In this research, four different levels of road (secondary main road, main road, express way, urban outer ring road) were selected to collect PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ samples along the roadside in April and May, 2015, in Tianjin. The traffic counting was done simultaneously during the sampling period. Results showed that roadside OC and EC concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were at medium level compared with some domestic cities, however, they were all higher than foreign cities. For PM_2.5, there were significant differences among four roads in the percentages of char-EC, soot-EC, OC, EC. And the sequence of their percentages in PM_2.5 was main road > express way > urban outer ring road > secondary main road, but not for PM₁₀. Values of OC/EC ratio and char-EC/soot-EC ratio were 2.95 and 2.3. They were 3.1 and 2.2 for PM₁₀. Correlation analysis showed that OC and EC had same sources, and EC was linearly correlated with char-EC for both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀.

In order to study the seasonal variations of major air combined pollutants PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and O₃ and their influencing factors of meteorology in Nanjing, the major air combined pollutants were seasonally characterized, and the correlations between meteorological factors and air pollutant concentrations were statistically analyzed to develop a statistical model of stepwise regression fitting by using the environmental monitoring data from January 2013 to February 2015 and the fine meteorological fields in the boundary layer produced by the high resolution WRF modeling. The seasonal averages of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ shifted between wintertime high and summertime low levels in Nanjing with the peaks of daily PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ up to 160.6μg/m³ and 98.0μg/m³ in winter, and their diurnal changes were distinct from autumn to winter and weak in summer with the similar patterns over four seasons. The daytime peaks of diurnal PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels in winter delayed 1~2 hours comparing to other three seasons. Fine particles dominated atmospheric particles in all seasons with the annual mean ratio of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ reaching 0.59. The annual frequencies of PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and O₃ being the major pollutants determining the AQI changes were respectively 51.5%, 26.6% and 13.5% in Nanjing, especially the major air pollutant contribution of PM_2.5 to heavy haze pollution periods exceeding 96% in Nanjing. The surface levels of O₃ oscillated seasonally between a peak in late spring and early summer and a bottom in late autumn and early winter with a unimodal pattern. The surface levels of O₃ were positively related to the boundary layer height with the correlation coefficients of 0.500, 0.572, 0.326, 0.323 respectively. The fitting goodness of stepwise regressions for the daily concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and O₃_8h_max ranged reasonably over 40%~65% in four seasons.

A comprehensive measurement was conducted to investigate thecharacteristics of particulate matter (PM) pollution in winter and spring of Beijing. 24-hour particle samples were collected from December to May, 2009~2010, and the chemical compositions of PM_2.5 were analyzed. The average PM_2.5 massconcentrations were (84.97±68.98)μg/m³ and (65.25±45.76) μg/m³ in winter and spring, respectively. Secondary inorganic aerosols, i.e. sulfate, nitrate, andammonium (SNA), and secondary organic aerosols (SOA) were dominant theparticulate matter, with the total fraction (SNA+SOA) of 49% and 47% in winter and spring, respectively. Due to the largesource emissionand unfavorable meteorological conditions such as low temperature, low wind speed, and high relative humidity; the contributions of secondary inorganic aerosols (NH₄⁺、NO₃^-、SO₄^2-) were enhanced during thepolluted days, and the nitratewas more enhanced on polluted days. The SOA was always the most importantorganic aerosolcomponentcontributedto PM_2.5 in winter and spring. The contribution ofprimary organicaerosolsalso increased due tothe stagnant meteorological condition on polluted days.

Based on observational data obtained by a cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) counter, a fog droplet spectrometer and an raindrop disdrometer, together with ground-based meteorological data, the impacts of atmospheric pollutants on CCN and the droplet spectra of rain and fog were analyzed. Results showed that: the CCN concentration in Weining remained very high during the observation period, and the average CCN number concentration were 2884, 8003, 10470 and 11685cm^-3 at S=0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6% and 0.8%, respectively, which were comparable with those obtained in polluted cities; the CCN concentration displayed a significant daily variation, peaking at 12:00, 16:00 and 20:00, respectively, which was relate to human activities, power plants emissions, turbulent exchange and meteorological conditions; the CCN spectra can be fitted by the expression N=CS^k, with the fitting parameter C=14288cm^-3 and k=0.8, indicating that the CCN spectra can be classified as a typical continental type. The precipitation characteristics of the stratiform cloud in Weining provided macro synoptic situations, and high CCN concentrations were an important microphysical condition for narrow droplet spectra of rain and fog.

Both HYSPLIT backward trajectory mode and Global Data Assimilation System (GDAS) meteorological data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) were used to analyze the three-day backward trajectories of hourly airflow in Beijing urban from May 1^st, 2014 to April 30^st, 2015. Clustering analysis was used to classify the airflow backward trajectories of Beijing urban in different seasons. The hourly ground PM_2.5 observations were also used to analyze the spatial characteristics of different transport pathways and its contribution to the PM_2.5 concentration in Beijing urban. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) were applied to identify the potential source-zones (PSZs) and its contribution to Beijing urban PM_2.5 in different seasons during the study period. This study revealed that the Beijing airflows were significantly characterized by monsoons, and the PTZs of Beijing urban PM_2.5 varied a lot in different seasons during the study period: a) in the spring, it mainly located in northwest China, North China Plain and YellowRiver-HuaiRiver plain; b) in the summer, it mainly located in Shandong, north Jiangsu and Yellow Sea; c) in the fall, it mainly located in south Hebei, west Shandong, central Shandong and the adjoining areas of Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan and Anhui Provinces; d) in the winter, it mainly located in south Hebei, northwest Shandong, north Shanxi, Shaanxi, central Inner Mongolia and south Mongolia. The airflows from Shandong and south Hebei carried high concentrations of PM_2.5 in all seasons, while the airflows from northwest China carried middle concentrations of PM_2.5 in winter and spring.

