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  Current Issue
 
2021 Vol.41 Issue.1,Published 2021-01-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Carbon Emission Control
Air Pollution Control
1 Meteorological conditions and contribution quantification of typical ozone pollution during autumn in Pearl River Delta
HONG Ying-ying, WENG Jia-feng, TAN Hao-bo, SHEN Jin
The self-organizing map (SOM) analysis method was applied to conduct synoptic classification regarding surface ozone pollution in Pearl River Delta (PRD) using the meteorological reanalysis data (i.e., sea level pressure and u, v wind) in autumn from 2013 to 2017. The results showed that there were 7 synoptic types regarding O3 pollution, which were divided into severe, moderate and mild categories by the pollution degree, with the corresponding ratios of excessive-standard O3 being 32.3%, 12.0%, and 4.2%, respectively. Comparing the meteorological factors aggravating O3 pollution under different weather-types regarding O3 pollution between 2017 and 2016, the number of days with severe O3 pollution weather-type increased in autumn of 2017 relative to 2016. When the moderate pollution weather-type occurred, the local meteorological conditions became more unfavorable in 2017. The WRF-CAMx model was utilized to quantify the contribution of meteorological conditions by altering the meteorological inputs with fixed emissions, and the contribution of emissions was estimated by subtracting the meteorological contribution from the changes in observation. The results showed that the changes in meteorological conditions led to an increase of 29.8% in O3 concentrations, while the emission changes contributed to a decrease of 7.1%. The special O3 pollution prevention and control action was launched in autumn of 2017, and the O3 precursor control measures in PRD have effectively reduced the O3 concentration. The emission control has alleviated the enhancement of O3 pollution caused by the adverse meteorological conditions. Unfavorable weather conditions were the leading cause of the increase in O3 concentration in the autumn of 2017.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 1-10 [Abstract] ( 443 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2126KB] ( 1146 )
11 Research on the influence of VOCs on the coupling generation of PM2.5 and O3 in Shenzhen
FENG Ning, TANG Meng-xue, LI Meng-lin, CHEN Yao, CAO Li-ming, HE Ling-yan, HUANG Xiao-feng
In order to explore the synergistic characteristics of PM2.5 and O3 of the urban atmosphere in PRD region, an enhanced observation of air pollution was performed in autumn, when the photochemical reactions are more active, at Shenzhen university town. The maximum 8hours average of O3 (O3_8h) showed strong positive relationship with PM2.5 and the correlation of O3_8h with formaldehyde, a typical volatile organic compounds (VOCs), is stronger than that with NO2. The aerosol mass spectrometer was used to measure the chemical composition of submicron aerosol online. Five types of organic aerosols (OA) were resolved by positive matrix factorization (PMF), of which the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) accounted 50% of the bulk OA. According to the correlation analysis between various pollutants, O3_8h showed strong correlation with SOA, but no obvious correlation with nitrate (NO3-). The correlation analysis demonstrates that VOCs play a more important role than NOx in the coupling formation process of atmospheric fine particles and O3 in Shenzhen urban areas, and VOCs emission reduction is the key to collaborative control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution in Shenzhen.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 11-17 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 823KB] ( 1079 )
18 Characterization of atmospheric circulation and transmission in Chongqing City during ozone polluted days
PU Xi, LI Zhen-liang, ZHANG Yue, GAO Yang-hua, LV Ping-jiang, ZHANG Wei-dong, ZHAI Chong-zhi
The pollution of tropospheric ozone has become an emerging issue in the urban areas of Chongqing. From 2015 to 2019, the near-surface ozone concentrations have elevated with increasing days of exceeding the national air quality standard (NAQS). The comprehensive analysis using meteorological data showed that high ozone concentration frequently appeared when the daily maximum temperature over 35℃ as well as relative humidity below 70%. T-mode principal component analysis (PCT) was applied to synoptic classification. The result demonstrated that the occurrence of ozone pollution in Chongqing was mostly related correlated to three typical weather patterns, such as patterns of the northwest to low (T1), low low-pressure rear type (T4) and west to high (T3), and the corresponding ratio of days of ozone exceeding the NAQS were 34.6%, 17.0%, and 14.2% respectively. The result of HYSPLIT4 indicated air masses during days of ozone exceeding NAQS were mainly short and moderate distance from the north, northeast, south, and west directions. It is worth mentioning that the south areas of urban Chongqing have become more and more important potential source regions of ozone from 2015 to 2019, according to the Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) distribution. In addition, PSCF results were highly consistent with the spatial distribution of NOx and VOCs emissions in Chongqing.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 18-27 [Abstract] ( 369 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3217KB] ( 725 )
28 Numerical forecast and improvement of ozone over YRD cities
ZHOU Guang-qiang, QU Yuan-hao, YU Zhong-qi
Daily ozone in 2019 over the 55 cities in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region was forecasted by using the operational Regional Atmospheric Environmental Modeling System for eastern China (RAEMS). The results showed that the performance was consistent in different forecast lengths of 1~4d. Good agreement of modelled ozone with the observed was found through indices of correlation coefficient (r), FACx, etc. Correlation coefficients over most cities were over 0.7. At the same time, forecast was generally overestimated. The high consistence in temporal trend suggested that the single factor dynamical learning linear method of with interception of zero and learning period of 5~7d was the most appropriate approach for the improvement of ozone forecast over YRD. The forecast performance was significantly improved. Mean bias decreased from over 25 to 0.4μg/m3. Mean error, normalized mean error and root mean square error (RMSE) was 30% decreased, among which RMSE decreased from 42μg/m3 to 27μg/m3. Performance indices except for r at over 90% cities were improved. For ozone pollution, CSI of O3-8h and O3-1h was 28% and 17% increased, respectively and the missed detection rate and false alarm rate was balanced. In general, the application of the improvement method resolved the systematical overestimation of ozone forecast over the YRD region.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 28-36 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 822KB] ( 693 )
37 Source apportionment of ozone pollution in the typical steel industry city of China in summer
YAO Shi-yin, WEI Wei, SHEN Ze-ya, WANG Chuan-da, NIU Yuan
Handan was the most seriously ozone polluted city compared with surrounding cities. This paper was analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of ozone in Handan by using monitoring data. The analysis showed that ozone pollution was very serious during research period and the standard exceeding rate of days was 86.7% in Handan. Ozone concentration exhibited spatial variations over the research regions. The main causes of ozone pollution were influenced from elevated temperature, low humidity and transmission of southerly air masses. Then comprehensive air quality model extensions CAMx based ozone source apportionment technology (OSAT) was applied to quantify the contributions of different emissions to ozone concentration in different receptors of Handan. The analysis revealed that the ozone pollution in Handan had strong regional contribution. Local emissions to ozone pollution of administrative region had reached 43.9%, while obvious increase of ozone contribution to urban areas came from local emissions (46.5%). Chen’an was the most seriously ozone polluted county in Handan, while ozone pollution in Chen’an resulted from both local emissions (37.4%) and from Henan. Compared with monthly average, local emissions for the typical ozone pollution process tended to have more ozone contribution (54.0%). Divided by source sectors, the largest contributors to ozone of main urban areas were local mobile pollution sources. While for the typical ozone pollution process, the largest contributors turned into local metallurgical. Sensitivity analysis of model photochemical ozone generation showed that under monthly average most of ozone in main urban areas were generated in VOCs sensitive. While for the typical ozone pollution process, the proportion of ozone generated in NOx sensitive had been increased.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 37-48 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1427KB] ( 1232 )
49 Studies on the gas-particle partitioning mechanism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and emission amount from coal-fired power plants
NI Xiu-feng, WANG Ru-wei, WANG Ji-zhong, HUANG Qing, CAI Fei-xuan
16US EPA priority PAHs at the inlet and outlet of fabric filter in a circulating fluidized bed boiler of CFPPs were analyzed. The partitioning mechanism of PAHs in the gas- and particle-phases with different particle sizes was studied. The results showed that the removal rates of gas phase and particulate PAHs by the fabric filter were 45.6% and 70.7%~89.1%, respectively. The gas phase mainly contained low molecular weight PAHs, while medium and high molecular weight PAHs were predominant in particle phases. The fractions of low molecular weight PAHs showed a declining trend with the decrease of particle size. The gas-particle partitioning of PAHs was primarily controlled by organic carbon absorption, and it had an apparent dependence on particle sizes. Most of PAHs species in the particles of different particle sizes in flue gas exhibited bi-model structures, with one mode peaking in the accumulation size range (1.1~2.1μm) and another peaking in the coarse size range (4.7~5.8μm). The emission factor of PAHs was 3.55mg/kg of coal burned, with 0.55mg/kg in gas phase and 3.0mg/kg in particle phase, respectively. Emissions of PAHs increased gradually from 29000kg in 2010 to 34200kg in 2014, then remained constant from 2014 to 2016, and finally significantly increased to 35900kg in 2017.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 49-55 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 508KB] ( 880 )
56 Spatiotemporal analysis on the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on NO2 emission in China
ZHAO Jin-huan, CAI Kun, LI Shen-shen, ZHENG Feng-bin, LIU Yang
Based on the high-resolution TROPOMI data, this paper analyzed the spatial distribution of NO2 column density during the COVID-19 outbreaking period in China, and revealed the spatial variations in the NO2 changes during the year-on-year and month-on-month COVID-19 pandemic. The analysis showed that during the pandemic, the nationwide decline in NO2 column density compared to the NO2 level during the same period in 2019 (year-on-year) and during one-month before (month-on-month) the pandemic reached 40.46% and 50.09%, respectively. The economically developed and populous urban agglomerations had a significant decrease in emissions. Specifically, provinces with high historical NO2 emissions, including Jiangsu, Henan, Shandong, Zhejiang, etc., were more affected by the epidemic. Hubei showed the lowest NO2 column density (1.63×1015molec/cm2) during the epidemic period among the central and eastern provinces, with the NO2 decrease compared to the NO2 level during the same period in 2019 and during one-month before the pandemic greater than 50%. Regarding different cities in Hubei, the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the surrounding cities, e.g. Wuhan and Xiaogan, was much greater than that on the western mountainous cities, e.g. Shiyan and Enshi. The measurements of NO2 concentration at the ground-based national air quality monitoring stations also showed a consistent spatiotemporal trend with satellite observations, indicating that the "top-down" remote sensing method can efficiently reflects the intensity of air pollution emissions and the level of socio-economic activities in different regions.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 56-62 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2434KB] ( 923 )
