Abstract:Black carbon (BC) produced by incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biofuels has an important impact on human health and climate change. Based on the continuous online observation data of Tianjin from 2010 to 2013, the seasonal distribution, potential sources and health effects of BC in the atmosphere of Tianjin were analyzed. The average BC aerosol concentration was (4.49±3.26)μg/m3, which was the highest in autumn, the second in winter and summer, and the lowest in spring. The diurnal variation characteristics of BC concentration in different seasons were similar, showing a bimodal distribution in the morning and evening. The peak value in the morning was higher than in the evening. The concentration of BC in night was higher than that in day in each season. Mixed layer thickness (MLT) and near-surface wind affected the spatial and temporal distribution of BC under horizontal and vertical directions. Concentration weight trajectory (CWT) analysis showed that Hebei, Shandong and Henan were the main potential areas affecting BC in Tianjin. In addition, northwest regions such as Inner Mongolia and northern Shanxi affected Tianjin in autumn. The lifetime cancer risk (CR) of adults and children in Tianjin was higher than USAEPA given acceptable risk level (10-6), but the Hazard Quotien(HQ) was acceptable. Since the relative risk (RR) of respiratory mortality caused by high concentration of BC in autumn was 1.118, we need to pay close attention to the health risk of BC.
姚青, 郝天依, 蔡子颖, 王晓佳, 韩素芹. 天津黑碳气溶胶潜在来源分析与健康风险评估[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(12): 5221-5228.
YAO Qing, HAO Tian-yi, CAI Zi-ying, WANG Xiao-jia, HAN Su-qin. Potential source analysis and health risk assessment of black carbon aerosol in Tianjin City. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2020, 40(12): 5221-5228.
章秋英,牛生杰,沈建国,等.半干旱区冬春季黑碳气溶胶吸收特性的观测研究[J]. 中国沙漠, 2009,29(1):183-188. Zhang Q Y, Niu S J, Shen J G, et al. Observational study on aerosol absorption properties in winter and spring in semiarid area[J]. Journal of Desert Research, 2009,29(1):183-188.
[2]
王洪强,贺千山,陈勇航,等.2008~2012年上海黑碳浓度变化特征分析[J]. 环境科学, 2014,35(4):1215-1222. Wang H Q, He Q S, Chen Y H, et al. Analysis of characteristics of black carbon concentration in Shanghai from 2008 to 2012[J]. Environmental Science, 2014,35(4):1215-1222.
[3]
姚青,韩素芹,毕晓辉.天津2009年3月气溶胶化学组成及其消光特性研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012,32(2):214-220. Yao Q, Han S Q, Bi X H, et al. Main components and extinction characteristic of aerosol during March 2009 at Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012,32(2):214-220.
[4]
姚青,蔡子颖,韩素芹,等.天津城区秋冬季黑碳气溶胶观测与分析[J]. 环境化学, 2012,31(3):324-329. Yao Q, Cai Z Y, Han S Q, et al. Observational and analysis of black carbon aerosol in the autumn and winter in Tianjin[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2012,31(3):324-329.
[5]
张芝娟,陈斌,贾瑞,等.全球不同类型气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征[J]. 高原气象, 2019,38(3):660-672. Zhang Z J, Chen B, Jia R, et al. Global spatial and temporal distribution of aerosol optical depth for different kinds of aerosols[J]. Plateau Meteorology, 2019,38(3):660-672.
[6]
Qin W, Zhang Y, Chen J, et al. Variation, sources and historical trend of black carbon in Beijing, China based on ground observation and MERRA-2reanalysis data[J]. Environmental Pollution (2018), doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.063.
[7]
Hao T Y, Cai Z Y, Chen S C, et al. Transport pathways and potential source regions of PM2.5 on the west coast of Bohai Bay during 2009~2018[J]. Atmosphere, 2019,10,345;doi:10.3390/atmos10060345.
[8]
李颜君,安兴琴,范广洲.北京地区大气颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(3):915-927. Li Y J, An X Q, Fan G Z, et al. Transport pathway and potential source area of atmospheric particulates in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(3):915-927.