Polydivinylbenzene (PDVB) resin synthesized by solvothermal method was used as an adsorbent, and benzene, toluene and methylene chloride were selected as typical non-polar organic pollutants. Desorption performance of non-polar organic molecules on PDVB under single microwave irradiation was compared with which introduced of ultrasonic atomized water. The influence of microwave power, atomized water amount, and types of adsorbate on resin regeneration was investigated. The desorption ratio of non-polar organics is about 50% under single microwave irradiation, while the desorption ratio would reach above 90% under microwave radiation cooperated with ultrasonic atomized water in condition of 640W microwave power and 0.105g/min atomized water amount. The temperature of regeneration bed kept below 40℃, and would not lead to resin aging, also resin structure remained stable after repeatedly adsorption and desorption. Introducing of ultrasonic atomized water would enhance microwave absorb ability, and improve resin regeneration efficiency.

The concentrations and sources of 17organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 84polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in the surface water of Miyun, Chaobai River, Yuyuan Lake and Tonghui River in Beijing during summer and winter. The concentrations of 17OCPs were in the range of 7.86~53.1ng/L, with an average of (16.9±14.6) ng/L. The concentrations of 84PCBs were in the range of 2.99~32.7ng/L, with an average of (10.9±10.4) ng/L. The major compositions of OCPs were HCHs, endosulfan, DDTs and HCB with the concentrations of (13.9±11.5) ng/L, (2.20±2.01) ng/L, (0.63±1.51) ng/L and (0.12±0.14) ng/L, respectively. The average ratio of α-HCH/γ-HCH was 1.53 indicating the application of lindane in Beijing. In the meanwhile, the ratio of DDT/(DDD+DDE) was <1.22 which lower than 4~7 in technical HCHs, suggesting historical inputs of DDTs into the environment in the study area. The concentrations of different homologues of PCBs were dominated by Di-CBs, Tri-CBs, Tetra-CBs and Penta-CBs, accounting for 79.2% of ∑₈₄PCBs. The domination by lower chlorinated CBs was similar to the historical products of China, indicating the residual of PCBs in surface water in Beijing resulting from historical usage. Comparing to the surface water in other areas in China, the contamination levels of OCPs and PCBs in surface water in Beijing were relatively low.

In order to preliminarily understand the distribution characteristics of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in soil environment, and then identify the main source of PPCPs in groundwater in the farming area of southeast suburban of a city,drilled profiles in irrigation area, reclaimed water irrigation area, and wetland were investigated in detail. In each profile, samples of surface water, groundwater and soil samples from different depths were collected. The routine indexes and 15target PPCPs of all samples were analyzed. The analytical results indicated that there was an obvious difference in concentration levels of PPCPs in different areas. Generally, the concentrations of PPCPs in the soil profiles in reclaimed water irrigation area were the highest, and those in the wet lands were the lowest. The average total concentration of soil PPCPs was 15.6μg/kg. The detected PPCPs mainly includecarbamazepine, bezafibrate, gemifibrozil, chloramghenicol and indometacin. In the irrigation area, the average total concentrations of PPCPs in surface water and in groundwater were 272.5ng/L and 63.5ng/L, respectively. In surface water, there was a trend that the concentration of PPCPs decreased downwards. By using themixing Multi-cell principle and concept of Push flow, vertical transport process of PPCPs from soil surface to ground water was depicted. The calculated results of 9selected PPCPs (not includingcarbamazepine, mefenamicacidand nalidixic acid) in groundwateraccorded well with the measured values. This preliminarily indicated that the reclaimed water is the main source of PPCPs in groundwater in the irrigation area.

Slurry incubation experiments combinatedwith isotope-tracing techniques were conducted toexaminethe effectsof temperature on dissimilatory nitrate reductionprocesses and reveal associated environmental variables in Qingcaosha reservoir, the Yangtze Estuary.Results indicated that the potential rates of denitrification, anammox and DNRA in thereservoir sediments werein the range of 0.18~6.86, 0.26~3.16and 0.09~0.25μmol N/(kg·h), respectively, at in situ temperature (10℃). The denitrification rates ranged from 0.43to 6.22and from 0.68to 6.56μmol N/(kg·h), increased by mean value of 15.7% at 20℃ and 21.6% 30℃, compared to that in 10℃. Anammox rates varied from 0.61 to 3.2μmol N/(kg·h)at 20℃ and from 0.77 to 3.54μmol N/(kg·h)at 30℃, increased by 27.8% and 42.6%. However, DNRA rates ranged between 0.09 and 0.23μmol N/(kg·h)at 20℃, and from 0.1 to 0.18μmol N/(kg·h)at 30℃, reduced by 4.2% compared to that in 10℃. Anammoxwas most sensitive to changes in the temperature, followed by denitrification, and increased with incrasedtemperature; the DNRA was least sensitive to temperature, decreased with the incrasedtemperature. OC, NH₄⁺, Fe²⁺ and S^2- werefound to have significant influence on these nitrate reduction processes. Denitrification and anammoxcontributed respectively 34%~71% and 28%~49% to the total nitrate reduction, while DNRA only contributed 2%~17% in the Qingcaosha reservoir. Denitrificationand anammoxprocesses were estimated to remove 3.25×10³ t/a and 1.68×10³ t/a of nitrogen, accounting for 54.17% of the total external nitrogen transported into the reservoir.