63 Analysis of temporal and spatial variation characteristics of NO2 pollutants in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area based on Sentinel-5P satellite data
ZHENG Zi-hao, WU Zhi-feng, CHEN Ying-biao, YANG Zhi-wei, Francesco Marinello
The TROPOMI (TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument) on the Sentinel-5Precursor (also known as sentinel-5p) had emerged as base data for spatial analysis of regional NO2 pollution due to its excellent temporal and spatial resolution. Considering the lack of application analysis based on Sentinel-5P NO2 concentration products in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Bay Area (GBA) at present, based on the latest tropospheric NO2 vertical column concentration (troNO2) data produced by TROPOMI, this paper analyzed the distribution and change characteristics of atmospheric NO2 pollutants in recent 2years through Google Earth Engine platform. The results showed that: 1) the troNO2 retrieved by TROPOMI had a high correlation with the monitoring value of surface NO2 concentration, and the inversion product can reflect the real NO2 pollution on the ground; 2) the concentration distribution of troNO2 in GBA showed a significant circle structure: the area of high NO2 density was about 4468km2, accounting for 8% of the total area of GBA, and the area of low NO2 density was about 25331km2, accounting for more than 45%;3) the troNO2 over GBA was characterized by "high in winter and low in summer, and excessive in spring and Autumn"; 4) the impact factor analysis showed that the human activities intensity (DNB, nighttime light), vegetation status (NDVI, vegetation index) and terrain factor (DEM, elevation) had strong correlation with the troNO2. The results of this study can assist the government and policymakers to make more targeted policies to implement NO2 emission reduction and improve air quality.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 63-72 [Abstract] ( 510 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1297KB] ( 1985 )
73 Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs from asphalt pavement construction
LI Ting-ting, GUO Song-jun, HUANG Li-hai, CHEN Feng, LU Hai-tao, LIU Ming, LIANG Xiao-ming, CHEN Lai-guo
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at different stages of asphalt pavement construction were monitored for the sake of studying its emission characteristics, odor effect and toxicity. The results showed that 65kinds of VOCs concentration ranged from 46.69μg/m3 to 2179μg/m3, the characteristic components of which were alkanes, alkenes and aromatics. The VOCs concentration was in a gradual decrease in the asphalt pavement construction process which was arranged in the following order: pavement paving > pavement compaction > pavement cooling > pavement in use at normal temperature. And the characteristic components comprised undecane, n-pentane, propylene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl acetate. Aromatics contributed mainly to the odor of asphalt pavement construction. Besides, there was a large potential cancer risk for benzene and ethylbenzene, whose lifetime cancer risk (LCR) values ranged from 1.89x10-6~5.35x10-5.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 73-80 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 502KB] ( 1143 )
81 The levels, sources and atmospheric photochemical processes of amino acids in PM2.5 in forest areas
ZHU Yu-wen, ZHU Ren-guo, FANG Xiao-zheng, PAN Yuan-yuan, WEN Ze-qun
In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected in a forest area of Nanchang (28.75°N, 115.71°E) in spring, The concentrations of combined amino acids (CAAs), free amino acids (FAAs) and the nitrogen isotopes of glycine (Gly) were determined. The result showed that the concentrations of total CAAs and the concentrations of total FAAs were 272.8~4761.5pmol/m3, and 56.4~494.0pmol/m3in the atmospheric aerosols, respectively. The fractional percentage of CAAs, Pro, Gly, Glu, Leu and Ala in the total CAAs were (19.5 ±12.0)%, (19.4 ±10.6)%, (15.3 ±4.9)%, (12.8 ±5.4)% and (9.1 ±1.6)%, respectively. Gly was the most abundant amino acid, accounting for (71.1 ±9.2)% of the total FAAs. However, the fractional percentage of other FAAs was very small (proportion range of 0.1%~14.3%). The proportion of neutral amino acids was much higher in FAAs than that in CAAs, which might be related to the photochemical reaction during long-distance transport. According to the correlations between amino acid and O3, NO2 and temperature, we found that the formation of FAAs was associated with atmospheric photochemical processes and thermal reactions in the forest areas. The δ15NC-Glyvalue (-1.0‰~+17.5‰) and δ15NF-Gly value (-5.5‰~+13.0‰) in aerosol were close to the δ15NGly value from soil sources, indicating that the main source of amino acids in PM2.5 might be from soil emission in the forest areas.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 81-90 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 592KB] ( 780 )
91 Characterization of water-soluble ions pollution of atmospheric fine particles in Chengdu City
LI Xin-yue, ZHANG Kai-shan, WU Wen-qi, DENG Lin-li, YIN Zi-yuan, XIANG Xin-peng, MENG Xiang-rui, PANG Kai-li, ZHU Yi-jing, MA Shuai
In order to understand the characteristics of water-soluble ion pollution of atmospheric fine particles in the urban area of Chengdu, a total of 102 PM2.5 samples were collected in the urban areas of Chengdu in four seasons. Mass concentrations of particles matter (PM) and its water-soluble ions (NH4+、Ca2+、Na+、Mg2+、K+、F-、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-) were measured and analyzed to characterize its seasonal, with special attentions to characteristics and formation of secondary ions. The results showed that concentration changes of water-soluble ions and atmospheric fine particles in Chengdu’s urban area generally followed the same pattern. Secondary inorganic ions (NH4+、NO3-、SO42-) were the main components of water-soluble ions in PM, accounting for 84.8%. Atmospheric fine particles appeared to be acidic in Spring, Autumn, and Winter, and their in-situ PH values were 1.9, 2.6 and 2.0, respectively. Sulfate and nitrate in the atmospheric PM exhibited differences in its chemical characteristics. For example, the dominating form of sulfate was NH4HSO4, which mainly resulted from heterogeneous reaction processes and was heavily affected by the regional atmospheric transportation; while the dominating form of nitrate was NH4NO3, which mainly resulted from homogeneous reaction processed and was heavily affected by local emissions.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 91-101 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 602KB] ( 643 )
102 A study on the air quality in Beijing during the Spring Festival
ZHANG Zhang, LIU Bao-xian, AN Xin-xin, DONG Xin, WANG Qin, YAO Huan, SUN Rui-wen, LI Yun-ting
This study investigated the influence of fireworks on air quality by using the concentrations of major pollutants and PM2.5 components and meteorological conditions during the Spring Festival in Beijing from 2013 to 2020. The results suggest that air quality improved significantly due to strict control on fireworks since 2018. In particular, 87.5% (seven days) of the days during the 2019 Spring Festival achieved the good and excellent air quality standards, and no heavy polluted days occurred. The maximum PM2.5 concentration during the New Year’s eve decreased sharply in recent three years, falling by 61.1%, 74.7% and 71.4%, respectively, compared to the highest concentration of 699μg/m3 in 2016. Besides, the sudden increase rates of SO2, PM10and PM2.5 concentrations were reduced from 1.31, 1.37 and 0.92 in 2013 to 0.08, 0.14 and 0.02 in 2020. Further, the concentration of primary ion components from fireworks to PM2.5 decreased significantly thus confirming the reduction in impact of fireworks on air quality in recent years. During the Spring Festival in 2020, adverse meteorological conditions prohibited fireworks pollution dispersion, and aggravated the local pollution accumulation and regional transport, resulting in three-day heavy pollution event. Therefore, the strict control of fireworks, optimal meteorological conditions, and low levels of pollution in the surrounding area are crucial to the air quality in Beijing during the Spring Festival.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 102-113 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2422KB] ( 1128 )
114 Simultaneous removal of NO and soot from diesel engines over La1-xKxMnO3 catalysts
ZHAO Yu, WEI Bo, ZHANG Peng, TIAN Yu, CHI Yao-ling, WANG Hong, LI Cui-qing, SONG Yong-ji
La1-xkxMnO3 (x=0, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.25) perovskite oxide catalysts were prepared by solvothermal method. Various methods such as XRD, FT-IR, SEM, H2-TPR, XPS and NO-TPD, were used to characterize structure, composition, surface morphology, and the redox properties of the catalysts. Their catalytic performance of the simultaneous NO and soot removal was investigated in a fixed-bed micro-reactor under atmospheric pressure. The results indicated that the La1-xKxMnO3 catalysts showed perovskite structure. For La1-xKxMnO3 catalysts, with the partial substitution of La3+ by K+ in the Mn-based perovskite lattice, a portion of Mn3+ was transformed into Mn4+ and the number of oxygen vacancies was increased, leading to an improvement of the redox properties and NO adsorption performance. As a result, the catalytic reactivity of La0.80K0.20MnO3 catalyst was also improved, achieving the simultaneous removal of NO and soot. The maximum conversion of NO (Xmax NO) and the reaction temperature (Tmax) were 46.5% and 436 ℃, respectively. The ignition temperature of soot (Tig), peak CO2 formation temperature (Tmax CO2) and CO2 selectivity (Smax CO2) were 341℃, 454℃ and 98.8%, respectively.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 114-121 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1070KB] ( 612 )
Water Pollution Control
122 Removal of trace tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) in aqueous solution by electrocoagulation
LIU Zong, TANG Jia-wei, ZHANG Chun-hui, WANG Wen-qian, ZHOU Wei-long, LIN Ye, LIU Xiang-yu, CHEN Xiang, LI Ke-di
This work investigated removal of trace tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) from aqueous solution by using electrocoagulation technology. Effects of electrode materials, electrode distance, current density and initial pH values of solution on the removal of TBA were studied, respectively. The results showed that after 120minutes, the removal efficiency of TBA could reach 80.4% when aluminum was used as the anode, stainless steel was used as the cathode, the electrode distance was 1.4cm, the current density was 20mA/cm2, and the initial pH value of the solution was 8. Meanwhile, the actual loss of aluminum anode (1.93kg/m3) was more than the theoretical loss (1.61kg/m3). Besides, the removal process of TBA by electrocoagulation could also be predicted by a pseudo-first-order kinetics equation. The analysis of floc characteristics showed that in addition to adsorption and flocculation effects of AlO(OH) and Al(OH)3 floc, there was also an anodic oxidation process in the process of removing TBA by electroflocculation, which resulted in oxidation of TBA to aldehydes, ketones and other small molecular substances.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 122-130 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 684KB] ( 902 )
131 Synthesis of organic 3D flower-like layered double hydroxide and universal adsorption for organic pollutants
HE Tao, CAI Fei, ZHU Zhong-bang, ZHANG Ping
