To study the characteristics of air pollution in Nanjing during the summer, an intensive observational experiment was carried out from August 15th to September 15th, 2016. Data from three sites (Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou) were collected to analyze the characteristics and correlation between O₃ and particulate matter (PM_2.5, PM₁₀) concentrations. Xianlin, Caochangmen, and Gulou each represented suburban, urban, and urban upper air respectively. In addition, at the Xianlin site, conversion characteristics of water-soluble ions and their gaseous precursors were also analyzed. The study showed that the hourly average concentration of O₃ was 100.3μg/m³. Average hourly concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were 41.1μg/m³ and 67.8μg/m³, respectively, and a peak was observed during the nights at the suburban site. The sum of the SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺ to PM_2.5 ratios reached 0.61 and the OC (organic carbon) to EC (elemental carbon) ratio ranged from 0.8 to 4.0, with 77% of the days being greater than 2.0. The high OC/EC ratio indicated the existence of secondary pollution. The correlation between O₃ and PM concentrations was significantly positive, especially at the daytime. Similarly, the conversion rate of sulfur (SOR) and nitrogen (NOR) was correlated with daylight O₃ and nighttime humidity, respectively. Also, the accumulation of HONO mainly occurred during the night, while that of HCl and HNO₃ occurred in the afternoon. Compared with other inorganic salts, the ratio of NH₄⁺ in total ammonia was quite small, which showed that gaseous NH₃ was the main phase state. In conclusion, the potentially important role of chemical reactions in the accumulation of PM_2.5, especially involving secondary particles, and transport of air pollution from urban to suburban is addressed.

In order to identify main sources and their characteristics of PM_2.5 in atmosphere, filter samples of PM_2.5 were collected at five receptors in Shenzhen during March, June, September and December in 2014. Mass concentrations and chemical compositions were analyzed, then the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was applied for source apportionment. The results showed the annual mean concentration of PM_2.5 reached 35.7μg/m³ in Shenzhen in 2014, with vehicle emissions, secondary sulfate, secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and secondary nitrate identified as the major sources, contributing 27%, 21%, 12%, and 10% to PM_2.5, respectively. Fugitive dust, biomass combustion, ship emissions, industrial emissions, marine emissions, building dust and coal burning each contributed 2%~6%.The tempo-spatial variations of sources revealed that secondary sulfate, biomass combustion, SOA, industrial emissions, ship emissions and marine emissions had obvious regional pollution characteristics; however, vehicle emissions, secondary nitrate, coal burning, fugitive dust and building dust showed obvious local emission characteristics.

Synoptic weather patterns during the moderate and severe PM_2.5 pollution processes in Shanghai from 2014 to 2017 were analyzed in the paper. The pollution processes were classified into 3types, i.e., the transport type, the stagnant type and the combined type. The severe PM_2.5 pollution events in Shanghai were mostly dominated by the transport type, accounting for 45.8% of total severe pollution events. The FLEXPART model driven by the WRF model with MEIC emissions was used to investigate the meteorological attribution and maintenance mechanisms of air pollution under each weather pattern in this paper. Specifically, the transport type showed 3main pollution transport pathways affected Shanghai, i.e., the eastern pathway (the East China Sea), the middle pathway (Jiangsu coastal area) and the western pathway (Anhui-southern Jiangsu), which mainly occurred 1d before pollution. The stagnant type showed pollution potential source area in Shanghai and its surrounding regions. The combined type showed both apparent transport pathways and potential source area in and nearby Shanghai.

Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometry (SPAMS), combining with particulate matter mass concentration and meteorological conditions, was used to study the chemical composition characteristics and genesis of fine particles in a heavy pollution process in November 2017, Xi'an. In addition, the source apportionment of fine particulate matter was analyzed by positive matrix factor analysis (PMF). The results showed that atmospheric particulate matter was mainly divided into eight kinds of particles:organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), ECOC, K, Na-K, amine, mineral dust, and heavy metal (HM). Their possible sources include coal (24.9%), secondary (29.3%), industry (19.3%), traffic (13.3%), biomass combustion (5.2%), and dust (1.9%). By comparing and analyzing the pollution characteristics of fine particulate matter in different pollution processes, it was found that the main reasons of this heavy pollution process were unfavorable meteorological conditions of high humidity and low wind speed, coal-burning pollution and secondary pollution caused by heating and industrial production.

The emission inventory of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) from biomass burning was established by using the emission factor approach in Lanzhou City in 2016. Besides, the temporal and spatial distribution of VOCs was analyzed. Then the ozone formation potential (OFP) and the secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation potential were estimated to assess the influence of VOCs emission from biomass burning on the atmospheric environment. The results showed that the total emissons of VOCs emitted by biomass burning was 6626.2t in Lanzhou City in 2016. The emission areas of high value were concentrated in the northeast and southeast of Yuzhong, central Yongdeng and south of Qilihe. The emission amounts were greater in regions with poor economic levels and large crop yields. Emissions were mainly concentrated in the heating season (November to March) and the harvest time of crops (July to August). The total OFP of biomass burning was 13880.3t in Lanzhou City in 2016. The smoldering Chinese kangs was the largest source of OFP contribution, accounting for 46.1%. Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) contributed the most to the OFP, accounting for 51.4%. The top 10OFP species were acetic acid, propylene, 2-butanone, toluene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, m/p-xylene, 1-butene, propionic acid and isoprene. The smoldering Chinese kangs was also the largest contributor to SOA, accounting for 46.5%. The aromatic hydrocarbons were the key components of SOA contribution, accounting for 62.2%. The top 10species of SOA formation potential were phenol, toluene, alpha-pinene, m/p-xylene, benzene, 1-xylene, indene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, ethylbenzene, and 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene. To reduce the concentrations of ozone and SOA in the region, smoldering Chinese kangs and crop residue burning (maize) should be given more attention.

A research was carried out on characteristics of the haze weather in Tianjin based on the monitoring data of PM_2.5 mass concentration, visibility and relative humidity in the area from 2014 to 2017, The findings showed that there are five types of haze processes above moderate degree in Tianjin:that in the rear of high pressure, that caused by weak high pressure from north, that caused by low pressure trough, that caused by uniform pressure field and that caused by low pressure before front. As per the current standards, moderate haze generally corresponds to severely polluted weather; severe haze corresponds to severely to untra-severely polluted weather. Moderate to severe haze usually occurs in Level V severely polluted weather, and severe haze occurs in Level VI ultra-severely polluted weather. After "Air Pollution Prevention Action Plan" was implemented in 2013, PM_2.5 mass concentration and haze days were significantly reduced, by 2017, the number of haze days had decreased by 55% compared with 2013, moderate and above haze days decreased by 50% from 41d in 2013 to 20d in 2017. Based on the monitoring data of PM_2.5 mass concentration, visibility and relative humidity, the calculation equation of regional visibility can be well constructed. Statistics showed that the correlation coefficient between visibility and real value in the estimation is 0.94, with the relative error 18.6%, identification accuracy rate of the non-haze day is 85%, that of the haze days 95.6%, that of the ultra-slight haze days 83%, that of the slight haze days 78%, that of moderate haze days 93% and that of severe and above haze days 94%, which is greatly applicable for judgement of haze level. This equation was combined with the air quality model to predict the haze level. Inspection of the forecasting product showed:the correlation coefficient between the forecast values and real values of visibility is 0.75, with average forecast value 13.9km and the average real value 14.1km, and the relative error rate 29.6%, the FAC2 (the ratio of the forecast value to two times the real value) is 98.1%, the forecast accuracy rate, forecast missing rate and false rate of the haze days are 81.4%, 18.6% and 20.6%, respectively. Let the tolerance be of Level I, the forecast accuracy rates of ultra-slight haze days, the slight haze days and the moderate and above haze days are 96%, 85% and 69%, respectively, which may effectively support the haze level forecast in Tianjin.