A improved Kalman filter, which was factorized by U-D method, was proposed to enhance the validity and reliability of the inverse strategy. The fuzzy set theory was introduced to represent contaminant plume in a hypothetical case. Then the weight of the potential source location was updated through the comparison of the composite plume updated by U-D factorization-based Kalman filter and the individual plume. The case study indicated that the U-D factorization-based Kalman filter has better reliability and validity, which can identify the location of pollution source better.

Based on the model compounds of benzoquinone and acid methyl orange, the degradation characters of benzoquinones and benzoquinoneimines in the light/Fenton system were investigated. The photosensitivity of benzoquinone and acid methyl orange was analyzed by measuring the yield of ·OH in the sunlight/Fenton and UV/Fenton system, respectively. The results demonstrated that sunlight/Fenton method was better than the UV/Fenton method for the degradation of benzoquinones, due to its higher photosesitity, more ·OH produced in the sunlight system. For benzoquinoneimines, UV/Fenton was better than sunlight/Fenton at lower concentration, but sunlight/Fenton was better at higher concentration. The reason was that benzoquinoneimines was not a good photosensitizer with a lower yield of ·OH in the sunlight system, so UV system was better with lower concentration of benzoquinoneimines. Nevertheless, benzoquinones could be generated during the degradation of benzoquinoneimines, which was a better photosensitizer that could generate ¹O₂、O₂^-· and ·OH in sunlight system, thereby more benzoquinones generated with higher concentration of benzoquinoneinines resulting fast degradation in sunlight system.

Carbon tetrachloride (CT) and hexavalent chromium removal performances were investigated by the thermal activation of persulfate, in the presence of formic acid to turn the oxidizing capacity of the reaction mixture into a reductive one by the generation of carbon dioxide anion radicals (CO₂^·-). The Effects of initial concentrations of persulfate and formic acid on CT and Cr(VI) removal were evaluated respectively. For single pollutant system, when the initial persulfate and formic acid concentrations were both 100mmol/L, CT and Cr (VI) could be almost completely removed in 120min and 60min at 50℃, respectively. In addition, the removal efficiencies of CT and Cr (VI) increased with increasing persulfate and formic dosage. For the combined pollutants system, CT degradation efficiency was found to decrease with increasing Cr (VI) concentrations. However, Cr (VI) removal was increased with an increase in CT concentrations. CT degradation was inhibited with the addition of methyl viologen as CO₂^·- scavenger, while an enhanced Cr (VI) reduction was observed, indicating that the addition of organic substances may shift to favor Cr (VI) removal in thermally-activated persulfate/formic process.

Functionalized Fe/Cu bimetallic nanoparticles were prepared in this work for remediation of recalcitrant low-halogenated alkanes, for which the reducing capacity and process-enhancement control were investigated dealing with dichloromethane (DCM) as representative contaminant. Results show that vitamin B₁₂ significantly promoted the performance of Fe/Cu bimetal, since rate constant of DCM-reduction for Fe/Cu-B₁₂system (0.444h^-1) exhibited much higher than that of Fe/Cu system (0.018h^-1) or Fe-B₁₂ system (0.03h^-1), implying the synergistic effect of Cu and B₁₂ on electron-donating ability of zero-valent iron. Experiments were further conducted for process control, and results showed that 5% surface Cu-coverage and pH 9.5benefits better the catalytic reduction of DCM. Possible mechanism on catalytic performance of Fe/Cu-B₁₂ system was discussed referring to analysis on intermediate product as well as reduction kinetics. We speculated that the intermediate was prepared by dechlorination of target organic with B₁₂as an active electron acceptor on surface of Cu⁰, and then quickly decomposed to B₁₂ and hydrogenated halide, the catalytic process was completed under synergistic effects of Fe (electron donor), Cu and B₁₂.

Systematic pilot experiments were performed under an average temperature gradient of 0.37℃/cm over the thermocline in a stratified reservoir model. The process of inducing internal waves by aeration was analyzed, the types of aeration-induced internal waves were explored, and the effects of disturbing source from aeration and the thickness of the thermocline on the generation and characteristics of internal waves were mainly investigated. The air-water two-phase flow generated from the water-lifting aeration was a kind of unsteady periodic disturbing source, the water in the reservoir model was driven to oscillate up and down by the air-water two-phase flow, and the internal waves were then induced by this oscillation in the stratified fluid. From the point of inducing source, the aeration-induced internal wave can be classified into a kind of wake-generated internal wave. The amplitude of internal waves peaked when the releasing periods of air piston were within the range of 44.06~58.69s. The internal waves were unable to be induced continuously when the releasing periods of air piston were longer than 180s. The amplitudes and periods of internal waves tended to increase with the diameter of the outlet of the water-lifting aerator. The generation of internal waves was also influenced by the thickness of the thermocline. Under constant temperature gradient, the amplitudes and periods of internal waves tended to increase with the thickness of the thermocline.