Organic 3D flower-like layered double hydroxide (3D-SLDH) was prepared by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) under various urea concentrations. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray energy dispersive spectral analysis (EDS), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were employed to determine the optimum synthesis condition. The adsorption performance of 3D-SLDH for acid orange 7 (AO7), rhodamine B (RhB), and naphthalene (NAP) was studied by static adsorption experiments. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of 3D-SLDH toward AO7, RhB, and NAP could reach up to 454.9, 46.8 and 43.7mg/g, respectively, indicating that 3D-SLDH is a universal adsorbent to organic pollutants. Adsorption kinetics demonstrated that all contaminants removal could be well described by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption isotherms of AO7 and RhB fitted the Langmuir model, while partition-adsorption model was suitable for NAP adsorption. Moreover, the elevated temperature benefited for both AO7 and RhB adsorption. By contrast, lower temperature is suitable for NAP removal. Combined with the analysis of XRD, FT-IR, and XPS, the removal mechanism of AO7, RhB and NAP on 3D-SLDH was investigated. Ion exchange and surface adsorption contributed to AO7 and RhB adsorption, respectively. Whereas partition played a dominant role in NAP removal.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 131-140 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1114KB] ( 785 )
141 Novel MIL-100(Fe) based MOFs materials and their adsorption on Sr2+
ZHANG Qi-Xin, YAO Chu-Qing, XU Tian-Han, CHAI Fan-Chao, WANG Guo-Hui, DAI Yao-Dong
Metal-organic framework materials MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-100(Fe)-DMA were prepared by hydrothermal and solvothermal methods. The structures of materials were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, XPS and N2 adsorption/desorption. The effects of initial Sr2+ concentration, adsorption time, pH value of solution and different co-existing cations on the adsorption performance of the materials were investigated by static adsorption experiments; The adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms models of Sr2+ adsorption on the two materials were studied. The results showed that the basic framework of the two materials was consistent, and the effect of adsorbed Sr2+ on the material framework can be ignored. Although the specific surface area of MIL-100(Fe)-DMA was smaller than that of MIL-100(Fe), the mesoporous structure formed by accumulation was more conducive to the diffusion of Sr2+ due to the small grain size. The results of adsorption experiments showed that: with the increase of the reaction time and the initial Sr2+ concentration, the adsorption capacity of the two materials for Sr2+ increased rapidly and then gradually reached equilibrium. With the increase of pH value, the adsorption amount of Sr2+ by the two materials increased, and the adsorption effect was better under alkaline condition. The adsorption process of both materials conformed to the quasi-second-order kinetic model, Weber-Morris models and the Langmuir adsorption isothermal model. The adsorption of Sr2+ by MIL-100(Fe) materials can be improved by using trivalent iron salt as iron source and DMA as organic solvent.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 141-150 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1297KB] ( 912 )
151 Degradation of AO7 with peroxymonosulfate catalyzed by Co-C-N single atom
XU Jie, WANG Ke-qing, TIAN Dan, WU Mei, LI Si-jia, BAO Xiu-min, XU Xiao-yi
Monoatomic Co-C-N catalyst was synthesized by a template etching method and then was used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) for degradation of decolorize azo dye orange 7 (AO7). The effects of catalyst dosage, PMS concentration, pH value of reaction medium and Cl- commonly exists in dye wastewater on the removal of AO7 in Co-C-N/PMS system were systematically evaluated. The reaction mechanism was inferred, the mineralization ability and the reuse of catalyst were investigated. Experimental results showed that Co-C-N can effectively activate PMS to degrade AO7, and the reaction rate for AO7 removal can be accelerated with an increase in Co-C-N dosage and PMS concentration. AO7 can be removed effectively in the range of pH=3.0 to 9.0. When the concentration of Co-C-N dosage、the PMS and AO7 concentration were 50mg/L、1.0mmol/L and 0.05mmol/L respectively, AO7 can be completely removed within 10min under a neutral condition. SO4·- produced by PMS activation of heterogeneous system was the main active species for the degradation of AO7, and 1O2 produced by C-induced PMS was also involved in the degradation reaction through non-free radical system. The oxidation reaction mainly occurs on the surface of the catalyst. Co-C-N/PMS system has excellent removal ability and strong mineralization effect for AO7. Compared with the single Co-C-N adsorption process of AO7, Co-C-N/PMS system not only can increases the reaction rate, but also greatly improves the recyclability of the catalyst.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 151-160 [Abstract] ( 289 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1069KB] ( 2052 )
161 Advanced treatment of landfill leachate by ultraviolet catalytic persulfate
HUANG Li-kun, LI Zhe, WANG Guang-zhi, ZHAO Wen-li, XU Yuan-yuan, WANG Dong-dong
To study the treatment characteristics of leachate biochemical effluent from refuse incineration plant, the effects of advanced treatment of landfill leachate by ultraviolet (UV) system, single persulfate (PS) system and ultraviolet/persulfate (UV/PS) system were compared. The results showed that the removal efficiency of UV/PS system was better than that of the other two systems. When the initial concentration of humic acid was 200mg/L, the dosage of PS was 25mmol/L, and the initial pH value was 4, the maximum removal rate of UV254 was 89.62%, the maximum removal rate of TOC was 76.17%. The effects of temperature, initial pH value and dosage ratio of chemicals on the treatment of leachate by UV/PS process were studied. It’s found that the treatment effect was good. The optimal conditions were as follows: temperature 35℃, pH value 4, dosing ratio 2, running for 24h, the maximum removal rate of COD was 82.64%, and the maximum treatment efficiency of TOC was 66.69%. At the same time, the removal ability of the system was in accordance with the pseudo-second-order kinetic equation. This paper can provide reference for advanced treatment of leachate in waste incineration plant.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 161-168 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 782 )
169 Analysis of the long-term operation mechanism of MPSR sludge-free discharge system
LI Qing-zhe, BIAN De-jun, NIE Ze-bing, ZHENG Shao-jie, WANG Fan, AI Sheng-shu, ZHU Sui-yi
In response to the increasingly prominent problems of large residual sludge output and difficult disposal, the experiment used a micro-pressure swirl reactor (MPSR) to treat sewage in a sludge-free discharge mode. MPSR had an effective volume of 36L and ran in batch mode. The operating parameters were aeration rate of 0.14m3·h-1, drainage ratio of 50%, operation period of 12h, and the inlet temperature was (20±1)℃, continuous operation for 225d. The experimental results showed that MPSR had a good pollutant removal effect, the average removal rates of COD, TP, NH4+-N, and TN reached 85%, 95%, 95%, and 75%, respectively. During the operation, the stability of SVI, microscopic examination and the substantial reduction of EPS showed that the system did not have filamentous bacteria and extracellular polymer secretions, which ensured that the sludge still had high-efficiency settling viscosity conditions under the large increase of sludge-free MLSS. High-throughput sequencing analysis showed that the system had high stability and higher abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the stable period, which ensured the long term sequential batch operation of the sludge-free MPSR system and the high efficiency of pollutant degradation.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 169-176 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1084KB] ( 656 )
177 Phosphorus adsorption characteristics by steel wastewater sludge
TIAN Zhong-ke, WANG Fen, YAN Zhao
In order to realize resource utilization of steel sludge and phosphorus removal in wastewater, steel wastewater sludge was used as an adsorbent for the phosphorus removal from wastewater. It studied the adsorption characteristics of phosphate by steel sludge, including influence factors, dynamic model, adsorption isotherm, and the mechanism of adsorption by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The results showed that steel sludge had a good adsorption capacity for phosphate in wastewater. When temperature was 40℃ and pH was 2.00, the theoretical saturated adsorption capacity of phosphorus was 8.917mg/g.The data were well described by Langmuir model, indicating that it was a multilayer adsorption process. It took 60min to achieve adsorption equilibrium. It met the Pseudo second-order equation, demonstrating that the process was chemical adsorption. SEM and XRD analysis showed that there might be something like FePO4, CaxFey(PO4)2x/3+y on the surface of the steel sludge after adsorption, and it was speculated that the phosphorus was removed by precipitation with Fe3+ or Ca2+, and chemical adsorption of hydrolysates of Fe3+ and PO43- and then co-precipitation of complex compound through complexation reaction. Overall, steel sludge was a potential adsorbent for the removal of phosphorus in wastewater.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 177-184 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1134KB] ( 1216 )
185 Fabrication and visible-light photocatalytic performance of Z-scheme V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4 heterostructure
ZHANG Cong, WANG Can, ZHAO Xin, PAN Shuang
V2O5 was prepared by in-situ synthesized method, and then composited with Ag2O/g-C3N4 by hydrothermal method to produce V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4 photocatalysts. The morphology and optical properties of the as-prepared samples were characterized by XRD, FT-IR, SEM and UV-Vis DRS. The results showed that V2O5 was successfully doped on the surface of Ag2O/g-C3N4, and the visible-light absorption range of V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4 composites were broadened compared to Ag2O/g-C3N4. The degradation efficiency of methylene blue (MB) by 15% V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4 composites reached 99.10% after 180min of visible-light irradiation. The degradation efficiency of MB was above 85% by the composites after 3cycles of degradation, which revealed that V2O5-Ag2O/g-C3N4 composites had excellent stability. The quenching tests of radicals indicated that holes (h+) was the main active species during the photocatalytic reaction process. The p-n heterojunction at the interface of Ag2O and g-C3N4 was formed, and the recombination process of Ag2O and V2O5 followed Z-scheme visible-light-driven mechanism, which effectively hindered the recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and promoted the production of active species, thus, enhancing the photocatalytic activity of composites.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 185-191 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1092KB] ( 781 )
192 Degradation efficiency of atrazine by Fe(VI)/Na2SO3 system
SUN Shao-fang, LI Jia-long, QIU Qi, QIU Li-ping, MA Jun, LIU Cai-hong
The degradation efficiency of atrazine (ATZ) by Na2SO3 activated with potassium ferrate (K2FeO4) was studied. The primary reactive species formed in Fe(VI)/sulfite system were identified. In addition, the influences of dosages of sulfite, solution pH as well as water background matrices including humic acid (HA), Cl-, and CO32- on the transformation efficiency of ATZ in Fe(VI)/sulfite process were evaluated. The results showed that 74.4% of ATZ was transformed by the combination of 50μmol/L Fe(VI) and 200μmol/L Na2SO3 at 10s, while only 10.2% and 7.5% of ATZ was removed at 60s by individual Fe(VI) and Na2SO3, respectively, under similar conditions. Sulfate radicals (SO4·-) was responsible for the degradation of ATZ based on the results of radical probe compound and dissolved oxygen experiments. In the presence of 50μmol/L Fe(VI) and at pH=8, the degradation efficacy of ATZ firstly increased, then decreased with increasing the dosage of Na2SO3, in which the optimal concentration of Na2SO3 was 150~200μmol/L. The enhanced degradation of ATZ by Fe(Ⅵ)/Na2SO3 system was observed in the pH range of 7~10. The removal of ATZ in natural water by Fe(VI)/sulfite process was also confirmed, but with lower efficiency compared to synthetic water, mainly resulting from the competition of SO4·- by water background matrix.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 192-198 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 436KB] ( 786 )
