The characteristics and source of black carbon (BC) in the Yangtze River Delta region were analyzed combined with the data of meteorological factors and trace gases in Chongming Dongtan (DT, Shanghai), Pudong (PD, Shanghai), Shouxian (SX, Anhui Province), Linan (LA, Zhejiang Province) and Hongjia (HJ, Zhejiang Province) sites in 2016. The annual average mass concentration (±standard deviation) of BC in DT, PD, SX, LA and HJ sites were (834±1713), (2410±1537), (2823±1759), (2651±1518) and (2544±1399) ng/m³. The BC concentration is relatively low in DT and other sites are very similar. The mass concentration of BC showed a distinct seasonal variation in five sites. The BC concentration in DT site is higher in winter than in other seasons. The BC mass concentration in other sites ranked in the order of winter > spring > autumn > summer. The diurnal variations of DT site in four seasons were not obvious. However, the diurnal cycles in other sites were similar with the high values in rush hours (06:00~09:00, 18:00~21:00) in all seasons. The vehicle emissions and coal combustion were mainly sources of BC in PD, SX, LA and HJ sites. A low wind speed (<3m/s) occurred in all sites. Low BC concentration accompanied with the high wind speed. The highest BC mass concentration occurred when RH=50%~60%. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis signified that the potential sources of all sites in winter and summer were mainly from Jiangsu, Anhui, Zhejiang Province and so on.

To enhance our understanding of the distribution and transport of air pollution in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, cruise measurements were carried out in the YRD. We focused on winter haze pollution and spring photochemical pollution over 2016~2018. It was showed that the PM_2.5 concentrations in the Yangtze River Delta ranged between 60 and 122μg/m³, varying largely with location. In the Wuxi-Changzhou area in the east of YRD, the Wuhu-Hefei area in the west, the Bengbu-Chuzhou area in the north, and the Huzhou-Hangzhou area in the south, the PM_2.5 concentrations were 20%~40% higher than other regions. The concentrations of O₃ were 9~52μg/m³ with unnoticeable spatial variation. The concentrations of ozone in Suzhou, Yancheng, Xuancheng and Wuhu were relatively high. We further used the FLEXPART_WRF model combined with the PM_2.5 emission inventory to explore the possible sources of PM_2.5 in the YRD. We found that Nantong and Shanghai were the potential sources of PM_2.5 when east wind prevails, while Lianyungang and Yancheng contributed more when north wind prevails. We simulated forward trajectories using FLEXPART for a pollution episode. We found the correlation coefficient between the cruise observations and the simulation reaches 0.9. Overall, there still existed regional PM_2.5 and O₃ pollution in YRD region, and cruise observation combined with the trajectory analysis is an effective tool to trace the regional transport of these pollutants.

Based on the statistical haze data over Sichuan Basin during 1981~2016, the climatic characteristics of spatial and temporal distribution of persistent haze days, which refer to the haze events lasting 3 or more days and the circulation of typical haze process are analyzed. The results show that the annual average days of persistent haze events in Sichuan from 1981 to 2016 showed an increasing trend, the percentage of continuous haze days to total haze days was consistent with the increasing trend of total haze days, the increase of total haze days was mainly caused by the increase of continuous haze events. The spatial distribution of persistent haze events of Sichuan Basin was heterogeneous, which was very similar to the distribution of the total haze daysand mainly concentrated in the northeastern Sichuan urban agglomeration, Chengdu Plain urban agglomeration and southern Sichuan urban agglomeration. The range of haze-prone areas increased in 1981~2010 and decreased significantly in 2011~2016. It is found that the Sichuan Basin is in the region of high (cold) high (low) pressure when more (less) years (periods) of continuous haze events occur. The Ural blocking high is weak (strong), the Siberian high is weak (strong), the trough in East Asia is weak (strong), the basin is convergent (divergent) to a certain extent, exists (does not exist) an obvious inversion structure and the vertical upward motion is weak (strong), these conditions are conducive to the accumulation of pollutant particles in the shallow boundary layer (conducive to the diffusion of pollutants), resulting in the maintenance (dissipation) of haze events.