The degradation of triclosan (TCS) in aqueous by potassium ferrate was investigated, and the degradation mechanism of TCS was researched. Besides, the effects of different factors, such as potassium ferrate dosage, TCS initial concentration, pH, natural organic matter (NOM) and hydrogen peroxide on TCS degradation and the 2,4-DCP formation during potassium ferrate oxidation was specifically discussed. The results indicated that TCS was degraded into 2,4-DCP via cleavage of the ether bond. The degradation rate of TCS could reach 96.48% within 600s under TCS initial concentration of 550μg/L, and potassium ferrate dosage of 15mg/L. The oxidation of TCS was not a simultaneous detoxification process. The degradation of TCS was showed positive correlation with the increase of potassium ferrate dosage, but decreased with the increase of pH. Acid environment was conducive to the TCS removal, and the removal of TCS reached 100% when pH value was 10.7. However, TCS removal was inhibited by the presence of NOM and hydrogen peroxide. Potassium ferrate can effectively degrade TCS, lower acute toxicity of reaction solution, and therefore, reduce health risk of water quality.

This study focused on the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal performance optimization in simultaneous nitrification-endogenous denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNEDPR) systems. An anaerobic (180min)/aerobic sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with domestic wastewater was studied for optimization of N and P removal performance of SNEDPR by regulating the aerobic dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration (0.3~1.0mg/L) and aerobic duration time (150~240min). FISH technology was also employed to analyze the population dynamics of functional microorganisms in the SNEDPR system. Results indicated that the effluent PO₄^3--P concentration was below 0.4mg/L, effluent TN concentration decreased from 14.3mg/L to 8.7mg/L, and TN removal efficiency increased from 75% to 84% with aerobic DO concentration decreased from 1.0mg/L to 0.3mg/L and aerobic duration time increased from 150min to 240min. SNED was enhanced by the decreased aerobic DO concentration, with SNED efficiency increased from 34.7% to 63.8%. The enhanced SNED reduced the effluent NO₃^--N concentration, improved the N removal performance, and strengthened the intracellular carbon storage at the following anaerobic stage. FISH results showed that the populations of PAOs, GAO and AOB (ammonia oxidizing bacteria) still maintained at high levels in the 127-day optimized SNEDPR-SBR (accounting for 29%±3%, 20%±3% and 13%±3% of total biomass, respectively), which ensured the P uptake, nitrification and denitrification; however, NOB (nitrite oxidizing bacteria) reduced by 50%, which provided a possibility to achieve N removal through simultaneous partial nitrification-endogenous denitrification in the SNEDPR.

Potato starch wastewater was used for bioflocculant-producing bacteria Rhodococcus erythropolis to produce bioflocculant. Effects of extra phosphate and nitrogen in potato starch wastewater medium on bioflocculant yield and its flocculating activity were discussed. In addition, solution pH values and concentrations of COD, ammonium, and total phosphorus (TP) in the fermentation process were examined, and growth and producing kinetics of the bacteria were described by using Logistic and Luedeking-Piret models. Furthermore, settlement of the potato starch wastewater by this bioflocculant was investigated. The bioflocculant yield and its flocculating activity increased to 0.96g/L and 92.8% when the extra phosphate (K₂HPO₄: KH₂PO₄=2:1, w/w) and nitrogen were adjusted to 6g/L and 2g/L, respectively. During the logarithm phase, cell dry weight, cell density OD₆₀₀, and the number of colonies were increased to 1.58g/L, 0.86 and 5.3×10⁷cfu/mL, respectively. Concentrations of COD, ammonium, and TP of the potato starch medium were consumed rapidly from 7836, 975, and 712mg/L to 1736, 188, and 146mg/L, respectively. After the fermentation, pH value of the potato starch medium was slightly decreased to 6.5. The bioflocculant obtained during the strain's metabolism mainly contained 96.2% of polysaccharide, and there was almost no protein. Cell growth and bioflocculant production could be simulated with both the Logistic and Luedeking-Piret equations pretty well. Furthermore, when the bioflocculant dose was adjusted to 30mg/L, it can remove 48.6% of COD and 71.9% of turbidity from the potato starch wastewater in this study.

The start-up characteristics of the pre-A₂ NSBR (anaerobic/anoxic/aerobic nitrification) system were investigated to treat low C/N municipal wastewater (C/N=3.85). The start-up of the system could be quickly achieved by the strategy that the A₂ SBR and the N-SBR was first started separately then was operated jointly, the nitrification was well achieved in the N-SBR, and denitrifying phosphorus removal was realized in the A₂ SBR with the NO₃^-N as the electronic accepter. The effluent quality index of COD、NH₄⁺-N、TN、TP was 33.82mg/L、0.85mg/L、13.56mg/L、0.3mg/L, with corresponding removal efficiency was 84.31%、98.41%、76.81%、93.87%, respectively, which meet the first A discharge standard in china (GB 18918~2002) after continuous operation of 45days. FISH confirmed that PAOs was the dominant bacteria in the pre-A₂ NSBR system and accounted for 14.77% of the total bacteria.