199 The effect of lanthanum modified bentonite on the control of sediment internal phosphorus loading
REN Qi-qi, TANG Wan-yin, YIN Peng, YIN Hong-bin
The commercial phosphorus inactivation material-Phoslock® was used to investigate its efficiency for sorption isotherm and kinetics. In addition, the control effects on P concentration in overlying water and sediment internal P release was also investigated. The results indicated that P sorption on Phoslock can be fitted well by Langumiur model with a coefficient of 0.996 and the maximum P sorption capacity was estimated to be 10.6mgP/g. P sorption on phoslock can be fitted well by second-order kinetic model. The results of laboratory incubation indicated that the soluble reactive phosphate in overlying water and sediment internal P release can be reduced by more 90% and 80% respectively with a dosage of 1553g/m3 during seventy day of incubation (17days of aerobic and 53days of anaerobic incubation).Unfortuately, the addition of phoslock can induce an elevation of total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen and nitrate in overlying water. P fractionation analysis indicated that the addition of phoslock can transform more than 50% of mobile P and Al-P into stable Ca-P and Res-P. The control effects can be increased with the increase of dosage of Phoslock. Overall, the results indicated that Phoslcok can effectively control sediment internal phosphorus loading, but the long-term effects still should be studied further.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 199-206 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 1174 )
207 Effect of dosing suspended fillers on microbial community structure and investigation on variation in water quality
HUANG Chong, YUAN Lin-jiang, NIU Wan-xia, MENG Yuan
The MBBR process formed by adding suspended fillers to the traditional activated sludge treatment system realizes the combination of the advantages of the suspended activated sludge and the biofilm. It is a cheap and efficient sewage treatment plant upgrading method. This article compares the effects of treatments of domestic sewage in different seasons, as well as the changes in the structure of the related flora in the sewage treatment system before and after the transformation of the Xi’an Fourth Sewage Treatment Plant. The results of the study show that the effluent quality of the treatment system after the upgrading transformation reached the first-level A standard, in which the concentration of ammonia nitrogen dropped by 0.44~1.29mg/L, the concentration of total nitrogen dropped by 4.93~5.60mg/L, and the and the COD removal rate reached more than 92%. Based on high-throughput analysis, the richness of the microorganisms related to denitrification in the system, and the diversity of the microorganisms both increased. The system had more than ten genus of bacteria related to denitrification, such as Phaeodactylibacter, Comamonas, Nitrospira, Terrimonas, Dokdonella, Thermomonas, Ignavibacterium, etc. In the MBBR process, Nitrospira was enriched in a large amount to 4.9%, and the proportion of denitrification-related bacteria reached 19.29%, which effectively promoted the system's denitrification.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 207-213 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 421KB] ( 1337 )
214 Dissolution of the U(VI)-laden hematite and reimmobilization of uranium by microorganism mediated by riboflavin
YOU Qing, YU Zhao-hui, DAI Zhong-ran, ZHANG Hui, WANG Yong-dong, DING De-xin
U(VI)-laden hematite, riboflavin (RF) and Sphingomonas sanxanigenens (S. sanxanigenens) were simultaneously added to the medium, variations of total Fe, Fe(II) and U(VI) concentrations were monitored during the process of culture, the chemical forms of iron and uranium in solid phase products were analyzed before and after reductive dissolution, and the effect of temperature and coexisted ion on the reductive dissolution of the U(VI)-laden hematite by S. sanxanigenens mediated by riboflavin was analyzed. The results showed that S. sanxanigenens could reductively dissolve U(VI)-laden hematite, leading to release of uranium; the riboflavin could promote the reductive dissolution of U(VI)-loaden hematite by S. sanxanigenens, and the higher concentration of riboflavin is more favorable for this reductive dissolution; the riboflavin could significantly promote the reductive dissolution of U(VI)-loaden hematite and increase the proportion of the stable species of uranium at 30℃; 2mmol/L Ca2+ or CO32- had a significant facilitation effect on the reductive dissolution of U(VI)-laden hematite by S. sanxanigenens mediated by riboflavin; 2mmol/L PO43- increased the proportion of uranium species in residual fractions, promting the fixation of uranium; and riboflavin could promote the reduction of Fe(III) and U(VI) by S. sanxanigenens, and the reaction process was accompanied by the formation of the secondary iron minerals. These results laid the foundation for a new method of riboflavin-mediated S. sanxanigenens release and re-fixation of uranium.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 214-222 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 555KB] ( 911 )
223 The distribution and enrichment of Uranium in groundwater of Hailar Basin
ZHANG Hai-yang, GAO Bai, GE Qin, HUA En-xiang, HUANG Shao-hua, YI Ling, SHEN Wei, LIN Cong-ye
12 surface water samples and 67 groundwater samples were collected from the Hailar Basin. The distribution characteristics and occurrence patterns of uranium in groundwater of samples were analyzed using Durov diagrams, contour maps, uranium form calculation theory, as well as mathematical statistics. Results show that the Helhongde sag area of the Hailar Basin is mainly HCO3-Ca·Na type, the Wagang uplift, Wuerxun sag and Beier sag area are mainly Cl-Na type and HCO3-Na type, and the Bayanshan uplift area was mainly HCO3-Ca·Na type. Hongqi Ranch and Xinbaolige depression were mainly Cl-Na type. The distribution of uranium in the study area ranged from 17 to 425μg/L, with an average of 80μg/L and a standard deviation of 70μg/L, which may indicate a regional groundwater uranium pollution. UO2(CO3)34- and UO2(CO3)22- are the dominate forms of uranium in groundwater, which is consistent with the redox environment of Eh, indicating a favorable environment for uranium mineralization in groundwater in the southeast of Hulunbuir Lake. Uranium mineralization prefers HCO3-type uranium-containing groundwater where uranyl bicarbonate is dominant, and the uranyl carbonate complex should be the dominate form. The dissolution of uranium is related to the increase of HCO3-. Uranium in groundwater may have participated in the mixed leaching of carbonate rock and sulfate rock. UO2(CO3)34-, UO2(CO3)22-, U4O9and bituminous ore are in a saturated state, while the concentrations of total Fe and (Ca2++Mg2+) were low. Various water chemical indicators are indicative of uranium enrichment, so they can be regarded as references for potential uranium sources.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 223-231 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1157KB] ( 775 )
232 Study on the variation law of nitrate pollution during the rise of groundwater level
LIU Xin, ZUO Rui, MENG Li, LI Peng, LI Zhi-ping, HE Zhu-kun, LI Qiao, WANG Jin-sheng
Rising groundwater levels will cause the input of exogenous pollutants, such as nitrate, in the vadose zone, and at the same time alter the shallow groundwater environment. In this study, we aimed to measure the effect of water level rise process on nitrate nitrogen (nitrate). Representative media were selected in Tongzhou District, Beijing, and an indoor sand tank experiment was established to simulate the migration and transformation of nitrate nitrogen during the groundwater level rise process. The experimental results show that as the groundwater level continues to rise, from the top to the bottom of the sand tank, and from the left side to the right side, both the dissolved oxygen and redox potential gradually decrease, and the groundwater gradually changes to the reducing environment. The shallow groundwater show the obvious characteristics of nitrate and ammonium stratification as a result of pollutants leaching into the vadose zone. The lower the burial depth, the higher the nitrate nitrogen and ammonium nitrogen content. There is also lateral runoff during the rise of the groundwater level, which is conducive to the migration of nitrate in groundwater. Along the direction of lateral water flow, there is a risk of increasing ammonium nitrogen. Therefore, the influence of groundwater level rise on nitrate nitrogen cannot be ignored.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 232-238 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 396KB] ( 1191 )
Solid Waste
239 Geotechnical properties of sewage sludge incineration ash
YU Si-yuan, ZHANG Hua, HE Pin-jing, SHAO Li-ming
The significant increase of sewage sludge incineration presents challenges for the proper management of emerging sewage sludge incineration ash (SSA). The engineering properties of SSA related to collection, transportation and disposal were analyzed by indoor geotechnical tests. The results showed that the moisture contents of SSA were mostly less than 1.5%, the specific gravities were 2.15~2.72, and their permeability was strong. The SSA samples had average particle sizes of less than 100μm, mostly classified as fine-grained soil. Their particle size distribution was relatively uniform, but most SSA were poorly graded. The natural repose angles of SSA were 38.8~55.0°, with poor fluidity. The increase of moisture content reduces the angle of repose. The SSA exhibited high limit moisture contents, but poor viscosity. The optimum moisture content of SSA for compaction was close to the plastic limit, while the maximum dry density was only 0.86~1.20g/cm3. When the moisture content was less than 30%, the increase of moisture had little effect on the dry density. The SSA particles were relatively stable and the compression coefficients were small. The SSA had a strong thermal effect when contacting with water, which could enhance landfill temperature and geotechnical damage.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 239-246 [Abstract] ( 331 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 1582 )
247 Study of combining rusty scrap iron with micro-oxygen to enhance biogas in-situ deep desulfurization
RUAN Ren-jun, XIANG Jing-wei, ZHAO Jun-jie, ZHAO Chang-shuang, SUN Jun-wei, ZHAO Wei, CAO Jia-shun
To achieve biogas in-situ deep desulfurization of waste-activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic digestion. An integrated rusty scrap iron-micro-oxygen (RSI-MO) anaerobic digestion process was constructed embedding optimal RSI dosage (20g/L) and providing micro-oxygen condition to explore the influence of RSI-MO process on anaerobic digestion in-situ desulfurization performance. This semi-continuous anaerobic/microaerobic experiment was carried out in seven stages (P1~P7). The first stage (P1) was set as a control group. RSI was added in the second stage (P2). And increasing O2 levels were introduced stepwise in P3~P7stages. The results showed that supplementary O2 induced sulfur-oxidizing bacteria microbial oxidation of sulfide to elemental sulfur and chemical oxidative corrosion of iron to form ironic sulfide precipitate. It promoted the sulfide solidification by coupling of biological desulfurization with chemical desulfurization. From P3 to P7, the content of H2S in biogas decreased and residual oxygen increased with rising of O2 dose, respectively. The optimum performance was considered on the basis of anaerobic digestion efficiency and desulfurization property, which was obtained in P6. The methane yield was 301.1mL/gCOD, and the H2S concentration was 113mg/m3. The average methane yield increased by 37.65% comparing with P1. What’s more, the H2S removal efficiency in biogas decreased by 99.40%. According to the analysis of sulfur balance, it was found that the sulfur contents in solid-liquid-gas three phases accounted for 84.0, 11.9 and 0.21 percent of total sulfur in P6, respectively. It is indicated that the integrated process of RSI-MO anaerobic digestion could benefit biogas in-situ deep desulfurization.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 247-253 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 482KB] ( 671 )
