In order to reveal spatial distribution and source characteristics deeply, based on traditional comparison with air pollutants concentration of stations in air monitoring net, combined with 24 hours diurnal variation trend, six conventional pollutants(CO、SO₂、NO₂、O₃、PM₁₀、PM_2.5) at 59 monitoring sites in Pearl River Delta during 2013~2015 were analysed. The results showed that CO, SO₂, NO₂, PM₁₀, PM_2.5 mainly concentrated in the northwest and middle region of PRD, especially in Guangzhou and Foshan, mainly derived from local source. O₃ pollution distribution was more complex, which was lower in middle region, but diurnal variation range was big in Guangzhou and Dongguan, which showed that the middle region was influenced by local source at some degree. The Pearl River Delta had obvious regional characteristics of air pollution. Tian Hu and Tang Jia were recommended as regional monitoring sites to represent influence of transmission from north and average pollution level of southeast in PRD.

This study discussed the physicochemical properties of carbonaceous particles in Nanjing from August to September, 2014, using a real-time single particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SPAMS). Single carbonaceous particle mass spectra were grouped into 8types, including EC-fresh, EC-SN, NaK-EC, OC, ECOC, ECOC-S, ECOC-SN and Ammonium. The number fraction of OC in total particles decreased in fog and haze periods while EC-SN and NaK-EC showed the opposite trend, about 2times larger than clean episodes. The reduced rate of the total number fraction of carbonaceous particles in clean episodes > fog > haze.Most particles mixed with more nitrate in fog, meantime, more OC with small diameter were produced in these episodes. The relative acidity ratios (R_va) of EC-SN and NaK-EC in clean episodes < haze < fog, while for OC and ECOC-SN, the R_va reached the maximum during clean episodes. This study is important for further understanding of the sources and evolution of carbonaceous particles under different weather conditions in Nanjing.

In order to realize air quality status in Hangzhou and its surrounding cities during the G20 summit, evaluate the effects of the implementation of safeguard measures. The concentration of air pollutants were analyzed based on pollutants observation sites in Hangzhou City and its surrounding cities from August 24, 2016 to September 6, 2016, and compared with that in 2015. The results showed that:①During the period of the safeguard, the average concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂, CO and O₃ were 31.52μg/m³, 46.55μg/m³, 8.92μg/m³, 15.22μg/m³, 0.62mg/m³ and 113.98μg/m³, respectively. ②Compared with the same time in 2015, the average concentrations of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO₂ and CO were decreased by 40.16%, 37.71%, 25.98%, 56.30% and 30.34%, respectively, the average concentrations of O₃ was increased by 19.89% during the safeguard period. ③Diurnal variation of pollutants are similar in three periods, the same time in 2015>the safeguard period in 2016>the G20 summit period, except for ozone. ④The concentration of ozone showed a significant increase and other air pollutants showed a significant decline in space, compared to the same time in 2015, the spatial difference of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 were small, the spatial difference of SO₂ and NO₂ were big. ⑤Safeguard measures were taken to ensure that the air quality in Hangzhou and its surrounding cities had been improved during the G20 summit.

The activity concentration of ²¹⁰Po in atmospheric aerosol of Shenzhen and its committed effective dose through inhalation were studied. The activity concentrations of ²¹⁰Po in total suspended particle (TSP) and PM_2.5 were in the range of 0.01~0.20mBq/m³ (with an average of 0.08mBq/m³) and 0.03~0.38mBq/m³ (with an average of 0.12mBq/m³), respectively. The activity concentration of ²¹⁰Po showed significant positive correlation with the atmospheric concentration of PM_2.5, whereas it showed poor relationship with the amount of rainfall.It is suggested that the atmosphericparticle was the key factor that control the activity concentration of ²¹⁰Po in the air. The calculated average annual committed effective dose of ²¹⁰Po through inhalation was 4.53×10^-6Sv.

Based on the mass concentrations and photolysis rate constant of HONO and O₃ obtained at a super site in Jinan University, Guangzhou, in October, 2015 and July, 2016, this study analyzed the diurnal variation of HONO and its seasonal pollution characteristics; estimated the contributions of HONO and O₃ to OH radicals; and investigated an unknown source of HONO during the daytime. The results showed that the average concentration of HONO was 3.15μg/m³ in the autumn, which was 1.6 times its concentration of 1.97μg/m³ in the summer. Both HONO and NO₂ showed the typical diurnal variation pattern of low concentrations during the daytime and high concentrations during the nighttime. The contribution of HONO photolysis to OH radicals in the autumn and summer was much larger than that of O₃, indicating that the photolysis of HONO in Guangzhou was probably the primary source of OH radicals. Budget analysis showed that there was an important unknown source of HONO during the daytime, and its daily contributions to HONO concentration in the autumn and summer accounted for 69% and 49% of the total source, respectively. Correlation analysis suggested that this unknown source of HONO was likely related to the light-enhanced reaction of NO₂.

Two method was used to analysis the trend of meteorological diffusivity for fine particulate in Tianjin since 2000. One is simulating PM_2.5 mass concentration by WRF/chem in Tianjin from 2000 to 2015 with same high precision emission. The other is analyzing a fine particulate meteorological diffusion index constructing from NCEP data and ground observation. There is an obviously periodic fluctuation of meteorological diffusivity for fine particulate from 2000 to 2015. There are two peak of low meteorology diffusivity. The first one is from 2003 to 2004 and another is from 2013 to 2015. There are 11 years interval between the two peaks. The inter annual variability for meteorological diffusivity of fine particulate has a averaged 4.1% value and max 9%value. The inter annual variability must be considered for atmospheric pollution control and evaluation. The good meteorological diffusivity for fine particulate is from 2008 to 2010. After that, the meteorological diffusivity get worse year by year and reach peak value from 2013 to 2015 which causing the frequently haze and heavy pollution weather. Comparing with 2013, the observed PM_2.5 mass concentration decreased 29% on 2015 with same meteorological diffusivity. It implies that the atmospheric pollution control method worked effectively. comprehensive meteorological diffusion function, described the change tendency of the 21st century polluted meteorological conditions. The result showed:The polluted meteorological conditions Showed the cycle fluctuation form 2000 to 2015, the first peak of adverse weather conditions was 2003~2004, the second peak of adverse weather conditions was 2013~2015, the apart of two peaks was 11 years. Inter annual fluctuation of The polluted meteorological conditions (mainly for PM_2.5) was about 4.1%, the maximum was about 9%, The goal and effect of atmospheric pollution control was set, meteorological cycle fluctuations must be considered. Polluted meteorological conditions was conducive to atmospheric pollutants diffusion from 2008 to 2010, then turn worse year by year, which led to haze and heavy pollution weather frequent form 2013~2015. Compared to 2013, Tianjin pollution meteorological was not turned for the better on 2015, but PM_2.5 dropped 29%. Atmospheric pollution control was effective on Tianjin.

