It is of great significance for preventing and controlling regional air pollution to understand spatiotemporal patterns of air pollution in air pollution transmission channel (also known as "2+26" cities) of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. Spatial pattern and temporal variation of air pollution in "2+26" cities was revealed with the satellite-derived PM_2.5 concentration data from 2000 to 2015 and the linear trend analysis and the barycenter analysis. The main findings are as follows:PM_2.5 concentration was lower in the west and higher in the east with the Taihang Mountain as the demarcation. And that in the center of the city was higher than that in surrounding regions. The concentration of PM_2.5 generally showed an increasing trend from 2000 to 2015, especially during 2000~2007. The area with significant increasing trend during 2000~2007 accounted for 88.48% of the total area. The gravity center of PM_2.5 pollution was located at the junction of Hengshui, Xingtai and Dezhou, which indicated that the pollution in the north of the study area was more serious. This study could provide reference and support for policy formulation and implementation of air pollution control measures in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions.

A systematic field observation of the haze and fog was conducted and last 45 days in the northern suburbs of Nanjing during the winter of 2017. In this study, an advection radiation fog event from December 30 to 31 was forced on, and the meteorological elements, the macroscopic and microscopic features of fogs and aerosols were analyzed. It was found that the continuous cooling caused by cold advections and the long-wave night sky radiation dominated the development of fog, and the enhancement of short-wave radiation leaded to the fog dissipation. There was an explosive growth in the fog, where the liquid water content increased by three orders of magnitude from 10^-4g/m³ to 10^-1g/m³ within 17 minutes, and the increasing number concentration of fog droplets contributed 67% to the explosive growth. There was an obvious characteristic of uneven distribution in the strong fog. In addition, a new phenomenon of nano-scale aerosols accumulation in the strong fog was observed after sunrise, where the increment speed of the number concentration of the aerosols with diameters from 10nm to 50nm reached 2817cm^-3/h. The following parts were examined to discuss the reasons for the cumulative event, including the secondary aerosol generation, i.e.,gas-to-particle and gas-to-liquid conversions of SO₂, and aerosols transport process, i.e., the local aerosols accumulation from human activities and a potential turbulence transport mechanism in fogs.

This study analyzed the spatial and temporal variations of PM_2.5 concentration and the degrees of urbanization for the five periods of 2001~2003, 2004~2006, 2007~2009, 2010~2012, and 2013~2015 in Mainland China, on perspectives of population, land and economy. Scissors difference method, correlation analysis and geographically weighted regression (GWR) model were employed to explore their relationships. Results showed that the three-year average degrees of urbanization for population, land and economy increased steadilyand PM_2.5 concentration fluctuated in an increase direction (44.14~50.89μg/m³). However, rates of these variations were different between four economic regions. Spatial distributions of PM_2.5 concentrations were similar for the five periods, they were high in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) area, north Henan and Shandong province, and west Xinjiang. The area with high urbanization degree increased gradually. Angles (15.33°~62.92°) between the two tangent lines of temporal variation curves of degree of urbanization and PM_2.5 concentrations based on scissors difference method revealed the insignificant relationships between them temporally. In addition, significant association was found between the spatial distributions of PM_2.5 concentrations and the degrees of urbanization. The degrees of urbanization for land were positively correlated with PM_2.5 concentrations at the 0.01level. The sequence of correlation coefficients from high to low was Northeast (0.609~0.723) > Midlands (0.572~0.631) > East (0.218~0.323) > West (0.079~0.255). Except for Midlands and West, the degrees of urbanization for economy had significantly positive effect on PM_2.5 concentrations, while those for population were negatively associated with PM_2.5 concentrations in Eastern area. The results for GWR models further demonstrated this varied spatial association with adjusted R² were found to be the highest in 2001~2003 period (0.6~0.77) and the lowest in 2013~2015 period (0.08~0.64).

A Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer was deployed at a typical rural site in North China Plain during June 2017 to study number concentration and size distribution of atmospheric submicron particles from the view of source regions. Results showed that the particles less than 300nm were dominant and the average particle number concentration was 28371cm^-3. The distribution of particle number concentration in different modes showed obvious differences:Nucleation mode (<20nm) was linear distribution; Aitken mode (20~100nm) was multinomial distribution; Accumulation mode (>100nm) was logarithmic distribution. Result of 48h backward trajectories indicated that the total number concentration of particles increased by 66.7%, when the air masses were mainly affected by the biomass burning transmitting from the Jiangsu, Shandong and Anhui provinces. Potential source contribution function and concentration-weighted trajectory analysis demonstrated that potential source regions of particles were located in the east of the observation site, and the particles with particle diameter less than 100nm were dominant.

To understand the pollution characteristics and major sources of fine particulate matterin Shenyang city, PM_2.5 samples were collected at Shenyang in February, May, August and October in 2015. The mass concentration and component composition of PM_2.5 (inorganic elements, carbonaceous species and water-soluble ions) were analyzed. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 69μg/m³ during the sampling period, which was 1.97 times higher than the standardary limit (35μg/m³) regulated by of Chinese Ambient air quality standards (GB 3095~2012). For instance, the content of water-soluble ions in PM_2.5 was the highest, followed by carbon fractions and inorganic elements. The enrichment factor (EF) results showed that the highest EF value elements came from coal burning, traffic pollution and industrial emission. The Positive Matrix Factor (PMF) model showed that the contribution ratios of coal combustion, secondary aerosol, industrial emissions, fugitivedust and traffic emissions in PM_2.5 were 33.37%、27.27%、16.68%、11.49% and 11.19%.

Based on the Second Simulation of the Satellite Signal in the Solar Spectrum (6S) model and the Geostationary Ocean Color Imager (GOCI) L1B data of the clear-sky geostationary satellites with a total of 94 images observed in 16 days selected from October to December in 2017, the Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) in the Yangtze River Delta was inversed with the deep blue algorithm, which was validated by in-suit observation data at two stations. The Aerosol Direct Radiation Effect (ADRE) on the surface and the top layer of the atmosphere were further calculated and analyzed under typical haze weather. The results showed that the AOD retrieved from GOCI data had high fitting precision. In addition, the fitting correlation R² at Beichen building site and Taihu site were 0.68 and 0.67, respectively. Due to the refrigeration effect of aerosols, the AOD had a significant linear relationship with the direct radiant intensity of aerosols on the surface and at the top of the atmosphere spatially. Due to aerosol diffusion and wind direction, the intensity of radiation effects was high in the morning and afternoon and low at noon temporally. The images observed at 10:00 LT and 11:00 LT could better simulate the characteristics of the daily average ADRE. The process of an outburst and disappearance of the haze was successfully captured by using the ADRE diurnal variations, which was greatly significant to measure the near-surface temperature and analyze the formation of haze for the meteorological agency.

Based on the daily datasets ofhaze, relative humidity, visibility at 14:00, air temperature, wind speed and radiation from 90 national meteorological stations in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH) during 1961~2016, the climate change in BTH on haze days was analyzed by using the methods of MASH, linear regression, correlation analysis and Mann-Kendall. The results suggested that:the annual mean haze days in BTH showed an obvious enhanced trend, the increase was above 5d/10a, and the haze days in the middle and large cities were obviously higher compared to other areas. The sharp increase of haze days began in 1991~1992. The annual mean haze trend was slowed down under the initiation of special funds for the air pollution prevention and control. The daily mean temperature of haze and non-haze days showed an upward trend in BTH, whereas annual visibility decreased. The overall trend of annual precipitation decreased in BTH. The annual precipitation days of haze daily increased, while it showed a decreasing trend in non-haze days. The annual mean wind of haze and non-haze days in BTH decreased. The haze day increased with the enhanced GDP and energy consumption. The annual mean total radiation and scattering radiation of haze and non-haze days had been decliningin BTH. The declined trend of haze days is more obvious in contrast with non-haze days, and the annual mean total radiation is decreased remarkable than the scattering radiation. The annual mean haze days were negatively correlated with annual mean values of radiation, wind speed and precipitation, but positively correlated with annual mean variables of temperature, GDP and energy consumption.