254 Methane emission reduction and biological characteristics induced by the landfill cover soil amended with biochar
QIN Yong-li, SUN Xiao-jie, WANG Chun-lian, WU Bei-bei, XUE Chen-nan, ZHANG Hong-xia
The components of cover soil are closely associated with the methane bio-oxident potential efficiency. Therefore, a landfill cover soil amended with biochar (RB) with a conventional cover soil(RS) as a control, was designed to investigate the influences on the CH4 mitigation potential as well as the microbial characteristics in this work. The results indicated that the addition of the biochar into the soil enabled to facilitate the CH4 mitigation potential. Notably, about 99.00% of the methane in the inlet of RB was removed on the 81th day, while the methane reduction rate of RS reached 99.16% on the 95th day. Furthermore, the methane-oxidizing bacteria (MOB), Methylocaldum was observed dominantly in all the layers of the RS, while Methylobacter was dominant in the upper and middle layers of RB and Methylocaldum in the lower layer. The corresponding abundances of the total MOB were 9.05%, 5.95% and 42.12% in the upper, middle and lower layers of RS, respectively, and 50.81%, 42.67% and 31.41% in the RB, respectively. In brief, biochar amended in the bio-cover undoubtedly improve the methane emission reduction performance through the acceleration of the growth of MOB and optimizing the distribution of bacteria in the landfill cover layer.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 254-262 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 706KB] ( 959 )
263 Effect of light illumination on antibiotic degradation and microbial community in manure
LIN Hui, MA Jun-wei, SUN Wan-chun, YU Qiao-gang, YE Jing, YU Yi-jun
This work investigated the effect of light illumination on antibiotic degradation during manure fermentation. The concentrations of antibiotic residues and bacterial communities in pig and chicken manure samples after solid-state incubation under dark and light conditions were analyzed. Results indicated that light illumination improved the removal of antibiotic residues in manure samples, particularly in pig manure, showing a maximum decline of 23.8% in the total antibiotic concentration. All the pig manure samples after a light incubation showed lower residual concentrations of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, and sulfonamides than those incubated in the dark. The proliferation of sulfonamides-resistant bacteria in pig manure samples could also be inhibited by light illumination, accompanied by increases in the diversity of the bacterial community and the abundances of some bacterial genera relating to organic matter degradation. In chicken manure, the effect of light illumination on the degradation of antibiotics varied greatly among chicken manure samples and light duration treatments. It was found that light illumination inhibited the degradation of sulfonamides in some chicken manure samples, accompanied by an increase in the sulfonamide resistance bacterial population and a decline in the diversity and abundance of manure bacterial community. This work suggested that supplying appropriate light illumination during the storage or processing processes of animal manure, especially pig manure, could be an option to improve the elimination of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 263-272 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1243KB] ( 756 )
273 Characteristics variation and reutilization technology of waste plastics in aged refuse
GENG Xiao-meng, ZHAO You-cai, XIA Min, ZHOU Hai-yan, ZHOU Tao
This paper analyzed aged refuse components of landfills in different regions and characteristics variation of waste plastic in aged refuse, and found that plastic account for a relatively high proportion of aged refuse. When the landfill time is less than 7years, waste plastic’ mechanical and thermal properties are basically the same as those of the original waste plastic that have not been landfilled, so it has higher resource attributes. However, due to the high contamination characteristics of waste plastic in aged refuse, it is difficult to achieve direct high-value utilization. The article further analyzed the existing domestic cleaning and upgrading and treatment technologies of waste plastic, and aiming at the characteristics of waste plastic in aged refuse, a new applicable cleaning and high-value technology route combining multi-effect combined cleaning technology and direct extrusion molding technology was proposed.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 273-278 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 370KB] ( 1304 )
Soil Pollution Control
279 Characteristics of lead enrichment in the soil from a typical peri-urban agricultural area of the southern Jiangsu and source appointment based on the PCA-PMF method
WANG Cheng, ZHAO Yan-ping, XIE Ming-jie
On the basis of chemical sequential extraction, statistics, principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF), we identified the characteristics of Pb distribution, pollution and sources in cropland soils of Renyang district of Changshu city, a typical industry-based peri-urban area in China. Pb presented significantly enrichment in the topsoil, and the mean concentration of topsoil Pb exceeded approximately one time of the local background value. The exogenous Pb in the topsoil was mainly bound to Fe/Mn oxides and residual fractions. Compared to the topsoil, the deeper soils presented the higher proportions of Pb bound to carbonates and residual Pb, but the lower proportions of Pb bound to Fe/Mn oxides and Pb bound to humus acid, respectively. PCA and PMF revealed four primary factors with the following contribution rates to Pb in the soil: natural geologic process (42.8%), exhaust from vehicle (leaded petrol) and combustion of fossil fuel which were delivered by atmospheric deposition (15.5%), industrial emissions involved the nonferrous metals such as electroplating (21.6%), and other mixed sources in the terrestrial geochemical process (20.1%). The results of the PCA and PMF methods used for source apportionment of Pb were in good agreement.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 279-287 [Abstract] ( 299 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 627KB] ( 752 )
288 Effects of passivating agents on Cd immobilization under simulated acid rain condition
ZHANG Di, WU Xiao-xia, DING Ai-fang, LI Ting
To address the effects of sepiolite, biochar and organic fertilizer on Cd immobilization in soil and Cd accumulation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica chinensis L.), both column and pot experiments were conducted onto two Cd contaminated farmland soils (SC and HN) under both pure water and simulated acid rain leaching for one year. The results indicated that simulated acid rain led to the decrease in pH and increase in electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and Cd concentration in leaching solution, compared to water leaching. The Cd contents in acid leaching solution of SC and HN soil increased by 48.85%~77.16% and 50.92%~73.44%, respectively. Moreover, simulated acid rain reduced soil organic carbon (SOC) in both soils, increased the fractions of soil CaCl2-Cd and TCLP-Cd, and promoted the transformation of Cd from residue to acid-soluble in both soils. The mean concentrations of residue Cd in SC and HN soils decreased by 3.61% and 2.81%, respectively. Regardless of water leaching or acid rain leaching, significant decrease on the fractions of CaCl2-Cd and TCLP-Cd were observed on both tested soils by applying sepiolite and biochar (P<0.05), while only significant decrease on the available Cd fraction was obtained by applying the organic fertilizer on HN soil. Compared to water leaching, simulated acid rain inhibited the growth of Chinese cabbage and enhanced the accumulation of Cd in it. Compared to the control treatment (P<0.05), the yields of Chinese cabbage in SC and HN soils increased significantly with the treatments of sepiolite and biochar. The mean Cd concentrations in edible parts of Chinese cabbage grew in SC and HN soils decreased by 58.85% and 43.08%, respectively. The contents of Cd in edible parts of Chinese cabbage treated with sepiolite and biochar in SC soil met the Food Quality Standard of China (GB2762-2017) (Cd≤0.2mg/kg), and Cd content met the safety food standard with the application of sepiolite in HN soil. This study demonstrated that acid rain leaching can reduce the immobilization effect of passivating agent on Cd. The influence of acid rain should be considered into in situ remediation of Cd contaminated soil, and suitable passivating agent should be selected according to the properties of contaminated soil.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 288-296 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 557KB] ( 645 )
297 Effects of different phosphate fertilizers on iron plaque amount on root surface and arsenic and cadmium uptake by rice grown in a limestone yellow loamy paddy soil
ZHAO Ting-ting, WANG Chun-li, ZHAO Xiu-lan
To find effective measures for safe utilization of arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) co-contaminated paddy soils, the effects of six phosphate fertilizers on the availability of As and Cd in a limestone yellow loamy paddy soil, the amounts of iron plaque on root surface and the uptake of As and Cd by rice were investigated using a pot experiment. The results showed that the values of soil pH increased significantly in the treatments of hydroxyapatite (HAP), bioenzyme active phosphate fertilizer (BCP) and calcium magnesium phosphate fertilizer (CMP), while they decreased significantly in the treatments of calcium dihydrogen phosphate (MCP), potassium dihydrogen phosphate (MKP) and calcium superphosphate (SSP), as compared with that of control. The application of HAP, MCP and CMP significantly reduced the availability of soil iron while the other three phosphate fertilizers had slight influence on it. The effect of phosphate fertilizers on the availability of As and Cd varied with fertilizers. HAP significantly decreased the contents of soil available Cd and As, while MCP and BCP significantly increased the content of soil available Cd but had no significant effect on soil available As, and SSP decreased the content of available Cd but increased the content of available As significantly. The amount of iron plaque in the root surface was increased by 0.6% -27.1% due to phosphate fertilizer application and was positively correlated with Cd and As in it (R2=0.555** and R2=0.525*, respectively). MCP, MKP and BCP significantly decreased the content of Cd and As, while HAP, SSP and CMP significantly reduced the content of Cd, but had no significant effect on the content of As in brown rice. Application of all phosphate fertilizers decreased the transfer coefficient of Cd from leaf to glume, MKP and MCP inhibited the transportation of As from root to stem, while BCP suppressed the transport of As from leaf to glume. It is concluded that the decrease of Cd and As in brown rice caused by phosphate fertilizers application was related to the increased iron plaque amount and the inhibition of Cd and As transportation within rice plant.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 297-306 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 404KB] ( 926 )
307 Effects of biochar(BC) on the enzymes activities within soil aggregate fractions of cadmium(Cd) contaminated rice rhizosphere soil
ZHANG Qiu, SHANG Yi-jie, SHI Jing
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of addition wheat straw biochar (BC) in simulated cadmium (Cd) contaminated soil on enzymes activities within soil aggregate fractions. The activities of carbon cycling enzyme and oxidoreductase were detected in rice rhizosphere soil aggregate fractions under the condition of BC and Cd treatments. The results showed that the enzymes activities of aggregate fractions in Cd contaminated soil significantly responded to the 2.5% BC treatment, value index of oxidoreductase activities ranged from 0.522 to 0.792. Under the condition of 2.5% mg/kg exogenous Cd, the activities of protease and catalase of soil aggregate were significantly increased by 121% and 653% respectively, which was compared with the treatment without BC. The activities of carbon cycling enzyme, oxidoreductase and comprehensive enzymes could result in soil aggregating effects in the rice rhizosphere soil with the medium sizes of 0.5 to 1mm. The change curve of enzymatic activities went up firstly, then went down, and became stable finally with the increase of the particle sizes of soil aggregate fractions. Studies have shown that the addition of 2.5% BC had a significant effect on the enzyme activities within rice rhizosphere soil aggregate fractions under the condition of 2.5mg/kg exogenous Cd, the activities of soil enzymes was comprehensively affected by the enzymes type, BC content and particle size of aggregate fractions. After adding BC to the Cd contaminated soil, the change curve of soil enzymes activities presented a "∧" pattern with increasing particle size of soil aggregate fractions.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 307-315 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 965 )
