基于负荷历时曲线法的流域污染负荷特征解析与纳污能力研究——以沙河流域为例

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摘要以位于天津的沙河流域为研究对象，以水污染防治攻坚目标作为水质目标（地表水环境质量Ⅲ类），基于沙河桥监测断面2006~2018年水文水质数据，利用负荷历时曲线法（Load Duration Curve）分析不同水文条件下的污染负荷输出特征，分析点源与面源污染对水质的影响，并核算沙河流域总磷、总氮和COD的环境容量与负荷削减量.研究结果表明：沙河桥断面汛期总磷、总氮和COD最大日负荷量均值大于非汛期，有较强的纳污能力；总磷、总氮各月份浓度均超过地表Ⅲ类水标准，COD未超过Ⅲ类水标准.在地表水环境质量Ⅲ类的目标下，沙河桥断面总磷在低流量区未超过水环境容量，在高流量区、中高流量区、中流量区、中低流量区均超过水环境容量，需要削减的负荷分别为0.086、0.011、0.014、0.001t/d；总氮在各流量水平下均超标，高流量区、中高流量区、中流量区、中低流量区、低流量区削减量分别为11.811、4.386、2.327、0.466、0.008t/d；COD在各流量水平下均未超标，无需削减；流量保证率在大于75%区间为中低流量区，水质主要受点源负荷的影响，沙河桥断面在这一流量区间基本满足允许负荷要求，说明沙河流域点源影响较小；流量保证率在小于75%区间为面源污染发生的中高流量区，氮磷现状污染负荷均超过允许污染负荷，需要进行污染负荷削减以满足水质目标，也表明氮磷面源污染对沙河流域水质影响较大.本研究可为基于实测水文水质数据的污染负荷输出特征分析和不同水文条件下流域纳污能力核算提供一定的参考和借鉴.

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关键词 ：负荷历时曲线法, 沙河流域, 水环境容量核算

Abstract：The Load Duration Curve (LDC) method was used to investigate the characteristics of pollution load export under different hydrological conditions in Shahe watershed located in Tianjin city, northern China. In addition, the influence of point source and non-point source pollution on water quality and load capacities and reductions for total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was also estimated based on LDC. In this study, the water quality target of water pollution prevention and control (surface water environmental quality Ⅲ) and the hydrological and water quality data of Shaheqiao monitoring section from 2006 to 2018 were used for the LDC method. The results showed that the average maximum daily loads of TP, TN and COD in flood season of Shaheqiao section are larger than those in non-flood season, indicating a stronger assimilative capacity. The concentrations of TP and TN in each month exceeded class Ⅲ for surface water quality standard, while the concentrations of COD were within the class Ⅲ standard. Under the objective of class Ⅲ water quality standard, the TP load of shaheqiao section didn't exceed load capacity in low flows, but exceeded the capacity in other flow conditions and the load reductions were 0.086, 0.011, 0.014 and 0.001 t/d, respectively for high flow, medium high flow, medium flow and medium low flow conditions. The TN loads in each flow condition exceeded the load capacities, and the load reduction amounts were 11.811, 4.386, 2.327, 0.466, 0.008t/d, respectively for different flow conditions. The COD load was not required for load reduction since it didn't not exceed the load capacity for all flow conditions. The water quality is mainly affected by point source load when the flow guarantee rate is greater than 75% during the low flow conditions. The pollution loads of Shaheqiao section were within the load capacity for low flow condition, indicating that the influence of point source in Shahe watershed was not significant. Non-point source pollution mainly affects the river water quality during medium and high flow conditions when the flow guarantee rate is less than 75%. For medium and high flow conditions, the current TN and TP loads all exceeded the load capacities and need to be reduced to meet the water quality target, which indicated that nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution has an obvious impact on the water quality of Shahe watershed. This study can provide useful reference for investigating pollution load characteristics based on observed hydrological and water quality data and estimating assimilative capacity of pollutants in different hydrological conditions.

Key words： load duration curve method Shahe watershed water environment capacity estimation

收稿日期: 2022-08-04

PACS:

X52

基金资助:国家自然科学基金资助项目（42107076，U20A20114）

通讯作者: 杜新忠,研究员,duxinzhong@caas.cn E-mail: duxinzhong@caas.cn

作者简介: 刘晓荣(1999-),女,河北邢台人,北京林业大学硕士研究生,主要研究方向为流域面源污染模拟与关键源区识别.

引用本文:

刘晓荣, 杜新忠, 韩玉国, 李泽利, 雷秋良, 刘宏斌. 基于负荷历时曲线法的流域污染负荷特征解析与纳污能力研究——以沙河流域为例[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(3): 1216-1224. LIU Xiao-rong, DU Xin-zhong, HAN Yu-guo, LI Ze-li, LEI Qiu-liang, LIU Hong-bin. Analysis of pollution load characteristics and assimilative capacity in Shahe watershed based on Load Duration Curve Method. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2023, 43(3): 1216-1224.

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