Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton bloom mechanisms in the cold eddy of northern East China Sea in late spring
ZHAO Yu-hang1, WEI Qin-sheng1,2, XIN Ming1, XIE Lin-ping1, SUN Xia1, WANG Bao-dong1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Marine Eco-Environmental Science and Technology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; 2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
Abstract：Based on the survey data obtained in the East China Sea (ECS) in the late spring of 2019, the distribution characteristics and spatial patterns of physical and chemical variables, including temperature, salinity, nutrients and chlorophyll a (Chl-a), were analyzed, and the hydrological environment characteristics, nutrients dynamic processes and phytoplankton bloom mechanisms in the cold eddy of the northern ECS were discussed. The low-temperature zone southwest of Cheju Island clearly showed the location of cold eddy in late spring, and the uplift of cold waters in the boundary area of this eddy indicated the presence of upwelling. The southward horizontal transport of the Yellow Sea western coastal current provided a source of nutrients for the cold eddy-dominated area, while the upwelling near the boundary of cold eddy controlled the vertical transport of nutrients to a certain extent. The high-Chl-a zone (with the highest Chl-a value of 5.69μg/dm3) southwest of Cheju Island implied the phytoplankton blooms in late spring, which generally coincided with the location of cold eddy and high-nutrient zone in the northern ECS. Relatively high nutrient levels, good light conditions, and enhanced water-column stability were favorable for the formation of phytoplankton blooms in the cold eddy of the northern ECS. Its suggested that the northwest-southeast front (formed by the confluence of the cold eddy and the southern high-temperature saline water mass) had an essential impact on the spatial pattern and location of the high-Chl-a zone. The relatively low turbidity in the region southwest of Cheju Island increased the vertical depth that could meet the light conditions required for phytoplankton growth, leading to a subsurface Chl-a maximum within the phytoplankton bloom area in the cold eddy of northern ECS. This study provided an essential scientific basis for further understanding the controlling mechanisms of primary production processes in the northern ECS and conducting regional ecosystem dynamics research.
赵宇航, 韦钦胜, 辛明, 谢琳萍, 孙霞, 王保栋. 春末东海北部冷涡区环境特征及藻华成因探讨[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(3): 1349-1359.
ZHAO Yu-hang, WEI Qin-sheng, XIN Ming, XIE Lin-ping, SUN Xia, WANG Bao-dong. Environmental characteristics and phytoplankton bloom mechanisms in the cold eddy of northern East China Sea in late spring. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2023, 43(3): 1349-1359.
Wu H, Shen J, Zhu J R, et al. Characteristics of the Changjiang plume and its extension along the Jiangsu Coast[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2014,76:108-123.
[2]
Lie H J, Cho C H, Lee J H, et al. Structure and eastward extension of the Changjiang River plume in the East China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2003,108(C3):3077.
[3]
Guo X Y, Zhu X H, Wu Q S, et al. The Kuroshio nutrient stream and its temporal variation in the East China Sea[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2012,117(C1):C01026.
[4]
杨德周,尹宝树,侯一筠,等.黑潮入侵东海陆架途径及其影响研究进展[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2017,48:1196-1207. Yang D Z, Yin S B, Hou Y Y, et al. Advance in research on kuroshio intrusion and its ecological influence on the continental shelf of East China Sea[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2017,48:1196-1207.
[5]
Yuan D, Zhu J, Li C, et al. Cross-shelf circulation in the Yellow and East China Seas indicated by MODIS satellite observations[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2008,70(1):134-149.
[6]
韦钦胜,于志刚,冉祥滨,等.黄海西部沿岸流系特征分析及其对物质输运的影响[J]. 地球科学进展, 2011,26:145-156. Wei Q S, Yu Z G, Ran X B, et al. Characteristics of the western coastal current of the yellow sea and its impacts on material transportation[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2011,26:145-156.
[7]
胡敦欣,丁宗信,熊庆成.东海北部一个气旋型涡旋的初步分析[J]. 科学通报, 1980,1:29-31. Hu D X, Ding Z X, Xiong Q C. Preliminary analysis of a cyclonic eddy in the northern East China Sea[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 1980,1:29-31.
[8]
苏育嵩,李凤岐,马鹤来,等.东海北部区域底层冷水团的形成及其季节变化[J]. 青岛海洋大学学报, 1989,19(1):1-14. Su Y S, Li F Q, Ma H L, et al. Formation and seasonal variation of bottom cold water mass in northern area of the East China Sea[J]. Periodical of Ocean University of China, 1989,19(1):1-14.
[9]
Cheng C Y, Hu D X, Wang F. Long-term variabilities of thermodynamic structure of the East China Sea Cold Eddy in summer[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2004,22(3):224-230.