316 Contents of heavy metals in soils and crops in the demonstration area of karst rocky desertification control of the Karst Plateau-Gorge
YAO Cheng-bin, ZHOU Ming-zhong, XIONG Kang-ning, ZHANG Di, YANG Hua, ZHANG Xian-rong, YANG Lian-sheng
In this study, we collected samples of agriculture soils and dominant crops in Salaxi of Bijie Guizhou Province, and analyzed the contents of heavy metals Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, and Ni in soil and crop samples. The enrichment factor were calculated to assess the pollution status of soils and crops. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk index (RI) and bioconcentration coefficient were used to evaluate the potential ecological risk of soil heavy metals and the characteristics of crops' heavy metal enrichment in the demonstration area.The results showed that the average contents of Cr, Co, Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, and Ni in the soil of the demonstration area were 123, 28.0, 67.8, 1.52, 32.7, 132, 25.6, and 56.5mg/kg, all elements are below the risk screening values for soil contamination of agricultural land, except Cd. Among them, the evaluation grade of heavy metal pollution in forest soil is non-pollution-slight pollution, individual samples of Cd and Cu in dry land soil have moderate pollution, and the others are non-pollution-light pollution. The results of potential ecological risk assessment showed that the moderate ecological risk was posed by Cd. Followed by Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, Zn, As and Ni were all of low ecological risk, and the comprehensive ecology of 8heavy metals the risk level is minor ecological risk.Meanwhile,the bioconcentration factor of Cd in potatoes is 4.05, and the enrichment factor of other heavy metals is less than 2.Through this study, we can know that different crops have different heavy metal enrichment capacities in the soil. Among them, Cd, Zn, Co, Cu, Pb and Ni have relatively high migration and enrichment capacities in the Soil-Potato system, Cr and As have relatively high migration and enrichment capacities in the Soil-Maize system, while the remaining crops have relatively weak heavy metal enrichment capacities.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 316-326 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1089KB] ( 889 )
327 The effects of artificial biological soil crusting on the physical and chemical properties and erosion resistance of rare-earth mine tailings
WANG Jiang-ping, DENG Yang-wu, HUANG Jin, WANG Hui-juan, TANGChun, TONGYao-yao, CHEN Ming
An ionic rare earth mine in Lingbei town, Dingnan county, Ganzhou city, Jiangxi Province, China, were taken as a study object. Biological soil crusts (BSCs) and tailings were collected and artificial BSCs were cultivated using crust-cuttings inoculation method. The effects of BSCs on the ionic rare earth tailings was analyzed by the comparison with a control without BSCs inoculation. After 300days of development of artificial BSCs, the effects of artificial BSCs growth and development on the dynamics of pH, bulk density, organic matter content, total and available content of other nutrients, mechanical composition as well as on soil erosion resistance and water retention capacity of the tailings were explored. The results showed that artificial BSCs could be cultivated in short time by crust-cuttings inoculation method, and improved the physical, chemical, and hydrological properties of the sample tailings, as compared with the control. After 300days of development of artificial BSCs, the SA (soil acidity) was significantly reduced, and the pH increased by 6.8% from 5.88 to 6.28; The SBD (soil bulk density) decreased by 11.6 %, and the OM (organic matter), TN (total nitrogen), AN (available nitrogen), TP (total phosphorus), AP (available phosphorus), TK (total potassium) and AK (available potassium) increased by 294%, 21.6%, 81.8%, 100%, 260%, 8.9% and 52.4%, respectively; The content of silt and clay increased a little; The soil erosion resistance and water retention capacity were both significantly improved. Therefore, artificial biological soil crusting could be an effective method for ecological restoration of ionic rare earth mines.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 327-334 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 733KB] ( 805 )
335 Effects of pH on vertical migration of cadmium in the sea land interaction zone
WANG Fang-ting, CHEN Zhi-hua, BAO Ke, ZHAO Xin-wen, HUANG Chang-sheng
In order to investigate the vertical migration of cadmium (Cd) in the sea-land interaction soil under the influence of pH, a total of 18sets of deep soil profiles (each set sampled at 5different depths) were considered to determine the pH and the content of Cd in soil with different buried depths. Geological accumulation index and potential ecological risk index were used to evaluate the degree of Cd pollution. The Cd pollution degree was evaluated by the method of geological accumulation index and potential ecological risk index, and the correlation analysis was used to identify the influence of soil pH on Cd migration and transformation. The results showed that the soil in Nansha of Guangzhou is medium-high polluted with maximum ecological risk. In 0~20cm soil profile, 88.89% soil pH≤7.5and 88.89% soil Cd content≥0.3mg/kg. Furthermore, the pollution degree and the potential degree of risk of soil showed a negative correlation to the depth of soil. The correlation coefficient between pH value and water soluble Cd was -0.93 (P < 0.01), and that between pH value and weak acid extracted Cd was 0.92 (P < 0.01). Moreover, soil pH value and weak acid extracted Cd increased gradually while the soil water-soluble Cd decreased gradually with the increase of soil depth. Neutral and alkaline soils can inhibit the vertical migration of Cd, while weak acid and acid soils increase the vertical migration volume and migration depth of Cd due to the low adsorption. These results have important significance for the regional prevention and control of Cd pollution in farmland surrounding cities as well as for the treatment and remediation of polluted soil.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 335-341 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 621KB] ( 1660 )
342 Effects of chemical fertilizer reduction on phosphorus loss in slope purple soil farmland
ZHU Hao-yu, JIA An-du, WANG Zi-fang, LONG Yi, YAN Dong-chun, XU Guo-xin, GAO Ming
In this study, the artificial runoff plot was used to observe the rainfall runoff and phosphorus loss concentration in purple soil slope farmland. There were four treatments: no fertilizer application (CK), conventional fertilizer application (T1), optimized fertilizer application (T2), and reduced fertilizer combined with straw (T3) were set to study the phosphorus loss of interflow and surface flow in purple soil slope farmland. The results showed that the interflow was the main mode of flow of purple soil slope farmland, accounting for more than 70%, but phosphorus was mainly lost through sediment and surface runoff. The loss flux of total phosphorus in the treatment of reduced fertilizer combined with straw treatment was 0.412kg/(hm2·a), which was 29.37%~62.62% lower than other fertilization treatments. The orthophosphate loss flux showed the rule of optimized fertilization > conventional fertilization > reduced fertilizer combined with straw > non-fertilization, and the surface runoff loss flux was occupied 55.35%~84.65%. In the treatment of reduced fertilizer combined with straw application, the loss flux of particulate phosphorus in surface runoff was the lowest, which was significantly decreased by 70. 92% and 60. 28% compared with conventional fertilization and optimized fertilization, respectively. The treatment of reduced fertilizer combined with straw not only has an effective reduction effect on the loss of phosphorus in surface runoff, but also has a good reduction effect on the loss of phosphorus in interflow. Reduced fertilizer combined with straw is feasible to reduce the loss of phosphorus in purple soil slope farmland and reduce the risk of eutrophication in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 342-352 [Abstract] ( 295 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 886 )
353 Status, sources, environmental fate and ecological consequences of microplastic pollution in soil
YANG Guang-rong, CHEN Li-rui, LIN Dun-mei
Microplastic, as an emerging contaminant, is widely present in the global environment. At present, microplastic pollution in aquatic ecosystems, especially the marine environment, has been studied extensively and deeply. However, soil microplastic contamination has only become a growing concern in recent years. In this paper, the current pollution status, sources, environmental fates and ecological effects of soil microplastics were reviewed. microplastics are widely distributed in different types of soil and may threaten the health and functions of soil ecosystems. And there are many paths for microplastics to enter the soil, including degradation of plastic film residues, sludge composting, sewage irrigation, organic fertilizers, atmospheric deposition and so on. Meanwhile, microplastics in the soil environment will continue to degrade or migrate under the actions of external factors. In addition, this paper focused on the ecological consequences of microplastic pollution on soil ecosystems, including the effects on soil physicochemical properties, soil fauna, microorganisms and plants. In order to strengthen the research of soil microplastic pollution and promote the sustainable use of land resources, the perspectives of future research were prospected.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 353-365 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 778KB] ( 1216 )
Environmental Ecology
366 Load estimation and source apportionment of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD in the basin of Lake Baiyang
LI Yue-zhao, CHEN Hai-yang, SUN Wen-chao
The study estimates the pollution loads of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD from various point and non-point sources in the basin of Lake Baiyang using several tools including export coefficients model, PLOAD model and revise universal soil loss equation. The model parameters were collected from literature and by field surveys, and the sub-watershed, soil types and land use types were extracted based on the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data using GIS tool. Results showed that the nitrogen load in the area was 31815.47t/a, and were mainly sourced from the agricultural field runoff (26.52%) and soil erosion (21.03%). Similarly, the soil erosion and agricultural field runoff were identified as the dominators for phosphorus load (3873.33t/a), with the contribution ratios of 30.78% and 25.80%, respectively. While for COD (110728.52t/a), livestock discharges (43.47%) and municipal domestic sewage (23.53%) were the main contributors. Overall, our analysis suggested the agricultural field runoff, livestock discharges, soil erosion and municipal domestic sewage were the main sources of nitrogen, phosphorus and COD in the basin of Lake Baiyang and should be addressed in future.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 366-376 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2372KB] ( 905 )
377 Characterization of aromatic amines pollutants in the typical town of the Taihu Watershed
HUANG Shao-xin, SUI Qian, WANG Jia-qi, HUANG Yun-zhu, WANG Bin, XU Dong-jiong, KONG Ming, ZHANG Yi-min