The regional air quality model CAMx was used to simulate the source contributions from Erdos, Ningdong and Xilingol (ENX) to the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region (BTH). The air quality impacts on the BTH region were evaluated using projected future emission inventory with the emission data from the approved environmental impact assessment, air quality planning and strategic planning, and the current emission inventory in ENX as two different scenarios. The results showed that the modeled contributions of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO_x from energy bases in ENX to BTH were in the ranges of 0.079~1.134μg/m³, 0.012~0.633μg/m³ and 0.008~0.852μg/m³, respectively with current emissions. The impacts from ENX on BTH were higher in winter with the averaged values of 0.710, 0.339 and 0.413μg/m³, respectively than that in summer. It has greater influence on air quality in Hengshui, Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Handan and Baoding than the other cities in BTH. The modeled contributions of PM_2.5, SO₂ and NO_x from energy bases in ENX using future emissions to BTH were in the ranges of 0.049~0.773μg/m³, 0.003~0.176μg/m³ and 0.008~0.731μg/m³, respectively, with the averaged values of 0.475,0.096, and 0.357μg/m³ in winter.

Influence of meteorological data assimilation on aerosol simulation during an air pollution event occurred in 4~5 November 2017 over Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei was investigated, using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with Chemistry (WRF-Chem) coupled with the Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation (GSI) data assimilation system. Two pairs of experiments were carried out to compare the differences in PM_2.5 with and without assimilating high-resolution meteorological observation data and radar data. It was shown that the WRF-Chem model can successfully simulate the spatial pattern and its evolution in the pollution zone of Beijing-Shijiazhuang-Handan. The convergence of low-level wind was an important factor for the pollution zone. But, the experiment without the assimilation overestimated the convergence and thus leaded to an overestimate of the PM_2.5 concentration. There was an obvious decrease of PM_2.5 concentration in the assimilation experiment since the convergence of low-level wind decreases, and the planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) increases resulted from the increases of the ground temperature by assimilation of meteorological data. Compared with the experiment without assimilation, the mean bias reduced by up to 7.55μg/m³, the root-mean-square errors reduced by up to 5.42μg/m³, the mean fractional bias reduced by over 28.8%, and the mean fractional error reduced by about 9.4% for the average of 0~36h forecasts in the experiment with assimilation. The positive impact in the assimilation experiment was very significant during the 10~30h forecasts.

Ozone was photolyzed to produce OH radicals, and photooxidation of toluene is initiated to generate secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles in home-made smog chamber, nitrogen-containing organic compounds formed from toluene SOA reaction with ammonia were studied under different experimental conditions. The absorbance at 205 and 270nm of the reaction product solution measured by UV-visible spectrophotometer was used to study the influence of environmental factors such as irradiation time, the concentration of toluene, ammonia, ozone, and relative humidity on the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. The experimental results demonstrated that the concentration of organic acid ammonium and imidazole products gradually increases with the increase of ultraviolet irradiation time and the concentrations of toluene, ammonia and ozone. However, when the concentration of ozone exceeds a certain value, the high concentration of OH radicals generated by photolysis of ozone can oxidize the photooxidation product of toluene into more volatile compounds, which is not conducive to the formation of nitrogen-containing organic compounds. Also, the increase of water molecules would reduce the concentration of OH radicals, resulting in the decrease of the concentration of organic acid ammonium and imidazole products as the relative humidity increases. These would provide the experimental basis for studying the formation of the nitrogen-containing organic brown carbon of anthropogenic SOA particles.

This research calculated the emission factors of conventional and unconventional vehicle-emitted gas pollutants, based on the MOVES model with all parameters corrected and simulated to the situation of Guanzhong urban agglomeration. And the motor vehicle pollutant emission inventoryin 2012 of the research area was established, including the contributions from various motor vehicle types in each part of the area.The results showed that the amounts of conventional vehicle-emitted gas pollutants were 81.9kt, 454k, 1k and 4.2k tons of NO_x, CO, NH₃ and SO₂, respectively. While the amounts of unconventional gas pollutants were 41.68kt, 0.57kt, 0.27kt, 0.04kt, 0.12kt, 0.95kt, 1.23kt and 0.04kt of NMHC, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propylene aldehyde, 1, 3-butadiene and benzene, CH4 and N2O, respectively. In addition, the shares of major vehicle-emitted gas pollutants in this area ranking from highest to lowestwere Xi'an(50%), Weinan (23%), Xianyang (including Yanglin) (12%), Baoji(10%), Tongchuan(5%), respectively. Furthermore, the shares of different types of vehicle varied significantly, among whichthe main source of NO_x emission wereheavy trucks and medium trucks withcontributionaround 33.85% and 21.21%, respectively. While heavy trucks contributed the most to the emission of sulfur dioxide (~31.31%) and aldehydes(~30%). Specifically, small-size buses and motorcycles covered the most to the emission of CO, NMHC, 1,3-butadiene, benzene and methane, with 32.86%, 17.55%, 26.64%, 26.45%, 38.85% for the former and 32.64%, 55.21%, 43.29%, 49.04%, 30.97% for the later, respectively. And small-size buses and heavy trucks were the maincontributors to NH₃ emission with 49.5% and 31.31%, respectively.

Based on immune evolutionary algorithm to optimize the objective function derived from Mie scattering theory, a new approach, which aimed at retrieving equivalent complex refractive index of aerosol particles (including both real part and imaginary part as a whole), was innovatively proposed. By utilizing the hourly aerosol scattering coefficient, aerosol absorption coefficient, and the coincidental data obtained from GRIMM180 in Chengdu from September to December 2017, the results showed thatthe new approach featured universal, fast convergent, robust, and precise. Compared with other available methods of retrieving equivalent complex refractive index of aerosol particles, the advantages of the new approach were further confirmed. The above achievement indicated that thenew algorithm should help to more clearly understand the evolution mechanism of equivalent complex refractive index of aerosol particles and aerosol hygroscopic growth model.

Many vehicles were tested on road by Portable Emission Measurement System and Global Position System in Tianjin, China. Emission data and GPS data were collected to analyze the differences of the correlation coefficient of VSP and emission when being classified by different bins in IVE model. The correlation coefficients of CO, CO₂, NO_x and VSP increased from below 0.1 at the scheme of Engine Stress (ES) to above 0.4 at the scheme of Preaverage Power Stress (Paps), but the correlation coefficients of HC emission and VSP were from 0.0370 at ES to -0.0766 at Paps. The ratios of the measured emission factors of pollutants to the pollutant emission factors before and after the improvement of the IVE model were calculated separately. It was found that the data obtained by the Paps bin-grouping method were closer to the measured emission factors than the data obtained by the ES bin-grouping methods. The results showed that the Paps bin-grouping method could be helpful to improve the accuracy of the vehicle emissions estimation.