[9]
张昕,李忠勤,明镜,等.乌鲁木齐河源区黑碳气溶胶浓度特征及其来源分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(1):212-221. Zhang X, Li Z Q, Ming J, et al. Characteristics of black carbon aerosol and apportionment at the headwater of Urumqi River[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(1):212-221.
[10]
Lin W, Zhu T, Xue T, et al. Association between changes in exposure to air pollution and biomarkers of oxidative stress in children before and during the Beijing Olympics[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2015,181(8):575-583.
[11]
Watson A Y, Valberg P A. Carbon black and soot:two different substances[J]. American Industrial Hygiene Association jounaral, 2001,62(2):218-228.
[12]
Janssen N A, Hoek G, Simic-Lawson M, et al. Black carbon as an additional indicator of the adverse effects of airborne particles compared with PM10 and PM2.5[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2011,119(12):1691-1699.
[13]
陈琛,王娟,聂亚光,等.大气中黑碳的健康效应及机制研究进展[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2018,13(1):31-39. Chen C, Wang J, Nie Y G, et al. Review on the health effects and mechanisms of black carbon[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2018,13(1):31-39.
[14]
Lin W, Dai J, Liu R, et al. Integrated assessment of health risk and climate effects of black carbon in the Pearl River Delta region, China[J]. Environmental Research, 2019,176:108522.
[15]
姚青,韩素芹,蔡子颖,等.天津城区春季大气气溶胶消光特性研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2012,32(5):795-802. Yao Q, Han S Q, Cai Z Y, et al. Study on characteristic of aerosol extinction at Tianjin City in the spring[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012,32(5):795-802.
[16]
蔡子颖,韩素芹,黄鹤,等.天津夏季黑碳气溶胶及其吸收特性的观测研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2011,31(5):719-723. Cai Z Y, Han S Q, Huang H, et al. Observational study on black carbon aerosols and their absorption properties in summer in Tianjin[J]. China Environmental Science, 2011,31(5):719-723.
[17]
杨朔,张武,韩晶晶,等.上海市浦东新区秋冬季黑碳气溶胶特性[J]. 兰州大学学报(自然科学版), 2008,44(4):66-70. Yang S, Zhang W, Han J J, et al. Characteristics of black carbon aerosol over Pudong district in Shanghai during autumn and winter[J]. Journal of Lanzhou University (Natural Sciences), 2008,44(4):66-70.
[18]
蔡子颖,张敏,韩素芹,等.天津重污染天气混合层厚度阈值及应用研究[J]. 气象, 2018,44(7):911-920. Cai Z Y, Zhang M, Han S Q, et al. Research on threshold and regularity of mixed layer thickness in heavy pollution weather in Tianjin[J]. Meteorological Monthly, 2018,44(7):911-920.
[19]
姚青,蔡子颖,刘敬乐,等.气象条件对2009~2018年天津地区PM2.5质量浓度的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020,40(1):65-75. Yao Q, Cai Z Y, Liu J L, et al. Effects of meteorological conditions on PM2.5 concentration in Tianjin from 2009 to 2018[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020,40(1):65-75.
[20]
U.S. EPA, Human Health Risk Assessment. https://www.epa.gov/risk/human-health-risk-assessment.
[21]
WS/T 666-2019大气污染人群健康风险评估技术规范[S]. WS/T 666-2019 Technical specifications for health risk assessment of ambient air pollution[S].
[22]
Ding A J, Huang X, Nie W, et al. Enhanced haze pollution by black carbon in megacities in China[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2016, 43:2873-2879.
[23]
Huy B T, Tran T T H, Johnston R, et al. Assessing health risk due to exposure to arsenic in drinking water in hanam Province, Vietnam[J]. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 2014,11(8):7575-7591.
[24]
California office of environmental health hazard assessment. Diesel Exhaust Particulate. https://oehha.ca.gov/chemicals/diesel-exhaust-particulate.
[25]
张宸赫,程兴宏,赵天良,等.不同季节气象条件对北京城区高黑碳浓度变化的影响[J]. 环境科学学报, 2017,37(6):2255-2264. Zhang C H, Cheng X H, Zhao T L, et a1. Impact of meteorological conditions on high black carbon concentrations in urban area of Beijing in different seasons[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2017, 37(6):2255-2264.
