Acute effects of black carbon on respiratory diseases and the modulating effect of air temperature
MA Pan1, TIAN Zi-jie1, ZHANG Xiao-ling1,2, WANG Shi-gong1, YIN Ling3
1. Plateau Atmosphere and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China; 2. Chengdu Plain Urban Meteorology and Environment Scientific Observation and Research Station of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610225, China; 3. Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
Abstract：The distributed-lag nonlinear models (DLNMs) and generalized additive models (GAMs) were adopted to reveal the adverse health effects of black carbon (BC) on respiratory emergency room (ER) visits, as well as the potential modifying effect of air temperature. Daily ER visits of respiratory diseases during 2009~2012 in Beijing, daily air pollutants (including BC, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2), and meteorological data covering that period were collected. Moreover, medical data was divided into three sub-groups, including the total respiratory diseases, upper and lower respiratory infections (URI and LRI), respectively. Firstly, we explored the (lag) associations between BC, air temperature and morbidity separately. Secondly, binary interaction models were constructed to explore the synergistic relationship between temperature and BC. Afterwards the effects of BC at varied temperature levels were quantified by hierarchical models. In addition, certain gaseous pollutant (SO2 or NO2) was also included to verify the robustness of basic models. The exposure-response relationships between air temperature and respiratory diseases exhibited an overall "V" type, the thresholds were 24℃, 26℃, and 24℃, respectively for total respiratory diseases, URI, and LRI. The cumulative effects of low temperature were stronger than that of high temperature. BC effect was immediately occurred and lagged for a short-term (within 3days). For each interquartile range (IQR) increase in BC concentration, the corresponding excess risk (ER) of total respiratory disease, URI, and LRI were 1.97%, 2.64%, and 1.34%, respectively. Children (£14years) had the highest excess risk (e.g., total respiratory system, ER=3.40%), while the results were not significant in the elderly group (³60years).Further, the coexistence of BC and SO2 may amplify BC effect on respiratory diseases, especially for URI, while the coexistence with NO2 mightincrease LRI risk. The nonparametric bivariate-response models showed that, the respiratory risk related to BC increased in a logarithmic manner, and high temperature enhanced BC effect strongly. When temperature exceeding its thresholds, an IQR increments in BC associated with5.55% and 1.27% (P>0.05) increase of URI and LRI morbidity,respectively.Whereas the ERs were both approximated 0.55% for both URI and LRI under temperatures lower than the thresholds. In a word, the acute effects of BC on respiratory disease were closely related to infection sites and air temperature levels, differentiations among agegroups were also revealed.
马盼, 田梓杰, 张小玲, 王式功, 尹岭. 黑碳对呼吸系统发病急性影响及气温修正效应研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(6): 2921-2930.
MA Pan, TIAN Zi-jie, ZHANG Xiao-ling, WANG Shi-gong, YIN Ling. Acute effects of black carbon on respiratory diseases and the modulating effect of air temperature. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(6): 2921-2930.
Battye W, Boyer K, Pace T G. Methods for Improving Global Inventories of Black Carbon and Organic Carbon Particulates[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2002.https://www. earthjustice.org/sites/default/files/black-carbon/battye-and-boyer-2002-1.pdf. Accessed 15May 2020.
[2]
Luben T J, Nichlis J L, Dutton S J, et al. A systematic review of cardiovascular emergency department visits, hospital admissions and mortality associated with ambient black carbon[J]. Environment International, 2017,107:154-162.
[3]
Cohen A J, Brauer M, Burnett R, et al. Estimates and 25-year trends of the global burden of disease attributable to ambient air pollution:an analysis of data from the global burden of diseases study 2015[J]. The Lancet, 2017,389(10082):1907-1918.
[4]
Cao G, Zhang X, Zheng F. Inventory of black carbon and organic carbon emissions from China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2006,40(34):6516-6527.
[5]
Wang Y Y, Li X, Shi Z H, et al. Premature Mortality Associated with Exposure to Outdoor Black Carbon and Its Source Contributions in China[J]. Resources, Conservation& Recycling, 2021,170.
[6]
朱晓晶,钱岩,李晓倩,等.黑碳气溶胶的研究现状:定义及对健康、气候等的影响[J].环境科学研究, 2021,34(10):2536-2546Zhu X J, Qian Y, Li X Q, et al. Research Status of Black Carbon Aerosol:Definitions and Impacts on Health, Climate and Other Welfare[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021,34(10):2536-2546.
[7]
Prins S D, Dons E, Poppel M V, et al. Airway oxidative stress and inflammation markers in exhaled breath from children are linked with exposure to black carbon[J]. Environment International, 2014,73:440-446.
[8]
Paunescu AC, Casas M, Ferrero A, et al. Associations of black carbon with lung function and airway inflammation in schoolchildren[J]. Environment International, 2019,131:104984.
[9]
Rabito F A, Yang Q, Zhang H, et al. The association between short-term residential black carbon concentration on blood pressure in a general population sample[J]. Indoor Air, 2020,30(4):767-775.
[10]
Eline B P, Tijs L, Bianca C, et al. Short-term fluctuations in personal black carbon exposure are associated with rapid changes in carotid arterial stiffening[J]. Environment International, 2016,88:228-234.
[11]
Liang F C, Tian L, Guo Q, et al. Associations of PM2.5 and black carbon with hospital emergency room visits during heavy haze events:a case study in Beijing, China[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2017,14(7):300-307.
[12]
Bell M L, Ebisu K, Peng R D, et al. Hospital admissions and chemical composition of fine particle air pollution[J]. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med, 2009,179(12):1115-1120.