Four aromatic amines (AAs) were determined by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-MS/MS) in surface water and typical emission sources samples from Wunan District of Changzhou, a Taihu Basin upper-reach city continuously during 2018 to 2019. Results showed that overall concentrations of AAs were in the rage of <LOQ~2.39μg/L and annual average concentration was 0.323μg/L. Higher contamination levels were found in wet seasons than dry seasons, and lowest concentration level was observed in winter. The prevalent contaminants of AAs were aniline and o-toluidine. Spatial distribution revealed the northeast and the midlands were polluted regions. Concentrations of AAs in emission sources samples except the municipal effluent were all higher than those in surface water, and the seasonal variation patten was similar to that in the surface water-high loads of pollutants entered into the surface water during the flood season. The preliminary risk quotient method indicates aniline and m-toluidine had high risk levels. The research will provide support for improving the management of AAs and safeguard drinking water quality in Taihu watershed.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 377-384 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 650KB] ( 715 )
385 Pollution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of ammonia nitrogen and manganese in Songtao River Basin of Guizhou Province, China
JIN Xiu-qi, HUANG Dai-kuan, ZHAO Shu-han, LIU Qing-ling, XIE Wei-song, QIN Jun-hu
This study researches the Songtao River basin, which is located in the core area of so called “Manganese Triangle Area in China. Statistical method was utilized to analyze the 18 water quality indexes of 17 monitoring sections in Songtao River obtained from year 2011 to 2019; emphases were made on contaminative features, spatio-temporal variations and source analysis of the major contaminants in Songtao River, e.g. NH3-N and Mn; the ecological risks of characteristic pollutants in Songtao River were evaluated by quotient method and safety threshold method respectively. The results show that Songtao River basin is mainly polluted by NH3-N and Mn, which are positively correlated at the level of P < 0.0001denoting a homology. Wastewater from the electrolytic manganese enterprises and leaching liquor from the landfill are the dominant sources of NH3-N and Mn. The spatio-temporal variations of NH3-N and Mn are basically the same, and their contaminative degree in major monitoring sections is closely related to the spatial distributions of electrolytic manganese enterprises and slag landfills. On the time dimension, the pollution in Songtao River basin has gradually declined yearly while the case for Muchi River, a branch of Songtao River, is on the opposite. Regarding aquatic organism exposure, two evaluative methods were applied to estimate the effects of the two major toxins on Songtao River water. The quotient method demonstrates the acute and chronic toxic effects as 10.37% and 44.93% for NH3-N, 69.81% and 77.89% for Mn; While the safety threshold method denotes the acute and chronic toxic effects to be 5.6% and 24.33% for NH3-N, 34% and 90% for Mn. A significant variation was noticed between the evaluations of the two methods. The quotient method was more conservative, which shows double risk levels of safety threshold method assessed for the NH3-N chronic and acute toxicity and Mn chronic toxicity. The current water quality standard for Songtao River is higher than the safe concentrations of NH3-N and Mn, which brings an “unprotecting” condition for the aquatic organisms in Songtao River. We suggest that the investigation on aquatic species in the Songtao River, the collection for toxicity data and the experiments on biological toxicology should be carried out, and the water quality standard of characteristic pollutants in Songtao River should be optimized as the scientific basis for formulating the regional water quality standards, which in turn to realize the differentiated risk management and ensure the ecological safety of water environment.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 385-395 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1003KB] ( 871 )
396 The co-metabolism effect of lake sediments input pattern of labile carbon
MA Jie, WU Xiao-dong, SHI Rui-jie, YAN Xing-cheng, JI Ming, XU Xiao-guang, WANG Guo-xiang, DANG Xin-yi, JIANG Yan-ni, YE Zi
The microcosm system was constructed to analyze the CO2 release during the metabolism processes of organic components in the mixed treatment by using the stable carbon isotope tracer. The influence of the labile carbon addition on the decomposition process of organic carbon in lake sediments was also explored. The results showed that: Compared with the control, the CO2 emissions in the treatment with labile carbon addition increased by 45.49% for single addition treatment (ST), 52.61% for repeated addition treatment (RT) and 57.65% for continuous addition treatment (CT), respectively. The CO2 emissions from sediments in each treatment increased by 16.92% (ST), 24.26% (RT) and 27.40% (CT) than the control, respectively. Although the positive co-metabolic effect (promoting the decomposition of organic carbon in sediments) was observed in each treatment under different addition modes, the net organic carbon content increased at the end of culture. Glucose promoted the mineralization of organic carbon in sediments, but had little effect on its own metabolism. Considering that the outbreak frequency and range of algae in eutrophic lakes are further increased, the co-metabolism effect triggered by the continuous input of algae organic detritus cannot be ignored, which weakens the function of carbon sink of lake sediments.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 396-400 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 397KB] ( 1519 )
401 Potential suitable habitat and conservation gaps of scleractinia corals along mainland China’s coast
HU Wen-jia, ZHANG Dian, LIAO Bao-lin, LI Yuan-chao, LIU Xin-ming, MA Zhi-yuan, DU Jian-guo, YU Wei-wei, CHEN Bin, ZHENG Xin-qing
Predicting their potential habitat distribution and suitable environmental conditions is essential to achieve effective conservation and coral reef restoration of scleractinia corals. Here, for the first time, we adopted the Maximum Entropy Model and spatial analysis approach to predict the potential habitat suitability of scleractinia corals along the southeast coast of mainland China, as well as quantitatively evaluated the relationships between coral distribution and multiple environmental factors. The results showed that the distribution of scleractinia corals in China was mainly affected by environmental variables such as precipitation and sea surface temperature. The most suitable environmental interval include annual precipitation (between 1136~2051mm), precipitation seasonality (coefficient of variation, 66~83mm), mean SST in the coldest season (18.6~23.3℃), and annual mean SST(20.9~25.8℃). The simulated potential suitable areas are mainly distributed along the coasts of Hainan Island-Weizhou Island-Leizhou Peninsula, Pearl River Mouth-Daya Bay, Nan'ao-Dongshan-Liu Au, and Xiamen Bay-Pingtan Island, where the most suitable area is about 138km2. By comparing the distribution hotspots of scleractinia corals and current marine protected areas, it was identified that the potential conservation gaps may occur at the Pearl River Estuary, Daya Bay and the southern coast of Fujian Province, as well as Lingao and Lingshui around Hainan Island.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 401-411 [Abstract] ( 406 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1279KB] ( 1590 )
412 Analysis of land use and human disturbance changes of high species rich plant species in Guizhou
LIU Hui-ming, LIU Xiao, FU Zhuo, ZHU Hai-tao
This paper combined ground survey and satellite remote sensing monitoring methods, based on the collation and spatialization of the field survey data of vascular plants, endangered plant species, and endemic species in Guizhou Province, superimposed to form a high-abundance region of species, combined with the land use changes and The human disturbance remote sensing dynamic monitoring data in Guizhou from 1990 to 2018. The conclusions are mainly drawn by the following: 1) The highest-species richness areas of Guizhou Province are mainly distributed in Ceheng County, Anding County, Xingyi City, Xingren County, Kaili City, Leishan County, Yinjiang Tujia Miao Autonomous County, west side of Longli County, Libo County and other places. In 2018, the proportion of forest and grassland area in the highest species richness area was 72.63%, which was higher than the outside of the high species richness area. In 2018, the human interference index inside the highest-species richness area was significantly greater than the outside, the average human interference index inside the highest richness area was 0.1205, more than the outside index (0.0810). The inside area is under the heavier and heaviest human disturbances, accounting for 2.58% and 2.94%, respectively, mainly located in the southeast of Xingyi City, the west of Longli County, and the southwest of Kaili City. The outside area under the heavier and heaviest human disturbances, is accounted for 0.46% and 0.35% respectively.2) In 2018, the area with the highest human disturbance in the highest species richness of vascular plants, endangered plant species, accounted for the largest proportion. The area with the highest human disturbance in lower species richness accounted for the largest proportion. 3) The proportion of urban industrial land increased the most, and the area of the largest human disturbance increased the most, in grids with the highest species richness of vascular plants, endangered species, and endemic species. Urban industrial land has gradually increased, and the increase was most obvious from 2010 to 2018, with an annual change rate of 17.94%/a, which is 1.80times of the outside area, and composed of urban construction and cultivated land reclamation.4) The increase in the human disturbance index in the highest species richness area of Guizhou is 3.47%, which is about 6.43times more than the outside index. The area under the heavier human disturbance increased by 2.18%, where the area significantly were mainly located in Xingyi City, the west of Longli County, and Kaili City. Field survey data of plant species and satellite remote sensing monitoring are combined in this paper, and the methods are used for monitoring species high-abundance habitats by remote sensing dynamic, which has high application value in species habitat protection and management.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 412-420 [Abstract] ( 247 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2416KB] ( 696 )
Environmental Microbiology
421 Research progress on relationship between algal organic matter characteristics and disinfection byproducts formation
ZUO Yan-ting, LI Ai-min, CHENG Shi, LI Wen-tao
During cyanobacteria blooms, a large amount of algal organic matter (AOM) can be released into water from cyanobacterial cells due to cell growth and/or effect of drinking water treatment processes (e.g., pre-oxidation and coagulation). AOM can react with chlorine to generate numerous disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which could increase health risk of drinking water. Accordingly, for a better control of AOM-derived DBPs, it is of paramount importance to study the relationship between AOM characteristics and DBPs formation. This paper provided a brief review on main physicochemical characteristics of AOM (i.e., dissolved organic carbon, dissolved organic nitrogen, hydrophobicity, optical features, molecular weight, and chemical structure) and their effects on AOM reduction/transformation and DBPs formation in drinking water. Furthermore, this paper discussed future applications of AOM precursor characterization methods to AOM tracing and DBPs prediction during cyanobacteria-polluted water treatment processes, with prospects of future research.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 421-430 [Abstract] ( 421 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 373KB] ( 1390 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
431 Characteristics of soil heavy metal pollution and health risk in Xiong’an New District
GUO Zhi-juan, ZHOU Ya-long, WANG Qiao-lin, WANG Cheng-wen, SONG Yun-tao, LIU Fei, YANG Zheng, KONG Mu