A campaign of sampling atmospheric precipitation and particulate matter samples in Beijing in both spring and summer of 2015 was carried out to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics, temporal and spatial variations and sources of precipitation and its impacts on atmospheric particulate matter. A large amount of rainfall in spring and summer mostly occurred in summer. The volume-weighted mean (VWM) pH value of rainwater in the south of Beijing in spring and summer was 6.26, a little higher than that of 6.08 in the north, indicating that the rainwater in Beijing was largely non-acidic. At the same time, the VWM pH in spring was higher than that in summer in Beijing. The concentrations of major crustal elements in rainfall such as Al and Fe, were relatively high, while Ti, V and Ce were relatively low. The concentrations of major pollution elements in rainwater such as Ca and S, were much high, Na and Mg were relatively high, but Zn, Mn, Cu, Sr, Pb and Ni were relatively low, of which Na, Mg, Sr and Ni were lightly enriched in rainwater, Ca, Mn and Pb were enriched, and Cu, Zn and S were heavily enriched in rainwater. Furthermore, the concentrations of major elements in rainwater displayed the significant seasonal variations, of which the concentration of secondary pollution element S in summer was higher than that in spring, while the concentrations of the others in spring were higher than those in summer. The important spatial variations of major elements in rainwater have been shown, of which the concentrations of major elements in the south of Beijing, except for Pb, were higher than those in the north. The chemical compositions of precipitation were mainly from crustal dust, construction activities, coal combustion, vehicle emission and industrial emission. The scavenging effect of precipitation to aerosol particles and their components from the air was generally impacted by the rainfall intensity and the concentrations of pollutants before precipitation events. The precipitation could effectively scavenge pollution elements in fine particle PM_2.5, such as Cu, Zn, Mn and Na, and crustal element Al, and Mg and Ca from construction dust in coarse particle PM₁₀.

The nutrients in atmospheric wet deposition in the Zhanjiang Bay and their impacts on the marine ecosystems were studied based on the rainwater investigation from May 2015 to April 2016. The results showed that the rainfall during the year of investigation was significantly higher than the average annual rainfall due to the influence of El Nino. In rainwater, NO₂^- and SiO₃^2- concentrations were relatively high in summer and autumn, while NO₃^- and PO_43- concentrations were relatively high in spring and winter. The deposition fluxes of these nutrients were all highest in autumn, with a high average contribution (larger than 50%) to the wet deposition fluxes in a whole year. These seasonal variations were affected by rainfall, different sources of air masses, local human activities. A super typhoon passing by in autumn, which brought heavy rains, contributed much to the highest deposition fluxes of nutrients in autumn. The wet deposition could bring 2.04, 292.4, 8.13 and 45.8t/a of NO₂^--N, NO₃^--N, PO_43--P and SiO₃^2--Si into the Zhanjiang Bay. Their deposition in autumn might cause phytoplankton to increase in seawater in short period, while in other seasons this phenomenon might be absent.

The ozone concentration of 3 typical urban forests growing at foothill, river valley and ridge of Yuanshan Park in Shenzhen were observed for 24 hours in the summer of 2015. At the same time, the meteorological factors were also observed as influencing factors. Our results showed that:The mean value of hourly and 8h maximum ozone concentration in 3 forests were all achieved the primary standard of national air quality standards (160 and 100 μg/m³, respectively). The daily average ozone concentration in 3 forests were all higher than the control with the highest value observed at the ridge. The daily variation of ozone concentration in 3forests all exhibited a single peak curve, with the highest concentration occurring in 15:00~17:00pm, whereas the lowest occurring in 5:00~7:00am. The ozone concentration in each forest was positively related with the temperature and negatively with the relative humidity. Moreover, a positive correlation was noted between the ozone concentration and the wind velocity at the ridge. In conclusion, the air quality in 3urban forests of Yuanshan Park in Shenzhen is consistent with the air quality requirements of forest recreation activities, and the proper time according to the status of ozone is from 5:00 to 7:00 am in summer.

In order to quantify the influences of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emission from various sectors in petrochemical industry, an investigation of VOC emission characteristics was carried out in a petrochemical enterprise BS. The emitted VOC components and their corresponding concentrations were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed in the organized and fugitive emission sources, factory boundary, as well as the sensitive sampling points. The emission characteristic and emission list were obtained at each sector of the enterprise. The results showed that a total of 25 substances were detected in the organized emission sources, production area, storage area and catchment pool, which were mainly alkanes, alkenes and alcohols. The featured pollutants were N-decane, N-nonane, N-octane isomers, N-heptane isomers, methanol and propane. Their emission were 8.70, 268.43, 120.04 and 0.0003 t, respectively. In terms of product output, their VOCs emission factors were 0.3631, 0.1624, 0.0118, and 4.06×10^-7kg/t, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that the concentration level of setting area was significantly correlated to the level of the factory boundary (p < 0.01), and the concentration level of sensitive point was highly correlated with the level of the storage area, which showed that fugitive emissions has significant impact on the environment.

In this paper, pure-silica zeolite silicalite-1 was employed for NO catalytic oxidation, to enhance water resistance and sulfur tolerance. The influences of relative humidity (0%~100%), space velocity, O₂ concentration (5%~20%) and SO₂ concentration (0%~0.04%) were investigated, under 0.06% inlet NO concentration. Experimental results revealed that the NO oxidation conversion displayed little variation at 42% under 100% RH, though decreased from 56% to 42% as the relative humidity increased from 0% to 100%. Meanwhile SO₂ concentration (0%~0.04%) had little impact on NO oxidation reaction. Silicalite-1 performed excellent active stability, water resistance and sulfur tolerance, as the NO oxidation conversion was maintained at 52% in 60h lifetime test, under 30℃, 0.06% NO, 0.01% SO₂, 7200h^-1SV and 100% RH.

The CeO₂ doped Cu-Co-O/Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by ultrasonic-incipient wetness impregnation method using Al₂O₃ as a carrier. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was investigated by catalytic combustion of VOCs. XRD, H²-TPR, SEM techniques were performed to characterize the catalyst. The results showed that the dispersion of active species increased after the doping of cerium oxide. Meanwhile, the reduction temperature of Cu-Co-O catalyst reduced. The activity evaluation results showed that inlet concentration could not greatly influence the catalytic performance of the prepared catalyst. The reaction temperature of toluene and xylene combustion decreased after the doping of Cerium, especially for toluene combustion.

In order to improve the reuse of phosphorus adsorbent Mg/Al-LDO, the regeneration effects of roasting one-step regeneration and desorption-roasting two-step regeneration were compared.Based on XRD and FTIR spectrum analysis, the changes of crystal structure and interlayer anionof the adsorbentwere analyzed, and the regeneration mechanism of Mg/Al-LDO and reasons for the declining regenerationratewere then discussed. The results indicated thatdesorption-roasting two-step regeneration was more suitable for the regeneration of Mg/Al-LDO, with the following optimum regeneration condition:desorption solution of NaOH-Na₂CO₃ mixture, roasting temperature of 550℃ and duration of 6h. It was found that the primary regeneration rate reached 95%, but the regeneration rate dropped to 67% after five regenerations. Thus, a problem of decreased regeneration rate existed. Based on the adsorption mechanism of Mg/Al-LDO and the analysis of XRD and FTIR spectrum, the reasons for the declining regeneration rate include two aspects:(1) incomplete desorption of phosphate due to the chemical adsorptionof Mg/Al-LDO led toun-removed residual phosphate in the crystal under high temperature calcination that still occupy the adsorbent adsorption site; (2) the conversion of Mg/Al-LDO into spinel(MgAl₂O₄) after several high-temperature calcinationsled to the loss of adsorption capacity.

