Abstract：This paper introduced the production and characteristics of food waste in China, and the current status, advantages and disadvantages of food waste treatment technologies including crushing and direct discharge, landfill, incineration, feed, insect farming, composting, energy conversion and high value utilization were analyzed. It was shown that the resource treatment of food waste was the future development trend, among which the feed method should be one of the resource treatment technologies to be promoted in the future. Besides, the characteristics of the two mainstream resource recovery modes, anaerobic digestion and composting, were compared. Anaerobic digestion and composting were suitable for centralised large scale treatment and decentralised, small to medium scale, source reduction treatment scenarios respectively. Finally, a combined technology solution of biodiesel from waste oil + methane production from anaerobic digestion + composting of digestate was proposed, which was suitable for the recycling of food waste in China, and provided some reference for the efficient resource treatment of food waste.
靳晨曦, 孙士强, 盛维杰, 杨殿海, 马亚东, 贺文智, 李光明. 中国厨余垃圾处理技术及资源化方案选择[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(3): 1240-1251.
JIN Chen-xi, SUN Shi-qiang, SHENG Wei-jie, YANG Dian-hai, MA Ya-dong, HE Wen-zhi, LI Guang-ming. Food waste treatment technology and resource solution options in China. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(3): 1240-1251.
黄欣怡,张珺婷,王凡,等.餐厨垃圾资源化利用及其过程污染控制研究进展[J].化工进展, 2016,35(9):2945-2951.Huang X Y, Zhang J T, Wang F, et al.Research progress in resource utilization of kitchen waste and its process pollution control[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2016,35(9):2945-2951.
[2]
GB/T 19095-2019生活垃圾分类标志[S].GB/T 19095-2019 Signs for classification of municipal solid waste[S].
[3]
FAO.Towards the future we want:End hunger and make the transition to sustainable agricultural and food systems[R].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2012.
[4]
Adhikari B K, Barrington S, Martinez J.Predicted growth of world urban food waste and methane production[J].Waste Management& Research, 2006,24(5):421-433.
[5]
Jin C, Sun S, Yang D, et al.Anaerobic digestion:An alternative resource treatment option for food waste in China[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2021,779:146397.
[6]
国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社, 2020:12-16.National Bureau of Statistics.China statistical yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press, 2020:12-16.
[7]
Wang Y, Zang B, Li G, et al.Evaluation the anaerobic hydrolysis acidification stage of kitchen waste by pH regulation[J].Waste Management, 2016,53:62-67.
[8]
陈瑛,滕婧杰,赵娜娜,等."无废城市"试点建设的内涵、目标和建设路径[J].环境保护, 2019,47(9):21-25.Chen Y, Teng J J, Zhao N N, et al.The content, objectives and path of"zero-waste cities" construction[J].Environmental Protection, 2019, 47(9):21-25.
[9]
Chen S, Huang J, Xiao T, et al.Carbon emissions under different domestic waste treatment modes induced by garbage classification:Case study in pilot communities in Shanghai, China[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2020,717:137193.
[10]
中国质量报.上海生活垃圾全程分类体系基本建成[EB/OL].http://epaper.cqn.com.cn/article/490380.html2020-07-03/2022-01-01.China Quality News.Shanghai's whole-process garbage classification system has been basically completed.[EB/OL].http://epaper.cqn.com.cn/article/490380.html2020-07-03/2022-01-01.
[11]
李光明.城市餐厨垃圾收运管理与资源化技术[M].上海:同济大学出版社, 2015:4-10.Li G M.Management and recycling technology of urban food waste[M].Shanghai:Tongji University Press, 2015:4-10.
[12]
刘子旭,彭晶.餐厨垃圾特性及处理技术研究[J].环境科学与管理, 2015,40(7):102-104.Liu Z X, Peng J.Characteristics and treatment technologies of food residue[J].Environmental Science and Management, 2015,40(7):102-104.
[13]
Xing B, Wang X C.High-rate mesophilic co-digestion with food waste and waste activated sludge through a low-magnitude increasing loading regime:Performance and microorganism characteristics[J].Science of the Total Environment, 2021,777:146210.
[14]
Liu N, Wang Q, Jiang J, et al.Effects of salt and oil concentrations on volatile fatty acid generation in food waste fermentation[J].Renewable Energy, 2017,113:1523-1528.