The WRF model and the CAMx model were applied to simulate the meteorology variables and air pollutants over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region during an air pollution episode in November 2015. The impacts of three planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes (YSU, MYJ, ACM2) on meteorological factors and air pollutants simulations were compared. The observed surface meteorological factors and PM_2.5 over BTH region and the wind profile data at Beijing were used to evaluate the model performances. The MYJ scheme predicted the largest biases on the 10m wind speed and lowest biases on the 2m temperature and humidity. The ACM2scheme had the best performance on the simulation of vertical profile in the PBL. All the three PBL schemes overpredicted the wind speed in the PBL and the bias could reach to 2.6m/s. The model PBL heights were recalculated using a uniform method, which based on the vertical diffusivities. The MYJ scheme produced the lowest PBL heights and the highest PM_2.5 concentrations, among the three schemes. The overestimated 10m wind speed of the MYJ scheme leaded to a lower simulated PM_2.5 concentration over BTH region, but it would increase the PM_2.5 concentration in the downwind area. The ACM2scheme produced the better vertical profile and higher Kv than others in the lower layers in the night, then the ACM2scheme produced a better performance on the simulated PM_2.5 concentrations and other air pollutants in the night than the other two schemes.

In this paper, the regional meteorological model WRF with urban canopy scheme has been used to study the impacts of urban morphological parameters on the meteorological fields in planetary boundary layer over the Shenzhen region (high population and building density city). The results from sensitivity experiments showed that the interception of heat in the urban canopy was enhanced in the daytime by the higher building height and density, and therefore the heat storage in the urban areas was also increased by about 6W/m² and 9W/m². Considering the effects of both shading and trapping by the urban canopy, the skin surface temperature was reduced by about 0.3℃ with the increased building height, and the skin surface temperature was increased by more than 0.6℃ in the daytime with the higher building density. In addition, there is a good consistency between the 2m temperature and the skin surface temperature. The wind speed was decreased by about 0.4m/s due to higher building height and 0.6m/s due to higher building density through the increased surface roughness. In the meantime, the nocturnal boundary layer was increased by about 30~40m due to higher building height and 20~30m due to higher building density at night through the enhancement of turbulent motion. On the contrary, the decreases of building height and density reduced the heat storage by 6~7.5W/m² in the daytime, increased the 10m wind speed by about 0.3m/s and 0.4m/s, and decreased the nocturnal boundary layer height by about 30~50m and 10~30m.

This paper analysed seasonal snow cover, AOD, BC (black carbon) concentration with MODIS data and samples data measured in January 2018 in the field, and obtained the potential BC transmission path through the HYSPLIT-4 to get the day-to-day back trajectory of every sample. The results showed that:① Snow cover in northern Xinjiang reached 97.5%, which gradually increased from November to January. The average AOD in northern Xinjiang was 0.173, high values appeared in the northern slope economic zone of the Tianshan Mountains and eastern part of the Tianshan Mountains (0.2~0.35), however, the low was mainly distributed in Altay (0.06~0.1) ②The BC concentrations in the surface snow ranged from 44.08 to 1949.9ng/g, with an average of 536.71ng/g. The BC concentration distribution in northern Xinjiang was the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains (913.24ng/g) > Southeastern of Ebinur Lake (816.56ng/g) > Northern of Ebinur Lake (421.94ng/g) > Western of Ebinur Lake (407.97ng/g) > Area of Karamay (162.28ng/g)) > Gurbantunggut Desert Region (124.89ng/g) > Altay Region (98.51ng/g). The concentration of BC in snow in northern Xinjiang increased slightly with higher altitude, R² was 0.03. With the increase of latitude, the concentration of BC in snow had a decreasing trend, R² was 0.255. ③The trajectory cluster analysis of the samples showed that the backward trajectory of the Ebinur Lake basin dominated by the northeastern direction of the Bole-Jinghe-Ebinur Lake, and this trajectory had a greater impact on the concentration of BC in snow; the economic zone on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains dominated by the northeastern cities of Jinghe-Shihezi-Urumqi on the northern slope of the Tianshan Mountains, the result showed that local pollution was serious. The backward trajectory of the Altay region dominated by the Russian-Northern Kazakhstan-East Kazakhstan transport path with less contribution from local pollution; the Karamay region was mainly transported from easten of Kazakhstan, it's local pollution was not obvious. And the desert area dominated by the southwestern direction.

A long-lasting air pollution episode was occurred in Guangzhou in early January 2017. Based on the data set of ground observation, Lidar, wind profiler and microwave radiometer, the formation mechanism of this episode was investigated and discussed from two aspects of horizontal and vertical diffusion conditions. The results showed that:(1) During the pollution process, the surface wind speed in Guangzhou area was basically northerly wind and less than 2m/s. A small wind speed layer with an average wind speed less than 2.6m/s was below 300m; The return index profile of each layer within the height of 640m in the pre-pollution period was less than 0.6, and within the 100m height was less than 0.4. (2) The correlation coefficient between surface PM_2.5 mass concentration and inversion temperature was 0.42. The average temperature during the polluted period was 167m, and the average inversion temperature was 1.08℃/100m. (3) The correlation coefficient between PM_2.5 mass concentration and the boundary layer height was -0.56, and the average boundary layer height (876m) during the clean period was approximately 1.4times higher than that of the polluted period (620m). The minimum boundary layer height during the process was 267m. The boundary layer ventilation showed a higher anti-correlation with PM_2.5 concentration (-0.61), and the average boundary layer ventilation volume (2538m²/s) during clean period was 2.2times of the polluted period (1136m²/s), indicating that the boundary layer ventilation can be more useful to characterize the degree of atmospheric pollution.

This paper proposes a new grid analysis method for the source and transportation of atmospheric pollutants. First, the air quality model can be operated without the emission source list, but just utilize a pre-set gridded emission source to obtain the pollution impact factor of the emission source. Second, in combination with the pollutant monitoring data, the equations for the total emission intensity of the emission source are constructed and solved by genetic algorithm. Finally, the pollution contribution ratio of the emission source can be calculated based on the pollution impact factor and total emission intensity of the emission source, thereby completing the grid analysis of the source and transportation of the atmospheric pollutant. The proposed method provides a new idea for the analysis and treatment of air pollution conditions without accurate inventory lists. This method has been applied in the tests conducted on the source and transport of PM_2.5 during the period from October to December 2017 in the cities of Beijing, Shijiazhuang and Baoding.

Photocatalytic behavior of NO removal on TiO₂ was carried out in the simulated urban tunnel exhaust. The economy of its application was analyzed for an urban tunnel with length of 1km and height of 5m. TiO₂ calcined at 400℃ (TiO₂-400) showed the best adsorption and photocatalytic performance among the samples. The maximum NO_x conversion of 30% was obtained on TiO₂-400. NO_x adsorption and photocatalytic performance was significantly influenced by various feeding gases. The inhibition of NO_x adsorption decreased in the order of CH₄≈CO₂ > CO. The promotion of removal efficiency of NO_x was ranked as CO > CH₄ > CO₂. When the light irradiance increased, the photocatalytic activity and stability of catalyst were enhanced and decreased, respectively. Light irradiance of 6.4ugW/cm² is the appropriate illumination intensity for photocatalysis of DeNO_x. Both NO adsorption capacity and lifetime of catalyst were significantly promoted with the increase of catalyst usage. When catalyst dosage was 15mg/cm², the adsorption capacity of NO was 0.88mg/g, and the stabilization time of the catalyst was 110min. This technology has characteristics with low cost and good economy.