To remove the environmental pollution of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), copper oxide (CuO) was utilized to catalyze the NDMA reduction with zero-valent iron. The reaction efficiency, the influences of the CuO dosage, pH value, dissolved oxygen concentration and rotation speed were investigated. The products were analyzed and the kinetic laws and reaction mechanism were also discussed. The results indicated that CuO could effectively catalyze the reduction of NDMA with zero-valent iron. The removal efficiency could be greater than 99% after 18h. The reaction proceeded faster with higher dosage of CuO and lower pH value. Oxygen-enriched state inhibited the reduction of NDMA. The reaction will be affected when the reactor speed was too fast or too slow.1,1-dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and dimethylamine (DMA) formed with the degradation of NDMA. Catalytic hydrogenation was proposed as the mechanism.

The waste activated sludge produced by the treatment of actual domestic sewage was subjected to thermal pretreatment at different time (0~100min) at 70℃, and the effects of different pretreatment time and different solid residence times (20d and 30d) were studied by batch test on the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge at 35℃. The results showed that after anaerobic digestion, the average removal rate of total chemical oxygen demand was 55.76% under the conditions that SRT was 20d and pretreatment time was 100min.when the pretreatment time was 100min,the average capillary suction time decreased by 26%(20d) and 37%(30d) comparing with the control group. And the average yield of methane was 10.83mL/d under the condition that SRT was 20d and pretreatment time was 60min. Economic analysis showed that the anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge can reduce the cost of 50.9~499.5yuan/ton dry sludge after 70℃ pretreatment. Therefore, the best SRT was 20d and the best pretreatment time was 60min for the thermal pretreatment.

A novel macromolecule flocculant dithiocarboxyl amino-methylated polyacrylamide (DTAPAM), which can be used to remove heavy metal ions, was synthesized with polyacrylamide, formaldehyde, dimethylamine, carbon disulfide and sodium hydroxide. The removal of Cd(Ⅱ) in aqueous solution was investigated to determine the optimal preparation conditions for DTAPAM. The main influencing factors and central values of levels in the preparation process were confirmed by Plackett-Burman design and steepest ascent experiment. And then through central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM), the preparation conditions of DTAPAM were optimized. The results showed that the regression of the quadratic polynomial model established with CCD was significant while the lack of fit was not significant. The multiple correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.9371, which demonstrated the model had good fitness. The optimum conditions for the preparation of DTAPAM were as follows:the concentration of PAM was 2.7%; the molar ratio of PAM, CS₂ and NaOH was 1:2:1.4; pre-reaction temperature was 23℃; pre-reaction time was 15min; main-reaction temperature was 40℃; and main-reaction time was 90min. Under the optimum conditions, the removal rate of Cd(Ⅱ) could reach 95.83%, which was close to the predicted value 94.08% of the model. The result proved that the model established by RSM was reasonable and feasible.

During the initial stage of aerobic granulation (10~16d), the aluminum sulfate feeding strategy was applied to accelerate the granulation of aerobic granules. The elements content were analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF). Scanning electron microscope combined with energy dispersive X-ray detector (SEM-EDX) were used to analyzed the spatial distribution of elements. The results showed that the granules cultivated with aluminum sulfate had more compact structure, more biomass and better characteristics. After chemical dosing, the content of aluminum in granules linearly decreased from (45.69±0.55)% (16d) to (1.09±0.39)% (43d). Meanwhile, the content of P and S recovered from (7.21±0.047)% and (32.11±0.23)% to (13.64±0.071)% and (47.82±0.21)%, respectively. Aluminum mainly accumulated in the core of the mature granules and was in the form of precipitate. During the chemical dosing, the aggregation of microorganism was mainly caused by the physical flocculation. Since the chemical dosing terminated, the self-flocculating of microorganism gradually replaced the inorganic flocculation of flocculant and became the main mode for microbial aggregation. The results prove that Al³⁺ accelerated granulation is a coupling process between physicochemical-biochemical effects.

BiOBr@Bi₂MoO₆ photocatalyst was synthesized by a two-step solvothermal method, and characterized by XRD, SEM, XPS, PL and UV-vis DRS. The photocatalytic performance was evaluated by the degradation of Rhodamine B and bisphenol A (BPA) under visible light irradiation. As a result, the BiOBr@Bi₂MoO₆ heterojunction exhibited higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure Bi₂MoO₆. The optimal composite with 20% BiOBr content showed the highest photocatalytic activity, the photodegradation rate was 97.51% and 95.41% over RhB and BPA, respectively. By the detection of active species, demonstrated that h⁺ and·O₂^- played the crucial roles in photodegradation of pollutants. The possible mechanism of the enhanced photocatalytic performance of the BiOBr@Bi₂MoO₆ heterojunctions was discussed. The result indicated that the formation of heterostructure between BiOBr and Bi₂MoO₆ was the main effect factor with enhanced photocatalytic activity. Besides, BiOBr@Bi₂MoO₆-20heterostructure showed excellent stability and reusability in the visible light photochemical applications.

Basing on the activated carbon prepared from sludge, different transition metals (Mn, Co, and Cu) doped ferromagnetic sludge-based activated carbons (T-FMSAC, T=Mn, Co, and Cu) were prepared by chemical coprecipitation method. The effects of metal species and doping ratio on the removal efficiency of p-chlorobenzoic acid (p-CBA) in water by T-FMSAC catalytic ozonation were investigated, and the optimal dosages of initial ozone and T-FMSAC catalyst were further determined. Experimental results showed that, after 40minutes of ozonation, Mn-FMSAC exhibited the highest catalytic activity under the initial ozone and catalyst dosage of 1mg/L and 40mg/L respectively, and the removal efficiency was 76%, higher than that for Co-FMSAC (72%) or Cu-FMSAC (65%). In addition, the removal efficiency of p-CBA decreased with the increase in the doping ratio from SAC:metal=100:1 to 10:1. With the doping ratio of 100:1, the T-FMSAC exhibited the optimal magnetic separation property and catalytic activity. The optimal condition for 100:1Mn-FMSAC catalytic ozonation was determined to be[O₃]₀=1mg/L and[FMSAC]₀=40mg/L. Besides, the inhibition of p-CBA degradation by tertiary butyl alcohol (TBA) indicated that this process followed the hydroxyl radical reaction mechanism.