A numerical scheme was developed for calculating the inertial collection efficiencies of particles by elliptical fibers and filtration pressure drop. The viscous flow fields for single elliptical fiber were determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation numerically, and the effects of the following parameters, such as orientation angle (θ), cross-section aspect ratio (ε) and packing density (C) on the filtering performance were discussed. The results showed that the filtration pressure drop for elliptical fibers increased with the increasing aspect ratio for large orientation angle but decreased for small orientation angle. With the same cross-section aspect ratio, the filtration pressure drop increased with the increasing orientation angle. The efficiency of elliptical fibers with larger orientation angle and cross-section aspect ratio was higher than that of circular fibers for intermediate and high-inertia particles, whereas for low-inertia particles, the elliptical fibers with small orientation angle showed higher collection efficiency. The quality factor, an indicator of the ratio of the collection efficiency to the pressure drop, was used to evaluate the comprehensive performance of the elliptical fibers. It was found that the elliptical fibers with large aspect ratios (i.e., long and slim elliptical fibers) showed higher the quality factor (i.e., better comprehensive filtration performance) in capturing intermediate and high-inertia particles when the orientation angle was about θ=45°. For low-inertia particles, the elliptical fibers with major axis parallel to the incoming flow might have filtration performance advantages.

To investigate the regional distribution, seasonal variation and health effects of trace metals in atmospheric fine particles, PM_2.5 samples were collected from four central-western cities in China (Xi'an, Urumqi, Luoyang and Lanzhou). The concentrations of nine trace metals (V, Cr, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, As and Pb) in PM_2.5 was measured by ICP-AES (inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry). The predominant trace metals during sampling campaigns were Mn, Zn, Pb, and Pb in Xi'an, Urumqi, Luoyang, and Lanzhou, respectively. The spatial-temporal variations of these predominant trace metals were varied with cities. In addition, the other trace metals presented different spatial distributions and seasonal variation patterns. The spatial difference of the particulate trace metals was further explored by using the coefficient of divergence analysis. The composition of trace metals in Luoyang and various urban particles was very different. Because the CD value of trace metals in Luoyang and other urban particles was about 0.4.But the CD values of Xi'an and Urumqi and Lanzhou were almost less than 0.2. The composition was similar. Health risk assessment showed that Cr had both significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk effects to adults. The carcinogenic risks of Cd and As to residents of the four cities were more significant than other metals, while Ni had no obvious effects. There was a certain threat to human health in the research environment for a long-term. Moreover, the health risks of trace metals to the public showed seasonal variation patterns. The ILCR values of all trace metals were higher than 10^-6, As, Cd and Cr had a cancer risk that exceeded the safety level (10^-4), with the highest cancer risks of Cr and As occurred in the spring and winter. The results highlighted that there is a certain threat to the residents in the case of subjecting to a long-term exposure.

Fresh and used commercial SCR catalysts (40000hours) obtained from a 1000MW coal-fired plant in Zhejiang Province (China) were examined by catalyst characterization and De-NO_x activity test to investigate the deactivation mechanism. The results showed that the deactivation of the catalyst wasattributed to different aspects. (1)Commercial SCR catalyst was poisoned by Fe,S,K and As. The content of Fe, S, K and As on deactivated catalyst increased by 318.0%, 233.3%, 199.3% and 99.8% compared with fresh catalyst, respectively. (2)Deposition of sulphate species and fly ash blocked the pores of SCR catalyst were blocked by Deposition of sulphate species and fly ash, resulting in the decrease of about 20.3%for surface area. (3)Valence of active component (vanadium) and Lewis acid site were changed during the process of deactivation. Compared with fresh catalyst, the V⁴⁺/V⁵⁺ ratio of deactivated catalyst fell from 6.46 to 1.35, as well as the reduction of 34.2% for Lewis acid site.

The degradation of methyl red in dye wastewater by ozone (O₃) and ozone/calcium peroxide (O₃/CaO₂) was studied. The effects of ozone flow rate, temperature, pH value, initial methyl red concentration, CaO₂ dosage, water matrix were investigated. The optimal conditions for methyl red degradation by O₃ oxidation were:ozone flow rate set as 48L/h, the temperature set as 26℃, the pH set as 6.2. At these optimal conditions, the removal efficiency reached 86.1% after oxidation for 10min. Adding 6.9mmol/L of CaO₂ at these optimal conditions could further accelerate the removal efficiency to 94%. The coexistence of oxalic acid in water would not inhibit the removal of methyl red during O₃/CaO₂ treatment. The O₃/CaO₂ treatment could achieve over 90% of methyl red removal in various real water matrices in 15min. The synergetic effects of O₃ and CaO₂ on methyl red degradation were explored for the first time. The O₃/CaO₂ process could degrade organics effectively and improve the water quality.

Adsorption (A)-CANON process was proposed to verify the feasibility of using this process to treat municipal wastewater from wastewater treatment plants. The adsorption unit was established for the carbon adsorption and recycling, then the low C/N wastewater (effluent of the A unit) entered the CANON unit for the autotrophic nitrogen removal. This process ran stably for 175 cycles and exhibited robust carbon and nitrogen removals. At HRT=20min and DO=2mg/L, the removal efficiency of COD in the A unit reached more than 60% with effluent C/N declining to about 1.5. In the CANON unit, the effluent COD, TN and NH₄⁺-N were lower than 50mg/L, 15mg/L and 5mg/L, respectively, which basically have met the wastewater discharge standard for A standard, first class. The 16S rDNA high throughput sequencing showed that the dominant anammox bacteria was Candidatus_Jettenia and Candidatus_Brocadia. Candidatus_Jettenia can adaptable for the low ammonia and normal temperature environment better than Candidatus_Brocadia while using the A-CANON process, i.e. the abundance of Candidatus_Jettenia increased from 1.79% in the 85^th cycle to 13.51% in the 175^th cycle while that of Candidatus_Brocadia reduced by 1.4%. The results proved that the A-CANON process can treat municipal sewage effectively as well as recycle the carbon, which provides theoretical basis and technical support for its sustainable application on municipal wastewater treatment.

Ultrasonic assisted method was used to synthesize magnetic layered double hydroxide (LDH) with super-paramagnetic ferrite and eggshell-based LDH, then magnetic LDH/PU composite material was synthesized with magnetic LDH and polyurethane (PU) by one-step foaming method. The external carbon source of biological denitrification process was obtained by the magnetic LDH/PU composite material which adsorped by short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated that magnetic LDH had a typical layer structure of hydrotalcite, and magnetic LDH/PU composite materials not only had the characteristic of large porous surface area of PU, but also evenly dispersed the LDH throughout the entire system. The result showed that the maximum extraction efficiency of short-chain fatty acids from sludge reached 79.3%, and magnetic LDH/PU-SCFAs with sustained release performance could increase carbon source utilization by 6.7% in denitrification over using glucose. This research indicated that the magnetic LDH/PU-SCFAs can be used as a new type of high-efficiency biodenitrification carbon source.