In this paper, the surface acidity and the closely related microstructure of supported vanadium phosphate (VPO/TiO₂) were adjusted by Ce. The denitration performance of VPO-Ce/TiO₂ was also investigated. The results showed that when the P/V was 1/3, the Ce/V 1/4, the loading of active component 10% and the calcination temperature 400℃, the activity of denitrifying catalyst functioned the best with a de-NO_x rate above 96% at temperature range of 250~350℃. The BET results showed that the specific surface area of 0.1VP(0.33)O-Ce(0.25)/TiO₂ is 10.74m²/g and it was 58.6% higher than that of 0.1VP(0.33)O/TiO₂. The mole ratio of chemisorbed oxygen (O_α) and lattice oxygen (O_β) O_α/O_β of 0.1VP(0.33)O/TiO₂ was 72% and the O_α/O_β increased to 85% after Ce doping. Moreover, Ce doping could promote the formation of adjacent V⁵⁺ and V⁴⁺ and improve the redox performance of catalysts. Ce doping had a great effect on the surface acidity of catalyst and the intensity of Brønsted acidity of catalyst was highest when Ce/V is 1/4, which was consistent with the activity test. With 200x10^-6 SO₂ and 4vol.% water vapor in the feed gas, the denitration activity of 0.1VP(0.33)O-Ce(0.25)/TiO₂ dropped by 20% at most at temperature of 150~300℃ and it hardly decreased when the temperature was above 300℃. There was no sulfate generated on the 0.1VP(0.33)O-Ce(0.25)/TiO₂ after the activity test and the catalyst showed excellent resistance ability to SO₂ and water vapor.

A pilot-scale A²O process was carried out to treat sewage in a wastewater treatment plant in Chaohu City, aiming to save energy. The results showed that when the dissolved oxygen (DO) decreased from 2mg/L to 0.5mg/L, the removal rates of COD and ammonia were 80% and 90%, respectively, meaning the removal performance was not affected, and no nitrite accumulation occurred, in the meantime, the removal rate of TN increased significantly, from 15% to 44%. Under low DO condition,the decrease of temperature mainly affected the TN removal rate, from 44% in summer to 29% in winter, whereas the removal rate of ammonia was still above 90%. Due to the shortage of carbon source, the nitrogen removal rate was only 29% under low temperature, resulting in a high nitrate concentration in the effluent. Under long-term low DO conditions, the dominant microbial species of AOB and NOB were Nitrosomonadaceae and Nitrospira, with relative abundance of 2.33% and 6.40% respectively. NOB is superior to AOB in both quantity and kinetic performance. At the same time, Denitratisoma was found with the relative abundance of 1.59%, which was considered as aerobic denitrifying bacteria. These findings provide theoretical and practical support for nitrogen removal from municipal wastewater under low DO conditions.

Three column Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) (R1, R2, R3) with reactor height/diameter ratio of 3:1, 4.5:1 and 6:1 were used in this experiment. The actual domestic sewage was taken as influent and inoculate the sludge returned from the secondary sedimentation tank of the sewage treatment plant. Study the impact of SBR height/diameter ratio on the formation,nitrogen and phosphorus removal and decarburization of aerobic granular sludge in domestic sewage. The results showed that R1, R2, R3 are started successfully with 42,35 and 28d respectively. The average size of the aerobic granular sludge in R1, R2 and R3 are 750, 900 and 1100μm when the granules have matured. In the start-up stage, The removal rates of TN of R1, R2 and R3 are 66%, 61% and 62%, respectively. After the granular sludge matured, the effluent of R1, R2 and R3 all reachesⅠA standard of the Urban Sewage Treatment Plant Pollutant Discharge Standard of China, and the removal rates of TN, TP and COD are 79%, 85% and 91%, 91%, 93% and 94% and 89%, 92% and 93% respectively. Further analysis shows that within the scope of this experimental study, the increase of SBR height/diameter ratio is beneficial to the formation of aerobic granular sludge and increasing the size, so that the precipitation performance and the simultaneous, nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance improved.

In order to improve the performance of PVDF-g-PSSA proton exchange membrane, SGO/PVDF-g-PSSA composite proton exchange membrane was prepared by mixing sulfonated graphene oxide (SGO) with PVDF-g-PSSA copolymer. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray detector (XRD) were used to confirm the successful sulfonation of GO. The composite membrane was characterized by SEM and the main properties of the composite membranes were investigated. The optimal SGO dosing amount was obtained. The dissipative quartz crystal microbalance (QCM-D) was used to investigate the anti-fouling performance of the composite membranes. The results showed that when the SGO addition amount was 1.0%, the overall performance of composite membrane was optimized, the water content reached 44.34%, and the proton conductivity was 0.085S/cm. The QCM-D experiments showed that the BSA adsorption amount on the surface of the composite membrane was the lowest under pure water and 50mmol/L PBS, and |ΔD/ΔF| was the largest, indicating that the adsorption layer was loose and the composite membrane had better anti-fouling properties.

Oxygen radicals (ROS) generated by transition metals catalysed activation of persulfate (PS) can be applied to degrade various organic pollutants. In order to avoid related second pollution of heavy metal under homogeneous catalytic system, a stable and effective catalyst (CS-CoPcS) was developed for PS activation by immobilizing cobalt tetrasulfophthalocyanine (CoPcS) onto chitosan (CS) microspheres covalently for the heterogeneous catalytic degradation of azo dye methyl orange (MO). The effects of different reaction conditions were studied. Furthermore, the stability of CS-CoPcS and possible mechanism were analyzed. The results showed that the MO removal efficiency could up to 87.21% at 25℃ under the conditions of initial MO concentration of 152.75mmol/L, pH₀ value of 5.5, PS concentration of 10mmol/L and CS-CoPcS dosage of 1.25g/L. The kinetics data were fitted very well by pseudo-first-order model in 180min, and the removal rate was 1.24×10^-2min^-1. The comparison of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and different radical scavengers effect showed that sulfate radical was the dominant active species in the catalytic process. The results of recycling experiments after four runs indicated that the CS-CoPcS was recyclable for consecutive catalytic degradation of MO, and no detectable amount of cobalt ion in the aqueous solution after any runs reaction, which show high catalytic activity and structural stability of CS-CoPcS.

The feasibility and efficiency of m-cresol removal with three different categories of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) as particle electrodes were investigated. The surface morphology of activated carbon fibers was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The pore structure and specific surface area of activated carbon fibers were studied by BET. The variety and number of surface functional groups of activated carbon fibers were characterized by temperature programmed desorption (TPD-Ms). It was found the activated carbon fibers were formed by cro ss binding of single bundle fibers structure with a large specific surface area (>1480m²/g) and diverse functional groups. Furthermore, influence of operating parameters was investigated including the effects of ACFs types, contact mode of ACFs and electrode, as well as initial pH. The electrochemical degradation results demonstrated that the excessive oxygen functional groups on the surface of ACFs might be adverse to the removal rate of pollutants. The electrooxidation efficiency of three-dimensional electrodes increases significantly with the decrease of pH, and different electrode contact modes also have great influence on the electrooxidation effect of three-dimensional electrode.