Through the long-term monitoring of indoor and outdoor fine particles of 3building types (office, classroom and residence) for 110 samples in heating season of Daqing, a typical city in cold region of China, it analyzed the relationship between indoor and outdoor fine particles during heating season. Using 16S rDNA gene analysis method and BLAST source apportionment, the components and sources of bacterial communities in fine particles of 3building types indoors and outdoors were studied. The results showed that average mass concentrations of indoor and outdoor PM_2.5 in Daqing were (32±22) and (45±34) μg/m³, respectively during heating season. The average permeability coefficient of office was lower (0.2886), classroom was higher (0.5702), and rural residence (0.6513) was larger than urban residence (0.6057) slightly. Firmicuts, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Oxyphotobacteria were the dominant bacterial phyla in fine particulate matter of Daqing during heating season on the whole. The sources for 3building types of bacteria in fine particulate matter indoors and outdoors were mainly soil, water, human, corrupt organic and faeces, while different building types and sampling sites led to different source proportions of bacteria.

Using MODIS and CALIPSO level2 aerosol products, the 3D variation characteristics of multiple aerosol optical parameters (aerosol optical depth, extinction coefficient, color ratio and depolarization ratio) were presented by statistical analysis over Eastern China (27°N~37°N and 113°E~123°E) during 2007~2016. The results showed that the aerosol optical depth (AOD) in Eastern China decreased from the north to south, and was higher in plain than in mountain. The seasonal AODs showed higher values in spring and summer, while lower in autumn and winter. The maximum AOD was in summer and the minimum in winter. The AOD in the north part (>31°N) showed more fluctuations than the south. The aerosol extinction coefficient (σ) had an exponential decay with the height. It showed large (small) σ in low layer but rapid (slow) decreasing with the height in autumn and winter (spring and summer). It showed higher σ in the north part than the south below 2km. The color ratios (CRs), with the annual mean values of 0.6~0.7, showed an increasing trend with the height and a decreasing trend with the time. The seasonal CRs below 4km had the maximum in spring and the minimum in summer which showed uniform vertical mixing. However, the CRs above 4km showed the maximum in winter while the minimum in summer. The annual mean depolarization ratios (PDRs) ranging from 0.1~0.25 increased with the height and presented higher values in the northern part. For seasonal PDR, it had the maximum in spring and the minimum in summer below 5km, while the highest in winter and the lowest in summer above 5km. For the aerosol compositions in Eastern China, the main pollutant below 2km was dust. For 2~5 km, it dominated by dust in spring and smoke in other seasons. Above 5km, the main pollutant was dust in winter and spring, while smoke in summer and autumn.

A campaign of sampling atmospheric precipitation and real-time measurements of atmospheric non-refractory submicron particulate matter NR-PM₁ and its component concentrations before, during and after precipitation at a representative region in Beijing from December 2016 to November 2017 was performed to investigate the physical and chemical characteristics of precipitation, changes of major ion components in rainwater during the course of typical precipitation events, and impacts of typical precipitation processes on atmospheric non-refractory submicron particulate matter NR-PM₁ and its components. Backward trajectory clustering analysis was deployed to study the effects of air mass through long-range transport on main ion components in rainwater. The results showed that the precipitation at the representative region of Beijing in 2017 mainly occurred in summer, accounting for 82.2% of the total rainfall amount. The precipitation was mainly neutral or alkaline, accounting for 86.7% of the total precipitation, and the frequency of acid rain was very low. The seasonal variation of pH values in the rainwaters was characterized by winter > spring > summer~autumn. The seasonal variations of the total ion concentrations, total anion and cation concentrations in the precipitations, which in polluted days were significantly higher than those in clean days, followed the order of spring > summer > winter > autumn. The annual average concentrations of water-soluble ions in the rainwaters were characterized by NH₄⁺ > Ca²⁺ > NO₃^- > SO₄^2- > Na⁺ > Cl^- > Mg²⁺ > F^- > K⁺, among which NH₄⁺, Ca²⁺, NO₃^- and SO₄^2- were the most important components in the rainwaters, which accounted for about more than 80% of the total ion concentration. The concentrations of all ions in pollution days were higher than those in clean days. During the course of the rainfall with three stages such as initial, middle and latter stage, the ion concentrations in the initial stage were mostly highest in all stages of the rainwater, and were much lower in the middle stage than those in the initial phase, however, were a little higher in the latter stage than those in the latter middle stage. The precipitation with smaller rainfall and rainfall rate had stronger scavenging effects on atmospheric NR-PM₁ and its components in pollution days, while precipitation with larger rainfall and rainfall rate showed weak scavenging effects in clean days. It is noted that there were always two important processes at each stage of rainfall, with accumulation of pollutants and formation of secondary pollutants, as well as the washout and rainout of precipitation. During this study, the precipitation in the typical area was mainly affected by air masses from the southeast of Beijing, accounting for 60% of the total precipitation, and the southwest, accounting for 23%, which mainly occurred in summer. These air masses had different effects on the ion components in precipitation.

