects. By isolation, physiology and biochemistry experiments, and molecular biological identification, dominant fungi on the filter of central air conditioning system were confirmed. In order to conduct thermal control experiment of separated dominant fungi, growth rhythms of fungal colony and mycelium were observed at temperature of 25℃ and 22~28℃, respectively. As a result, it was shown that the dominant fungi were Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp., colonies were 600 and 140 cfu/cm2 respectively. It was indicated that regardless of constant or variable temperature conditions, the reproduction rate of Penicillium spp. was faster than Cladosporium spp., with a liner correlation between colony diameter and time. Penicillium spp. and Cladosporium spp were obviously restrained by temperature change control. Thermal control was feasible for restraining fungal growth in air conditioning system.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2917-2921 [Abstract] ( 191 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 507KB] ( 1077 )

	2922	Responses to elevated O3 of soil microbial diversity from transgenic Bt rice.
		LI Chun-Yan, LIU Biao, HAN Zheng-Min, ZENG Qing, LI Chun-Hua, ZHU Jian-Guo
		Using a free-air concentration enrichment (FACE) system, field studies were conducted on functional diversity of soil microbial community from two rice lines, transgenic Bt Shanyou 63 (Bt-SY63) and its non-transgenic counterpart (SY63), in elevated O3 (E-O3) versus ambient O3 (A-O3) condition during 2010~2011. The results indicated that the AWCD (average well colour development) values of Bt-SY63 and SY63 tended to decrease as O3 increased. No significant ozone effects (P > 0.05) were detected on Simpson, Shannon and McIntosh indices of functional diversity of the soil microbial communities in Bt-SY63 and SY63. Edaphon’s ability to utilize the substrates of some specific carbon resources was significantly affected (P < 0.05) by E-O3 in Bt-SY63 from the original carbohydrates and their derivants to the metabolic mediates and secondary metabolites, whereas SY63 was not significantly affected (P < 0.05) by E-O3. The results suggested that Bt-SY63 might be more sensitive to E-O3 than SY63 with respect to the different responses to E-O3 in the soil microbial community.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2922-2930 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 676KB] ( 788 )

	2931	Response of microbial community to arsenic contamination in two major type of paddy soils in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtse River
		WANG Feng, LEI Cheng-Xia, JIANG Yu-Ji, CHEN Chang-Qing, SUN Bo
		In a pot experiment, the effects of As contamination, soil type and rice cultivar on the composition of soil microbial communities in rice heading stage were unalyzal using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) technique. The results unveiled that the amount of total PLFAs and microbial compositions were to some extent affected by arsenic contamination, soil types and rice cultivars. The As contaminated soils had a higher amount of total PLFAs than the uncontaminated soils. Yellow Paddy soils (YP) had higher total PLFAs, fungi to bacteria ratio (F/B), Gram-negative bacteria to Gram-positive bacteria ratio (G+/G-) and saprotrophic fungi to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi ratio (SF/AMF) than in Red Paddy soils (RP). Total PLFAs associated with indica plants vs. those associated with japonica and hybrid plants decreased by an average of 30.0% in YP, but increased by 24.8% in RP. Partial Mantel tests and redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that soil pH, DOC, NH4+ and As concentration were the dominant factors in shaping soil microbial communities. The individual PLFAs including 20:0, i17:1ω9c, 18:1ω9c, cy17:0 and 18:3ω6c were easily affected by As contamination. Aggregated boosted tree (ABT) analysis suggested that soil types and rice cultivars exerted more influence than As concentration on the variation of parameters of total PLFAs, F/B, G+/G- and SF/AMF.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2931-2941 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 658KB] ( 1260 )