[15]
De Clercq D, Wen Z, Fan F, et al.Biomethane production potential from restaurant food waste in megacities and project level-bottlenecks:A case study in Beijing[J].Renewable& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2016,59:1676-1685.
[16]
Yuan J, Li Y, Wang G, et al.Biodrying performance and combustion characteristics related to bulking agent amendments during kitchen waste biodrying[J].Bioresource Technology, 2019,284:56-64.
[17]
Zhang D, Xu Z, Wang G, et al.Insights into characteristics of organic matter during co-biodrying of sewage sludge and kitchen waste under different aeration intensities[J].Environmental Technology& Innovation, 2020,20:101117.
[18]
Wang Y, Zang B, Li G, et al.Evaluation the anaerobic hydrolysis acidification stage of kitchen waste by pH regulation[J].Waste Management, 2016,53:62-67.
[19]
Li Z, Wang Q, Zhang T, et al.A novel bulk density-based recognition method for kitchen and dry waste:A case study in Beijing, China[J].Waste Management, 2020,114:89-95.
[20]
Zhang W, Lang Q, Fang M, et al.Combined effect of crude fat content and initial substrate concentration on batch anaerobic digestion characteristics of food waste[J].Bioresource Technology, 2017,232:304-312.
[21]
Jiang J, Wu P, Sun Y, et al.Comparison of microbial communities during anaerobic digestion of kitchen waste:Effect of substrate sources and temperatures[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020,317:124016.
[22]
Zhou Q, Yuan H, Liu Y, et al.Using feature objects aided strategy to evaluate the biomethane production of food waste and corn stalk anaerobic co-digestion[J].Bioresource Technology, 2015,179:611-614.
[23]
Li Y, Jin Y, Li J, et al.Current Situation and Development of Kitchen Waste Treatment in China[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2016,31:40-49.
[24]
He M, Sun Y, Zou D, et al.Influence of Temperature on Hydrolysis Acidification of Food Waste[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences, 2012,16:85-94.
[25]
Du M, Liu X, Wang D, et al.Understanding the fate and impact of capsaicin in anaerobic co-digestion of food waste and waste activated sludge[J].Water Research, 2021,188:116539.
[26]
Zhao J, Liu Y, Wang D, et al.Potential impact of salinity on methane production from food waste anaerobic digestion[J].Waste Management, 2017,67:308-314.
[27]
Zhou Y, Engler N, Nelles M.Symbiotic relationship between hydrothermal carbonization technology and anaerobic digestion for food waste in China[J].Bioresource Technology, 2018,260:404-412.
[28]
Zhang W, Chen B, Li A, et al.Mechanism of process imbalance of long-term anaerobic digestion of food waste and role of trace elements in maintaining anaerobic process stability[J].Bioresource Technology, 2019,275:172-182.
[29]
Zhang W, Wu S, Guo J, et al.Performance and kinetic evaluation of semi-continuously fed anaerobic digesters treating food waste:Role of trace elements[J].Bioresource Technology, 2015,178:297-305.
[30]
丹阚,司马小峰.我国餐厨垃圾分类现状及处理技术展望[J].环境保护前沿, 2020,10(1):8.Dan K, Sima X F.Classification status and technology outlook of kitchen waste in china[J].Advances in Environmental Protection, 2020,10(1):8.
[31]
Lacovidou E, Ohandja D, Gronow J, et al.The household use of food waste disposal units as a waste management option:A review[J].Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2012, 42(14):1485-1508.
[32]
张强,稽冶,冀伟.餐厨垃圾能源化研究进展[J].化工进展, 2013,32(3):558-562.Zhang Q, Ji Y, Ji W.Research progress of energy production from kitchen garbage[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2013,32(3):558-562.
[33]
Yang N, Zhang H, Shao L, et al.Greenhouse gas emissions during MSW landfilling in China:Influence of waste characteristics and LFG treatment measures[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2013, 129:510-521.
[34]
Burnley S.The impact of the European landfill directive on waste management in the United Kingdom[J].Resources Conservation and Recycling, 2001,32:349-358.