[26]
张骁,汤洁,武云飞,等.2006~2012年北京及周边地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征[J]. 中国粉体技术, 2015,21(4):24-29. Zhang X, Tang J, Wu Y F, et al. Variations of black carbon aerosol observed in Beijing and surrounding area during 2006~2012[J]. China Powder Science and Technology, 2015,21(4):24-29.
[27]
王璐,袁亮,张小玲,等.成都地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征及其来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(4):1561-1572. Wang L, Yuan L, Zhang X L, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of black carbon in Chengdu[J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(4):1561-1572.
[28]
Peng X, Liu M, Yang Z, et al. The characteristics and local-regional contributions of atmospheric black carbon over urban and suburban locations in Shanghai, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2019, 255:113188.
[29]
程丁,吴晟,吴兑,等.深圳市城区和郊区黑碳气溶胶对比研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(5):1653-1662. Cheng D, Wu C, Wu D, et al. Comparative study on the characteristics of black carbon aerosol in urban and suburban areas of Shenzhen[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(5):1653-1662.
[30]
Rattigan O V, Civerolo K, Doraiswamy P, et al. Long term black carbon measurements at two urban locations in New York[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research.2013,13(4):1181-1305.
[31]
Singh V, Ravindra K, Sahu L, et al. Trends of atmospheric black carbon concentration over the United Kingdom[J]. Atmospheric Environment. 2018,178:148-157.
[32]
Tiwari S, Srivastava A K, Bisht D S, et al. Diurnal and seasonal variations of black carbon and PM2.5 over New Delhi, India:influence of meteorology[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2013,125-126,50-62.
[33]
Cao G L, Zhang X Y, Gong S L, et al. Emission inventories of primary particles and pollutant gases for China[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2011,56,doi:10.1007/s11434-011-4373-7.
[34]
娄淑娟,毛节泰,王美华.北京地区不同尺度气溶胶中黑碳含量的观测研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2005,25(1):17-22. Lou S J, Mao J T, Wang H M. Observational study of black carbon aerosol in Beijing[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2005,25(1):17-22.
[35]
于彩霞,邓学良,石春娥,等.降水和风对大气PM2.5、PM10的清除作用分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2018,38(12):59-68. Yu C X, Deng X L, Shi C E, et al. The scavenging effect of precipitation and wind on PM2.5 and PM10[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2018,38(12):59-68.
[36]
魏夏潞,王成刚,凌新锋,等.安徽寿县黑碳气溶胶浓度观测分析研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(11):3630-3638. Wei X L, Wang C G, Ling X F, et al. Observational study of balck carbon at Shouxian in Anhui Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2019,39(11):3630-3638.
[37]
吴奕宵,银燕,顾雪松,等.南京北郊大气气溶胶的吸湿性观测研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2014,34(8):1938-1949. Wu Y X, Yin Y, Gu X S, et al. An observational study of the hygroscopic properties of aerosols in north suburb of Nanjing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(8):1938-1949.
[38]
程良晓,范萌,陈良富,等.秋季秸秆焚烧对京津冀地区霾污染过程的影响分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(8):2801-2812. Cheng L X, Fan M, Chen L F, et al. Effects on the haze pollution from autumn crop residue burning over the Jing-Jin-Ji Region[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(8):2801-2812.
[39]
高庆先,李亮,马占云,等.2013~2016年天气形势对北京秋季空气重污染过程的影响[J]. 环境科学研究, 2017,30(2):173-183. Gao Q X, Li L, Ma Z Y, et al. The impacts of synoptic situation on heavy pollution process in autumn in Beijing during 2013~2016[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017,30(2):173-183.
[40]
Liu X Y, He K B, Zhang Q, et al. Analysis of the origins of black carbon and carbon monoxide transported to Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei in China[J]. Science of the Total Environment. 2019,653:1364-1376.
[41]
齐孟姚,王丽涛,张城瑜,等.邯郸市黑碳气溶胶浓度变化及影响因素分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2018,38(5):1751-1758. Qi M Y, Wang L T, Zhang C Y, et al. Variation of black carbon aerosol concentration and its influencing factors in Handan City, Heibei Province[J]. Acta Scientiae Circum stantiae, 2018,38(5):1751-1758.