Nitrospira and Nitrobacter are two dominant types of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB).To evaluate the effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on microbial community of NOB under the intermittent-aeration mode, the population and microbial community of this two NOB types were investigated in an aeration reactor with low DO period (55d) and high DO period (113d). Results showed the population of Nitrospira was much higher than that of Nitrobacter during the low DO period (0.2~0.5mg/L), and most clones of Nitrospira was very similar to the clone Candidatus Nitrospira defluvii. After increasing DO to a high level (1.5~2.3mg/L) and operating for 113d, Nitrobacter turned to the dominant group. Most clones of Nitrobacter were distributed to the branch containin Nitrobacter winogradskyi. Furthermore, the nitrite accumulation occurred in this reactor during the shift of population between Nitrospira and Nitrobacter after increasing DO, and it gradually disappeared when Nitrobacter became the dominant NOB group.

To explore the effects of ultrasound and low temperature thermal pretreatments on anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (WAS), ultrasound, thermal, and combined (ultrasound+thermal) pretreatments were conducted. Taking temperature and specific energy as control parameters, disintegration degree of SCOD(DD) and organic disintegration before and after pretreatments were measured. Prior to anaerobic digestion, combined pretreatment significantly improved DD and soluble organic matter concentrations which were better than the sum of ultrasound and thermal pretreatments. The combination of ultrasound and thermal pretreatment under specific energy of 12000kJ/kg TS and temperature of 80℃, DD and soluble organic concentration were 4.04%、36.62mg/L higher than the sum of pretreatment alone. Besides, there was a highly linear relationship between DD and actual energies imparted to sludge (R²=0.977). Combined pretreatments improved the methane production of WAS during anaerobic digestion by 30.2%~55.4% than untreated sludge. It was also found that DD and anaerobic biodegradability had a conical relationship (R²=0.821). The optimum anaerobic biodegradability, 877.76LCH₄/kg VSS_removed, was achieved with combined pretreatment at temperature of 80℃ and specific energy of 12000kJ/kg TS.

The kinetic of CANON (completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) process strengthened by trace hydrazine (N₂H₄) was investigated to provide fundamental data for further research and engineering application. Aerobic ammonium (NH₄⁺) oxidation was divided into two steps, NH₄⁺ oxidation to hydroxylamine step and hydroxylamine oxidation to nitrite step, and a startup function ae^-bS_NH2OH was added to the former step to describe the kinetic process of statup phase. Kinetics models for NH₄⁺ and nitrite (NO₂^-) oxidation under N₂H₄ inhibition was established and calibrated with the oxygen uptake rate (OUR) obtained in the respirometric tests. The biomass yield coefficients of AOB for NH₂OH oxidation to NO₂^-(Y_NH2OH) and NH₄⁺ oxidation to NO₂^- (Y_NH4⁺) are estimated as (0.437±0.129)mgCOD/mgN and (0.324±0.0123)mgCOD/mgN, respectively. The biomass yield coefficient of NOB (Y_NO) is estimated as (0.222±0.0112)mgCOD/mgN. The half-saturation coefficient for N₂H₄ oxidation [K_S,N2H4=(7.96±0.811)mgN/L], and kinitic inhibitor coefficients for NH₄⁺ and NO₂^- oxidation by N₂H₄ [K_I,HON=(7.88±0.783)mgN/L,K_I,NO=(1.223±0.555)mgN/L, respectively] were first obtained by simulating the exogenous OUR profiles obtained in respirometric tests of nitrifying sludge at first time.

Different dosages of biochar (20%, 15%, 10%, 5% and 0%; on a dry weight basis) were added to the anaerobic digestion (AD) of chicken manure to investigate its effects on AD performance under mesophilic condition (35±1)℃. The same amount of chicken manure (14.21g, on a Volatile Solid-VS basis) and initial inoculum concentration (30%, v/v) were employed in all experiments. The microstructure of biochar and the morphology of predominant microorganisms associated with biochar were also observed in this study using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the specific cumulative methane production (SCMP, mL/gVS chicken manure) could be obviously increased with external biochar addition. The SCMP under biochar dosages of 20%, 15%, 10% and 5% were around 223, 228, 230 and 281mL/gVS respectively, much higher than that of the control experiment (202mL/gVS). Moreover，biochar addition could improve the biogas quality by increasing its methane content and decreasing its carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide contents. The optimum biochar dosage for biochar-mediated anaerobic digestion of chicken manure was around 5%. The SEM observations revealed that abundant microbes attached to the biochar; and bacillus and coccus were shown to be the dominant microorganisms.

Chitosan nano-fiber membrane was fabricated by electrospinning under optimized parameters and the prepared nano-fiber membrane coupled with electrokinetics (EK) were used to remediate soils contaminated by heavy metals (Cu and Cr). Results showed that the optimum parameters for fabricating membrane were as follows: weight ratio of chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol was 20/80, acetic acid concentration was 20% and the mixed solution concentration was 8%. The average diameter of the prepared nano fiber membrane was 37.11nm and the adsorption equilibrium of CS /PVA for metal ions was 4h．Soil remediation for heavy metals efficiency of single electrokinetic process was low, reached only 34.9% and 11.7%. The efficiency was greatly improved by the coupling process of EK and nano-fiber membrane and metal removal efficiency by the coupling process attained 82% and 91%, respectively.