The study compared the removal effects and the first order reaction kinetics constants of 2, 4-DCP with PS、UV and UV/PS processes, respectively. Investigated the contribution rate of OH· and SO₄^·- in the photolysis reaction, calculated the two order kinetics constants for SO₄^·- with 2, 4-DCP reactions. Meanwhile, the degradation rates in actual water conditions were tested and the economic budge of UV and UV/PS processes were calculated and compared. The results showed that the removal rate of 2, 4-DCP was only 4% in the PS process alone, 46.2% in UV process. The degradation percentage can reach as high as 96.4% with UV/PS process, which effectively improved the degradation effect of 2, 4-DCP, meanwhile 2, 4-DCP degradation by PS, UV and UV/PS fitted the pseudo-first-order reaction equation and the kobs (reaction rate constant) was 0.4×10^-3, 6.2×10^-3 and 35.1×10^-3min^-1, respectly. The main contribution function of the photolysis reaction was SO₄^·-, the second-order-reaction constants for SO₄^·- with 2, 4-DCP was 7.07×10⁹(mol/L)^-1s^-1. The photo-degradation rates of 2, 4-DCP in three actual water conditions (Xidong water works, Xijiu reservoir, Hengshan reservoir) were higher than in the ultrapure water. The energy utilization rate of UV/PS cooperative system is the highest during economic calculation.

Zeolite porous biological filter (ZPBF) was prepared using mixed cement, raw zeolite, and aluminum powder through optimization experiment and used as a novel filter medium in biological aerated filter (BAF). The properties of the ZPBF were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and porosimetry. The results show that ZPBF has a large BET-N₂ (59.54m²/g) and average pore diameter (11.92nm) as well as a high porosity (29.55%). In addition, the uniform and interconnected pores in ZPBF made it suitable for the microbial growth. In order to prove the feasibility of the use of ZPBF in BAF, ZPBF used in the BAF were investigated for city wastewater treatment. Thus, intermittent dynamic experiments were conducted, the intermittent operation cycle included adsorption, biological regeneration, and drip washing ZPBF. Until concentration of NH₄⁺-N was more than 1.5mg/L of effluent standards, water in ZPBF-BAF was firstly emptied. The results show that NH₄⁺-N average removal was 87% and TN average removal was 60% at the blast for 24h and 5d of continuous operation period. The results show that the effluent water could comply with the first grade B in "Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Bei Jing city".

A concentrated leachate from reverse osmosis (RO)was pre-treated with ozone and hydrogen peroxide. The degradation rate, ORP, alkalinity (as CaCO₃) and molecular weight distribution of the organics were investigated, and molecular structure changes of DOM were studied using spectroscopic analyses. Compared to the ozone alone treatment, the ozone/hydrogen peroxide treatment was significantly improved with 4mL/L H₂O₂ addition. The removal efficiencies of COD, UV₂₅₄, and CN by 11.01%, 12.92%, and 10.74%, respectively. The degradation rate followed by COD, UV₂₅₄ and CN, and the chromophore was most easily attacked by ozone. In addition, the biodegradability of the wastewater not only improved effectively but also the ratio of BOD₅/COD reached 0.43, and the fractions with large molecular weight such as HA and FA were efficiently decomposed into fractions with small molecular weight. FT-IR analysis indicated DOM of wastewater was oxidized gradually and functional groups like Ar-O disappeared completely. UV-Vis spectra analysis indicated that the humification of the wastewater was greatly deceased by ozone/hydrogen peroxide system, and the degradation of aromatic compounds was also improved significantly with the system. In addition, PARAFAC analysis of excitation emission matrix (EEM) from fluorescence spectroscopy for different samples indicated that C1and C3 were fulvic acid and humic-like substances. C2 was identified as pyrene and its alkylderivates. Ozonation oxidized components C1 and component C3 much faster than component C2.

2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (abbreviated as 2,6-DCBQ), one kind of disinfection by-products (DBPs) in drinking water has a vital impact on human health. Therefore, the study on the control of 2,6-DCBQ by an integrated ozone-granular activated carbon (O₃/GAC) process was made. In addition, the degradation mechanism and its dynamics were analyzed and discussed. The results indicated that the 2,6-DCBQ removal with individual O₃ or GAC process reached 29.64% and 32.81% respectively. The 2,6-DCBQ could be removed more effectively by O₃/GAC compared to the individual O₃ or GAC process, and the efficiency was increased with the raise of initial concentration of 2,6-DCBQ, O₃ levels and GAC dosage. It was also found that the 2,6-DCBQ removal reached 85.37% after the reaction time of 90minutes with the initial 2,6-DCBQ concentration, O₃ concentration and GAC addition of 20μg/L, 10.06mg/L and 0.5g/L, respectively. The degradation process of 2,6-DCBQ by O₃/GAC fit the first-order reaction kinetic model.

As a kind of cheap natural clay, the attapulgite (APT) was modified by carboxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The MWCNTs/attapulgite composites were characterized by XRD, FT-IR and FE-SEM. The results indicated that the MWCNTs/APT composites were successfully synthesized by the modification reaction with MWCNTs on APT. The isothermal adsorption experiments of Cr(VI) on the MWCNTs/APT composites showed that the maximum adsorption capacity was obtained over 14.9mg/g under pH of 2 and adsorption time for 12h at 293.15K. The adsorption of Cr(VI) on the MWCNTs/APT composites followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model and the experimental data were best fitted the Langmuir isotherm model. The negative values of ΔG^o and the positive values of ΔH^o and ΔS^o indicated that it was spontaneous, endothermic and entropy-increasing nature of this adsorption process. Compared with pure APT clay and carboxyl MWCNTs, such MWCNTs/APT composites could effectively improve the adsorption performance for Cr(VI), and would have a good application prospect in the wastewater treatment containing chromium.

The adsorption experiment of As(Ⅲ) in water was studied, and the ultrasonic-assisted ferric salts modified phosphorus slag for adsorbent was used. The effects of the variety and concentration of ferric salts, ultrasonic time in the process of modification on the adsorbing capacity for As(Ⅲ) by using modified phosphorous slag have been investigated. The optimal preparation conditions are as follows:0.8mol/L of FeCl₃, and ultrasonic time of 15min. The methods FT-IR, SEM and XPS were used to analyze the difference of the modified and un-modified phosphorous slag. After modification, Fe³⁺ can be a very good load in the surface of phosphorus slag and the removal rate of As(Ⅲ) in wastewater was improved to 98.9%, compared with the unmodified, increased by 38%. The kinetics of adsorption process fitted in with pseudo second order reaction, the fitting correlation coefficient (R²) is above 0.96; The adsorption isotherm could also satisfy both isotherm model of Langmuir and Freundlich simultaneously, the fitting correlation coefficient (R²) is above 0.90. In comparison, the Langmuir isotherm model has a better description of the adsorption process.

A 200-days continuous methane fermentation experiment and 40-days batch experiment were carried out to treat mixture of maize straw and food waste at thermophilic condition. Thecontinuous reactor was operated feed with total solid 8% feedstock by shortening the hydraulic retention time (HRT) stepwise through 15, 10, 8and 5days and the heavy acidification occurred when the organic loading rate (OLR) reached 16g VS/(L·d) at HRT of 5days. Then the reactor was recovered with the volatile fatty acids decreasing from 4.73to 1.02g/L by stopping feeding for one week and maintains a neutral pH. A total solid removal efficiency and methane conversion ratio of 55.6% and 64.5% was obtained at OLR of 10gVS/(L·d). The methane production potential of food waste, straw and mixture of food waste and straw was obtained at 448, 221, 268mL CH₄/gVS using a batch experiment. The maximum methane production rate of those materials was 63, 45 and 41mLCH₄/(gVS·d) respectively. The results obtained in this study provided useful information for the utilization of food waste and straw for energy production.