The effects of system temperature and DO level in aerobic reactor on nitrification and denitrification in three lab-scale moving bed biofilm reactors(MBBRs)in series operated under anoxic/aerobic/aerobic conditions respectively, were investigated. The microscopic mechanism based on the changes in the structure of nitrogen removal functional bacteria in biofilm affected by temperature and DO were discussed using high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicated that the increase in system temperature could enhance not only nitrification but also denitrification process in biofilm, and the increase in the DO level in aerobic reactor was beneficial to nitrification process. During the continuous operation of the processes, when the system temperature and the DO level in the aerobic reactor were at the highest level (i.e., temperature=20~22℃, DO=5~8mg O₂/L), more than 1.60g NH₄⁺-N/(m²·d) of the specific nitrification loading rate could be achieved, and the specific denitrification loading rate was as high as 2.84g NO₃^--N/(m²·d). The optimal removal efficiencies of NH₄⁺-N and TN could reach 98.7% and 85.7% respectively. The essential reasons for the changes in the population and community structure of nitrogen removal functional bacteria resulted from the variation in temperature and DO level. When the DO level in the aerobic reactor decreased, the OTUs proportion of nitrifiers, especially heterotrophic nitrifiers, decreased significantly. The effect from the temperature on the denitrifiers could be mainly attributed to the structural change in the community.

To investigate the dewaterability of sludge and its relationship with protein (PN), polysaccharide (PS) of extracellular polymers (EPS) in sludge bioleaching, S⁰was added as substrate with different dosage of S⁰ (0g/L, 2g/L, 4g/L, 6g/L, 8g/L) +10% inoculum for 10 days. Results showed that dissolved PS, PN and sludge specific resistance (SRF) reduced at 0~2days, but increased later, while the bound PN and PS decreased during 0~8d of bioleaching, and slightly increased later. Moreover, the above trend increased with the increasing loadings of S⁰. Statistical results showed that the SRF and dissolved PN, PS had a significantly positive correlation (R=0.861, 0.875, P<0.01), suggesting that the content of dissolved PN and PS were influenced by S⁰, thus affecting the dewatering performance of sludge, in which, the dissolved PS had more effect on the dewatering of sludge. The best bioleaching process for sludge dewatering performance was 8g/L of S⁰ for 2days, followed by 2g/L of S⁰ for 6days. with the SRF 58% and 54% lower than that of the original sludge, respectively. The heavy metal removal rate in the latter case was higher, thus the latter with 30℃, pH dropped to 2.66 was recommended as the optimization conditions.

The process of removing chlorotetracycline (CTC) 30mg/L in aqueous solution was preliminarily explored by electron beam irradiation (EBI). Several factors such as dose, the existence of tert-butyl alcohol under different atmosphere conditions, initial pH and inorganic salts affecting on the removal efficiency were examined. Degradation mechanism and the toxicity of degradation products were proposed through experimental data. The experiment results show that:EB irradiation can effectively remove CTC from water, and the reduction radicals play the key role; It was more effective when pH is alkaline; the presence of 0.005mol/LCO₃^2-、SO₄^2-、NO₃^- or Cl^- promotes the degradation. Ten kinds of possible degradation products and corresponding degradation pathways were deduced from the analysis of the degradation products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) with the assistance of theoretical calculation results. Finally, the toxicity test of Vibrio fernuli shows that the toxicity of the irradiated intermediates increases firstly and then decrease slowly, however, it is still toxic at the absorption dose of 5.0kGy.

In order to study the formation of aerobic granular sludge and nutrients removal characteristics under low temperature, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) has been operated at 15℃. The results showed that the mature AGS which have good performance of partial nitrification were obtained within 60days and nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) can achieve above 90% in stable operation stages. The picture of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that AGS mainly consisted of short bacillus and cocci. The nutrients removal performance of AGS in different particlesizes R1(1.0~2.0mm), R²(2.0~3.0mm), and R3(above 3.0mm) were investigated by gas collector batch tests under 15℃.The nutrients removal performanceof R² and R3 were better than R1 and their NAR were above 90%. The increase of particle size would affect mass transfer of substrate and then provide appropriate places for ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and denitrifying bacteria which are good for nitrification. The depth of DO in AGS was 600~700μm when the DO in the bulk water was 6~7mg/L at 15℃ through the determination of microelectrode.

Based on the stable immobilizing anammox reactor, the anammox coupling with partial denitrification, called DEAMOX, was successfully achieved after 94days operation with the value of NO₂^-—N accumulation rate and the removal rate of NO₃^-—N up to 63.5% and 98.4%, respectively. The findings revealed that the optimum ranges of COD/NO₃^-—N for coupling reaction were 2.3~2.7. Besides, the coupling performance was weakened by the raising pH values up to 8.0 or 8.5, which was inconsistent with some published research. The immobilizing anammox further coupling whole process denitrification was achieved by adding solid carbon source of PCL into DEAMOX reactor. Subsequently, the NO₃^-—N produced by anaerobic ammonia oxidation could be completely removed and the removal rate of total nitrogen increased from 79.4% to 88.3%. Besides, there were a large number of denitrifying biofilms attached to the surface of PCL particles.

Five conservative tracer tests including single nutrient and dual-nutrient injection were conducted to reveal the coupling mechanism of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in two headwater streams of Ershibu River in the suburb of Hefei, Chaohu Lake Basin, from October 2017 to March 2018. NaCl and NaBr were selected as the conservative tracers; the reactive nutrients were KNO₃ and KH₂PO₄. Based on the TASCC (Tracer Additions for Spiraling Curve Characterization) method, the Michaelis-Menten (M-M) model and the two-substrate M-M response surface model were applied to simulate the kinetics of nutrients uptake. The results showed that the uptake rates of NO₃^-N and PO₄^-P in the dual-nutrient injection test were significantly higher than those obtained in the single nutrient injection test, which implied that mutual promotion between NO₃^-N and PO₄^-P for nutrient uptake in the two headwater streams. The dual-nutrient uptake response surfaces presented the evolutionary trends of uptake rates at different concentrations and ratios of nitrogen and phosphorus. Additionally, it also explained the interaction mechanism of NO₃^-N (or PO₄^-P) uptake rate increasing with the increase of the available PO₄^-P (or NO₃^-N) at their low concentration. The fitting results of NO₃^-N and PO₄^-P maximum uptake rates (U_max-N and U_max-P) obtained by the two kinetic models presented deviations in a certain degree. The parameters of U_max-N and U_max-P were underestimated by the M-M model ranging from 3.91%~16.11% and 3.23%~23.63%, respectively.

Performance monitoring and fault diagnosis for wastewater treatment processes was of great significance for safeguarding the normal operation of the treatment process and ensuring the standard quality of effluent water. Aiming at the problems of nonlinearity, uncertainty and susceptibility to random noises in wastewater treatment process, an improved Laplacian Eigenmap (LE) manifold learning algorithm based on commuting time distance (CTD) was proposed to realize the feature extraction of the complex process data. In this algorithm, CTD was used to measure the similarity between samples and construct the neighborhood graph. Both theoretical analysis and simulation test proved that the proposed algorithm could efficiently overcome the sensitivity problem caused by neighborhood parameter and improve the robustness of the normal LE algorithm. Then the CTD based LE algorithm was applied in fault detection modeling for actual wastewater treatment process, and the fault monitoring statistic was constructed in the low-dimensional feature subspace. Application results showed that CTD-LE based model can timely detect the faults with lower missing rate and false rate as compared with normal PCA based model and normal LE based model. Application results showed that this method could provide a feasible solution for fault monitoring of complex industrial processes such as wastewater treatment.