Sequential extraction method for soil sulfur was used to determine δ³⁴S values of total sulfur, SO₄^2-, total reduced sulfur (TRS) and organic sulfur in yellow soil, aiming to discuss the transportation and transformation of sulfur and its environmental processes and effects in yellow soil. Organic sulfur was the major sulfur form in yellow soil. SO₄^2- was the major inorganic sulfur form in yellow soil. Total reduced sulfur (TRS) had the lowest δ³⁴S values; meanwhile the parallel increasing δ³⁴S values of TRS and SO₄^2- indicated the occurrence of a bacterial reduction process of sulfate in yellow soil. The δ³⁴S values of total sulfur and organic sulfur firstly increased and then decreased with deepening of soil profiles, which can be explained by mineralization of organic sulfur and the subsequent transportation and adsorption at bottom layers of organic sulfur fractions in yellow soil profiles. The residual SO₄^2- after biological S retention was firstly adsorbed and then desorbed; this desorbed SO₄^2- can transport downward and was subsequently re-adsorbed and accumulated at deep soil layers. This explained the increasing δ³⁴S values of SO₄^2- from surface layers to middle layers and the decreasing δ³⁴S values of SO₄^2- from middle layers to bottom layers in yellow soil profiles. Under acid deposition, the adsorption, desorption and transportation of SO₄^2- can result in soil acidification of yellow soil. It is noted that the deposited SO₄^2- was retained as organic sulfur and adsorbed SO₄^2- in yellow soil, then yellow soil may release more S into rivers by organic sulfur mineralization and desorption of the adsorbed SO₄^2- in a long period after a large decrease in annual sulfur deposition rate. The environmental implications such as changes of soil properties and chemical compositions of river water in southwest China should be investigated in the future.

The residual characteristics of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in 18surface soil (0~15cm) samples collected from the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yellow River were analyzed by GC-MS. The results showed that the concentrations of total PCBs in surface soil ranged from 0.43 to 39.83 ng/g dry weight (ng/g dw), with an average value of 3.72 ng/g dw, and the average PCBs level in this study was in a comparatively low level when compared with those in others regions. The toxic equivalency concentrations of dioxin-like PCBs (DL-TEQ)in surface soil ranged from 1.85 to 27.22 pg/g dw, with an average value of 15.24 pg/g dw. The DL-TEQ values were much lower than the corresponding limit values in other countries and rarely posed potential ecological risk. PCB18, PCB33, PCB49, PCB44 were identified as the prevalent contaminates of the surface soil. PCBs homologues analysis revealed that the PCBs in the study area were dominated by di-, tri-, tetra- and penta-chclorinated biphenys, indicating a relatively high proportion of lower PCBs. PCBs in surface soil might come from the Aroclor mixtures 1242, 1248, 1254 and 1260 and the transformer oil produced in China based on the principal component analysis (PCA).

Study purpose on biological productivity inverted from a long time series, the multi-dimensional Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) in mining-disturbed areas is to understand vegetation succession of non-natural ecological areas, while to provide guidance for natural restoration and artificial restoration of the vegetation under high-intensity mining conditions northwest fragile ecological areas in China. Shendong coalfield, as a directly affected area, an indirectly affected area (20 km buffer), and a natural ecological checked area were established. Using Global Inventory Modeling and Mapping Studies Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer derived NDVI dataset (GIMMS AVHRR/NDVI) (July 1981-December 2006, 25.5 years), combined with temperature and precipitation information (86 meteorological stations) and Shendong coal output, the aforementioned three areas are comparatively investigated for the effects of temporal, spatial, climatic, and mining intensities. Test validation is conducted by means of another long-term Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS: MOD17A3 and MOD13Q1) net primary productivity (NPP)/NDVI (2000~2010, 11 years) dataset. The results will provide new insights into ecological environment in mining:(1) under the background of climate change, the vegetation growing season was extended again in the Shendong mining area;(2) NDVI increment in the Shendong mining area was below the buffer, and NDVI increment in its buffer was lower than the natural ecological area;(3) In the mining area, with the increase in mining intensity, NDVI growth rate was lower than that of in the natural ecological area.

Based on the data obtained monthly from 2000 to 2014, temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentration in the Shenzhen Bay and coastal southeastern Pearl River Estuary were analyzed. Also sources and bioavailability of the DON were investigated in combination with the salinity, 5-d biochemical oxygen demand and particulate organic matter measurements. The results showed that the DON concentration was 0.45±0.45mg/L with an increase trend from 2000 to 2004 and a decrease one from 2005 to 2014 and higher in summer and winter than spring and autumn in the bay, and 0.16±0.08mg/L with small seasonal changes and an increase trend in the whole period studied in the estuary. The DON appeared conservative and was from simultaneous sources in both of the bay and estuary. A two-component mixing mass balance model was used for estimating the DON terrestrial fraction at about 80% in the bay and 38% in the estuary, suggesting that the DON was mainly from the terrestrial sources in the bay but from the marine sources in the estuary. According to the measurements and regression results, the DON bioavailability was found to be about 14.8% and 15.5% in the bay and estuary respectively, nearly equal to the dissolved organic carbon bioavailability observed in the lower Pearl River Estuary.