[13]
Ali M U, Siyi L, Yousaf B, et al. Emission sources and full spectrum of health impacts of black carbon associated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban environment:A review[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology, 2021,51(9):857-896.
[14]
Wang L, Bao S, Liu X, et al. Low-dose exposure to black carbon and cadmium significantly induce lung injury by promoting cellular apoptosis[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021,224.
[15]
Kim J J, Smorodinsky S, Lipsett M, et al. Traffic-related air pollution near busy roads:the East Bay Children's Respiratory Health Study[J]. Am J Respir Crit Care Med, 2004,170(5):520-6.
[16]
Niranjan R, Thakur A K. The toxicological mechanisms of environmental soot (black carbon) and carbon black:focus on oxidative stress and inflammatory pathways[J]. Front Immunol, 2017, 8:763.
[17]
张莹,辛金元,张小玲,等.北京市气温与黑碳和PM2.5对疾病死亡影响的交互效应[J].中国环境科学, 2020,40(7):3179-3187.Zhang Y, Xin J Y, Zhang X L, et al. Interaction effects between ambient temperature and black carbon and PM2.5 on mortality in Beijing[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(7):3179-3187.
[18]
欧奕含,张小玲,张莹,等.西安市BC、PM2.5和气温及协同作用对心脑血管疾病死亡的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(9):4415-4425.Ou Y, Zhang X, Zhang Y, et al. Influence of BC, PM2.5, temperature and their synergy on death from cardiovascular diseases in Xi'an[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(9):4415-4425.
[19]
孙允宗,李丽萍,周脉耕.气温对中国五城市居民死亡率的滞后影响分析[J].中华预防医学杂志, 2012,46(11):1015-1019.Sun Y, Li L, Zhou M. Analysis of the lag-effects of temperature on the five cities'mortality in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2012,46(11):1015-1019.
[20]
Gasparrini A, Guo Y, Hashizume M, et al. Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature:a multi-country observational study[J]. The Lancet, 2015,386(9991):369-375.
[21]
Rainham D, Smoyer-Tomic KE. The role of air pollution in the relationship between a heat stress index and human mortality in Toronto[J]. Environmental Research, 2003,93(1):9-19.
[22]
Gasparrini A. Distributed lag linear and non-linear models in R:the package dlnm[J]. J Stat Softw, 2011,43:1-20.
[23]
Hastie T, Tibshirani R. Generalized additive models for medical research[J]. Stat Methods Med Res, 1995,4(3):187-196.
[24]
Sarnat S E, Winquist A, Schauer JJ, et al. Fine particulate matter components and emergency department visits for cardiovascular and respiratory diseases in the St. Louis, Missouri-Illinois, metropolitan area[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2015,123(5):437-444.
[25]
Magali Hurtado-Díaz, Cruz J C, José L. Texcalac-Sangrador, et al. Short-term effects of ambient temperature on non-external and cardiovascular mortality among older adults of metropolitan areas of Mexico[J]. International Journal of Biometeorology, 2019,(63)12.
[26]
周生贤.全力落实《大气十条》让人民群众享有更多蓝天白云——在中国环境与发展国际合作委员会二○一三年年会上的讲话[J].环境污染与防治, 2013,35(11):1-3.Zhou S. Fully implement the"Airborne Pollution Action Plan" and let the public enjoy more blue sky and white clouds——Speech at the 2013 annual meeting of China International Cooperation Committee on environment and development[J]. Environmental Pollution& Control, 2013,35(11):1-3.
[27]
Gong T Y, Sun Z B, Zhang X L, et al., Associations of black carbon and PM2.5 with daily cardiovascular mortality in Beijing, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,214:116876.
[28]
Wang X, Chen R, Meng X, et al. Associations between fine particle, coarse particle, black carbon and hospital visits in a Chinese city[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2013,458-460:1-6.
Oppenheimer M, M Campos, R Warren, et al. Emergent risks and key vulnerabilities. Climate Change 2014:Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1039-1099.
[31]
Dereje N. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990~2019:a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019[J]. The Lancet, 2020,396.
[32]
马盼,王式功,尚可政,等.气象舒适条件对呼吸系统疾病的影响[J].中国环境科学, 2018,38(1):374-382.Ma P, Wang S, Shang K, et al. The impact of meteorological comfort conditions on respiratory disease[J]. China Environmental Science, 2018,38(1):374-382.
[33]
Ghio A J, Carraway M S, Madden M C. Composition of Air Pollution Particles and Oxidative Stress in Cells, Tissues, and Living Systems[J]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health (Part B), 2012, 15(1):1-21.
[34]
郜鑫,尚静,杨敬林,等.黑碳和臭氧处理的黑碳对小鼠遗传损伤的比较研究[J].北京大学学报(医学版), 2014,46(3):400-404.Gao X, Shang J, Yang J, et al. Comparison of genetic damage in mice exposed to black carbon and ozone-oxidized black carbon[J]. Journal of Peking University (Health Sciences), 2014,46(3):400-404.
[35]
汪庆庆,叶云杰,张嘉尧,等.江苏省大气污染物联合暴露对人群死亡风险急性效应的多中心研究[J].中华预防医学杂志, 2019,53(1):86-92.Wang Q, Ye Y, Zhang J, et al. Multi-site analysis of acute effects of air pollutants combination exposure on mortality in Jiangsu Province, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 2019,53(1):86-92.
[36]
Stafoggia M, Schwartz J, Forastiere F, et al. Does temperature modify the association between air pollution and mortality?A multicity case-crossover analysis in Italy[J]. American Journal of Epidemiology, 2008,167(12):1476-1485.
[37]
Meng X, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, et al. Temperature modifies the acute effect of particulate air pollution on mortality in eight Chinese cities[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2012,435(7):215-221.
