Abstract：The gas-particle partitioning of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) is an extremely important factor affecting their migration and transformation. Two families of typical SVOCs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (OPAHs), were targeted to characterize their gas-particle partitioning in the winter atmosphere over typical urban area of Chongqing. Compared to homocyclic PAHs, OPAHs were more likely to be associated with particles. The Temperature empirical model could well predict gas-particle partitioning coefficients for PAHs rather than for PAHs. Referring to the development of the Temperature empirical model for PAHs, two empirical models based on temperature and relative humidity (RH) were developed for OPAHs using the same monitoring data, and the simulation results suggest that the empirical model based on RH can better predict the gas-particle partitioning of OPAHs. Obviously, the impact of RH on the gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric OPAHs can not be ignored.
Wilson J, Pöschl U, Shiraiwa M, et al. Non-equilibrium interplay between gas-particle partitioning and multiphase chemical reactions of semi-volatile compounds:mechanistic insights and practical implications for atmospheric modeling of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021,21(8):6175-6198.
[2]
Simcik M F, Franz T P, Zhang H X, et al. Gas-particle partitioning of PCBs and PAHs in the Chicago urban and adjacent coastal atmosphere:States of equilibrium [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32(2):251-257.
[3]
Terzi E, Samara C. Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban, adjacent coastal, and continental background sites of western Greece [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2004,38(19):4973-4978.
[4]
Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. PAH diagnostic ratios for the identification of pollution emission sources [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2012,162:110-119.
[5]
Tomaz S, Shahpoury P, Jaffrezo J-L, et al. One-year study of polycyclic aromatic compounds at an urban site in Grenoble (France):Seasonal variations, gas/particle partitioning and cancer risk estimation [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2016,565:1071-1083.
[6]
Smith D J T, Harrison R M. Concentrations, trends and vehicle source profile of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the U.K. atmosphere [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(14):2513-2525.
[7]
Lundstedt S, White P A, Lemieux C L, et al. Sources, fate, and toxic hazards of oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at PAH-contaminated sites [J]. Ambio, 2007,36(6):475-485.
[8]
Pankow J F. Review and comparative analysis of the theories on partitioning between the gas and aerosol particulate phases in the atmosphere [J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1987,21(11):2275-2283.
[9]
Harner T, Bidleman T F. Octanol-air partition coefficient for describing particle/gas partitioning of aromatic compounds in urban air [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998,32:1494-1502.
[10]
Dachs J, Eisenreich S J. Adsorption onto aerosol soot carbon dominates gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2000,34(17):3690-3697.
[11]
施泰安,朱秀华,许倩,等.大连大气中多氯联苯的气粒分配行为[J]. 环境化学, 2013,32(10):1874-1884. SHI T A, ZHU X H, XU Q, et al. The gas-particle partitioning behavior of PCBs in the air of Dalian [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2013,32(10):1874-1884.
[12]
Mulder M D, Heil A, Kukučka P, et al. Reprint of:Long-range atmospheric transport of PAHs, PCBs and PBDEs to the central and eastern Mediterranean and changes of PCB and PBDE congener patterns in summer 2010[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,121:66-74.
[13]
Li W, Shen G F, Yuan C Y, et al. The gas/particle partitioning of nitro-and oxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the atmosphere of northern China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016,172-173:66-73.
[14]
Hu H L, Tian M, Zhang L M, et al. Sources and gas-particle partitioning of atmospheric parent, oxygenated, and nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a humid city in southwest China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,206:1-10.
[15]
Wei C, Bandowe B A M, Han Y M, et al. Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs, oxygenated PAHs, nitrated PAHs, and azaarenes) in air from four climate zones of China:Occurrence, gas/particle partitioning, and health risks [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,786:147234.
[16]
Li Y F, Ma W L, Yang M. Prediction of gas/particle partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in global air:A theoretical study [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(4):1669-1681.
[17]
Zhu F J, Ma W L, Zhang Z F, et al. Prediction of the gas/particle partitioning quotient of PAHs based on ambient temperature [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,811:151411.
[18]
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Estimation Program Interface (EPI) Suite version 4.11. http://www.epa.gov/oppt/ex-posure/docs/episuite.htm 2012-11.
[19]
Pankow J F, Storey J M E, Yamasaki H. Effects of relative humidity on gas/particle partitioning of semivolatile organic compounds to urban particulate matter [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1993, 27(10):2220-2226.
[20]
Hao W W, Gao B, Liang B, et al. Distinct seasonal variability of source-dependent health risks from PM2.5-bound PAHs and related derivatives in a megacity, southwest China:Implications for the significance of secondary formation [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,885:163742.
[21]
Odabasi M, Cetin E, Sofuoglu A. Determination of octanol-air partition coefficients and supercooled liquid vapor pressures of PAHs as a function of temperature:Application to gas-particle partitioning in an urban atmosphere [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(34):6615-6625.
[22]
Bi X H, Sheng G Y, Peng P A, et al. Distribution of particulate-and vapor-phase n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere of Guangzhou, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2003, 37(2):289-298.
[23]
Pratt G C, Herbrandson C, Krause M J, et al. Measurements of gas and particle polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in air at urban, rural and near-roadway sites [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2018,179:268-278.
[24]
Ma W L, Zhu F J, Liu L Y, et al. PAHs in Chinese atmosphere:Gas/particle partitioning [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2019, 693:133623.
[25]
Esen F, Tasdemir Y, Vardar N. Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2008,88(3):243-255.
[26]
Pankow J F. The calculated effects of non-exchangeable material on the gas-particle distributions of organic compounds [J]. Atmospheric Environment (1967), 1988,22(7):1405-1409.
[27]
Pankow J F, Bidleman T F. Interdependence of the slopes and intercepts from log-log correlations of measured gas-particle partitioning and vapor pressure-I. theory and analysis of available data [J]. Atmospheric Environment Part A General Topics, 1992,26(6):1071-1080.
[28]
Vardar N, Esen F, Tasdemir Y. Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2008,155(2):298-307.
[29]
Ma W L, Zhu F J, Hu P T, et al. Gas/particle partitioning of PAHs based on equilibrium-state model and steady-state model [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,706:136029.
[30]
Zhang P, Sun W, Li N, et al. Effects of humidity and [NO3]/[N2O5] ratio on the heterogeneous reaction of fluoranthene and pyrene with N2O5/NO3/NO2 [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(22):13130-13137.
[31]
Goss K U, Schwarzenbach R P. Gas/solid and gas/liquid partitioning of organic compounds:Critical evaluation of the interpretation of equilibrium constants [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1998, 32(14):1-53.