185 samples were collected, using a systematic sampling strategy with sampling density 3composite dust samples (about 1.5mm above the ground surface) per km² in Wuda, and total of 200 km². The mercury (Hg) concentrations of dusts were investigated using Lumex RA-915. The results showed that the dust Hg concentrations of coalfield ranged from 117 to 765ng/g with an average of 285ng/g, the value of industrial part ranged from 160 to 6453ng/g with an average of 804ng/g, the value of urban ranged from 41 to 382ng/g with an average of 160ng/g, the value of farm ranged from 16 to 198ng/g with an average of 66ng/g, and the value of industrial wasteland ranged from 3 to 284ng/g with an average of 50ng/g. Compared with the value of Wuda background and China tide soil background, the dust Hg concentrations were significantly enrichment in industrial park and coalfield. But the concentrations were lower than that of metal mining area and other urban, the reason of which was that the dusts mercury was mainly related to the relative position of coalfire, gangue and it's geographic height in coalfield, sunshine duration, dry air and surface naked in urban. The distribution of dust Hg in Wuda was significantly inhomogeneity. The Hg distribution in industrial park was affected by regional humidity increase, chemical plant using the involving mercury catalyst and regional geographical location such as relatively closed and downwind of coal-fired power plants. By the analyze of geo-accumulation index (I_geo), the results showed that the Hg pollution of industrial park was serious with 36.59% area close to heavy pollution and 7.32% very heavy pollution, the Hg pollution in coalfield was moderate with 2.27% area close to heavy pollution, other areas were lesspolluted.

In order to study the pollution characteristics and potential ecological risk of heavy metals in topsoil of Beijing, topsoil samples were collected in different functional areas of Beijing during November 2013 to December 2013. And 49groups of topsoil samples with different particle sizes were obtained using settling-out method after the settlement and classification from the initial samples. Then the concentrations of 8heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Mo, Cd, Ba and Pb were measured by ICP-MS. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cd, Cu, Zn and Pb were respectively 1.4mg/kg, 85mg/kg, 333mg/kg and 69mg/kg in topsoil of Beijing, and the pollution of those heavy metals in traffic areas was significantly heavier than that in other functional areas. Geo-accumulation indexes of Cd, Cu, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn were negatively correlated with the particle size. That is to say, the smaller the particle size was, the higher the corresponding value would be, and the higher its pollution degree would be. The total potential ecological risks of heavy metals in traffic areas were much higher than those in other functional areas. And the total potential ecological risks of heavy metals in industrial zones and urban-rural fringe areas were the second highest. The smaller the particle size was, the higher the potential ecological indexes would be, and the bigger its potential ecological risk would be. In addition, the potential ecological risk of Cd accounted for the most part of the total potential ecological risks.

Effects of biochar application (at rates of 1 wt.% and 5 wt.%) and alternative dry-wet process of ageing (from May to November in field) on the sorption-desorption of three fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin and enrofloxacin) were studied using a sloping cropland calcareous purple soil. The soil is abundantly distributed in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. The absorption-desorption isotherms were fitted well by Freudlich equation, with all of the relevant coefficients being highly significant. The freshly-applied biochar decreased the adsorption of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin to the soil, but enhanced that of enrofloxacin and such effect was positively correlated with the biochar application rate. Obvious increase in the content of dissolved organic matter in soil solutions was observed after addition of fresh biochar, which may play an important role in decreasing the adsorption of the antibiotics, but such increase was weakened after ageing. After ageing process, increased absorption of three antibiotics was observed in the soil amended with 1 wt.%biochar (P>0.05), while no difference was observed between the 5 wt.% biochar treatment and the control. Biochar addition also enhancedthe extent of desorption of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin, but the aged biochar decreased the desorption of enrofloxacin. No apparent adsorption-desorption hysteresis was observed for all tested soils with different biochar treatments.

The adsorption characteristics and adsorption mechanism of cadmium removal by Pseudomonas nitroreducens were investigated systematically. The results showed that the strain could tolerate cadmium up to 200mg/L. Further increase the concentration of cadmium led to a significantly inhibition of the growth of Pseudomonas nitroreducens. In a liquid culture of Pseudomonas nitroreducens, where a liquid LB medium containing 20mg/L, 50mg/L or 100mg/L Cd²⁺ was used, the removal rate of cadmium reached 94.3% 91.0% and 86.0%, respectively after 120h of cultivation. The impact of pH, temperature, salt concentration and various other heavy metal ions on the removal efficiency of cadmium were also explored. The results showed that Pseudomonas nitroreducens effectively adsorbed cadmium with in the pH range from 4 to 8. The osmosis stress test showed that Pseudomonas nitroreducens could tolerate a NaCl solution of 1mol/L. Under this condition, the strain still adsorbed a variety of heavy metal ions except lead ions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the binding energy of cadmium changed after adsorption. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that Pseudomonas nitroreducens deformed and has white particles attached on the surface after cadmium treatment, indicating that biomineralization is one of its ways to adsorb heavy metals.

The current study investigated the pollution characteristics of heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, As) in sediments of the intertidal Jiaozhou Bay using 29surface sediments by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and discussed the distribution, the source and the pollution extent of heavy metals. The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Cd, and As were 38.8, 55.2, 107.4, 69.9, 0.44, and 9.2mg/kg, respectively. The level of contamination factor (CF) followed the order:Cd > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Cr, and the northeast of the studied area were seriously polluted by heavy metals. Pollution load index (PLI) indicated that 72.4% of the stations were polluted, and the regional pollution load index (PLI_zone) reflected that the intertidal zone was moderate pollution. The monomial potential ecological risk index (E_rⁱ) were in the following order:Cd > Pb > Cu > As > Zn > Cr. The potential ecological risk index (RI) revealed that the ecological risk at low, moderate, high, and very high level were 51.7%, 24.1%, 17.2%, and 7.0%, respectively, and the Cd was the primary potential ecological risk factor. Transportation, agriculture and industrial pollution were the main sources of heavy metals. Therefore, emergent strategies and artificial regulations should be used to control the sources of heavy metal pollutants in Jiaozhou Bay, especially in the northeast area.

To reveal the influence of the salt water intrusion caused by the greenhouse effect on the sediment nitrogen mineralization in the estuary wetland, Cyperus malaccensis marsh sediment samples in the Shanyutan brackish water wetland and the Daoqingzhou freshwater wetland were collected in July, 2015. Using the submerged incubation method, the soil mineralization in different kinds of wetland and salinity effects were examined in the Min River estuary. The results suggested that the sediments in brackish water wetland had a longer nitrogen mineralization time as well as a stronger mineralization capacity under the same incubation conditions. The total inorganic nitrogen (includes ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen) reached a stable concentration of (499.8±2.1) mg/kg after 70d for Shanyutan brackish wetland sediment, while the mineralization reached equilibrium in only 30d with a lower stable concentration of (202.9±4.1) mg/kg for Daoqingzhou freshwater wetland sediment. Additionally, salinity condition showed little effect on concentration of the total inorganic nitrogen during the mineralization process. The rate of nitrogen mineralization for both brackish and freshwater wetland sediments firstly increased and then decreased as the increase of incubation time. In Shanyutan brackish water wetland, the rate of nitrogen mineralization were (2.54±0.56) mg/(kg·d), (4.96±0.22) mg/(kg·d) and (3.88±0.25) mg/(kg·d) under salinity of 0‰, 5‰ and 10‰, respectively. While in Daoqingzhou wetland, the corresponding values were (1.40±0.01) mg/(kg·d), (2.48±0.15) mg/(kg·d) and (1.85±0.11) mg/(kg·d), respectively. The observation revealed that moderate salinity conditions can promote the nitrogen mineralization, while high salinity conditions could induced an inhibitory effect.