[35]
Cozzolino R, Lombardi L, Tribioli L.Use of biogas from biowaste in a solid oxide fuel cell stack:Application to an off-grid power plant[J].Renewable Energy, 2017,111:781-791.
[36]
宋薇,蒲志红.美国生活垃圾分类管理现状研究[J].中国环保产业, 2017,12(7):63-65.Song W, Pu Z H.Study on Classification management status of domestic refuse in U.S.A[J].China Environmental Protection Industry, 2017,(7):63-65.
[37]
徐涛.厨余垃圾生命周期评价——以深圳市为例[D].武汉:华中科技大学, 2013.Xu T.Food waste life cycle assessment-a Shenzhen case study[D].Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2013.
[38]
曾宇.城市餐厨垃圾处理现状概述[J].科技经济导刊, 2017,13(14):9-10.Zeng Y.An overview of the current situation of municipal kitchen waste treatment[J].Technology and Economic Guide, 2017,(14):9-10.
[39]
秦学,李宁,李贵霞,等.餐厨垃圾资源化处理技术现状及进展[J].煤炭与化工, 2015,38(7):35-40.Qin X, Li N, Li G X, et al.Status and development of resource processing technology of food waste[J].Coal and Chemical Industry, 2015,38(7):35-40.
[40]
王莉,刘应宗.公共餐厨垃圾饲料化项目生产可行性分析[J].工业工程, 2009,12(5):50-53.Wang L, Liu Y Z.Feasibility analysis of the transforming public food waste to feed[J].Industrial Engineering Journal, 2009,12(5):50-53.
[41]
赫冬青,郝勇,范群,等.利用餐饮废物生产蛋白饲料[J].环境保护科学, 2003,18(3):31-32.He D Q, Hao Y, Fan W, et al.Producing albumen feedstuff by food'castoff[J].Environmental Protection Science, 2003,(3):31-32.
[42]
肖云.餐厨垃圾微生物发酵生产蛋白质饲料的工艺条件研究[J].安徽化工, 2019,45(1):95-97.Xiao Y.Study on the technological conditions for the production of protein feed by microorganism fermentation of kitchen waste[J].Anhui Chemical Industry, 2019,45(1):95-97.
[43]
周俊,王梦瑶,王改红,等.餐厨垃圾资源化利用技术研究现状及展望[J].生物资源, 2020,42(1):87-96.Zhou J, Wang M Y, Wang G H, et al.Research status and prospect of food waste utilization technology[J].Biotic Resources, 2020,42(1):87-96.
[44]
Torres J, Andreoletti O, Lacroux C, et al.Classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy by transmission of H-Type prion in homologous prion protein context[J].Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2011,17(9):1636-1644.
[45]
徐长勇,宋薇,赵树青,等.餐厨垃圾饲料化技术的同源性污染研究[J].环境卫生工程, 2011,19(1):9-10.Xu C Y, Song W, Zhao S Q, et al.Homologous pollution for transforming food residue to feed[J].Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2011,19(1):9-10.
[46]
CJJ184-2012餐厨垃圾处理技术规范[S].CJJ184-2012 Technical specifications for food waste treatment[S].
[47]
中国饲料行业信息网.欧盟解除动物蛋白用于喂养猪和家禽的禁令[EB/OL].http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/news/international/2021-09-07/2037339.html2021-09-07/2021-09-20.China feed industry information network.The European Union has lifted a ban on animal protein being fed to pigs and poultry[EB/OL].http://www.feedtrade.com.cn/news/international/2021-09-07/2037339.html2021-09-07/2021-09-20.
[48]
常燕青,黄慧敏,赵振振,等.餐厨垃圾资源化处理与高值化利用技术发展展望[J].环境卫生工程, 2021,29(1):44-51.Chang Y Q, Huang H M, Zhao Z Z, et al.Prospect for the development of recycling treatment and high-value utilization technologies of food waste[J].Environmental Sanitation Engineering, 2021,29(1):44-51.
[49]
Sheppard D C, Newton G L, Thompson S A, et al.A value-added manure management-system using the black soldier fly[J].Bioresource Technology, 1994,50(3):275-279.
[50]
Wang Y, Shelomi M.Review of Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as Animal Feed and Human Food[J].Foods, 2017,6:9110.
