The data of 874cases of sudden water pollution incidents from 2006 to 2016 in China were collected for spatial-temporal distribution analysis. Results showed that:From time, the maximum frequency year of incidents is 2006 with 108 accidents, which reduced dramatically in 2007. The frequency trend of sudden water pollution incidents from 2007 to 2016 shows a positive correlation with GDP. The period from march to September (in spring and summer) are high-occurrence months (seasons) for water pollution incidents. From spatial, incidents were mainly concentrated in Chongqing, Guangdong, Zhejiang, and Fujian provinces. The frequency of incidents in the East China, Southwest China, and South China is nearly 69.2% of the country's total frequency. The frequency of pollution incidents in the Yangtze River Basin, the Pearl River Basin, and rivers in Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces is almost 74.4% of all. From the year 2006, 2011 to 2016, there is a trend of proliferation and migration from north to south. The Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and the Hubei-Chongqing region are continuous high frequency areas. The frequency of sudden water pollution incidents in different provinces have a significant positive correlation with the population, the number of traffic accidents, the number of industrial enterprises, and the amount of industrial wastewater discharge, but negatively correlated with the number of per environmental protection agencies the number of environmental protection system person, the number of environmental proposals of the National People's Congress and the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference under the output of industrial enterprises.