Six hundred samples were collected and analysed systematically to calculate enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, composite pollution index, potential ecological harm index and health risk assessment model, which were applied to evaluate the degree of soil heavy metal pollution, potential ecological risk and health risk in Xiong’an new district. Results showed the average of enrichment factor (EF) of each heavy metal less than 2were ordered by Hg > Cd > Cu > Pb > Ni> Zn > Cr > As, and samples of no or weak pollution accounted for 78.67%,while Hg of 15.67% samples and Cd of 4.33% samples were middle polluted. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) of As, Cr, Zn, Ni and Zn in more than 84.5% samples were non-polluted, while Hg in 51.83% samples and Cd in 22.83% samples were light polluted. Cu, Hg and Pb in a small number of samples were moderate polluted. The comprehensive pollution index (IPIN) suggested that 95.17% soil samples were unpolluted, and the overall environment was relatively safe. In the fifteen polluted samples, the main pollution element was Cd. The soil with light and middle level of potential ecological risk accounted for 69.67% and 27.33%, respectively. Only 2.67% of all samples in the southwest of the study area affected by the production activities of surrounding enterprises showed strong ecological risk level. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of adults in soil were acceptable. The main non-carcinogenic factors in the soil heavy metal were As, Cr and Pb in the study area. Only one soil sample in the southwest had certain health risks to the children.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 431-441 [Abstract] ( 370 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 2202KB] ( 655 )
442 Human health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil from a smelting plant based on bioaccessibility
FENG Kang-hong, FAN Jin, Lik Ung Stanley Hii, LUO Qi-shi, CAO Xin-de, XU Xiao-yun
In order to scientifically evaluate the risks of heavy metal-contaminated soil to human health, the bioaccessibility of As, Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the soil of a smelting plant was tested by PBET and IVG, and the bioaccessibility-based health risks were compared with the ones based on total amount of heavy metals. The results showed that the average contents of As, Cd and Pb were up to 7063, 691 and 3811mg/kg, respectively, which seriously exceeded the Chinese environmental standard. In PBET and IVG tests, the average bioaccessibility of the 5 heavy metals ranged from 1.81% to 44.8% and 1.78% to 30.1%, respectively. As was the highest bioaccessible heavy metal in PBET test, while it was Cd in IVG test. Pb showed the lowest bioaccessibility because of phosphorous minerals. The above differences could be attributed to the pH and components of extracting solutions, which had chemical interaction with heavy metals. Under the hypotheses in the model, the total hazardous quotient and total carcinogenic risk were 27.2 and 2.95×10-3. Based on bioaccessibility, the two coefficients could be reduced by 59.9%~84.4% and 55.6%~79.4%, respectively, following the order: PBET gastric solution > PBET intestinal solution > IVG gastric solution > IVG intestinal solution in these two coefficients. It also could be considered that Pb no longer had health risk, Cd had carcinogenic risk, and only As had both non-carcinogenic risk and carcinogenic risk. Although there is still a nonnegligible human health risk in this site, the hazardous levels of heavy metals can be identified and excessive site remediation should be avoided after considering the bioaccessibility of heavy metals.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 442-450 [Abstract] ( 328 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 982KB] ( 958 )
Carbon Emission Control
451 Scenario analysis of energy consumption and carbon emissions in Chinese aluminum life cycle and emissions reduction measures
LU Hao-jie, WANG Wan-jun, DAI Min, CHEN Wei-qiang, SHI Lei
Exploring the energy conservation and emission reduction pathways of aluminum industry with high energy consumption and emissions intensity will help China to meet the greenhouse gas emission reduction commitment under the Paris Agreement. By applying the material flow analysis (MFA) and life cycle assessment (LCA), this study sets 15 scenarios based on stock, technology, and energy structure to quantify the energy consumption and carbon emissions of Chinese aluminum industry during 1990~2100. This study also explores the potential of energy conservation and emission reduction in different pathways. Chinese aluminum stock will peak during 2040~2050 (455~733 million tons);the primary aluminum production will peak before 2030 (27~41 million tons); the secondary aluminum production will peak during 2050~2060(23~48 million tons), and will exceed the primary aluminum production during 2035~2040. The aluminum industry can achieve the target that energy consumption and carbon emissions should reach the peak by 2030, but only in the scenario which has lowest stock level, the most advanced technology and the optimal energy structure , can China achieve the emission reduction goal. Improving technology is the optimal measure of energy conservation and emission reduction (>45%). To complete the low-carbon transformation of aluminum industry, the main task is to improve technology level, especially improve the recycling rate of aluminum scrap and the proportion of secondary aluminum.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 451-462 [Abstract] ( 503 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1165KB] ( 1301 )
463 Spatial-temporal heterogeneity of carbon emissions and influencing factors on household consumption of China
PENG Lu-lu, LI Nan, ZHENG Zhi-yuan, LI Feng, WANG Zhen
It is important to formulate a carbon reduction strategies under the phased and regional characteristics of indirect household consumption carbon emissions (IHCE) in China, especially the new social-economic development circumstance. With the input-output analysis (IOA) and the structural decomposition analysis (SDA), the IHCE of China from 2002 to 2017 was calculated and the contributions of different influencing factors was quantified. Based on which, a geographically weighted regression model (GWR) was used to quantitatively describe spatial-temporal differentiation characteristics of IHCE in provinces. The results showed that the IHCE increased first and then decreased from 2002 to 2017. In that period, food and residence consumption were the main sources of emissions, which accounted 42~48% of contribution. In the new social-economic development circumstance, the negative effects with the direct carbon emission intensity, the production technology and the consumption tendency were significantly strengthened, which greatly offset the positive effects with the income scale, the population and the consumption structure, and the net effect was a decline of 145MtC of the total IHCE. The provincial IHCE showed a decreasing from east to west as well as an agglomeration phenomenon. Furthermore, the influencing factors of carbon emissions showed a spatial heterogeneity. The production technology factor were negatively correlated with IHCE. Other factors were positively correlated with IHCE among which, the population, income scale, and direct carbon emission intensity factors had more prominent impacts on carbon emissions.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 463-472 [Abstract] ( 388 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 8335KB] ( 975 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
473 The current situation and development suggestions of waste pollution cooperative control from planting and breeding industry
YANG Tian-xue, LIU Hong-zhi, LI Dong-yang, LI Ying-jun, GONG Tian-cheng, JIAO Yu-xin, SUN Meng-yang, XI Bei-dou
The serious pollution of straw and excrement restricts the development of planting-breeding industry in China, which has become an important problem in the river-basin pollution prevention. The agricultural non-point source pollution could be effectively reduced and the quality of agricultural eco-environment could be improved through balancing planting-breeding industry and waste collaborative recycling on a region scale. This review summarized the balance of planting-breeding industry based on selecting advantageous countries like US, Netherlands, Denmark using bibliometric methods. According to the experience of developed countries in Europe and the United States, it pointed out that the bottleneck problems in China's planting-breeding balance industry was integral planning lacking、regulations and standards suitable for different regional characteristics lacking、insufficient connection between planting and breeding waste pollution prevention and control and high-quality utilization. In order to provide significant reference for the development of planting-breeding circular model in China, it is suggested that top-level designing of cooperative control system for planting and breeding pollution in watersheds, scientific calculation of the proportion and scale of planting and aquaculture, and constructing a green recycling market-based application system for planting and breeding wastes based on big data would be helpful.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 473-481 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 3121KB] ( 942 )
482 Analysis of cement flow and stock of urban buildings and its environmental impact assessment in Shenzhen City
ZHANG Yu, DUAN Hua-bo, ZHANG Ning
China's rapid urbanization with massive construction activities accelerated raw materials extraction and consumption such as cement. This study conducted a bottom-up material flow analysis to estimate the stocks and flows of cement in building sector, using Shenzhen (China) from 1979 to 2018 as an example. The environmental impacts measured by carbon emission equivalent was also estimated for sustainability. Results show that approximately 81.2 million metric tons (Mt) cement were consumed for building construction from 1979 to 2018 in Shenzhen, with an annual consumption of over 2Mt averagely. Moreover, cement outflows (measured by construction and demolition waste) accounted for 25%~29% of total inflows. By 2018, the cement stock in buildings amounted to 62Mt (4.7t/cap), embedding 68.8Mt carbon emissions. An estimation of 9% of this amount emissions were directly absorbed by the existed buildings, with another 11% could potentially be carbonated by recycled concrete aggregate (flow) if subject proper condition. Finally, based on the evaluation of cement flows and stocks in Shenzhen, strengthening effective cement management, promoting cement carbon reduction, and improving carbon sequestration capacity were raised for sustainable urban development.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 482-489 [Abstract] ( 315 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 682KB] ( 1125 )
490 The willingness to pay for clean heating and its influencing factors in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region
ZHANG Bao-liu, LUO Hong, L, Uuml, Lian-hong, ZHANG Zhi-qi, WANG Jian, ZHAO Ming-xuan
A research was carried out through field visit and questionnaire survey to rural areas of cities including Beijing, Baoding, Taiyuan, and Jincheng, to obtain the current farmers' willingness to pay (WTP) for clean heating. Based on the contingent valuation method (CVM), a multiple regression model was constructed to measure farmers’ WTP for clean heating and analyze corresponding influencing factors. The results showed that more than 80percent of the respondents were aware of the clean heating subsidy policy, but 32.8 percent were dissatisfied with the current subsidy standard. The average WTP of the respondents for clean heating was 2926 yuan per heating season, among which the WTP for clean heating in Beijing, Baoding, Taiyuan, and Jincheng were 3081, 2787, 2772, and 3000 yuan per heating season respectively. Household annual income, clean heating renovation cost, current subsidy standard, the impact of coal utilization on air quality, and the current clean heating effect were all significant factors affecting respondents' WTP, while the energy utilization type of clean heating, the attention to haze events, and the environmental protection knowledge had no significant influence.
2021 Vol. 41 (1): 490-496 [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 400KB] ( 647 )
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