[51]
Zheng L, Li Q, Zhang J, et al.Double the biodiesel yield:Rearing black soldier fly larvae, Hermetia illucens, on solid residual fraction of restaurant waste after grease extraction for biodiesel production[J].Renewable Energy, 2012,41:75-79.
[52]
Liu T, Awasthi S K, Qin S, et al.Conversion food waste and sawdust into compost employing black soldier fly larvae (diptera:Stratiomyidae) under the optimized condition[J].Chemosphere, 2021, 272:129931.
[53]
蓝俞静,刘玉德,张媛,等.餐厨垃圾生物好氧堆肥的影响因素研究[J].环境科学与技术, 2013,36(S1):30-33.Lan Y J, Liu Y D, Zhang Y, et al.Study on the influencing factors of food waste biological aerobic composting[J].Environmental Science& Technology, 2013,36(S1):30-33.
周营.餐厨垃圾好氧堆肥微生物强化及复混肥制备的研究[D].广州:华南理工大学, 2018.Zhou Y.Study on the microorganism enhancement and organic-inorganic compound fertilizer of food waste composting[D].Guangzhou:South China University of Technology, 2018.
[56]
许文江,章明清,郑晓倩,等.餐厨垃圾二步法堆肥发酵工艺及施肥技术的优化[J].中国农学通报, 2016,32(24):141-145.Xu W J, Zhang M Q, Zheng X Q, et al.Optimization of two-step compost of kitchen wastes and fertilization technique[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2016,32(24):141-145.
[57]
邹德勋,汪群慧,隋克俭,等.餐厨垃圾与菌糠混合好氧堆肥效果[J].农业工程学报, 2009,25(11):269-273.Zou D X, Wang Q H, Sui K J, et al.Aerobic composting effect of kitchen garbage and spent mushroom substrate[J].Transactions of the CSAE, 2009,25(11):269-273.
[58]
Cerda A, Artola A, Font X, et al.Composting of food wastes:Status and challenges[J].Bioresource Technology, 2018,248(A):57-67.
[59]
Li Y, Chen Z, Peng Y, et al.Changes in aerobic fermentation and microbial community structure in food waste derived from different dietary regimes[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020,317:123948.
[60]
Gao X, Tan W, Zhao Y, et al.Diversity in the mechanisms of humin formation during composting with different materials[J].Environmental Science& Technology, 2019,53(7):3653-3662.
[61]
Zhou X, Yang J, Xu S, et al.Rapid in-situ composting of household food waste[J].Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2020, 141:259-266.
[62]
王新杰,郁昂,黄韦辰,等.超高温好氧堆肥技术对隔离区餐厨垃圾处理的应用可行性分析[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版), 2020, 59(3):354-359.Wang X J, Yu A, Huang W C, et al.Feasibility analysis of the ultra-high temperature aerobic composting technology to treat kitchen waste in isolated areas[J].Journal of Xiamen University (Natural Science), 2020,59(3):354-359.
[63]
Xin L, Li X, Bi F, et al.Accelerating food waste composting course with biodrying and maturity process:A pilot study[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry& Engineering, 2021,9(1):224-235.
[64]
王丹丹,李辉信,胡锋,等.蚯蚓处理城市生活垃圾的现状与趋势[J].江苏农业科学, 2005,19(4):4-8.Wang D D, Li H X, Hu F, et al.Status and trend of earthworm treatment of municipal solid waste[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2005,19(4):4-8.
[65]
曹瑞琪.蚯蚓堆肥对餐厨垃圾的肥料化处理和生态综合利用评估[J].实验技术与管理, 2013,30(11):83-86.Cao R Q.Evaluation on exxperiments of earthworm compost and food waste processing and ecological comprehensive utilization[J].Experimental Technology and Management, 2013,30(11):83-86.
[66]
武佳韵,赵智远,刘明,等.餐厨垃圾与菌渣混合发酵养殖蚯蚓的试验研究[J].生物学杂志, 2016,33(2):110-112.Wu J Y, Zhao Z Y, Liu M, et al.Study on culturing earthworms by fermentation of food-waste and mushroom-residue[J].Journal of Biology, 2016,33(2):110-112.
[67]
Zhang C, Su H, Baeyens J, et al.Reviewing the anaerobic digestion of food waste for biogas production[J].Renewable& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014,38:383-392.