In order to obtain environmentally friendly adsorbent with magnetic separation and excellent adsorption characteristics, biochar (CSBC) was prepared from cotton straw, and magnetic cotton straw biochar (MCSBC) was prepared by co-precipitation method. CSBC and MCSBC were characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, VSM, and element analysis. The adsorption characteristics of PNP in aqueous solution using CSBC and MCSBC were investigated. The results showed that the pH value of the solution had a great influence on the adsorption of PNP by CSBC and MCSBC, and the adsorption capacity was greater under acidic conditions. Adsorption process of PNP by CSBC and MCSBC can be well fitted by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption process includes two stages:liquid film diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips models described the adsorption behavior well. The maximum adsorption capacity of CSBC and MCSBC for PNP were 44.54 and 48.94mg/g, respectively. The adsorption capacity of MCSBC was higher than that of the CSBC. Thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process of PNP onto CSBC and MCSBC was spontaneous with increased entropy and endothermic. The regeneration studies indicated that MCSBC kept 82% of its initial PNP adsorption capacity at the sixth adsorption/desorption cycle.

To improve the removal efficiency of fluoride ion (F^-) in aqueous solution, Carbon nanotubes (CNT)-doped hydroxyapatite (HAP) composites (CdH) were synthesized via in-situ synthesis and characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM and N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherms. The adsorption performance was investigated by static adsorption experiments and analyzed with adsorption kinetic models, Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm adsorption models, and Weber-Morris equation. The optimal pH value for fluoride removal was 6. The adsorption capacity of CdH reached 11.05mg/g at room temperature, which was much higher than that of HAP (5.02mg/g). The results implied the occurrence of Langmuir monolayer adsorption once F^- contacted the surface of CdH. The adsorption kinetics fitted the pseudo-second order model, and the internal diffusion of particles played the major role in the adsorption process. Moreover, the XPS results of CdHs before and after fluoride adsorption demonstrated that the mechanism of fluoride removal by CdH is mainly ion exchange.

Groundwater contamination source identification (GCSI) is critical for taking effective actions in designing remediation strategies, estimating risks, and confirming responsibility. Surrogate-based simulation-optimization technique was applied to source identification and parameter estimation of DNAPLs-contaminated aquifer in this article. The results showed that:1) kernel extreme learning machines (KELM) surrogate model approximated the simulation model accurately. It could simulate the input/output relationship of the simulation model with most of the relative errors less than 5%, and the mean relative error was only 2.98%; 2) Replacing the simulation model with a KELM model considerably reduced the computational burden of the simulation-optimization process and maintained high computation accuracy, the identification time was reduced to 3hours from 83days; 3) Simulated annealing-based particle swarm optimization algorithm is efficient in searching the global optimal solution of the nonlinear programming optimization model, and avoiding the optimization process trapping into local optimum.

4 groups of potential source intensities with 2 pollution sources were obtained using orthogonal experimental design in a landfill of Baicheng city. Numerical simulation models of groundwater flow and solute transport were developed to predict the groundwater contaminated condition resulted by the potential pollution sources, and 57 potential monitoring network were designed according to the distribution of the contamination plume. In order to maximize the coverage of highly polluted areas maximization, a 0-1integer programming model was established which was solved with implicit enumeration method. The result demonstrated that:the optimal groundwater quality monitoring network layout strategies under different maximum allowable monitoring wells number were achieved. Taking the maximum allowable monitoring wells number as 7as an example, then 1, 6, 9, 15, 19, 23, 31 were the optimal location of the monitoring wells (five wells located at downstream of the leachate tank, two wells located at downstream of the landfill area). It was found that the pollutants detection probability with the optimal monitoring network layout strategy reached 95%, which was much higher than that of random layout strategy.

In a southern landfill, 6samples weighing about 5kg were collected at the depth of 5~30m. The samples were sieved and sorted to study the variation of the particle composition with the depth. Meanwhile, the samples under different loads were stained and sectioned to analyze the influence of overburden pressure on the internal structure of MSW. The results showed that the fine particles (0D, i.e., particle size <2cm) were the most content in the MSW samples and its proportion exceeded 50%. The proportion of 2D particles was the highest in coarse particles, and the plastic was the most content in the 2D particles. As the load increased, the content of fine particles increased, while the large pores and preferential flow channels decreased. The overburden pressure mainly reduced the internal pore space of MSW, and then decreased its hydraulic conductivity. 2D particles could be directionally arranged under loading, which led to the tortuosity of seepage path and the anisotropy of hydraulic conductivity. The directional arrangement of 2D particles was the key factor resulting in the seepage anisotropy of MSW, and the plastic was the most important factor.

In view of the environmental pollution caused by the accumulation of phosphogypsum, a solution was proposed to treat the HPG as a filling material with innocuous treatment. Through osmosis test, physical property test and chemical composition analysis test of HPG, the regularity of elemental release was studied with different lime content, different size and different curing time. The results showed that adding 2% lime to HPG had the best curing effect on P, F or other potentially harmful elements in HPG, and the compressive strength of the prepared filling blocks could reach 7.4MPa in three days. At the same time, its penetration resistance increased by more than 3000times. The dissolution rate per unit area of HPG in deionized water was obtained by immersion test. When the exposed area of filling body is 4square meters, the total amount of P, F, Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2- dissolved in water was 0.84, 0.32, 27.84 and 89.32g per day. It was also found that the ion dissolution of HPG specimens had a size effect. Under the same conditions of immersion time and solid-liquid ratio, increasing the size of backfill can reduce the ion dissolution rate.

In this his study, based on the steps of "enrichment (accelerated solvent extraction) + purification + detection", the operation parameters of sludge sampling volume, extraction conditions, purification column type, wash polarity and eluent polarity were optimized. The optimal parameters include:a sludge sampling volume of 0.2g, an extraction temperature of 130℃, a 1:1 (v/v) solution mixing ratio of acetone/dichloromethane extractant, and an amino column purification operation. A 2:5 (v/v) mixing ratio was used for the dichloromethane/n-hexane wash solution, and dichloromethane was used as the eluent. The qualitative and quantitative detection of organophosphate esters (OPEs) using an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) demonstrated:the matrix spike recoveries for all identified OPEs were between 60% and 120% with a matrix effect no more than ±15%. The pretreatment method could also be appropriate for the determination of OPEs in wastewater samples. This pretreatment method was successfully applied to measure the concentrations of OPEs in the water phase and solid phase samples from the main units in a sewage treatment plant in Beijing, and a good result was achieved.

The bottom ash of biomass power plant in South China was used to produce heavy metal deactivator BFA by physical and chemical modification, BFA was used to remediate the cadmium contaminated soil in South China. The reason why we selected the bottom ash was the content of heavy metals such as Cd in bottom ash were significantly lower than that in fly ash. The adsorption capacity of BFA to Cd in water was over 16mg/g. The results of indoor pot experiment showed that, with the amendment of 1% w/w BFA to soil, Cd in rice decreased over 80% in the first season, from 2.8times over the national standard value to lower than the standard; in the second season, Cd in wheat decreased by 70%, from 0.9times over the standard value to lower than the standard. The in situ experiment conducted in the heavily polluted cropland in South China showed that, with the amendment of 1% w/w BFA to soil, Cd in rice and wheat produced decreased by 70%~90%, in the second year (2017), the Cd reduction rate in rice increased by 10%~20% compared with the first year (2016), from 20times over the standard value to lower than the standard. By the way, the Ni in rice and wheat produced decreased over 60%, while the content of beneficial elements, such as Cu and Zn, were not affected signally. the BFA also promoted crop growth, the yield of rice increased by 40%~60% in the first season and still have benificial effects in the second season. The heavy metal content of the bottom ash of biomass power plant in south China is low. The BFA produced by the bottom ash provides an excellent way to dispose of the bottom ash and for the remediation of cropland contaminated with heavy metals in South China.