The antibiotics in surface water sample from Guanzhong section of Weihe River were analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Fifteen antibiotics belonging to five categories were detected with the detection rates of 12.5%~100%, and the concentration levels varied between nd and 270.60ng/L. The detected fifteen antibiotics included 7sulfonamides (SAs), 3macrolides(MLs), 3quinolones(QNs), 1lincosamides (LIN), and 1tetracyclines (TCs). The average concentrations of SAs, MLs, QNs, LIN, and TCs were found to be 113.68, 111.79, 20.55, 23.81 and 25.66ng/L, respectively. Compared with that in other water bodies in China, antibiotics in Weihe River was in the middle contaminated level. And SAs and MLs were the predominant antibiotics. The distribution of SAs in Weihe River showed upstream > midstream > downstream, while the MLs decreased in the order of midstream, downstream and upstream. The source apportionment indicated that livestock farming and aquaculture were mainly responsible for the higher MLs residue, while the domestic sewage and medical wastewater were contributed to SAs residue to a certain extent. The correlation analysis between antibiotic residues and water pollution factors showed that there were significant correlations between ETM (erythromycin) and total nitrogen (TN), (CFX) (ciprofloxacin) and (CTM) (clarithromycin) with ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N). In addition, risk quotient (RQ) indicated that CFX, OFX and SMX posed higher risk to corresponding species, while NFX, OTC, and RTM presented a moderate risk.

In order to understand the distributions and influences p_CO2 of in medium and small karstic rivers, the Sancha River was investigated in February and August 2014. The temperature, EC, DO, pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) of the river were measured and the partial pressure of CO₂ (p_CO2) was calculated. The results showed that EC、pH、TDS and DIC in dry season were higher than that in wet season. The in the surface water ranged between 300 and 10000μatm, with an average value of 3100μatm. The p_CO2 values in the wet season were higher than that in dry season. The analyses of supersaturated CO₂ and apparent oxygen utilization demonstrated that p_CO2 was controlled by the carbonate system in the dry season. The in-situ aerobic respiration was one of the significantin fluencing factors in the wet season, and the supersaturated CO₂ may attribute to the flushing of carbon dioxide from soils. The CO₂ emission flux from Sancha River to atmosphere was estimated about 0.9~1.7×10⁹molC/a and 10.8~20.3MgC/(hm²·a). The water-to-air CO₂ outgassing flux from Sanchahe River was higher than that from large rivers (i.e. Amazon River、Yangtze River) and lower than that from streams (i.e. Houzhai River、Gäddtjärn River). The results indicated that the CO₂ emission fluxes from surface water systems are influenced by the scale of rivers, and the contribution to the regional carbon cycling brought by the medium and small river may be underestimated for a long time.

Groundwater contamination prediction could be achieved through the numerical simulation model of groundwater contaminant transport.In order to analyze the influence of the uncertainty of parameters in the model, Monte Carlo method was used to analyze the uncertainty of the model output in this paper,In order to reduce the complexity of the numerical simulation model, the sensitivity analysis method was used to select the random variables in the model.To reduce the calculated load generated by the numerical simulation model called repeated, set up Krig surrogate model instead of the numerical simulation model to complete the simulation process. The results showed that the probability density function integral could be used to estimate the groundwater contamination risk and the contamination concentration range under different confidence level. The distribution of contaminant plume could estimate different level pollution cover acreage of the study area and the classification contamination risk early warning could estimate the contamination plume distribution of the study area in different contamination risk; Groundwater contamination risk warning, which was based on the uncertainty analysis of groundwater contaminant transport numerical simulation could forecast the groundwater problem more objectivily.

To clarify the spatial characteristics of agricultural non-point source pollution in Dongtinghu Lake. Pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Dongtinghu Lake were estimated and evaluated according to the approach of export coefficient modeling as well as the equal standard pollution method. In addition, spatial distribution of non-point source pollution load was drew by GIS. The results demonstrated that total nitrogen and total phosphorus loads in Dongtinghu Lake respectively were104556.9t/a, 12719.02t/a; 103643.71t/a and 13032.79t/a in 2010 and 2014. The magnitude order of the contribution to various types of pollutant sources was as following, 1) dry land > paddy field > livestock and poultry breeding > forest land > rural life for total nitrogen load; 2) livestock and poultry breeding > dry land > paddy field > woodland > rural life for total phosphorus load, respectively. Dry land and livestock farming was the main source of agricultural non-point source pollution load. For the spatial regularity, the space TN, TP pollution distribution is consistent, but regional differences between TN and TP in the output load. The priority control areas were Taoyuan county, HanShou, Lixian, Ding cheng, Nanxian, Anhua, Huarong, where the ANP output load was high. With clustering analysis method, the agricultural non-point source pollution was divided into 4types of pollution, and control countermeasures were put forward.

In this study, a total of 103-surface sediments were collected from lakes and rivers in Taihu watershed on the basis of different ecological zones. A total of 103 surface sediments were collected from lakes and rivers of Taihu watershed. The nutrients and heavy metals in sediments were analysed and the assessment of the ecological risk were carried out. The results showed that the concentration of total nitrogen descended as Ⅱ11 zone (hill zone of west lake) > Ⅱ21 zone (agricultural zone of Wuxiyu) > Ⅱ12 zone (mountain zone of Zhexi) > Ⅱ23 zone (agricultural zone of Husujia) > Ⅱ12 zone (wetland zone of Taihu Lake) with the value in the range of 550 to 3450mg/kg. The concentration of total phosphorus descended as Ⅱ23 zone > Ⅱ21 zone > Ⅱ22 zone > Ⅱ11 zone > Ⅱ12 zone with the value ranging from 320 to 2481mg/kg. The results of heavy metals in surface sediment of Taihu watershed indicated that the value of heavy metal concentrations were highest in zones of Ⅱ23 and Ⅱ21. While it was the lowest in zones of Ⅱ12, Ⅱ11 and Ⅱ22. The results of comprehensive pollution index (FF) indicated that the contamination of nutrients in sediment of Taihu watershed were very serious and a grading of pollution has been formed. The value of RI indicated that metals in Ⅱ21 zone rank the highest and then was zones of Ⅱ23,Ⅱ12 and Ⅱ22 and Ⅱ11 zone rank the lowest. The results of I_geo indicated that metals including As、Cu、Zn、Pb、Ni、Cr were not polluted while the value of E_r indicated that Hg and Cd were the most polluted elements and which contribute a lot to the pollution status of metal in sediments of Taihu watershed.