[68]
Kastner V, Somitsch W, Schnitzhofer W.The anaerobic fermentation of food waste:a comparison of two bioreactor systems[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2012,34(SI):82-90.
[69]
罗娟,赵立欣,姚宗路,等.甘蔗叶添加对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化性能的影响[J].中国沼气, 2017,35(4):21-26.Luo J, Zhao L X, Yao Z L, et al.The influences of adding sugarcane leaves on anaerobic fermentation of food waste[J].China Biogas, 2017,35(4):21-26.
[70]
郝鑫,苏婧,孙源媛,等.餐厨垃圾与污泥、秸秆不同配比联合厌氧发酵对产气性能的影响[J].环境科学研究, 2020,33(1):235-242.Hao X, Su J, Sun Y Y, et al.Biogas production of anaerobic co-digestion with different ratios of kitchen waste, sewage sludge and rice straw[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2020,33(1):235-242.
[71]
刘研萍,燕艳,方刚,等.高温水解预处理对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化的影响[J].中国沼气, 2014,32(1):43-48.Liu Y P, Yan Y, Fang G, et al.Influence of thermal hydrolysis pretreatment on the kitchen waste anaerobic digestion[J].China Biogas, 2014,32(1):43-48.
[72]
刘新媛,鲍振博,彭锦星,等.餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵制氢技术的研究进展[J].天津农学院学报, 2017,24(2):95-99.Liu X Y, Bao Z B, Peng J X, et al.Review of biohydrogen production by anaerobic fermentation of food waste[J].Journal of Tianjin Agricultural University, 2017,24(2):95-99.
[73]
袁雨珍,肖利平,刘传平,等.pH对餐厨垃圾厌氧发酵产氢过程的影响[J].生态环境学报, 2017,26(4):687-692.Yuan Y Z, Xiao L P, Liu C P, et al.Effect of pH on hydrogen production during anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2017,26(4):687-692.
[74]
刘爱民,徐双锁,蔡欣,等.餐厨垃圾混菌发酵制备燃料乙醇[J].环境工程学报, 2013,7(2):727-731.Liu A M, Xu S S, Cai X, et al.Fuel ethanol production from food waste by being mixed microbical fermentation[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013,7(2):727-731.
[75]
中华纸业.日本建设以废纸和餐厨垃圾为原料的生物乙醇制造装置[J].中华纸业, 2015,36(15):77.China Pulp& Paper Industry.Bioethanol production from waste paper and food waste in Japan[J].China Pulp& Paper Industry, 2015,36(15):77.
[76]
钟昌东,梁客,李爱蓉.微波辅助餐厨垃圾制备生物柴油[J].现代化工, 2019,39(6):144-148.Zong C D, Liang K, Li A R.Preparation of biodiesel from kitchen waste assisted by microwave[J].Modern Chemical Industry, 2019, 39(6):144-148.
[77]
姜华.食物垃圾开放式乳酸发酵的实验研究[J].环境科学研究, 2008,16(4):48-51.Jiang H.Lactic acid production from food waste using an open fermentation mode[J].Research of Environmental Sciences, 2008,(4):48-51.
[78]
Goto M, Obuchi R, Hiroshi T, et al.Hydrothermal conversion of municipal organic waste into resources[J].Bioresource Technology, 2004,93(3):279-284.
[79]
刘力,王华,贺文智,等.餐厨垃圾资源化产糖研究进展[J].化工进展, 2014,33(S1):279-285.Liu L, Wang H, He W Z, et al.Research progress in sugar production from kitchen waste[J].Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2014,33(S1):279-285.
[80]
Nagamori M, Funazukuri T.Glucose production by hydrolysis of starch under hydrothermal conditions[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 2004,79(3):229-233.
[81]
陈梦,徐良铸,于萍,等.餐厨垃圾酶水解过程的优化[J].可再生能源, 2015,33(9):1409-1414.Chen M, Xu L Z, Yu P, et al.Optimization of kitchen waste enzymatic hydrolysis process[J].Renewable Energy Resources, 2015,33(9):1409-1414.
[82]
Vavouraki A I, Angelis E M, Kornaros M.Optimization of thermo-chemical hydrolysis of kitchen wastes[J].Waste Management, 2013,33(3):740-745.