Thermal denuder-aerosol mass spectrometer (TD-AMS) system was utilized to measure the aerosol chemical composition and volatility in the summer of 2014 in Wangdu, a rural site in North China Plain, and data of two different episodes were collected:average PM₁ mass concentration of relatively low pollution episodes (ep1) was (23.3 ±15.1)·g/m³, dominated by sulfate, mainly influenced by air masses from the north; while (86.6 ±19.7)·g/m³ during high pollution episodes (ep2), dominated by organics aerosol (OA), influenced by air masses from the south; the volatility sequence of chemical species was nitrate > chloride > ammonia > organic matter>sulfate; when compared with ep1, during ep2, sulfate had a higher contribution for PM₁ and was less volatile, and nitrate was more volatile; OA during ep2 was less oxidized and showed lower volatility, indicating it was more aged. The semi-volatility of atmospheric aerosol suggested that regional transport played a key role under high pollution conditions in North China during summer.

In August 2018, air samples were collected in Taiyuan. The pollution characteristics of ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed and the ozone formation potential (OFP) of VOCs was also calculated by the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR). The results showed that the VOCs concentration in summer ranged from 17.36μg/m³ to 89.60μg/m³. And the average proportions of alkanes, aromatics, alkenes, alkynes were 58.01%, 20.06%, 16.52%, 5.40%, respectively. The diurnal variations of VOCs concentrations showed obvious bimodal distribution in the morning and evening, and the influence of morning peaks was more significant. Alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and alkynes contributed 19.16%, 47.74%, 31.75% and 1.35% to the total OFP, respectively. C₃~C₅ alkenes have high activity, which greatly contribute to O₃ formation.

Particulate matters including PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were analyzed using manual determination method in the sampling sites which were situated at five inner cities of Shaan'xi province including Xi'an (XA), Weinan (WN), Tongchuan (TCH), Baoji (BJ), and Xianyang (XY) from September 4th 2017 to January 19th 2018. Carbon components and secondary organic carbon (SOC) were analyzed using thermo-optical transmission (TOT) and minimum value estimation method, respectively. Results showed the average concentrations of SOC and primary organic carbon (POC) were (7.44±5.54) and (7.04±2.59) μg/m³in the PM_2.5; (9.62±7.49) and (9.33±4.33) μg/m³ in the PM₁₀. The concentration distributions of SOC in five different sampling sites were XY > XA > WN > BJ > TCH. The SOC concentration was respectively 8.76% and 6.28% in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀; the OC proportion was respectively 48.03% and 48.09% in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀. The seasonal distribution of pollutants was low in the autumn and high in the winter. SOC pollution was serious in the five inner-cities of Shaanxi Province. Results of backward trajectories clustering analysis showed that the transmission of polluted air mass is mainly local pollution, as well as northwest and northeast direction transmission in the inner-city of Shaanxi province area. Among them, the number of local contamination trajectories and the concentration were relatively high. The pollutant distributions were difference in the five cities due to low-altitude transmission, and diverse near-surface wind direction and speed. The higher SOC concentrations in the particulate matters were caused by many factors such as basin topography, high static wind frequency and low boundary layer in these inner cities. The Baoji (BJ) city was vulnerable to transport and accumulate pollutants in the northeast air mass.

Based on daily observations from ground-level stations, information on national statistical offices, the aerosol optical thickness (AOD) as derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Terra spacecraft and monthly NCEP/NCAR reanalysis dataset, the winter spatial-temporal variations of haze during 1980~2016 in Shaanxi Province and its possible reasons of the increase were analyzed. The main conclusions were as follows:(1) The numbers of annual winter haze days averaged all sites was about 12d.The provincial annual winter haze days was above the normal in 1980~1993, below the normal in 1994~2012, and showed an evident increasing frequency during 2013~2016. The provincial annual average haze days was above 36d with high values at Guanzhong area in the winter of 2016. Light haze was the most common haze. (2) Based on geographical locations, the province was divided in to three sub-regions. The annual average haze days were very different in different sub-regions. The annual average haze days in Guanzhong Area was above 18d. The number of annual average haze days was about 10d during 1980~2016 in Southern part of Shaanxi Province. The number of annual haze days averaged all sites in Northern part of Shaanxi Province was about 3d during 1980~2016. The annual haze days of the three sub-regions showed same increasing trend during 2013~2016. (3) There was a heavy aerosol loading which was above 0.4 over Guanzhong area and the southern part of Hanzhong and Ankang during 2000~2016 in winter. The Guanzhong heavy aerosol loading area was highly consistent with the heavy haze days in Guanzhong area. (4) The east wind of lower troposphere from southeastern China was a factor for transporting the aerosol to Guanzhong Area in winter of 2013~2016. The increased AOD could enhance the haze phenomenon in Guanzhong. The increased potential temperature differences between 2013~2016 and 1980~2012 in lower troposphere could weaken the vertical diffusion of haze.