In order to solve the problem of large footprints of traditional soil infiltration systems, a two-stage soil infiltration system consisting of a multi-soil-layering (MSL) system and a subsurface wastewater infiltration (SWI) system was developed. The influences of different shunt ratios on nitrogen removal performances were investigated under a high hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 0.3m/d. And the abundances of nitrogen functional genes in different layers were also analysed by real-time quantitative PCR for further disclosing the nitrogen removal mechanisms. The results showed that the shunt distributing wastewater certainly improved the nitrogen removal under high HLRs. The optimal removal efficiencies of 91.16% for COD, 96.91% for TP, 72.11% for NH₄⁺-N and 72.27% for TN were obtained in the system with shunt ratio of 1:2. Furthermore, the study on nitrogen functional genes indicated that nitrification and anammox in the MSL system coupled with nitrification and denitrification in the SWI system were the main nitrogen removal pathway in the two-stage soil infiltration system.

In this study, the adsorption characteristics of spirulina to rare earth erbium ions (Er³⁺) in simulated mine wastewater were studied. The effects of different parameters on the adsorption process were investigated:including pH value of the treated solution, dose of spirulina, initial concentration of erbium ion, adsorption time, and so on. The adsorption kinetics and thermodynamic laws were discussed in detail with different adsorption models, such as Freundlich, Langmuir and Redlich-Peterson, Dubin-Radushkevich andpseudo first-order, pseudo-second-orderand elovich, intra-particle diffusion model. The mechanisms governing the adsorption process were more comprehensively understood. The results indicated that the adsorption rate of spirulinato rare earth erbium ions in simulated mine wastewater was 90.73% when the pH value of treated liquid was 5, dosage of spirulina was 2.0g/L, temperature of adsorption was 298K and initial Er³⁺ concentration was 100mg/L. Rate of desorption of Yb³⁺ from spirulina reached to 97.12% when it was eluted with 5mL of 0.5mol/L HNO₃ solution after 60min. The results showed that the adsorption rate of spirulina was fast, and the adsorption and recovery of Yb³⁺ were ideal. At the same time, the results indicated that the adsorption kinetics of this processis in good agreement with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (R²>0.99); the adsorption process was mainly controlled by chemical adsorption;a better adsorption isotherm can be simulated by the Langmuir equation (R²>0.9);the adsorption is a spontaneous endothermic process.

In this paper, the preparation of environmentally friendly latex paint with red brick waste was investigated. Effects of emulsion type, and the dosages of emulsion, coalescent, propylene glycol and thickener were studied in detail. It was indicated that red brick waste powder had a good compatibility with styrene acrylic emulsion. The environmentally friendly latex paint was completely suspended and had an excellent low temperature stability under the optimum condition, which was the dosages of emulsion, coalescent, propylene glycol and thickener were 25%~30%, 0.4%~1.2%, 3.00%~3.75% and 1.0‰~1.5‰, respectively. In addition, under the optimum condition, the drying time, damped pendulum rod time and adhesion level were less than 30min, 103and more than 5, respectively. All of the promising results manifested that the environmentally friendly latex paint was a potential resource and provided a new platform for reusing construction waste.

This paper predicts and estimates the potential amount of resources that can be recycled from typical social-sourced hazardous wastes in China. This paper defines the concept of social-sourced hazardous wastes in China and constructs their material metabolism model. Leveraging GM(1,1) Model and Weibull Distribution Model, we predict the consumption and scrap amount dynamic of typical social-sourced hazardous wastes and further build the forecasting model of potential amount of resources that can be generated from those wastes. Lastly, we demonstrate the utility and value of potential resources. Our research data contain the amount of original products (of typical social-sourced hazardous wastes) consumed in China from 2006 to 2015. As the results of our prediction, by 2025, 416 million kW·h of spent lead-acid batteries, 634 million of waste energy-saving bulbs, and 109 million square meters of waste circuit boards will be produced in China; potentially more than 12 million tons of renewable resources can be recycled from these typical social-sourced hazardous wastes, mainly including 1500 tons of precious metals, 3.68 million tons of hazardous heavy metals, and 8.79 million tons of other renewable resources.

A life cycle method was carried out to assess the environmental impacts of waste mobilephones in both recycling process and cross-regional transport process. Based on which, this paper defined the effective transport range and quantization method of the cross-regional transport process. The environmental performance of recycling process and transport process, were analyzed by using the IMPACT2002+ approach. The paper divided the recycling process into two scenarios according to the difference of the reuse process. The results showed that the two typical recycling processes were all shown as environmental benefits; the recycled materials and reused parts were the main sources of the environment benefits; and the effective transport range of two processes were 0~3094km and 0~1248km. Meanwhile, an analysis of the key parameters was also conducted to assess the influence of transport tools and theempty return rate ofcross-regional transport processes. It was found that increasing the proportion of railway transport and reducing the empty return rate of truck transport can effectively expand the transport range.

Under the condition of 650~1350℃, the effect of temperature and time on the volatilization rate of Zn in fly ash was investigated in this experiment. XAFs were used to analyze the morphological and structuralof Zn in fly ash and secondary fly ash. The chlorination reaction pathway of Zn was deduced by using Gibbs free energy theory and the verification test was carried out. The results showed that the temperature was the main factor affecting on the volatilization of Zn. The volatilization trend increased first with temperature and then decreased. The volatilization rate reached the highest at 1000℃, while the time had little effect on its volatilization. Zn was mainly volatilized in the form of chloride, according to the theoretical calculation and verification test of Gibbs free energy theory in each hypothetical reaction pathway, it was concluded that the chlorination reaction of Zn in the heat treatment was carried out in two steps. First, the chloride in the fly ash reacted with SiO₂ to form Cl₂, and then ZnO reacted with Cl₂ to form ZnCl₂, while a small part of Cl₂ may react with water vapor to form HCl, and then react with ZnO to form ZnCl₂.

Extensive vegetation restoration has been implemented to control severe soil erosion on the Loess Plateau, China. Studying the effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties in loess area is of great significance for revealing the relationship between vegetation restoration and changes in soil properties and regional hydrological regimes. It is also important for assessing ecological benefits of vegetation restoration accurately. This study investigated the effects of vegetation restoration on changes to soil physical properties shown by 13 indices (e.g., soil bulk density, porosity, and saturated hydraulic conductivity) in two small watersheds (Zhifanggou and Fangta) in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province. Results showed that vegetation recovery significantly reduced soil bulk density while increased soil porosity, aggregates content (>0.25mm), water holding capacity and permeability. In the short term (40a), the effects of vegetation restoration on soil texture was non-significant. The effects of vegetation restoration on soil physical properties increased with time and decreased with soil depth. Results showed that indices including bulk density, aggregates content (>0.25mm) and saturated hydraulic conductivity were good indicators for evaluation the effects of vegetation restoration on changes to soil physical properties. Due to low soil moisture content, the improvement of soil physical properties by restoration of caragana intermedia and grasslands in this area were better than that of Robinia pseudoacacias. Vegetation restoration in this area should give priority to the construction of secondary shrubbery and grassland.