	2942	Characteristics of reducing U(VI) by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1and its impact factors
		WANG Yong-Hua, XIE Shui-Bo, LIU Jin-Xiang, MA Hua-Long, LING Hui, WU Yu-Qi
		Characteristics and reaction conditions of anaerobic reduction by the Shewanella oneidensis MR-1in the presence of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (AQS) were evaluated. The results showed that U(VI) could be efficiently reduced by S. oneidensis MR-1utilizing AQS and electron donors under the anaerobic conditions. Its reduction efficiency reached 95.09% when the dosage of MR-1was 1.2′109. The efficiency of U(VI) bioreduction increased when the concentration of AQS was below 0.5mmol/L, and inhibited when it exceeded 0.5mmol/L. When the initial concentration of U (VI) was 30mg/L, uranium reduction rates were 95.37%, 92.41% and 95.65% while using formate, acetate and lactate respectively. Metal ions (Cu2+, Mn2+, Ca2+) and toxic organics had impacts on the reduction of U (VI). Ca2+ acted as a weak role in promoting the reduction, however, equal concentrations of Cu2+ and Mn2+ played a strong inhibitory effect. Toxic organic compounds were available to reduce U (VI) efficiently by S. oneidensis MR-1and get degraded at the same time. Characterizations with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) indicated the deposition of U element on the cell of S. oneidensis.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2942-2949 [Abstract] ( 365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 543KB] ( 2654 )

	2950	Community structure and influencing factors of bacterioplankton in the southern South China Sea
		BAI Jie, LIU Xiao-Sha, HOU Rui, ZHAO Yang-Guo, GAO Hui-Wang
		The high-throughput sequencing approach was adopted to analyze the distribution characteristics of the abundance, community structure and community diversity of bacterioplankton in the southern South China Sea and their relationship with environmental factors. The results indicated that the bacterioplankton abundance in the investigated area was about 107~108cells/L with high values in offshore stations and sharp differences among water layers. The dominant groups were Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Bacteroidetes and the dominant classes were γ-Proteobacteria, α-Proteobacteria, Cyanobacterium and Flavobacteria. The community structure of bacterioplankton showed an obvious difference among various water bodies and numerous unidentified bacteria were recorded. The bacterioplankton showed a high species richness in the area with a biodiversity index (H') of between 4.44~7.00. The biodiversity index in surface layers of the area was 5.26, 5.33 and 5.07, respectively, whereas the index in the upwelling subsurface layer was 6.70, which was significantly higher than other layers. DOC and phosphate were the main factors influencing the bacterioplankton abundance, phosphate was also the main factor affecting the community diversity. The growth of bacterioplankton in the southern South China Sea was therefore mainly limited by phosphate.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2950-2957 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 548KB] ( 1025 )

	2958	Oxidative damage induced by cypermethrin in the kidney tissue of Kunming mice
		MA Ping, ZHANG Zhong-Jie, JIAO Ming, LIAO Wen-Li, CHEN Jiao-E, YANG Xu, WU Yang
		Kunming mice were randomly grouped into six groups and treated with orally administered drugsona daily base for a week. The groups included one solvent control group, three cypermethrin groups, one high dose cypermethrin plus vitamin E protection group and one vitamin E group. The exposure doses of cypermethrin groups were 10, 20 and 40mg/kg respectively. Some kidney tissues were then made into homogenates for the measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH), 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents. Meanwhile, DNA-protein crosslink (DPC) coefficients were detected from brain cell suspension.The kidney contents of ROS, MDA, 8-OHdG and DPC coefficients increased gradually in a dose-dependent manner, whereas GSH content decreased accordingly. In the exposure group with the dose of 20mg/kg, MDA contents and DPC coefficients were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.05); ROS (F=3.7044), GSH (F=3.4908), MDA (F=3.5851), 8-OhdG (F=11.7934) and DPC (F=6.9165) levels were significantly different in levels of each biomarker between 40mg/kg group and control group (P<0.05,P<0.01). Furthermore, the high-dosaged (20and 40mg/kg) group had increased glomerulus cells, proliferation and hypertrophy of glomerulus, hydrops of renal tubular epithelial cell, and narrow lumen. Administration of vitamin E (VE) to cypermethrin-treated mice reflected that ROS, MDA, 8-OHdG and DPC increased whereas GSH decreased (P<0.05,P<0.01). Cyermethrin at certain doses (320mg/kg) could induce oxidative stress in mice kidney, whereas vitamin E had antioxidant effects.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2958-2963 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 575KB] ( 1114 )

