Abstract：To understand the risk of graphene oxide (GO) to aquatic environments, the effects of GO on the growth and three bioactive compounds including carbohydrate, total protein and total lipid, in two species of freshwater microalgae, Scenedesmus obliquus and Nannochloropsis limnetica, were investigated in this study. Results showed a moderate toxicity of GO to both species with the 72h EC50 values of 25.63mg/L and 48.44mg/L, respectively. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images displayed that GO nanosheets not only adhered to the cell surfaces but also entered the cells, which induced obvious changes in ultrastructure, including plasmolysis, shrinkage of chloroplasts, and the decrease or even disappearance of starch grains. Synthesis of three photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoid) in microalgae was promoted at lower concentration (10mg/L) of GO after 72h exposure. However, contents of carotenoid in the cultures of both species and chlorophyll a in the culture of S. obliquus decreased significantly when exposed to the higher concentration (100mg/L) of GO. Basically, the synthesis of three bioactive substances in algal cells was stimulated under both experimental concentrations of GO, implying an active defense mechanism under stress. The decrease of carbohydrate content in cells of S. obliquus exposed to 100mg/L GO was hypothesized as results of the conversion of energy storage materials, i.e. from starch to neutral lipids.
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