In order to examine the effects of the amount of algal blooms on the restoration of submerged vegetations, we carried out the simulated experiments to study the growth and physiological responses of Potamogeton pectinatus and Elodea nuttallii to different concentrations (0, 6.25×10⁸, 2.5×10⁹, 10¹⁰cell/L) of algal blooms. The results showed that the dry weight of E. nuttallii at the low concentration (6.25×10⁸cell/L) of algal blooms was less than that of the control group, whereas the dry weight of P. pectinatus was not less than that of control group until the concentration of algal blooms reaches 10¹⁰cell/L. Compared with other treatments, the height of P. pectinatus was the shortest, while the height of E. nuttallii was the highest at the high concentration (10¹⁰cell/L) of algal blooms. It was showed that the photosynthetic activity of P. pectinatus decreased from 0.77 to 0.50 at the high concentration (10¹⁰cell/L) of algal blooms. However, the change of photosynthetic activity of E. nuttallii was not significant, ranging from 0.72 to 0.79. The antioxidant enzymes activity of submerged macrophytes decreased with increasing amount of algal blooms. These studies suggest that the effect of algal blooms on the growth of aquatic plants is dose-dependent. Although submerged plants can tolerate short-term stress of low concentrations of algal blooms, the high concentrations of algal blooms affect the resistance physiology of submerged macrophytes. The high concentrations of algal blooms greatly affect the growth of submerged plants over a long time, thereby affecting the restoration of submerged vegetations.

Bivalve Meretrix meretrix were exposed for 9days to mixture of Tuandao MSTP effluents and seawater (volume ratio ranged from 1% to 40%, resulted from dilution with natural seawater). Biological effects of contaminant exposure on bivalves were evaluated by measuring nine biochemical parameters including superoxide dismutase-SOD, catalase-CAT, glutathione peroxidase-GPx, glutathione reductase-GR, reduced glutathione-GSH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances-TBARs, acetylcholinesterase-AChE and metallothioneins-MTs in digestive gland, as well as hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability-LMS. All the biochemical parameters except SOD and CAT had sensitive responses to effluent exposure, Among which four biomarkers, namely LMS, GPx, MTs and AChE, were more effective for indicating effluent pollution because of the significant correlation with concentrations of effluents (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The calculated IBR (integrated biomarker response) index value (0.61~2.65), based on the responses of these biomarkers, increased with the rise of ratio of effluents, and a significant positive correlation between them was observed (P<0.01). The results proved the usefulness of integrated biological effects measurements and IBR index for the assessment of complicated chemical contamination in seawaters receiving MSTPs effluents.

Combining remote sensing images with field survey data, land use/cover changes and soil organic content distribution were analyzed in the main stream of the Tarim River from 2000 to 2010. The results showed that the area and structure of land use/cover changed during the time period. Specifically, arable, urban and shrub lands increased, with significant increase in arable land and shrub land. Woodland, grassland, water area and bare land decreased. Except for shrub land, the amount of soil organic storage in woodland, grassland and bare land reduced in 2010 compared with that in 2000. Overall, the total organic carbon storage in woodland, grassland, shrub and bare land 2010 was less than that in 2000.

The Benthic Index of Biological index (B-IBI) was erected based on the related data (macrozoobenthos, water quality and sediment environment) collected from the Tianjin coastal areas of the Bohai Bay during 2009 to 2013 as well as the available research experience. This is the first time to determine reference sites using AZTI marine biotic indices, water quality and sediment quality. Meanwhile, the standard method was employed to select biological indicators and to define the different levels for their thresholds. Thus, the index of biological integrity was developed. The 90% quantile of the IBI values in the reference sites was adopted as the base value and the calculated biocriteria value was 5. Results showed that the IBI could indicate the ecological quality of the study area, and also could response to nutrients and heavy metals pressures in this area. Therefore, it was reasonable and feasible to determine the biocriteria with the IBI method.

Single P. aeruginosa NY3 can grow and be immobilized on the surface of polyurethane foam carrier, the biofilm was used in an open system (non sterile conditions) to treat the oil-containing wastewater. The results showed that the biofilm can efficiently removeoil material of high concentrationoily wastewater. After continuously running for 25 d in the oil-bearing wastewater of 2g/L, the removal rate of petroleum hydrocarbons can be maintained at 91.1%. When the entrance of water was stopped, the bioactivityof the biofilm can be recovered by aeration. Under the natural environment, the bacterial accompanied and survived with NY3 in bacteria biofilmmainly includedBacillus, Pseudomonas and Rhodococcus strain. Two cultured strains were isolated and identified through the 16SrRNAsequence, which showed they belonged toRhodococcusand Bacillus separately, and they were also proved to have the capabilty to efficiently remove petroleum hydrocarbon.

The muscle, kidney, heart, stomach and spleen of Oriental White Stork (Ciconia boyciana) were detected in this study. Oriental white stork is a kind of wild bird and stopped in Beidagang wetland of Tianjin in China, during overwintering migration. The average concentration of OCPs in lipid weight (concentration range) in heart was the highest among tissues, which was 955.30ng/g (88.65~4102.577ng/g), following with liver, it was 465.55ng/g (37.96~1476.17ng/g). The concentration of OCPs in stomach, spleen and muscle were 251.64ng/g (102.88~354.61ng/g), 176.5ng/g (158.72~194.50ng/g) and 143.96ng/g (10.90~800.51ng/g), separately. The concentration of ∑DDTs in kidney and heart was higher than ∑HCHs, which was inversed in other tissues. Compare with other studies, the OCPs concentration of these bird tissues in this study were relative low, which indicated that these birds were not influenced by OCPs badly in China.

Atmospheric particulate matters (PM) seriously affect the human health and the strong exposure-response relationship between PM and many human diseases has been confirmed. In this paper, the components and sources of particulate matter were briefly introduced and the harms to human health were systematically summarized on the aspects of respiratory toxicity, cardiovascular toxicity, immune toxicity, neurotoxicity, and genotoxicity. Additionally, the mechanisms of toxicity of particulate matter were summarized and discussed. We also pointed out the problems in the current study and the trends of future research. It will be contributable to the control of atmospheric particle pollution and provide the appropriate scientific reference for the studies on toxicological mechanisms of PM health damage.