[10]
Chen C T A. Chemical and physical fronts in the Bohai, Yellow and East China seas[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2009,78(3):394-410.
[11]
Lee M A, Chang Y, Shimada T. Seasonal evolution of fine-scale sea surface temperature fronts in the East China Sea[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II:Topical Studies in Oceanography, 2015,119:20-29.
[12]
Liu Z, Gan J, Hu J, et al. Progress on circulation dynamics in the East China Sea and southern Yellow Sea:Origination, pathways, and destinations of shelf currents[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2021, 193:102553.
[13]
韦钦胜,王辉武,葛人峰.黄海和东海分界线附近水文、化学特征的季节性[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2013,44(5):1-12. Wei Q S, Wang H, Ge R F. Chemical hydrography and seasonal succession observed in junctional region of the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2013,44(5):1-12.
[14]
王刚,兰健,孙双文.东海冷涡中心位置及季节性变化的初步研究[J]. 地球科学进展, 2010,25:184-192. Wang G, Lan J, Sun S W.A preliminary study of center's location and seasonal variabilities of the cold eddy in East China Sea[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2010,25:184-192.
[15]
Hu D X. Upwelling and sedimentation dynamics:1. The role of upwelling in sedimentation in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea:A description of general features[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanologia and L im nologia, 1984,2(1):12-19.
[16]
Wang H, Zhang L, Xiang R, et al. Holocene paleoenvironmental changes in mud area southwest off Cheju Island, East China Sea:Evidence from benthic foraminiferal assemblages and stable isotope records[J]. Marine Geology, 2020,429:106319.
[17]
Qiao S, Shi X, Wang G, et al. Sediment accumulation and budget in the Bohai Sea, Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J]. Marine Geology, 2017,390:270-281.
[18]
张建平.东海北部营养盐分布特征及影响因素[D]. 上海:上海师范大学, 2010. Zhang J P. Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of nutrients in the northern part of the East China Sea[D]. Shanghai:Shanghai Normal University, 2010.
[19]
臧家业.东海北部海水中硝酸盐(NO3--N)的分布及其成因[J]. 黄渤海海洋, 1999,(3):50-56. Zang J Y. The nitrate distribution and its formation in seawater of the northern East China Sea[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 1999,(3):50-56.
[20]
Kim D, Shim J, Yoo S. Seasonal variations in nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the Northern east China sea[J]. Ocean Science Journal, 2006,41(3):125-137.
[21]
Wang B D, Wang X L, Zhan R. Nutrient conditions in the Yellow Sea and the East China Sea[J]. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 2003,58(1):127-136.
[22]
Wei Q S, Yu Z G, Wang B D, et al. Coupling of the spatial-temporal distributions of nutrients and physical conditions in the southern Yellow Sea[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2016,156:30-45.
[23]
乔方利,赵伟,吕新刚.东海冷涡上升流的环状结构[J]. 自然科学进展, 2008,18(6):674-679. Qiao F L, Zhao W, Lv X G. The annular structure of the cold eddy upwelling in the East China Sea[J]. Progress in Natural, 2008,18(6):674-679.
[24]
陆赛英.东海北部叶绿素a极大值的分布规律[J]. 海洋学报(中文版), 1998,20(3):64-75. Lu S Y. Distribution of chlorophyll a maximum in the northern East China Sea[J]. Haiyang Xuebao, 1998,20(3):64-75.
[25]
Kim D, Choi S H, Kim K H, et al. Spatial and temporal variations in nutrient and chlorophyll-a concentrations in the northern East China Sea surrounding Cheju Island[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2009, 29(11):1426-1436.
[26]
Son S, Yoo S, Noh J H. Spring phytoplankton bloom in the fronts of the East China Sea[J]. Ocean Science Journal, 2006,41(3):181-189.
[27]
Fu D, Huang Z, Zhang Y, et al. Factors affecting spring bloom in the South of Cheju Island in the East China Sea[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2015,34(3):51-58.
[28]
于仁成,张清春,孔凡洲,等.长江口及其邻近海域有害藻华的发生情况、危害效应与演变趋势[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2017,48:1178-1186. Yu R C, Zhang Q C, Kong F Z, et al. Status, impacts and long-term changes of harmful algal blooms in the sea area adjacent to the Changjiang river estuary[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2017, 48:1178-1186.
[29]
Zhou Z X, Yu R C, Zhou M J. Evolution of harmful algal blooms in the East China Sea under eutrophication and warming scenarios[J]. Water Research, 2022,221:118807.
[30]
李冬融,陆斗定,戴鑫烽,等.东海藻华高发区塔玛亚历山大藻(Alexandrium tamarense)的形态、分子及分布特征[J]. 海洋与湖沼, 2014,45:1241-1250. Li D R, Lu D D, Dai X F, et al. Morphological-phylogenetic analysis and population dynamics of Alexandrium tamarense in the bloom area of the East China Sea[J]. Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica, 2014,45:1241-1250.