In order to considering the digestive characteristics of Chinese people, gastric and intestinal juice formulated in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia were used as digestive solutions in measuring as bioaccessibility of 13 soil samples collected from Dalian, Hunan and Guangxi in this study. The correlation between soil physicochemical parameters and As bioaccessibility was investigated, and the effects of enzymes and the pH of gastrointestinal fluid as well as the digestive duration on As bioaccessibility were explored. The results showed that the bioaccessibility of As in stomach and intestine were 5.03%~44.54% and 10.77%~51.46% respectively, with the arithmetic means at 18.08% and 29.32%. Two most significant factors influencing the As bioaccessibility in stomach were w(TAs) and w(TP), followed by w(TAl), pH of soil samples and w(TOM). The most significant factors in intestine were w(TAs), bioaccessible As in stomach and w(TP), followed by pH of soil samples, w(TAl) and w(TOM). The bioaccessible As in stomach was decreased due to the addition of pepsin while no significant change was observed by adding typsin to the digestive solution in intestine. The bioaccessibility of As reached the peaks at the pH 0.9 and 5.0 in stomach and intestine respectively and approach the maximum levels relatively stable by about 1.0h and 4.0h of extraction in stomach and intestine respectively. Therefore, digestion simulations for 1.0h in stomach fluid at pH 0.9 and for 4.0h in intestine fluid at pH 5.0 were recommended for As bioaccessibility measurement. The study also indicates that it is of great significance to further developing the bioaccessibility method based on the characteristics of Chinese gastrointestinal digestion.

A pot experiment was conducted to simulate a mercury-contaminated paddy fields irrigated with wastewater. Soil sample was collected from a typical wastewater-irrigated area of Tianjin, and exogenous salinity (0%, 0.2%, 0.5% NaCl), mercury (0, 5mg/kg Hg(NO₃)₂) and rice straw (0, 0.1%) were added into soil manually to discuss the influence of rice straw amendment on total mercury (THg)/methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation in rice grain. Results showed that, (1) Methylation of inorganic mercury in paddy soil-rice system was promoted by rice straw amendment. After rice straw amendment, MeHg concentration in soil and rice grain increased by 56.8%~76.8% and 127%~171.6% respectively. (2) Stimulation of methylation of inorganic mercury in mild salinized paddy soil by rice straw amendment was even more serious, and which lead to an additional increment of MeHg in rice grain. Compared with un-salinized soil, MeHg in soil and rice grain increased by 92.2%~101.2% and 52.8%~132.1% respectively after rice straw amendment. However, in a more serious salinized soil (0.5% NaCl), methylation of inorganic mercury in soil was suppressed and MeHg accumulation in rice grain decreased. MeHg concentration in soil and rice grain decreased by 57.9%~88.6% and 72.9%~86.8% respectively in moderate salinized soil (0.5% NaCl) after treated with rice straw amendment, compared with in un-salinized soil. These results indicated that the treatment of rice straw amendment in a medium or low level salinized soil with Hg contamination may lead to adverse effect to human health. Therefore, treatment of rice straw amendment in this kind of area should be cautious.

In this study, geographically weighted regression kriging (GWRK) model was established to predict the spatial distribution pattern of soil available phosphorus in Jintan County, Jiangsu Province. Geographically weighted regression (GWR) was first used to quantify the local spatial regression relationships between soil available phosphorus and its three main influencing factors (i.e., soil total phosphorus, soil pH, and soil organic matter). And then the final prediction value of GWRK is the sum of the GWR prediction value and the regression residuals value interpolated by ordinary kriging (OK). In this study 52 independent verification samples were used to compare the prediction accuracy of the GWRK model and the traditional OK model. Finally, the standard-exceeding risk of the soil available phosphorus was assessed based on the results generated by the GWRK model. The GWR analysis showed that the relationships between soil available phosphorus and its three main influencing factors (i.e., soil total phosphorus, soil pH, and soil organic matter) were spatial non-stationary, with local regression coefficient changing with spatial position. Model comparison showed that the GWRK prediction result had lower mean absolute error (MAE), root mean square error (RMSE) and higher Pearson correlation coefficient (r). In addition, the relative improvement index (RI) of GWRK over OK was 19.61%. The risk assessment results showed that the 175.58km² areas was divided into the risk area of the soil available phosphorus content exceeded the Environmental safety threshold (40mg/kg), which accounted for about 18% of the whole area. Therefore, the GWRK model could effectively assess the spatial distribution pattern of available content of the soil elements. And the local regression coefficient of GWR could provide more accurate spatial decision support for the regulation of soil elements available content at a regional scale.

Based on the meteorological data, remote sensing data, digital elevation model, soil types and soil texture data of Qinjiang River basin in 2015, the spatial distribution of soil erosion and associated Se loss in 2015 in Qinjiang River Basin in Beibu Gulf coastal zone, was quantitatively analyzed by using the modified universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) and GIS spatial analysis technology technique. The results indicated that the total amount of soil erosion in Beibu Gulf Qinjiang River Basin in 2015 was 381.64×104t/a, and the average modulus of soil erosion was 14.79t/(hm²·a). The soil erosion modulus of the Qinjiang River Basin was less than that of the 2010, but far greater than that of the Ministry of water resources in the red soil hilly area of the South China. The soil erosion intensity was mainly slight erosion, which decreased successively from upstream to downstream in the basin. The elevation zone between 0~240m and the slope zone belts of greater than 15degrees were the key areas for soil erosion prevention in the future. The highest modulus of soil erosion in mountainous area was 23.49t/(hm²·a), which was about 1.59times higher than the average modulus of soil erosion in watershed, followed by hilly area and the smallest in alluvial plain. The content of selenium in the soil was between 0.38~0.72mg/kg, with the average value of 0.49mg/kg, which was 1.69times higher than the background value of selenium in Chinese. Selenium content in different land use types decreased with the increase of soil profile depth. The order of Se content in different land use types was forest land > garden land > grassland > paddy field > dry land, and the order of Se content in different soil types was:new accumulated soil > limestone soil > gleying paddy soil > flooded paddy soil > dry land. Lateritic red soil > paddy soil soil > lateritic soil > coastal sandy soil > purple soil > salty acid paddy soil. The total loss of selenium Qinjiang River Basin was 8987.05kg/a. The average loss modulus was 0.0344kg/(hm²·a), and the loss of selenium in the middle reaches of the river basin was the largest. The results can provide scientific basis for the development of selenium-rich agricultural products, the development of selenium-rich agriculture and the promotion of land use value in Qinjiang River Basin.

Comparative proteomics analysis was performed on membrane proteins extracted from Rhodococcus sp. BAP-1on consecutive fluoranthene exposure days by using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantization (iTRAQ) labelling and LC-MS/MS analysis to access differentially expressed membrane proteins. A total of 172differential membrane proteins were identified. The enrichment of COG and GO terms analysis of differentially expressed membrane proteins in three clusters showed that most of the differential proteins were involved in transport and oxidation-reduction processes. ABC transporters and TonB-dependent receptors played an important role in transmembrane-transport of fluoranthene. Catalase and superoxide dismutase had a significant up-regulation in sixth days as an antioxidant defence mechanism to protect microbes. Various energy-produced proteins played their respective roles at different stages, and constituted a protein interaction network to regulate transmembrane-transport of microorganisms.