This study aimed to test whether ectomycorrhizal fungi and exogenous Ca²⁺ have collaboratively influence on the growth trait of Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings. During our study, several research methods like mycology, biochemistry, and ecology were used. And the appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺ was applied to one-year-old mycorrhizal seedlings, then the growth and physiological traits of various parts of seedlings were tested. The results indicated that:(1)Appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺ associated with ECMF could better promote the growth of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings. When Ca concentration ≤ 20mmol/L, the plants height reached to the maximum, which were 11.4cm and 10.6cmseparately,andwere 32.6% and 23.3% higher than control, which treated without applying Ca concentration. Both of biomass and photosynthetic pigment contents were higher than the treatments without applying Ca concentration. The results above showed that an appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca could magnify the effect of mycorrhizal on growth of seedlings. (2) Appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺ associated with ECMF could better promote the antioxidant ability of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings. By applying exogenous Ca²⁺, the CAT and POD activities in every part of seedlings were increased, and the quality of seedlings were improved due to the high levels of antioxidant enzyme system. (3) Appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺ associated with ECMF could better promote the resistance to penetration of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings. In the paper, by using exogenous Ca²⁺ together with ECMF could effectively increase the content of soluble protein of P. sylvestris var. mongolica seedlings. The PCA analysis indicated that, the soluble protein have the greatest contribution among all osmolytes indicators. The result also showed that exogenous Ca²⁺ and ECMF could lead to the increasement of content of soluble protein in plants, and their stress resistance was improved as well. (4) It is possible to achieve the goal of promoting the growth and physiological traits of seedlings by applying the appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺. In conclusion, apparently, the variation trends of growth and physiological traits were similar, the internal antioxidant enzyme system and osmolytes content were higher in the rapid growth and strong seedlings. In the early seedling stage, by applying the appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca²⁺ (or calcium fertilizer) associated with ECMF in the greenhouse or field would obtain better strong seedling results, and this method is feasible.

The Open-Top Chamber is used to make field experiment, it is expected to obtain the data including temperature, light radiation, water vapor pressure difference and stomatal conductance by continuous observation. Stomatal conductance model is used and parameterized, combined with the ozone absorption flux model, we studied the characteristics of stomatal ozone fluxesof soybean. Meanwhile, the variations of stomatal conductance and ozone absorption fluxes of soybean were calculatedin Jiangsu province. Results show that the parameterized Jarvis model is applicable tothe simulation of stomatal conductance in soybean. Approximately 82% variation of measured stomatal conductance could be explained by the stomatal conductance model. In the experiment, the total ozone absorption flux in ozone concentration of CK, 100nL/L, 150nL/L was 14.46mmol/m², 15.86mmol/m², and 16.69mmol/m², respectively. The ozone concentration gradually increased from early period to late period during the period of soybean growth in Jiangsu. Average stomatal conductance is the early stage > the middle stage > the later stage. Ozone cumulative absorption flux is the most during the early stage. This study will provide a reference for the future study of effects of ozone on crops, and can also be used as the theory basis for the government and international organizations formulate policies, laws and regulations.

Based on normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data, vegetation type data and meteorological data, this study revealed the warming trends of the day-and nighttime in growing seasons using the unitary linear regression analysis, and analyzed different effects of the asymmetry diurnal warming on vegetation activities using the two order partial correlation analysis method. Results indicated that:there was an extremely significant trend of diurnal warming from 1982 to 2013 in Xinjiang areas. The nighttime warming was approximately 1.5times that of daytime during growing seasons. The warming rate showed an asymmetry between day-and nighttime; the effects of day-and nighttime warming on vegetation activities showed obvious differentiation. Nighttime warming had significantly stronger and more extensive effects on vegetation than daytime warming; and different vegetation types responded differently to the asymmetry warming. Daytime warming had significantly positive effects on the coniferous forest, and nighttime warming had significant positive effects on the coniferous forest, agricultural vegetation, grassland, and meadow.

This study explored the vertical distribution of bacterial communities in sediments under different deposition time and its role in the migration and transformation of substances in lake ecosystem. Stratified sediment samples were collected respectively from Original River (OR) and New-formed Bay (NB) in Longjing Lake. Redundancy analysis (RDA) were conducted based on Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) technology and environmental parameters. Results showed that Shannon-Wiener indexes (H) and Richness indexes (S) in OR were higher than those in NB and vertical change trend of H, S and Evenness (E) indexes decreased first and then increased as depth increased. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Longjing lake mainly included seven phyla of bacteria. Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Chloroflexi dominated in surface layers whereas Chloroflexi dominated in middle layers of OR sediments. Deltaproteobacteria and Chloroflexi were the main phyla in deep layers of both sites. Other phyla included Ignavibacteriae, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Chlorobi. RDA showed that the main factors influencing bacterial community composition and distribution were total nitrogen (TN), total sulphur (TS) and the concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) in pore water, as well as average particle size in sediments. Otherwise, the obtained bacteria were closely related to the degradation of organic matter (OM). That TOC and TN contents in OR were higher than those in NB caused relatively higher bacteria species and abundance of Deltaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Ignavibacteriae.

In order to understand AAPB community structure and distribution in a high-frigid forest stream with cold environment, here, a field investigation was carried out in West Sichuan, China. Water was sampled in the stream at onset of the freezing period (FP), the deep freezing period (FPD) and the thawing period (TP). The methods of real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR and clone library were used to check the richness and diversity of AAPB. Temperature and other water characters were also observed to analysis the relationships between environment and AAPB. The results showed that low abundance (2.80±0.19)×10⁴bp/mL of AAPB was observed, at FP, but which rapidly increased to (4.65±0.30)×10⁴bp/mL at FPD, then reached to (5.79±0.19)×10⁴bp/mL at TP. Phylogenetic relationships from clone libraries displayed that Alphaproteobacteria classes dominated AAPB at FP, but Betaproteobacteria classes dominated AAPB at both FPD and TP. In addition, correlationships revealed that the concentration of chlorophyll a and dissolved organic carbon, as well as average temperature had closely relationships with AAPB abundance and diversity during the seasonal freeze-thaw period. All the results suggest that AAPB have low abundance but exhibit highly dynamical patters in the high-frigid forest streams and their communities share low homology with those in other freshwater.

The bacterial strain Rhodococcus sp. KDQ2 capable of utilizing quinoline as sole carbon and nitrogen source, and energy was isolated from the activated sludge of a coking wastewater treatment plant. The optimum temperature and initial pH for quinoline degradation were determined to be 37℃ and 6~9, respectively. KDQ2 degraded 96% of quinoline at a 200mg/L initial concentration within 24h, and its degradation kinetics could be described with Haldane's model. KDQ2 was shown to be able to also utilize pyridine but not phenol. The removal of quinoline (150mg/L) was not inhibited by the presence of pyridine (150mg/L) and phenol (400mg/L) in 1d. KDQ2 was able to adapt to real coking wastewater containing high concentrations of quinoline, pyridine and phenol, KDQ2 coexisted with other microbes of activated sludge in aeration tank and notably improved the removal of quinoline and TOC.

