冬奥会前后北京市细颗粒物的化学组成及来源

黄子烨; 胡伟; 靳蕊; 侯升杰; 李萍; 毕凯; 何昌华; 王亚杰; 段沛敏; 刘頔; 吴礼彬; 邓君俊; 孙业乐; 傅平青

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中国环境科学 ›› 2024, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (10) : 5344-5356.

大气污染与控制

冬奥会前后北京市细颗粒物的化学组成及来源

黄子烨¹, 胡伟¹, 靳蕊¹, 侯升杰², 李萍², 毕凯^3,4, 何昌华⁵, 王亚杰¹, 段沛敏¹, 刘頔², 吴礼彬¹, 邓君俊¹, 孙业乐², 傅平青¹

作者信息 +

Chemical composition and sources of fine particles in Beijing around the Winter Olympics

HUANG Zi-ye¹, HU Wei¹, JIN Rui¹, HOU Sheng-jie², LI Ping², BI Kai^3,4, HE Chang-hua⁵, WANG Ya-jie¹, DUAN Pei-min¹, LIU Di², WU Li-bin¹, DENG Jun-jun¹, SUN Ye-le², FU Ping-qing¹

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摘要

为评估环境空气质量管控措施对北京市PM_2.5化学组成的影响,于2022年冬奥会前后在北京城区及西北方向山区背景站点同时开展观测,分析PM_2.5样品中水溶性无机离子及碳质组分浓度变化.结果显示,城区与山区PM_2.5中碳质组分差异明显.山区PM_2.5中有机碳(OC)及元素碳(EC)的平均质量浓度比值为28.99,水溶性有机碳(WSOC)占OC的平均比例为77%,均显著高于城区(OC:EC = 12.93, WSOC:OC = 48%).观测期间,京津冀地区及辽东半岛是城区PM_2.5各组分(Ca²⁺除外)的主要潜在源区;而山区既受京津冀地区排放影响,还受来自河套平原方向的传输影响.随时间推移,城区有机物(OM)在PM_2.5中的占比由22.7%上升至31.7%,山区由27.7%上升至34.9%,可能指示观测后期气温上升、太阳辐射增强促进了二次有机物生成,或指示排放源发生变化.冬奥期间,城区硝酸盐质量浓度及其在PM_2.5中的占比下降、硫酸盐的占比上升,体现了交通限行措施的效果.城区PM_2.5中,阴阳离子当量比由0.96逐步上升至1.20,酸性逐渐增强,可能反映了管控措施放松后NO_x排放的快速反弹.观测期间,燃烧源及二次源对两站点PM_2.5质量浓度的总贡献率均超过70%,反映了人为源颗粒物对北京市PM_2.5的显著贡献.另一方面,与冬奥前相比,冬奥期间城区站点的该贡献率降低 8.7%,表明严格的管控措施总体上抑制了人为源排放.相较于往年同期,冬奥期间北京城区PM_2.5主要组分的质量浓度均明显下降.虽然气象条件不利于污染物扩散,但空气质量管控措施仍使冬奥期间北京市空气质量达到近年来的同期最优水平.

Abstract

To quantify the impact of air quality control measures on the chemical composition of PM_2.5 in Beijing, simultaneous observations were carried out at an urban site and a montane background site located northwest of the city around the 2022 Winter Olympics. PM_2.5 samples were analyzed for water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous components. Results demonstrated a significant difference in carbonaceous contents between the urban and montane sites. At the montane site, the mean mass ratio of organic carbon (OC) to elemental carbon (EC) was 28.99, and the mean proportion of water-soluble OC (WSOC) in OC was 77%, both of which were significantly higher than at the urban site (12.93 and 48%, respectively). During the observation period, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the Liaodong Peninsula were the dominant potential source regions of all the chemical components at the urban site, except for Ca²⁺. Apart from emissions from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, particles transported from the Hetao Plain also affected the montane site. The proportion of organic matter (OM) in PM_2.5 increased from 22.7% to 31.7% at the urban site, and from 27.7% to 34.9% at the montane site, which might indicate that elevated temperatures and solar radiation favored secondary organic aerosol formation, or that emission sources changed during the latter part of the observation period. During the Winter Olympics, the mass concentration and proportion of nitrates in PM_2.5 declined, while the proportion of sulfates increased at the urban site, highlighting the effect of traffic control. The equivalence ratio of anions to cations in PM_2.5 at the urban site gradually rose from 0.96 to 1.20, exhibiting elevated acidity. This result may be closely linked to the formation of nitric acid, suggesting a fast rebound in NO_x emissions after partial lifting of control measures. Throughout the observation period, the contribution of combustion and secondary sources to PM_2.5 exceeded 70% at both sites, reflecting the dominant contribution of anthropogenic particles to PM_2.5 in Beijing. However, their contribution dropped by 8.7% during the Winter Olympics at the urban site, indicating that the control of anthropogenic emissions was effective. All the major components in urban PM_2.5 declined significantly during the Winter Olympics compared to similar periods in past years. The control measures led to the best air quality during the Winter Olympics compared to similar periods in recent years, despite unfavorable meteorological conditions for pollutant dispersion.

导出引用

黄子烨, 胡伟, 靳蕊, 侯升杰, 李萍, 毕凯, 何昌华, 王亚杰, 段沛敏, 刘頔, 吴礼彬, 邓君俊, 孙业乐, 傅平青. 冬奥会前后北京市细颗粒物的化学组成及来源[J]. 中国环境科学. 2024, 44(10): 5344-5356

HUANG Zi-ye, HU Wei, JIN Rui, HOU Sheng-jie, LI Ping, BI Kai, HE Chang-hua, WANG Ya-jie, DUAN Pei-min, LIU Di, WU Li-bin, DENG Jun-jun, SUN Ye-le, FU Ping-qing. Chemical composition and sources of fine particles in Beijing around the Winter Olympics[J]. China Environmental Science. 2024, 44(10): 5344-5356

中图分类号： X513

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