This study aimed to discern the effect of different levels of irrigation with reclaimed water on soil heavy metals and the distribution of soil active microorganisms and typical environmental pathogenic bacteria. The effects of two irrigation water qualities (reclaimed water and tap water) and two irrigation levels (full irrigation and insufficient irrigation) on soil heavy metals and the distribution of soil active microorganisms and typical environmental pathogenic bacteria were studied through indoor soil column irrigation. Results indicated that reclaimed water irrigation increased the content of heavy metals in soil, but according to the soil environmental quality standard, soil after irrigated by reclaimed water did not exceed the standard. Therefore, reclaimed water irrigation could not cause soil heavy metals pollution. Compared with insufficient irrigation with reclaimed water, full irrigation with reclaimed water significantly increased the content of Cd and Pb in surface soil, there was no significant difference in the content of Cu and Zn. At the same irrigation level, the number of bacteria, coliform group and Escherichia coli in surface soil significantly increased with reclaimed water irrigation, there was no significant difference in the number of soil fungi at two irrigation water quality. The number of bacteria, fungi, coliform group and Escherichia coli in surface soil under full irrigation with reclaimed water was significantly higher than with insufficient irrigation using reclaimed water. There was a positive correlation between the content of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Zn) and the quantity of bacteria and fungi, and between the content of heavy metals and the quantity of coliform group and Escherichia coli. Reclaimed water therefore promoted the reproduction of active microorganisms in surface soil, and increased the risk of soil heavy metals and environmental pathogens pollution. Reasonable irrigation with reclaimed water can therefore effectively control the content of heavy metals and the quantity of soil pathogens in soil.

In this study, a novel three-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed in the soil contaminated with Cu, the performance of bioelectricity generation and the migration of Cu in MFC with different external resistance conditions were investigated. The results revealed that the output voltage of the three-chamber MFC increased from 0.1V to 0.4V with the external resistance increased from 100Ω to 1000Ω, and the maximum power density decreased from 1.10W/m³ to 0.71W/m³. The phenomenon of cathode polarization was more obvious with the increase of external resistance. Experimental results showed that the electricity generated by MFCs could significantly facilitate metal removal, the removal efficiency of Cu in soil near anode reached 39.7% with the external resistance of 1000Ω after 63 days. Meanwhile, the modified Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) sequential extraction procedure was applied to characterize the five fractions of heavy metals. It showed that acid extractable and reducible fractions were the two main fractions of Cu migration. In addition, the pH increased gradually from the anode to the cathode in Cu-contaminated soil while the conductivity was opposite. The results of the scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) demonstrated that the Cu (Ⅱ) which partially migrated to the cathode was reduced to the metal copper.

In order to investigate the influence of traffic emission on the accumulation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) known as priority pollutants in the surrounding farmland soils, seventy soil surface samples and two soil cores samples were collected within 500m of the Shanghai traffic artery. The concentrations, compositions and sources of 16PAHs were systematically analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of Σ₁₆ PAHs in the surface soils of the farmland along the Shanghai traffic artery was 23.16~21250.25ng/g, with an average of 928.16ng/g. Along the increase of distance from roadside shelterbelts, the concentrations of Σ₁₆ PAHs showed a trend of decrease first remove then increase, and finally decrease. The concentrations of Σ₁₆ PAHs in farmland soil cores showed an increasing trend with the decreasing distance from the soil surface. Positive definite matrix factor analysis (PMF) models and isomer ratios were used to distinguish PAHs sources in soil surfaces and core samples. It was found that they were mainly derived from the combustion of coal and biomass and traffic emissions.

The evaluation target was 30 provinces from 2010 to 2015. The eco-environmental quality index system was established by the "driving-force-pressure-state-impact-response" framework. The index weight was defined by vertical and horizontal layer by layer scatter degree method, and the time weight was calculated by concept of "time-degree" and "entropy value" method. The dynamic evaluation model of eco-environmental quality was constructed by TOWA-GA hybrid operator. The results indicated that:The total average of the ecological quality of the 30provinces was 0.837 and the overall trend was positive in the past six years, but there were significant differences between provinces. Analysis by Theil index showed that:The overall difference between provinces had dropped by 15.9%, and the population density and natural population growth rate were the main factors of differences between provinces.

To study the influences of the different layouts of artificial island on the hydrodynamic and water exchange in the Jinmeng Bay, based on MIKE software, a three and a two-dimensional hydrodynamic and conservative substance transport model were established, and Euler method was used to calculate the residence time. The influence mechanism of artificial island on water exchange was analysed from the entire region and several sub-regions. It reveals that:Conch Island played the roles of guiding and diversion flow, which improves the water exchange capacity of the Jinmeng Bay, i.e., water exchange rate increased by 10.17%. The combined Conch island and connection road make the Jinmeng Bay form a semi-enclosed water area with a poor water exchange capacity, i.e., water exchange rate decreased by 7.73%. The retention of tidal channel in the construction of artificial island is conducive to the water exchange in the region, and the removal of the connection road adds a tidal channel to the near shore of the Tanghe river and the Jinmeng Bay, the water exchange capacity increased by 17.90%. In weak tidal areas, the effect of residual flow should be considered. The residual current and tidal current in the Jinmeng Bay are very weak, the conservative substance can be kept for a long time. Hence, the water exchange is weak and the self-purification capacity is low.

With the goal of "source" and environment protection, the minimum accumulated resistance model (MCR) was used to quantitatively study the ecological security pattern in the Qilu lake basin. The results showed that:The average eco-safety index of the Qilu Basin was 2.59 and the ecological safety was mainly dominated by a lower degree of safety,accounting for 36.33% of the total area of the basin; Then it is followed by the levels of moderate safety and insecurity, accounting for 23.36% and 22.53% of the total basin area, respectively; the safest area was the smallest, accounting for only 17.77% of the total basin area; the lower safety zones were mainly distributed in the northwest, southeast and southwest, and ecological protection construction in these areas should be strengthened; Regarding as the ecological source, the slope, elevation, vegetation coverage, land cover type, distance from water body, distance from construction land, distance from residential area, distance from road were selected as indexes. The ecological source which was the area of the natural forest land, important reservoir and lake buffer within 100m. These factors combined with the MCR model and the cost-distance analysis module of GIS, generated the minimum cumulative distance of consumption surface and it was divided into five levels; based on the characteristics of the frequency of cumulative resistance changes, five ecological functional zones were identified:ecological buffer zone, ecological transition zone, ecological marginal zone, agricultural cultivation zone and human activity zone. The total area of ecological resources in the Qilu Lake basin was 126.87km², accounting for 35.74% of the total area of the basin. Ecological sources have large differences in area, number, and spatial distribution. The spatial distribution pattern of ecological sources was concentrated around the corners but scattered in the middle. The ecological corridor is continuous and compact, with a scattered and fragmented space in the middle. There was a big difference in the spatial resistance values of ecological nodes, and some ecological nodes have a relatively large accumulated resistance. Those nodes are located in the area which had the largest basin's landscape cumulative resistance value and have a great influence on the flow security of ecological flows. Based on the minimum cumulative resistance surface, combined with the Hydrology module of GIS, a structured watershed landscape ecological security pattern was constructed with an ecological source, 19ecological nodes, and 23ecological corridors. Moreover corresponding suggestions were put forward. It has a certain reference value for the study of plateau lake basins and ecological environment protection.

Microcystisflos-aquae, a dominant species of cyanobacteria in eutrophic waters was selected and cultivated in lab-scale batch experimentto investigate intracellular resourceallocation and stoichiometryunder different levels of suspended sediments. With the increase of suspended sediments, it was observed that the growth rate of M. flos-aquae and cholorophyll a (chla) significantly decreased. Simultaneous decreases of photosynthetic activity, maximum photosynthetic oxygen evolution rateand saturating irradiance, together with the increases of respiration rates and inhabitation effect of light irradiance were apparent. In addition, there was slight increases in cellular N of M. flos-aquae with increasing concentration of sediments, whereas C and P accumulation demonstrated the opposite trends. These resulted in the increases of intracellular N/P and C/P with the increase of suspended sediments. The ratio of C/chla decreased with the increase of suspended sediments. These evidencessupported that although suspended sediment produced light attenuation in the culture,and reducedthe intracellular C content and energy supply,M. flos-aquae preferentially replenished C, increased N synthesis and saved the energy consumption of P synthesis by adjusting its own eco-physiological functions and metabolic strategies. The fact that the optimum cellular stoichiometry of M. flos-aquae in response to suspended sediments presented a good example to understand the adaptive strategies of M. flos-aquae in field.

Photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) attenuation coefficient, euphotic depth, transparency and related water quality indices were measured in Jinze Reservoir in Shanghai to evaluate the influence of two ecological purification measures, i.e., aquatic plant purification and micro nano aeration, on water optical environment. Results showed that the two ecological purification measures could significantly improve the water optical environment. After aeration, transparency was increased by 20%~25% and euphotic depth by 2.2%~14.8%; PAR attenuation coefficient was decreased by 0.4%~4.4%. After aquatic plant purification, transparency was increased by 20%~29.4% and euphotic depth by 6%~20%; PAR attenuation coefficient was reduced by 17.3%~20.5%. The panel regressions results indicated that the influence mechanism of these two ecological purification measures were different. The water optical environment was improved by the micro nano aeration through control of chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter, temperature and dissolved oxygen, while it was improved by aquatic plants through turbidity control. On the other hand, the two ecological purification measures had no influence on the removal of total nitrogen and dissolved organic matter in winter.

Based on the assumption of constant temperature and no nutrient salt limitation, a mathematical model coupling sinking algae growth and water environment of Lake Taihu was used to investigate the effect between the vertical turbulent diffusion and background diffused attenuation coefficient(K_bg) on the growth of sinking algae. The simulation results showed that the total biomass growth of the sinking algae could be sustained without vertical turbulent diffusion in the relatively clean water (K_bg was less than 1.1/m); in turbid water (K_bg was between 1.1~3.0/m), the growth required vertical turbulent diffusion to maintain, and the minimum vertical turbulence diffusion increased with the K_bg. The Peclet number between the minimum vertical turbulence diffusion(D), water depth(z) and the algae sinking speed(v) should between 0.38~13.89, otherwise the minimum vertical turbulence would have little effect on the growth than other factors (for example, algae sinking speed or light attenuation). When the K_bg was greater than 3.0/m, the light intensity of the water column was too low to maintain the total biomass growth of algae. This paper helped to clarify the phytoplankton population succession mechanism in aquatic ecosystems under climate change.

To explore thespatial distribution and pollution characteristics of heavy metals in theYangcheng Lake, core sediment samples were analyzed. ICP-MS, ASFand Hydra-c automatic mercury measuring instrument were applied to quantify eight heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pband Hg) in sediments samples from 15sampling sites of the Yangcheng lake in February 2018, analyzing the spatial distribution and pollution condition of heavy metals. The results indicated that the average contents of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd,Pband Hg in the surface sediments were 101.28mg/kg, 68.72mg/kg, 6.54mg/kg, 87.33mg/kg, 5.85mg/kg, 0.45mg/kg, 34.02mg/kg and 0.09mg/kg, respectively, which were 1.34, 2.09, 2.89, 2.88, 1.69, 4.99, 1.54, 3.00times of the soil background values in Jiangsu Province.Contents of heavy metals showed a downward trend with increasing depth vertically. Cluster analysis and correlation analysis of eight metals manifested that except for As, Ni and Hg, there was a significant correlation between other heavy metals (P<0.05), which indicated certain homology among the heavy metals in sediments. The bio-toxicity effects of heavy metals in Yangcheng Lake sediments were evaluated by sediment quality guideline (SQG). The results suggested that Ni was more likely to have adverse effect on origanisms, with a probability of 75% and heavy metals like Cr, Cu, Zn, andAs were 10% to 75% likely to have biological toxic effects. Further analysis based on ERMQ evaluation showed the risk of adverse effects was higher in the west Yangcheng Lake compared to the other parts of the lake.

This study was conduct to better understand impacts of anthropogenic activities of mankind on nitrogen loads in the Xiangxi River Watershed (XRW), China, the largest tributary of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. The net human activity on nitrogen input, its main sources and changes at the township level under XRW were investigated from 2001 to 2015 based on the Net Anthropogenic Nitrogen Input (NANI) model. The results showed that NANI in the study area was primarily affected by nitrogenous fertilizers from 2001 to 2015. It indicated an increasing trend in the beginning years (from 2002 to 2004). It was decreasing (from 2004 to 2006 and 2008 to 2009) and eventually increasing again (from 2013 to 2014). In general, the overall trend of NANI was descending. In case of spatial distribution, NANI of WRW was low at northern side and higher at the south. Areas with the higher NANI input intensity were Zhaojun Town, Xiakou Town, and Huangliang Town. Nitrogen from fertilizer application was the major cause of NANI (40.06%), followed by atmospheric deposition (29.98%), food/feed import (27.75%), and crop fixation (2.21%). NANI in XRW is significantly correlated with the population density andthe proportion of cultivated land (P<0.001). Nitrogen from runoff to the river was 24.28% of NANI and had no substantial relationships with NANI. Therefore, net nitrogen input at the basin level can be reduced by reducing nitrogen application, but the NANI in this basin is not the main cause of nitrogen output in rivers.

In this study, a reverse micelle system was constructed using rhamnolipid, and the properties of rhamnolipid reverse micelles and rhamnolipid reverse micelle enzyme system were studied by electron spin resonance (ESR) technique. ESR spectroscopy was used to calculate the performance. The ultrafine splitting constant in the reverse micelle system was obtained. The study showed that the criticality of rhamnolipid in n-hexane was 0.07mmol/L. By analyzing the change of rotation correlation time in ESR spectrum, the electron spin probe was explored. At the same time, the peak of the ESR spectrum reflects the amount of free radicals in the sample. By comparing the reverse micelle system, the reverse micelle enzyme system and the reverse micelle enzyme-phenol system ESR spectra showed that the rhamnolipid reversed micelle-phenol system had the most free radicals. By studying the effect of 16-nitroxyl radical stearic acid on two systems, it was speculated that the electron spin probe free radicals were localized. In the reverse micelle water core, and inferred that the electron spin probe was located in the edge region of the water core, that was, the water-water layer was combined. This study provided a solid theoretical basis for the application of the reverse micelle enzyme system.

In the current study, electrochemical characteristics of interaction between Shewanella putrefaciens ATCC 8071 and self-assembled 3D bio-reduced GO (3D-br-GO) modified carbon felt electrodes driven by biological respiration were investigated, and the effect of +0.1V (vs. Ag/AgCl) potential applied to the bioelectrode on the interaction was further explored. X-ray diffraction showed that GO was reduced to br-GO driven by microbial respiration. SEM images showed a large number of br-GO/bacteria composites shaped on the GO-modified electrode surface, which indicated that the br-GO had good biocompatibility, and the self-assembled 3D-br-GO modified electrode could increase its specific surface area and bacterial loading capacity. By monitoring of electricity production during biofilm growth, and testing of cyclic voltammetry, the results showed that the modification of GO was beneficial for the bacteria to attach onto the electrode in order to form active biofilm and enhanced the electron transfer between microbe and electrode. Whereas, the applied potential of +0.1V (vs. Ag/AgCl) on the GO modified electrode resulted in only a small quantity of bacteria colonized on the electrode, and no formed active biofilm. The electron transfer behavior between the microbe and the electrode was significantly reduced, indicating that the applied potential of +0.1V (vs. Ag/AgCl) may inhibit the growth of microorganisms on the electrode surface.