Through the Illumina MiSeq analysis within V3-V4region of 16S rRNA gene, the response of microorganisms to scCO₂ and its feedback on the mineral interaction in scCO₂-saline-sandstone system was investigated. The results showed that biomass was affected by pH value. The initial pH was 7.02 and biomass was 11.02×10⁶ gene/mL. And the pH dropped to 5.65 and biomass decreased to 0.26×10⁶ gene/mL at 30^th-day. However with the dissolution of minerals, the pH increased to 5.87 and biomass increased to 4.61×10⁶ gene/mL at 90^th-day. In the community structure, phylum Proteobacteria (52.60% (30d), 55.34% (90d)) and phylum Firmicutes (46.89% (30d), 43.89% (90d)) were dominant phylum. At the genus level, Exiguobacterium, Citrobacter, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas were dominant genus at 30^th and 90^th-day. Acid-producing bacteria (Exiguobacterium, Acinetobactera and Pseudomonas) promoted the dissolution of feldspar and clay, and the concentrations of K⁺, Na⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and T-Fe were higher than those in blank group. Iron-reducing bacteria (Citrobacter) increased the ratio of Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ). Biofilm showed an adsorption function of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Fe²⁺. At last, the SEM results showed that the micron-mediated precipitation of siderite appeared before the blank group. Therefore, the adaptable bacteria in the scCO₂-salt-sandstone system could promote the mineral dissolution and carbonates capture.

Purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNSB) can assimilate ammonia, organic matter and phosphorus in wastewater into the cell body to composite proteins and other cellular substances under the condition of anaerobic illumination, instead of converting to CO₂ and N₂. In order to optimize PNSB growth conditions, Rhodopseudomonas palustris was used to study the effect of light, nitrogen and carbon on PNSB growth in this paper. The results showed that the PNSB growth rate under anaerobic infrared illumination conditions is approximately three times that of incandescent lamps. PNSB has the fastest utilization rate of ammonia (NH₄⁺-N) and can utilize nitrate (NO₃^--N), nitrite (NO₂^--N). PNSB has the fastest utilization rate of sodium acetate, followed by glucose and starch. This is because macromolecular organic matter can only be further utilized by PNSB after being hydrolyzed and acidified. It is a promising to apply PNSB to wastewater treatment under anaerobic infrared illumination conditions.

In this study, sediment from JiaLing River was cultivated as inoculum of dissimilatory Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria. By using qPCR technique, this study investigated the effects of different carbon sources (glucose and Na-acetate) and different forms of manganese oxides (δ-MnO₂ and manganese ore powders) on activating dissimilatory Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria. Moreover, the most active dissimilatory Mn(IV) reducing bacteria was further tested the performance of removing 5 typical pharmaceuticals, namely carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen, estradiol and diclofenac. Results demonstrated that glucose was the most suitable carbon sources while the δ-MnO₂ was the most suitable electron acceptor for the activation of dissimilatory Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria. The accumulated concentration of Mn²⁺ reached 416.03mg/L after 10d cultivation, while the total consumption of TOC was 88.24%. After 5d cultivation, removal of carbamazepine and ibuprofen by the activated dissimilatory Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria was insufficient with or without additional carbon sources. Only 11.88% of naproxen was removed by the bacteria in the presence of additional carbon sources. However, the activated dissimilatory Mn(IV)-reducing bacteria could use estradiol and diclofenac as the sole carbon source, with removal efficiency of 75.70% and 58.25%, respectively.

Driven by the external power, floating algal patches in the open Taihu Lake would drift into Meiliang Bay and Zhushan Bay located in the northern part of Taihu Lake. And the input of exogenous algal patches would aggravate the outbreak of algal blooms in local areas. Based on the self-developed situ observation technique of algal patches drift. We investigated the variation characteristics of algal patches horizontal drifting velocity at different time scales in Zhushan Bay, Lake Taihu. The results showed that the diurnal variation range of algal drift ratewes (0.0793±0.0135)~(0.146±0.0318)m/s during the period of observation, and the eigenvalues of the northern and eastern component of drifting velocity of algal patches were -0.0896~0.0247m/s and -0.0157~0.0029m/s, respectively, which reflected significant time difference. The daily mean value of the drift rate based on situ observation exhibited a zigzag alternating characteristic, that was, an increase-decrease-re-increment reciprocating cycle, with a variation range of (0.0499±0.0141)~(0.1580±0.0120)m/s, and the drift direction was mainly northward. The inter-monthly variation of algal patches horizontal drifting velocity was obvious, From June to August, the proportion of drift to the east gradually decreased, while the proportion of drift to the west gradually increased. During this period, the drift direction was mainly northward. The drift rate of the algal blooms was the smallest in early June, with an average of 0.0680m/s. It reaches the maximum in the first half of July, with an average of 0.1350m/s. The drift rate from mid-July to late August fluctuated around 0.0800m/s.

A multimedia fugacity model (Level Ⅲ) was applied to simulate the concentration distribution, quantity distribution, and transfer fluxes of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in four environmental compartments in Lake Chaohu under different hydrodynamic conditions. The results showed that the simulated concentration (water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment) can fit the observed concentration well, which indicated the effectiveness of the model. Moreover, the key model parameters were identified using sensitivity analysis method. When water-sediment system reached equilibrium, TBBPA was mainly stored in sediment (accounts for over 86% of TBBPA input). Meanwhile, the resuspension characteristics and TBBPA degradation were influenced by hydrodynamic disturbance, which reduced the TBBPA concentration significantly in each environmental compartment and increased the quantity distribution in water and SPM and the transfer fluxes (water-SPM and sediment-SPM). The TBBPA degradation in sediment was the major route in water-sediment system (over 87% of the total TBBPA).

To protect Dongting Lake more effectively, it is very important to evaluate the ecological risk of Dongting Lake quantitatively. In this paper, the "Pressure-Response" model was adopted to evaluate the ecological risk status of Dongting Lake from the viewpoint of three stages from 1991 to 2015 and identify the main pressure source, stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators, ecosystem services of different stages. The results showed that (1) the ecological risk of Dongting Lake increased continuously from 1991 to 2015, and its main pressure source changed greatly. The main stress factors and the main affected ecosystem indicators were also changed obviously, but the main ecosystem services had no significant change. (2) The ecological risk factors of Dongting Lake were different at different stages. From 1991 to 2002, the ecological risk was influenced by both natural and social sources; From 2003 to 2010, the influence of natural sources was weakened, the influence of social sources began to emerge. From 2011 to 2015, the influence of natural sources was relatively small, and the influence of social sources was big. (3)Although the growth trend of ecological risks has slowed down in recent years, but which was still needed to strengthen protection and governance. It was to strengthen the pollution control of social sources continually in the basin, and to pay close attention to the changes of natural sources, especially the increasing of the ecological risk caused by the changes in hydrological conditions.

The increase of nitrous oxide emission has become a worldwide problem. The emission of nitrous oxide from water body increased with the increase of N inputs. Our study analyzed the roles of temperature and ammonia in N₂O emission through quantification of nitrogen transformation and related functional genes. The results showed that the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea and denitrifiers positively correlated to N₂O emission in water. Structural equation model revealed ammonia content had no direct effect on N₂O emission, however, high temperature and nitrification directly accelerated the release of N₂O. In addition, nitrification process also increased the release of N₂O indirectly through promoting abundance of denitrifiers and nitrite content.

In this study, sodium alginate (SA) was used as a carrier, calcium chloride (CaCl₂) was used as cross-linker to investigate the optimal conditions of immobilized chlorella and its treatment effect on ammonia nitrogen and phosphate in marine aquaculture wastewater. By comparing the effects of different concentrations of SA and CaCl₂ on the growth of Chlorella, and the effects of different immobilization conditions on the treatment of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate, the optimum immobilization conditions were 2% SA and 2% CaCl₂. The effect of immobilized and suspended Chlorella on nitrogen and phosphorus removal in simulated seawater aquaculture wastewater was compared. The results showed that the immobilized algae balls had better removal efficiency on nitrogen and phosphorus than the suspended algae. The maximum ammonia nitrogen and phosphate removal rates of immobilized algae balls at low inoculation rate (1:10) were 63.26% and 62.76%, respectively. The higher concentration of immobilized Chlorella, the stronger its purification ability. The maximum nitrogen and phosphorus removal rates of immobilized algal balls were 85.16% and 75.94% respectively according to the high inoculation rate (1:1). The average removal rates of ammonia nitrogen and phosphate under continuous flow operation were 84.49% and 72.17%, respectively. The immobilized state of Chlorella retained and extended the suspended growth activity, and enhanced the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus removal from seawater aquaculture wastewater.