This paper reviewed the sources, hazard and environmental fate of typical steroidal estrogens, both conjugate and free phases, in environment. The migration and transformation processes of steroidal estrogens through soil and shallow groundwater system, such as sorption and biodegradation, were thoroughly reviewed. The most popular treatment technologies and risk management practices were also critically summarized. Finally, based on current studies on the penetration and ecological impact of steroidal estrogens in vadose zone and shallow groundwater system, the perspectives of future research was proposed.

China's air pollution is closely related to its coal-dominated energy structure. As the largest coal-consuming and pollution-releasing sector in China, coal-fired power plants have been playing an important role on air pollution control. A cost-effectiveness analysis of pollution emission reduction measures in coal-fired power plants was discussed in this article considering the recent ultra-low emission policies for the power industry. The results showed that the pollutant-mitigation costs are around 44600 Yuan per ton of SO₂, 23500 Yuan per ton of NO_x, 4,300Yuan per ton of PM, and it would be costly to implement the ultra-low emission transformation in the whole power industry. It still need more comprehensive environmental economic evaluation on the ultra-low emission implementation, taking into consideration that other coal-fired sectors' inefficient technologies and loose emission standards. It was also found that to evaluate the transformation cost per kilowatt hour as the only indicator would result in a mislead pollution control path and it should initiate to implement theultra-low emission transformation from the smaller power plants with dirtier coal quality.

Taking Yangtze River Delta Basin as an example, indirect economic impacts of water pollution in 2011 on sub-regions (Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu) were simulated based on a basin scale multi-regional computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. Moreover, an indirect effect coefficient (IDE) was been built to reflect the degree of indirect effect of water pollution on each sub-region and sector. The results indicated that economic impacts of water pollution had significant differences in three sub-regions of Yangtze River Delta Basin. The loss in GDP in Shanghai was the highest (16.13 billion Yuan), whereas the ratio of GDP loss in Zhejiang decreased most significantly (2.84%). In addition, the IDE of Shanghai, Zhejiang and Jiangsu were 3.47, 1.98 and 0.92 respectively, which means that the economy of Shanghai was most sensitive to water pollution occurred in the Yangtze River Delta Basin than other two regions.

Considering the floatability and uncertainties of Carbon Trade, this paper proposed a under Carbon Trade model called a two-stage inexact-stochastic programming (TISP) which was structured on the basis of Carbon emissions permits and the technologies and costs of carbon emission reduction. Then the balance of net benefit and CO₂ emission permit of the system was sought through the optimization model. The paper showed the result about a significant index called μ. Firstly, when the model defined μ=40%, net system benefit achieved optimal and the benefit was higher under carbon trading than that under non-trading. Secondly, when the model defined μ<40%, the carbon reduction requirements of the coal-fired power plants could be met only by capture and storage (CS) reduction technology under the conditions of carbon trading or both the CS and chemical absorption (CA) reduction technology under the conditions of non-trading. Lastly, when the model defined μ>40%, all of the three power plants must develop the CA reduction technology processing on the premise of guaranteeing the CS technology. In a word, Carbon Trade would not only contribute to rationally allocating carbon reduction technologies but also help to establish a new trading markets including energy-use specification, carbon-emission criterion and pollutant-emission restriction. The final aim was to make the target of the carbon dioxide reduction come true as early as possible.

Based on data collected during May and September of 2011, the feeding evenness index developed from the functional feeding groups, together with the M-AMBI (Multivariate AZTI Marine Biological Index) derived from the community structure, were used to assess the ecological quality status of Bohai Bay. Results showed that the macrozoobenthos community was divided into five feeding groups in the study but no herbivorous group was found. Groups detritivorous and carnivorous displayed the greatest percentages of species richness, and the group planktivorous displayed the highest percentage of the community density. However, the group omnivorous displayed the smallest percentage of the above two indicators. Furthermore, the feeding evenness index in the most sampling stations were less than 0.60, indicating that most marine waters were disturbed to some degree in this study which was corresponding to the degraded ecological quality status. This may be related to the human pressures affecting Bohai bay such as waste discharges and land reclamation. It seemed that the ecological quality status indicated by the feeding evenness index and M-AMBI were generally similar. Meanwhile, both indices were sensitive to the environmental pressure gradient from the inshore to the offshore areas in Bohai Bay. In sum, the feeding evenness index could be suitable to assess the ecological quality status of Bohai Bay.

Based on the integrated assessment methods of marine ecological environment quality, and the survey data in China, an integrated assessment method of ecological environment quality of sea areas around islands was established. Totally 12 indices were selected from environmental and biotic elements to set up an integrated assessment index system, and then 5 classification levels and their evaluation standards were determined. The weights of indices were determined using analytic hierarchy process. 10 representative islands were selected in northern South China Sea according to the characteristics of geographical distribution, around which the ecological environment quality of sea areas were assessed using the above method for case study. The result showed that 8 islands were classified as in ‘Good’ status and the other 2 islands were in ‘Moderate’ status. The northern South China Sea was generally at good status. The ecological environment quality was influenced by the offshore distance, the discharge of land based pollutant, and sea water exchange ability. The integrated assessment method established in this paper was able to objectively reflect the ecological environment status of sea areas around islands.