	2964	Time series analysis between meteorological factors and measles in Chengguan District, Lanzhou
		TAO Yan, SONG Jie, QIANG Li, WANG Yan, LI Zi-Bin
		Influences of meteorological factors on measles in Chengguan District, Lanzhou were estimated by using three methods, including correlation analysis, principal component analyses from statistical software SPSS 17.0, and times series analysis from R software. The results indicated that relative humidity posed the largest influence on the occurrences of measles, followed by sunshine duration, average temperature, average air pressure, average precipitation, and average wind speed. In addition, the influences of various meteorological factors on the occurrence of measles displayed the lag effect. The average air pressure, average wind speed and average sunshine duration displayed the longest lagging time (9 days), followed by average temperature and precipitation (7 days), and relative humidity (5 days), respectively. For every IQR increased for average air pressure, average temperature, and sunshine time, the occurrence of measles increased by 175.2%, 79.6%, and 24.3%, however, for every IQR increased for relative humidity, precipatation and average wind speed resulted in the occurrence of measles decreased by 17.9%, 5.2% and 15.7%, respectively.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2964-2969 [Abstract] ( 243 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 398KB] ( 652 )

	2970	Calculation of CO2 emission factor on the present situation of the domestic cement production
		WEI Jun-Xiao, GENG Yuan-Bo, SHEN Lei, CEN Kuang, MU Yue
		CO2 emission factor was the foundation of the calculation of CO2 emissions, and it was necessary that a large amount of samples at onsite cement production stages should be analyzed and studied for accurately calculating CO2 emission factor during the decomposition of carbonate minerals in calcinations for Chinese cement industry. Quantitative analysis was Londucted on calcium, magnesium, loss on ignition, carbonate and other chemical component in raw material, clinker, cement, limestone, coal and other samples from about 100 production lines in China. At the same time, it compared the differences between new suspension preheater kilns (NSP kilns) and shaft kilns. The results showed that CO2 emission factor calculated by raw material carbonate method was about 10kgCO2/tcl lower than clinker method. There were obvious differences within different types of cement kilns, for example, the emission factors of NSP kilns were in the range of 500~520kgCO2/tcl and shaft kilns were 480~500kgCO2/tcl. The majority of clinker contained a small amount of carbonate. The raw material carbonate method did not involve chemical composition of coal ash, and it could avoid the discrepancy of coal ash components. This implied that raw material carbonate method was relatively accurate, However it should be based on different types of kilns and carbonate decomposition rate.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2970-2975 [Abstract] ( 271 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 405KB] ( 1827 )

	2976	Two-tuple semantic model and method of cleaner production grade evaluation for town sewage treatment plants.
		WANG Li-Ling, ZHANG Shu-Shen, ZHANG Yun
		The cleaner production grade evaluation problem of wastewater treatment plants was studied through the method of combining qualitative analysis with quantitive computation. The index system of cleaner production grade evaluation for urban sewage treatment plants and corresponding weights’ determination method were proposed. The fuzzy comprehensive model of the cleaner production grade evaluation for town sewage treatment plants was established and the two-tuple semantic model and method through introducing the concept of the grade eigenvalue were developed through using the linear weighted comprehensive method, fuzzy mathematics and the concept of two-tuple semantic. It was illustrated with a real example that the established two-tuple semantic model and method of the cleaner production grade evaluation were more operational, intuitionistic and easily explained. Thus, the two-tuple semantic model and method proposed in this paper were of good applicability and generalization value.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2976-2984 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1170KB] ( 1206 )

	2985	Assessment of co-control effects for air pollutants and green house gases in urban transport: A case study in Urumqi
		GAO Yu-Bing, MAO Xian-Qiang, Gabriel Corsetti, WEI Yi
		In this study, the co-control effects of 12 typical emission reduction measures used in Urumqi urban transport system were analyzed. An Air Pollutant and Greenhouse Gas Equivalence index (APeq) was built to normalize the effects of the emission reduction of the different pollutants. The unit pollutant or greenhouse gas reduction cost (UPRC) was then calculated to rank these measures according to their cost-effectiveness. The results showed that gasoline-to-CNG retrofit program of taxis and personal vehicles and the application of electric cars were unable to achieve co-reduction. On the other hand, improving exhaust emission standards, application of natural gas buses, improving fuel efficiency of passenger cars, upgrading fuel quality, phasing out heavy-polluting vehicles, rail transit and bus rapid transit could simultaneously reduce local air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions. The economic analysis indicated that improving the fuel efficiency of passenger cars was the most cost-effective strategy, while rail transit was more expensive than other measures but had promising emission reduction effects.
		2014 Vol. 34 (11): 2985-2992 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 442KB] ( 1311 )

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