Caused by human activities, lagoon deposition, water area reduction and water quality deterioration of Qilihai Lagoon Wetland (QLW) become serious. Through the ecological restoration project of QLW (phase I), lagoon ecological environment will be improved by dredging project. Based on triple nested unstructured grids, the hydrodynamic and transport models of QLW were validated through observation data of tidal level, velocity magnitude and direction. Combined with the average residence time and the distribution of residence time in the whole basin calculated by Eulerian method and numerical simulation, the impact of dredging project on hydrodynamic and water exchange of QLW were analyzed. The results revealed that (1) the project had slight influence on tidal level, discharge and current speed during flood tide and ebb tide at the mouth of tidal inlet both increase after the dredging project; (2) the tidal prism of lagoon was increased by 87% after the dredging project, residence time was reduced by 38%, water exchange capacity was gradually weakened from tidal inlet to inner of lagoon and the main areas of water exchange improvement by the dredging project were water channel and center of lagoon; (3) the distribution of residence time before the project was mainly influenced by lagoon geomorphology, however, due to the water depth increases after the project, the flow field was less affected by geomorphology, and the distribution of water exchange capacity was mainly affected by the lagoon flow field. Improvement of water exchange capacity and ecological environment of QLW could be achieved efficiently by dredging project.

By using five 110L simulated river reactors, the biostimulant dosage was designed as 0.08, 0.09, 0.10 and 0.11g/L, respectively, with adding aerobic denitrifiers (sediment and water were injected at a concentration of 0.09% and 0.03% of the agent), and the aerobic denitrifiers supplement group was used as a blank experiment, to study the repair effect in the collaborative effect of microorganism and biostimulant through more than 40days' experiment. The results showed that when the dosage of biostimulant was 0.10g/L, and the removal rate of COD in overlying water was 69%, which was higher than that of the other groups. NO₃^--N in the overlying water of each synergistic remediation group had no accumulation. The NO₃^--N removal rate is the highest at up to 0.11g/L, which is up to 96%; the TOC and TN content of sediments in each group did not change significantly within 40days. The TOC and TN removal rates of the sediment were significantly improved when the reaction time was extended to 84days. The urease activity of each collaborative group fluctuated, and the protease activity peaked at around 15d, with an increase of 106%~237%. Through high-throughput sequencing technology, the relative abundance of major functional groups, such as Desulfuromonas, Pseudomonas, Treponema_2, and Blvii28_wastewater-sludge_group increased at 43^rd day compared with the control group alone, and the biostimulant dosage was 0.10g/L can enable the microbial community to be more suitable for the degradation of nitrogen and organic matter in the direction of succession, effectively improving the sediment environment.

In this paper, grain size and element from different sediments in the Hetao Basin were analyzed, based on the results of age and environmental indicators from Lake Chenpu sediment, by means of canonical discriminant analysis technology, and combined with historical and literature materials, environmental changes were revealed during two typical periods in recent 300years. Because of the flood activities from the migration of the Yellow River channel in about 1850AD, the grain size characteristics of the sediments at 55~50cm of Lake Chenpu sediment (CP1), which displayed grey-yellow clay layer, were closed related to the slow-flow sediment along the Yellow River bank, their median diameter and mode value were 3.8μm, 7.7μm and 4.4μm, 5.0μm respectively, and the values of the elements and their ratios (including K/Ti, Al/Ti and K/Sr) were 7.1, 21.5, 102.7 and 6.2、20.7、87.8 respectively, and their scattered points were also distributed in the same area in the canonical discriminant score scatter plot, which was separated from the distribution areas of other types of sediments, and the element ratios (including K/Ti Al/Ti and K/Sr) could be taken as environmental proxy indicators for the flood activity from the lake sediments. Since 1995, due to the large-scale reclamation of sandy land under human activities in this region, wind-sand activities enhancing, the grain size characteristics of the sediments at the top of 15cm (CP2) were similar to the aeolian sediment, their median diameter and mode value were 20.1μm, 19.6μm and 41.6μm, 45.7μm respectively, and their elements scattered points were also distributed in the same area, and the study results were in good agreement with the literature records.

In order to assess the risk of female reproductive system cancer caused by PM_2.5 and the difference between urban and rural areas, by taking ovarian cancer as an example, this paper analyzed the correlation between the PM_2.5 and the incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer and estimated the increased risk of ovarian cancer incidence and mortality to PM_2.5 in eastern China during the years 2000~2011. The results showed that, the incidence and mortality of ovarian cancer in urban areas were significantly higher than those in rural areas. In urban area, with every 10 μg/m³ increment of average annual PM_2.5 concentration, the relative risk of ovarian cancer incidence increased 9.3% (compared with the average annual PM_2.5 concentration of 35μg/m³), and the incidence increased 0.51 people per one hundred thousand people.

Based on the daily maximum temperature data and hospital Emergency Room (ER) visit records from 2009 to 2012, we analyzed the climatic impact on the onset of the four types of common respiratory diseases (i.e., upper respiratory tract infection, bronchitis, pneumonia, and asthma) in Beijing, China. We used a time-series-based semi-parametric generalized additive model. We controlled the confounding factors, such as weekday effect, long-term trend, and other meteorological elements, and we also factored in age-gender differences and the lagging effect within a week. The results showed that the lagging effect of daily maximum temperature on the number of ER visits due to respiratory diseases was within one day. The number of male patients was generally higher than that of female patients. For each 1℃ increase in daily maximum temperature, the number of ER visits due to upper respiratory tract infection and bronchitis would increase by 2.10% and 2.14%, respectively, for the male subgroup; and the number of ER visits due to pneumonia, asthma, and bronchitis would increase by 2.00%, 4.21%, and 2.95%, respectively, for the female subgroup. Within the four different age subgroups, the increase in the number of ER visits due to respiratory diseases per 1℃ increase in daily maximum temperature was statistically significant with the exception of the 60-74age group. In particular, when daily maximum temperature increased by 1℃, the number of ER visits due to bronchitis would increase by 3.60% and 2.16% for the below-15 and the 15~59age group, respectively; the number of ER visits due to pneumonia and asthma would increase by 2.69% and 8.05%, respectively, for the over-75age group.

