In the present study,the experimental clams Meretrix meretrix were exposed to GO in artificial seawater (5mg/L) in order to comprehensively evaluate the toxicity of graphene nanomaterials to marine organisms.Mechanism of the sublethal toxicity caused by GO to clams was explored by monitoring of seven biomarkers including the reduced glutathione (GSH),oxidized glutathione (GSSG),malondialdehyde (MDA),acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and metallothioneins (MTs) in the digestive gland,as well as micronucleus frequency (MNF) and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) of hemolymph.Results demonstrated that the oxidative stress was induced by GO in the digestive gland of clams,while the content of GSH decreased and both of GSSG and MDA increased.Weak neurotoxicity was caused by GO,which was indicated by the temporary inhibition of AChE activity at the initial and end of exposure stages.No obvious induction of MTs was observed in the whole period of exposure.However,significant genotoxicity and lysosomal membrane instability occurred after 4-d exposure.The MNF of experimental groups reached to 6.1~9.0 times of the blank control levels,but the neutral red retention time (NRRT) decrease of the positive treatments was about 24.2%~49.2% of the blank control group.Except for the biomarkers AChE and MTs,other parameters were testified as suitable and sensitive indicators to assess the sublethal toxicity of GO in this study.
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