Sources apportionment of volatile organic compounds VOCs in summertime Nanjing and their potential contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA)
YANG Xiao-xiao1,2, TANG Li-li1,2,3, HU Bing-xin1,2, ZHOU Hong-cang1,2, HUA Yan1,2, QIN Wei3, CHEN Wen-tai3, CUI Yu-hang1,2, JIANG Lei1,2
1. Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; 2. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environmental Monitoring and Pollution Control, Nanjing 210044, China; 3. Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
Abstract：In this study, VOCs were continuously measured using an online GC system in Nanjing during August 2013 and 2014, with the mean concentrations of 51.73×10-9 and 77.47×10-9. The OH radical loss rate (LOH) method were applied to assess the chemical reactivity of VOCs. The results showed that alkene and aromatics were the key active components, and dominated the LOH in summertime Nanjing. Fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) method was used to estimate the formation potentials of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in Nanjing. The calculated SOA concentrations were 1.95μg/m3 in August of 2013 and 1.01μg/m3 in August of 2014. Aromatics and alkanes contributed about 95% and 4% to the SOA formation. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was deployed to identify the sources of VOCs in Nanjing. In the summer of 2013, fossil fuel evaporation was identified as the largest source and accounted for 22.7% of the measured VOCs, followed by natural gas and liquid gasoline (19.5%), petroleum chemical industry (13.5%), vehicle emissions (17.7%), natural sources (13.4%) and paint/solvent usages (13.2%). In 2014, the largest VOCs source was natural gas and liquid gasoline (35.2%), followed by oil and chemical industries (20.6%), incomplete combustion (20.5%), fossil fuel evaporation (15.7%) and vehicle emissions (8.1%).
Hatfield M L, Huff Hartz K E. Secondary organic aerosol from biogenic volatile organic compound mixtures [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2011,45(13):2211-2219.
Grosjean D. In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode: estimated production and chemical functionality [J]. Atmospheric Environment.Part A. General Topics, 1992,26(6):953-963.
[5]
Grosjean D, Seinfeld J H. Parameterization of the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols [J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1989,23(8):1733-1747.
[6]
Derwent R G, Jenkin M E, Saunders S M, et al. Photochemical ozone formation in north west Europe and its contro1 [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003,37:1983-1991.
[7]
Xie X, Shao M, Liu Y, et al. Estimate of initial isoprene Contribution to ozone formation potential in Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(24):6000-6010.
Hansen A B, Palmgren F. VOC air pollutants in Copenhagen [J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 1996,189/190:451-457.
[10]
Carter W P L. Development of ozone reactivity scales for volatile Organic compounds [J]. Air and Waste, 1994,44(7):881-899.
[11]
Grosjean D. In situ organic aerosol formation during a smog episode: estimated production and chemical functionality [J]. Atmospheric Environment, Part A, General Topics, 1992,26(6):953-963.
[12]
Odum J R, Jungkamp T P W, Griffin R J, et al. The atmospheric aerosol-forming potential of whole gasoline vapor [J]. Science, 1997,276(5309):96-99.
[13]
Hallquist M, Wenger J C, Baltensperger U, et al. The formation, properties and impact of secondary organic aerosol: current and emerging issues [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009, 9(14):5155-5236.
Barthelmie R J, Pryor S C. Secondary organic aerosols: formation potential and ambient data [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 1997,205(2/3):167-178.
[20]
Kourtidis K, Ziomas I. Estimation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production from traffic emissions in the city of Athens [J]. Global Nest, 1999,1(1):33-39.
[21]
Dechapanya W, Russell M, Allen D T. Estimates of anthropogenic secondary organic aerosol formation in Houston, Texas [J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2004,38(S1):156-166.
[22]
Song Y, Shao M, Liu Y, et al. Source apportionment of ambient volatile organic compounds in Beijing [J]. Environment Science Technology, 2007,41(12):4348-4353.
[23]
Guo H, Cheng H R, Ling Z H, et al. Which emission sources are responsible for the volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere of Pearl River Delta ? [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011, 188(1-3):116-124.
[24]
Morino Y, Ohara T, Yokouchi Y. Comprehensive source apportionment of volatile organic compounds using observational data, two receptor models, and an emission inventory in Tokyo metropolitan area [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2011, 116:D02311.
[25]
Xie Y L, Berkowitz C M. The use of positive matrix factorization with conditional probability functions in air quality studies: an application to hydrocarbon emissions in Houston,Texas [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(17):3070-3091.
Sillman S. The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(12):1821-1845.
Paatero P, Tapper U. Positive matrix factorization: anon-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values [J]. Environmetrics, 1994,5(2):111-126.
[31]
Gary N, Ram V. EPA Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) 3.0Fundamentals ＆ User Guide. USA: EPA, 2008.
[32]
Yakovleva E, Hopke P K, Wallace L. Receptor modeling assessment of particle total exposure assessment methodology Data [J]. Enviromental Science & Technology, 2005,33(20):3645-3652.