To evaluate the health risks induced by haze particles sampled from three different areas. The present study assessed the effects of haze particles on electrical impedance and autophagy factors of the tracheal epithelial cells. Rat tracheal epithelial (RTE) cells were exposed to haze particles collected from three different areas, including residential area (I), traffic area (Ⅱ), and chemical industry park (Ⅲ) in the megacity Hangzhou, China. The particle concentration was treated and designed as 100mg/L and then a period of 24h exposure was given to cells in treatment groups. The electronic impedance and the time needed for the recovery of electricity damage were determined by ECIS (Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing). Western blot was used to analyze the protein expressions of p62, Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1, LC3B and mTOR to compare the effects of different haze particles on RTE cells autophagy. The results showed that the recovery time of cell injury was prolonged by 34.6%, 63.2% and 78.0%, respectively, when compared with the control group. The expression of Atg5, Atg7, Beclin1and LC3B proteins increased, whereas that of p62protein significantly decreased. The expression of mTOR related proteins decreased significantly by 4.38%, 3.34% and 2.36%, respectively. Compared with the control group, the expression of p-mTOR decreased by 24.2% in group I, 37.0% in group Ⅱ and 60.9% in group Ⅲ. All the results suggested that haze particles collected from different functional areas could induce various toxic damages on RTE cells such as reduction of growth speed, impairment of revovery ability, and increased authophagy protein expression. The haze particles from chemical industrial areas showed more toxic effects than those from residential areas and traffic areas. The cytotoxicity of haze particles from different sources is obviously different The determination of cell electrical injury recovery time and the detection of autophagy-related proteins can provide a rapid biological method for health risk assessment of haze particles.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is currently the most frequently detected phthalic acid esters (PAEs) and can induce diverse toxicities on aquatic organisms. To understand the transcriptomic responses of fish exposed to DEHP, we performed transcriptomic profiles in liver of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), which is the most important commercial fishes in Guangdong province. Transcriptome sequencing in liver of Nile tilapia exposed to olive oil (control group) and 50mg kg^-1 body weight of DEHP for 7days was performed respectively using Illumina HiSeq 4000platform. A total of 30.10Mb and 30.16Mb clean reads were retrieved from the control and DEHP treated libraries, respectively. De-novo assembly of all the clean reads obtained 58,585unigenes. After comparing the two libraries, 3,217 and 1,791genes were identified as significantly increased and depressed, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) classification system and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) database analysis demonstrated that DEHP significantly disturbed the expression level of genes associated with immunity, endocrine and reproductive system, lipid metabolism and so on. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to validate the results of RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis. The resulting data provide new insights for exploring the molecular basis of tilapia response to DEHP exposure.

A lots of acoustic factors affect noise annoyance. However, in traditional noise control engineering, design of control scheme is usually based on the required reduction of A-weighted sound pressure level rather than the improvement of noise annoyance. In this study, based on the improvement of noise annoyance, a method optimizing noise control schemes was proposed, and this method was applied to the optimization of sound barriers for a substation. Results showed that the same sound barrier had a great different effect on improving noise annoyance of different interested points, and the sound barrier having a better reduction of A-weighted sound pressure level maybe was not the best for improving noise annoyance. Therefore, design of noise control scheme should consider the relative location between noise source and interested sound environmental protection target, and select the best one for improving noise annoyance.

Based on the input-output model, the urban households of China were divided into seven income groups according to their income level, and the income distributional effects on urban households of converting the energy resource tax from volume-based tax into ad valorem tax were analyzed in this paper. According to the results, it would be regressive income distributional effects if only implementing coal resource tax reform or natural gas resource tax reform separately, which was not beneficial to income distribution fairness; but it would be progressive income distributional effects if only implementing oil resource tax reform which was beneficial to income distribution fairness; however, it would be almost no impacts on income distribution fairness if coal, oil and natural gas resource taxes reform under current tax rate were implemented simultaneously. Specifically, the impacts of energy resource tax reform on low income groups should be paid more attention to, and appropriate subsidy policies should be designed in order to reduce the negative impacts on the welfare of the low income groups as their consumption expenditure would be increased.

In this study, firstly, the mineral resources, ecological and environmental elements were taken into account as input factors in the conventional C-D production function. Secondly, the method of resource-environment-economy integrated diagnosis (REEID) was established and then applied. Ordos, Inner Mongolia, whose economy has been dominated by coal extraction and utilization, was the taken as a study case. The results showed that the integrated output elasticity in Ordos from 2001 to 2015 was 0.8158, indicated the decreasing returned to scale. The industrial path dependence was in the integrated marginal revenue (MR_KLME) increasing process from 2001 to 2007, then entered the decreasing process from 2008 to 2015. The ecological and environmental cost of industry increased significantly, which reduced MR_KLME dramatically and caused the MR_KLME curve to show an inflection point decrease 2~4 years earlier than that in the conventional C-D simulation. Hence it was suggested that measures such as "double control" of the total amount and intensity of coal resources development, strengthening ecological environmental protection and governance, etc., should be employed. The REEID method could correct the diagnostic bias caused by neglecting the resource and environmental effects. It was more reasonable and accurate to diagnose the evolutionary characteristics of industrial development path dependence in resource-dependent cities. REEID method was helpful to propose effective development countermeasures.

Due to the fast process of urbanization in China recently, rapid growth of urban carbon emissions has been greatly brought about, it's generally recognized that accurate city-level carbon emission data are crucial for formulating scientific and reasonable carbon emission reduction policies. By clarifying the key categories of carbon emission sources, different kinds of carbon emissions can be targeted and precisely controlled. However, recent researches on carbon emissions were mainly concentrated at the national, regional and provincial levels, and due to the opacity and inaccuracy of the required basic data, complete carbon emission inventories for general prefecture cities have not been well compiled for a long period. To solve the problem, on the basis of previous studies, the provincial energy balance table and reasonable distribution indicators are used to estimate carbon emissions in subordinate cities from provincial carbon emissions data in our research, and a set of top-bottom urban energy consumption carbon emission estimation methods was constructed. The comparison with the publicly available city level carbon emission database showed that the estimation gap was all within 10%, which proved the feasibility and accuracy of the method. We also tried to extend the method on the time scale and provide the validation. This paper provided a scientific method and reasonable ideas for acquiring carbon emissions data of Chinese cities that were continuous in both time and space scale, and could also provide reliable data support for allocating carbon emission reduction tasks and emission reduction consultations between cities.

Based on the continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS), environmental statistics, pollutant discharge permit and emission inventory of power plants in Hainan Province in 2015, the difference of pollutant emissions from power plants in Hainan under different methods was analyzed, and the variation rule of power plants emissions was acquired. In this paper, three situations including current situation, pollutant discharge permit situation and ultra-low emission situation were considered, and impacts of power plants on the air quality of Hainan province under three situations were simulated using CALPUFF model. The results showed that the emissions of various pollutants from power plants vary greatly under different statistical methods, and the maximum difference can reach 5.65times. In the time dimension, the monthly distribution of pollutant emissions from thermal power industry was relatively stable ranging from 7% to 10% and 24-hour fluctuation was characterized by "two peaks and two valleys". In terms of air quality, the concentration distribution of SO₂, NO_x, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ generally showed a trend of high in west and low in east. Under current situation, the impacts of power plants on the average of annual concentration of each pollutant were SO₂ 0.001~0.015μg/m³、NO_x 0~0.01μg/m³、PM₁₀ 0.001~0.006μg/m³、PM_2.5 0~0.003μg/m³, and most of the highest concentration occurred in Dongfang and Lingao. The degree of impact of power plants on the atmospheric environment was permit > current > ultra-low. When the pollutant discharge permit is implemented, the annual average concentration of PM₁₀ and NO_x emitted from power plants increases by 50% and 38%, respectively, compared with the current situation. After the full implementation of ultra-low emission, there is a significant improvement in the air quality, with the annual average concentration of SO₂ and PM_2.5 for each city reduced by 57% and 69%, respectively, compared with the current situation.

The early warning system of environmental carrying capacity was built on the basis of the climate index method to address the lack of relative research, and evaluated its reliability to provide early warning about the environmental carrying capacity of China in 2001~2014. In addition, on this basis, a research on the environmental carrying capacity warnings of 31provinces (autonomous regions/municipalities, excluding Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan regions) in China in 2001~2014 was conducted. The results of the early warning system established here showed good agreement with the actual social and economic development trends and environmental carrying conditions. From the satisfactory evaluation outcomes, we confirmed its feasibility for providing early warning on the environmental carrying capacity. Moreover, the early warning results indicated that the environmental carrying capacity varied in different regions, but the overall Chinese environmental carrying conditions improved year-on-year. Nonetheless, corresponding measures would be needed for handling the possibility of overloading the environmental carrying capacity in future, to reduce the environmental pressure of economic development and enhance the environmental carrying capacity in China.