A CDC biofilm reactor was used in the study to simulate the drinking water distribution system. The distribution characteristics of six typical antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in the three-phase interface of water, biofilm and particulate matter were evaluated. After 30days operation, the concentration of chlorine in the effluent decreased from 0.66mg/L to 0.26mg/L, the turbidity and the concentration of particulate matter increased from 0.08NTU and 377counts/mL to 0.86NTU and 4151counts/mL. The largest number of ARB in the effluent were streptomycin and ampicillin resistant bacteria (432CFU/100mL and 155CFU/100mL, respectively), which was much higher than the number of resistant bacteria in the inlet. The highest level of ARB in the inlet were erythromycin and ampicillin resistant bacteria, which were only 36CFU/100mL and 99CFU/100mL, respectively. In the biofilm phase, the total number of heterotrophic bacteria and total number of cells reached as high as 4089CFU/cm²and 1.5×106cells/cm². Streptomycin and erythromycin resistance bacteria were 3432CFU/cm² and 2508CFU/cm², the ratio of which to the total heterotrophic bacteria were 83.9% and 61.4%. The resistant bacteria ratio of chloramphenicol and ampicillin in the particulate phase were approximately 45%. Both biofilm and particulate matters can provide a safe and stable place for bacterial growth, and protect bacteria from the residual disinfectants and some antibiotics, which facilitates antibiotic resistant bacteria propagation and poses a greater threat to human health.

In this study, we compared China's current fuel quality standards with the world's strictest ones then discussed the technical feasibility to upgrade it in China. Based on available data from China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC), China Petro-Chemical Corporation) CPCC and other enterprises, we have estimated the direct economic cost of upgrading the fuel quality standard as follows (considering gasoline and diesel as one kind):from China Ⅲ to China IV, 142~470CNY/t; from China IV to China V, 142~236CNY/t; from China V to the 5th standard in the Worldwide Fuel Charter (5th Edition), 142~236CNY/t. Using EPA's fuel models and other studies on fuel properties, we chose China Ⅲ, China IV, China V and the 5th Standard in the Worldwide Fuel Charter (5th Edition) as the four main scenarios for this study, which differ in some key parameters such as sulfur, aromatic hydrocarbons and olefin et al, in order to estimate the changes in emission factors of each specific vehicle under the proposed scenarios. Furthermore, keeping the fleet structure of that year unchanged, we selected the years of 2005, 2008 and 2012 to calculate the annual and the accumulative reduction of emissions in the Jing-Jin-Ji region when we upgraded the fuel standard for each year, starting from the best standard available upgrading to the 5th in the Worldwide Fuel Charter. From this study, we found that upgrading the fuel quality standards in China does contribute to the reduction of all kinds of emissions from vehicles hence it reduces the total emission in the whole area, especially for VOC and PM. That reduction is more obvious when the standard before the upgrading is less strict. While, considering different sizes and different composition of the fleet of vehicles in the region, the outcomes for different areas are varied. Combining the costs and the estimated reduction in emissions, it was found that the sooner this policy is implemented, the higher cost effectiveness it has, but the more reduction of emission it will bring at the same time. Hence, according to the findings of this study we suggest that upgrade the fuel quality standards must be carried out as soon as possible even if this may lead to a higher cost.

Due to the complicity of the water network,the systematic analysis of water use/drainage and structure of the water network is fundamental for integrated system optimizations.In this paper, the water network system of a typical coal-to-olefins project was selected as a case study to analyse the structure and water use efficiency of the water network system based on the ecological network analysis method. Specifically, the network flux analysis and utility analysis were employed for the structure analysis of the selected water network. Results of flux analysis showed that the first cooling water station had the largest proportion of 35.70%, followed by the second cooling water station with a proportion of 26.35%. For the utility analysis, the networkmutualism index (M) was adapted as the measure of the network structural stability. For the case study, the M value was obtained as 0.97, which was very close to one. From the perspective of ecology, the strength of competition and symbiosis was approximately equivalent, indicating strong collaboration among nodes in this network.

Ecological protection redlines were identified using the remote sensing data of 2000 and 2010 as well as the other related data such as the meteorological data and statistical data in Zibo, Shandong, China. Ecological asset value and its variation with land use change were estimated in ecological protection areas. Results showed that ecological protection area in Zibo was 1132.26km², accounting for 18.98% of the total area of Zibo. The protection areas were mainly in central and southern regions. The main land use type was forests with the area of 52.91% and 54.65% of total protection area in 2000 and 2010, respectively. From 2000 to 2010, the areas of woodland, wetland, unused land, and construction land within the ecological protection redlines increased, while the areas of farmland, grassland, and water body decreased. In the decade, ecological assets of the ecological protection areas decreased by 23.13 million Yuan with a rate of 3.60%, suggesting that it was needed to improve ecosystem services through enhancing ecological protection.

POI (Points of interest) describes the type, location and other information of engineering and servicing facilities. POI data has the characteristics of easy access, strong timeliness and high accuracy. It is an important part of navigation electronic maps, and has a widely application prospects in urban planning. This study established a method to allocate area emissions (residential, agriculture and transportation source, etc.) basing on POI data (such as residential and commercial enterprises, animal husbandry and fishery enterprises, parking lot and other transportation facilities). Using the method, Beijing's MEIC inventory was allocated to 3km×3km and 1km×1km spatial resolution, and CMAQ model was applied to test accuracy of allocated inventory. The result show that, using POI data to spatial allocate emission inventory can more effectively reflect the spatial distribution characteristics of the emission source. The simulation results of CMAQ model show that after using POI data to allocate Beijing's MEIC inventory, the NMB and NME between monitoring data and simulated data are reduced about 30% and 10%, respectively.

The paper examined whether the mechanism of pilot project for carbon emissions trading right could promote the low-carbon economy transformation in China after controlling some important explanatory variables such as the environmental regulation. The results showed that in the global DEA framework, the industrial total factor productivity lacked of ability to enhance both in the provinces which launched the pilot project for carbon emissions trading right and in those which didn't during the inspection period. From the point of potential double dividend, the measures to reduce emissions were not so flexible in the non-pilot provinces as those in the pilot provinces, so that there was still a large release space for the economic dividend and environmental dividend in the non-pilot provinces. The policy effect analysis based on the difference-in-difference model of kernel matching presented that the mechanism of carbon emissions trading right could reduce the total amount of carbon emissions at the present stage to some extent, but its impact on economic output was weak; the pilot project didn't improve the industrial total factor productivity in the pilot provinces while it enhanced significantly the technological progress rate. Therefore, the mechanism of carbon emissions trading right supported the ‘weak Porter hypothesis’ for technological innovation to a certain extent, but didn't give evidences to support the ‘strong Porter hypothesis’ for total factor productivity. It should be a necessary measure to realize the low-carbon economy transformation in China.

A life cycle assessment is carried out to estimate the energy use and carbon footprint of waste mobile phone treatment system in China. The results showed that the energy use and GHG emissions of waste mobile phone treatment are -1069.86MJ and -60.38kg CO₂^-eq. The recycled material is the main source of life cycle energy use and carbon footprint, with the contribution proportion of 88.3% and 96.8%, respectively. A quantitative analysis is also conducted to assess the influence of website-based collection efficiency and the reuse rate of disassembled components.