The distribution characteristics, amplification and correlation of microbial communities and β-lactam resistance genes in active sludge were studied by Miseq sequencing analysis and fluorescence quantitative PCR. The samples of active sludge were obtained from the biological aeration stages of two pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plant (Plant J and K). β-lactam resistance genes OXA-1, OXA-2 and OXA-10can be detected in both plants. The abundance of OXA gene was 5.82×10⁵~3.94×10⁷copies/g (dry weight) in K plant and was 4.84×10⁷~1.09×10¹⁰copies/g in J plant. The Abundance of three genes in aeration treatment is significantly amplified. Miseq sequencing showed that the main dominant bacterium were Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria in K plant and the total average relative abundance ratio was 85.76%. The main dominant bacterium were Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Gemmatimonadetes and Thermi in J plant, the total average relative abundance ratio was 85.76%. Redundancy analysis display showed that Bdellovibrio、KD8-87 and Paracoccus in biological community were the major distribution factors of OXA-1、OXA-2 and OXA-10. Hyphomicrobium、Thermomonas and Comamonadaceae were the major distribution factor of OXA-1. Caldilineaceae、Myxococcales and Pirellulaceae were the major distribution factor of OXA-10.

To elucidate the bacterial community dynamics in swine wastewater treatment system, the bacterial community characteristics in different treatment units of swine wastewater was analyzed by Illumina Miseq high-throughput sequencing technologies, and the correlation between bacterial community and water quality or antibiotics was investigated. The results demonstrated that microbial community structure varies greatly in different wastewater treatment processes. The dominant bacteria in fouling pool and anaerobic reator were Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, the dominant bacteria in aeration tan were Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Candidatus Saccharibacteria, while in oxidation pond, the dominant bacteria were Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Euryarchaeota and Bacteroidetes. The microbial comminity structure in wasterwater treatment system was significantly correlated with both water quality and antibiotics (P<0.05). Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Prevotella, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis correlated closely with COD、TN、NH₄⁺-N. Clostridium sensu strict, Methanothrix correlated closely with TN、NH₄⁺-N. Petrimonas, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis, Clostridium XlVa, Tissierella extremely significant positively correlated with sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline, oxytetracycline. Acinetobacter, Bacteroides, Prevotella significant positively correlated with enrofloxacin and tetracycline. Prevotella, Lachnospiracea_incertae_sedis positively correlated with ciprofloxacin. Clostridium sensu stricto, Petrimonas positively correlated ofloxacin.

The present study investigated the diurnal variations of bacterial and archaeal communities in Liaohe estuarine wetland in autumn, using the real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method and Illumina high-throughput sequencing. The results showed that 52802 bacterial and 106091 archaeal sequences were obtained, which could be classified into 530 and 979 OTUs in 97% similarity level, respectively. The results showed that bacterial and archaeal 16S rRNA gene abundances both had the highest values in the morning, and the lowest ones at midnight. There were diurnal variations in the bacterial and archaeal community α-diversity indices, and obvious temporal changes were also observed in the bacterial and archaeal community compositions and structures. In addition, Liaohe estuarine wetland had high potential ability of methanogenesis which could be reflected by the composition of archaeal community. This study provides the basic information and knowledge to further understand the characteristics and functions of bacterial and archaeal communities in estuarine wetlands.

In this paper, 9 cities of Fujian province was selected as the research object, and an extended STIRPAT-PLS model was used to empirically analyze the influencing factors of Fujian Province's carbon emissions from 2010 to 2016. The model was able to determine the main influence factors on the increase of carbon emissions and calculate the influence rate of each factor. The results showed that total population, urbanization rate, per-capita GDP, secondary industry ratio and energy intensity have positive driving effects on the increase of carbon emissions, while tertiary industry ratio has negative driving effects on the increase of carbon emissions. The three factors such as population, per-capita GDP and urbanization rate make the greatest contribution to increase of carbon emissions. On this basis, the paper proposed several policy suggestions to reduce carbon emissions, including enhancing the development of renewable and clean energy, promoting the optimization and upgrading of energy and industrial structures, and improving energy efficiency, which can be considered as a valid solution for win-win targets of regional economic development and carbon emissions reduction.

The dynamic panel system GMM method was used to make empirical analysis and explore intermediate mechanisms of market integration affecting industrial sulfur dioxide, industrial soot and industrial wastewater on basis of 2003~2015 data of 105 cities in the Yangtze River Economic Belt. It is found that:all kinds of industrial pollutants in the Yangtze River Economic Belt had dynamic accumulation effects and path dependence problems; marketscaleincreased the industrial pollution emissionlevel, while the tertiary industry structure and technical level showed opposite effect, and the emissions of various industrial pollutantswereaffected bymarket integration through theabovethree paths;market integration hadtechnical and scale intermediary effectson industrial pollutant emissions excluding industrial soot, but the structure effect wasnot significant; analysis of regional heterogeneity showed that market integration in the upper reacheswas lower than that inthe middle and lower reaches, which led to insignificant technical intermediate effects; at least one significantintermediate path could be found to bring aboutsignificant effect on industrial soot emission in different regions; it is speculated that such potential factors as economic development stage, regional enterprise ownership attributes, industrial structure and transportation infrastructure construction were vital external environmental factors, and the industries with large industrial soot emissionshould be primary for pollution control.

A survey on farmers and herdsmen in Xilin Gol League grassland has been done for evaluating the ecological compensation performance. The results showed that the ecological compensation performance is not optimistic. Farmers perceived that the ecological environment is only slightly improved, and showed less enthusiasm for participation if the economic incentives were eliminated. Based on the structural equation model, this paper constructed an influence mechanism of social capital on ecological compensation performance, with the self-development ability and the ecological protection ability of farmers as the mediator variables. The results showed that social capital had a significant negative impact on the economic effects and a significant positive impact on the ecological effects.The influence coefficients of social networks, universal trust, institutional trust, mutual aid and compliance with social norms on the economic effects were respectively -0.05、-0.05、-0.01、-0.06 and -0.03; the influence coefficients on the social effects were respectively 0.11、0.10、0.03、0.12 and 0.06; the influence coefficients on the ecological effects were respectively 0.36、0.33、0.09、0.38 and 0.19. Among the five variables used to reflect social capital, the tendency of mutual aid was the highest, which was 0.77, institutional trust was the lowest, which was 0.19. In addition, the ecological protection ability and self-development ability of farmers played a significant medium effect between social capital and the perception of ecological compensation performance.

Multi-region input-output (MRIO) model with air pollutant inventories including sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxides (NO_x), inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) was adopted with the quantitative analysis on transfer of atmospheric pollutant emission embodied in China's trades with other countries in 2012. The results showed that China was the exporter of embodied SO₂, NO_x, PM₁₀ emissions and the importer of embodied NMVOC emissions. The embodied air pollutantemission caused by the purchase of Chinese goods (such as Electricity, Gas and Water, Heavy Industry and Mining and Quarrying) by the EU, East Asia and the USA, contributed to approximately 70% of China's export-embodied atmospheric pollution emissions. The imported merchandises from Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East & North Africa, East Asia, Southeast Asia and the EU that embodied 3.1×10⁶t NMVOC emissions consumed by China accounted for 69.2% of China's imports-embodied NMVOC. In order to alleviate the environmental burden brought by cross-border trade, this paper put forward relevant policy recommendations,such as strengthening pollution emissions control of heavy pollution industries, developing green economy and pushing forward global green supply chains, etc.