[31]
Liu L, Zhou J, Zheng B, et al. Temporal and spatial distribution of red tide outbreaks in the Yangtze River Estuary and adjacent waters, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2013,72(1):213-221.
[32]
Yang D Z, Yin B S, Sun J C, et al. Numerical study on the origins and the forcing mechanism of the phosphate in upwelling areas off the coast of Zhejiang province, China in summer[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2013,123-124:1-18.
[33]
Xu L J, Yang D Z, Yu R C, et al. Nonlocal population sources triggering dinoflagellate blooms in the Changjiang Estuary and adjacent seas:a modeling study[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences, 2021,126(11):e2021JG006424.
[34]
白学志,王凡,胡敦欣.东中国海环流及其季节变化的数值模拟[J]. 海洋科学集刊, 2003,45:77-85. Bai X Z, Wang F, Hu D X. Numerical simulation of the seasonal circulation the Yellow Sea and East China Sea[J]. Studia Marina Sinica, 2003,45:77-85.
[35]
Lie H J, Oh K H, Cho C H, et al. Wintertime large temperature inversions in the Yellow Sea associated with the Cheju and Yellow Sea Warm Currents[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Oceans, 2019,124(7):4856-4874.
[36]
Mao H L, Hu D X, Zhao B R, et al. Mesoscale eddy movement in the northern East China Sea[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 1983,1(3):237-247.
[37]
Lie H J, Cho C H. Seasonal circulation patterns of the Yellow and East China Seas derived from satellite-tracked drifter trajectories and hydrographic observations[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2016,146:121-141.
[38]
Yang D Z, Yin B S, Liu Z L, et al. Numerical study on the pattern and origins of Kuroshio branches in the bottom water of southern East China Sea in summer[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans, 2012,117:16.
[39]
Qi J, Yin B, Zhang Q, et al. Seasonal variation of the Taiwan Warm Current Water and its underlying mechanism[J]. Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology, 2017,35(5):1045-1060.
[40]
王建丰,司广成,于非.台湾暖流变化特征及机制研究进展[J]. 海洋科学, 2020,44:141-148. Wang J F, Si G C, Yu F. Progress in studies of the characteristics and mechanisms of variations in the Taiwan Warm Current[J]. Marine Sciences, 2020,44:141-148.
[41]
徐家婧,周鹏,连尔刚,等.2019年夏季长江口及邻近海域锋面控制下叶绿素a的分布特征及其环境影响因素分析[J]. 海洋通报, 2021,40:541-549. Xu J J, Zhou P, Lian E G, et al. Spatial distribution of chlorophyll a and its relationships with environmental factors influenced by front in the Changjiang River Estuary and its adjacent waters in summer 2019[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2021,40:541-549.
[42]
Li W, Ge J, Ding P, et al. Effects of dual fronts on the spatial pattern of chlorophyll-a concentrations in and off the Changjiang River Estuary[J]. Estuaries and Coasts, 2021,44(5):1408-1418.
[43]
Zhang Z, Zhou M, Zhong Y, et al. Spatial variations of phytoplankton biomass controlled by river plume dynamics over the lower Changjiang estuary and adjacent shelf based on high-resolution observations[J]. Frontiers in Marine Science, 2020,7:587539.
[44]
许海,朱广伟,秦伯强,高光.氮磷比对水华蓝藻优势形成的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2011,31(10):1676-1683. Xu H, Zhu G W, Qin B Q, et al. Influence of nitrogen-phosphorus ratio on dominance of bloom-forming cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa)[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,31(10):1676-1683.
[45]
Pitcher G C, Figueiras F G, Hickey B M, et al. The physical oceanography of upwelling systems and the development of harmful algal blooms[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2010,85(1):5-32.
[46]
Lv T, Liu D Y, Zhou P, et al. The coastal front modulates the timing and magnitude of spring phytoplankton bloom in the Yellow Sea[J]. Water Research, 2022,220:118669.
[47]
Fu M Z, Wang Z L, Li Y, et al. Phytoplankton biomass size structure and its regulation in the Southern Yellow Sea (China):Seasonal variability[J]. Continental Shelf Research, 2009,29:2178-2194.
[48]
Zhou F, Xuan J L, Huang D J, et al. The timing and the magnitude of spring phytoplankton blooms and their relationship with physical forcing in the central Yellow Sea in 2009[J]. Deep-Sea Research II, 2013,97:4-15.
[49]
Xuan J L, Yang Z Q, Huang D J, et al. Tidal residual current and its role in the mean flow on the Changjiang Bank[J]. Journal of Marine Systems, 2016,154:66-81.