[83]
包守庆,孙剑飞,银建中.超/亚临界水中木质纤维素水解转化制化学品[J].应用科技, 2020,47(5):100-106.Bao S Q, Sun J F, Yin J Z.Chemicals preparation based on hydrolysis of lignocellulose in supercritical/subcritical water[J].Applied Science and Technology, 2020,47(5):100-106.
[84]
吴倩芳,张付申.水热炭化废弃生物质的研究进展[J].环境污染与防治, 2012,34(7):70-75.Wu Q F, Zhang F S.Progress on hydrothermal carbonization of waste biomass[J].Environmental Pollution& Control, 2012,34(7):70-75.
[85]
王楠,张珺婷,朱昊辰,等.由餐厨垃圾制备生物炭的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术, 2016,39(S2):245-250.Wang N, Zhang J T, Zhu H C, et al.Research progress in producing biochar from food waste[J].Environmental Science& Technology, 2016,39(S2):245-250.
[86]
赵春芳,张树朝,褚丙武.铝用炭素材料生产过程中二氧化碳排放量的计算方法[J].轻金属, 2011,46(12):37-38.Zhao C F, Zhang S C, Chu B W.Calculation method of carbon dioxide emissions from production processes of carbonaceous material used in the production of aluminium[J].Light Metals, 2011,46(12):37-38.
[87]
张新旺,李保鹏,沈建国,等.餐厨垃圾生物质炭制备及其吸附水中亚甲基蓝性能[J].农业资源与环境学报, 2019,36(1):115-120.Zhang X W, Li B P, Shen J G, et al.Research on the adsorption performance of kitchen waste biochar for methylene blue[J].Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2019,36(1):115-120.
[88]
金桃,颜炯,Bottlinger Michael,等.餐厨垃圾制生物煤试验初探[J].可再生能源, 2014,32(4):505-511.Jin T, Yan J, Michael B, et al.Experimental study on making bio-coal from food waste by hydrothermal carbonization[J].Renewable Energy Resources, 2014,32(4):505-511.
[89]
吴倩芳,吴建芝,张付申.水热炭化餐厨垃圾制备纳米铁/炭复合材料[J].环境工程学报, 2013,7(2):695-700.Wu Q F, Wu J Z, Zhang F S.Fe/C nano-materials development from kitchen garbage under hydrothermal condition[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013,7(2):695-700.
[90]
Li Y, Jin Y, Borrion A, et al.Current status of food waste generation and management in China[J].Bioresource Technology, 2019,273:654-665.
[91]
Chen T, Jin Y, Qiu X, et al.A hybrid fuzzy evaluation method for safety assessment of food-waste feed based on entropy and the analytic hierarchy process methods[J].Expert Systems with Applications, 2014,41(16):7328-7337.
[92]
Lin L, Xu F, Ge X, et al.Improving the sustainability of organic waste management practices in the food-energy-water nexus:A comparative review of anaerobic digestion and composting[J].Renewable& Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2018,89:151-167.
[93]
Khalid H, Zhang H, Liu C, et al.PEST (political, environmental, social& technical) analysis of the development of the waste-to-energy anaerobic digestion industry in China as a representative for developing countries[J].Sustainable Energy& Fuels, 2020,4(3):1048-1062.
[94]
Awasthi S K, Sarsaiya S, Awasthi M K, et al.Changes in global trends in food waste composting:Research challenges and opportunities[J].Bioresource Technology, 2020,299:122555.
[95]
Levis J W, Barlaz M A, Themelis N J, et al.Assessment of the state of food waste treatment in the United States and Canada[J].Waste Management, 2010,30(8):1486-1494.
[96]
Arafat H A, Jijakli K, Ahsan A.Environmental performance and energy recovery potential of five processes for municipal solid waste treatment[J].Journal of Cleaner Production, 2015,105:233-240.
[97]
Hermann B G, Debeer L, De Wilde B, et al.To compost or not to compost:Carbon and energy footprints of biodegradable materials'waste treatment[J].Polymer Degradation and Stability, 2011,96(6):1159-1171.
[98]
Oldfield T L, White E, Holden N M.An environmental analysis of options for utilising wasted food and food residue[J].Journal of Environmental Management, 2016,183:826-835.