In order to test the improvement of source apportionment of PM_2.5 using the ME-2 model on unconstrained PMF analyses, a total of 153 daily PM_2.5 samples were collected continuously from September 10, 2017 to August 29, 2018 at an industrial site in northern Shenzhen. The concentrations of 31 chemical compositions were determined, 17 of which were selected for model iteration. The annual mean concentration of PM_2.5 at the industrial site was 32.3μg/m³, and nine sources of PM_2.5 were identified by a prior PMF run, which were secondary sulfate, secondary nitrate, aged sea salt, soil dust, industrial emissions, coal combustion, biomass burning, ship emissions and vehicle emissions. However, the apportionment with PMF yielded mixed factors. Based on the PMF results and priori information obtained, four constrained factor profiles were input into the ME-2 model as a rotational control technique for model simulation. Compared to the PMF solution, tracers were more concentrated in source profiles of ME-2 results, and the ME-2 iteration provided a more significant fitting for time series of tracer concentrations and corresponding source contributions. Secondary nitrate, aged sea salt and industrial emissions were overestimated by 9% to 51% in the PMF results, while secondary sulfate, coal combustion and biomass burning were underestimated by 19% to 40%. The ME-2 result was found to be more environmentally and statistically significant than that of PMF and it could provide a more accurate scientific basis for pollution prevention and control at the same time.

Air (particle and gas) samples were collected around 21 industrial parks in Guangzhou City and four electronic waste (e-waste) recycling parks in Qingyuan in South China and were analyzed for brominated flame retardants (BFRs). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) were the two dominant BFRs in both regions. The median concentrations of PBDEs were 184pg/m³ in the urban region and 411pg/m³ in the e-waste region. The median concentrations of DBDPE were 414 and 193pg/m³ in the urban and e-waste regions, respectively. High levels of PBDEs were frequently found for industries of machinery, electronics, furnishings selling, and automobile manufacturing; while DBDPE contamination tended to associate with machinery and automobile manufacturing. 1,2-bis (2,4,6-tribromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) probably emitted from diffusive sources in the urban region. Compositions of lower brominated diphenyl ethers varied greatly in the urban region, which may be due to the long-term prohibition of commercial penta-BDE mixture (reduction of primary sources) and multiple sources of these congeners. However, in the e-waste region these PBDEs exhibited similar compositions. The gas/particle partitioning also implies a near-equilibrium condition in this region. These findings indicated a relatively exclusive source (e-waste) in this region. The yearly emissions of BDE209 and DBDPE from the 21 industrial parks in urban region were estimated to be around 48.0 and 163kg, respectively. The estimated emissions of PBDEs and DBDPE from the four e-waste recycling parks were 31.8 and 12.0kg/a, respectively.

The surface characteristic parameters of carbon black and diesel exhaust particulate matter (PM), such as specific surface area, pore and contact angle, were measured by automatic specific surface area and pore analyser and optical contact angle measuring instrument respectively. The fractal dimension and surface tension of carbon black and PM were calculated. The adsorption capacity of carbon black and PM was compared and analysed, and the relationship between surface characteristic parameters and adsorption capacity of PM was discussed. Via detection and analysis, for carbon and PM, the specific surface area is 78.003 and 65.408m²/g, and average pore size is 13.845 and 14.483nm, and fractal dimension is 2.5885 and 2.5515, and surface tension at 0.985s is 51.1and 56.6mJ/m², respectively. The results show that the specific surface area, pore size distribution, fractal dimension and surface tension of carbon black and diesel exhaust particles are similar. Both carbon black and PM show strong oil affinity and slight hydrophilicity. The PM have a slightly stronger hydrophilicity, a smoother surface and a slightly lower adsorption capacity than carbon black.

In this paper, a series of sensitivity tests were carried out using radiation transfer model (TUV) to determine the key factors affecting the photolysis rate of tropospheric O₃ and NO₂. The results showed that the optical properties of aerosols could have a significant impact on the photolysis rate. When the aerosol optical depth (AOD) was constant, the stronger the scattering was, the higher the near-surface photolysis rates were. When AOD increases from 0.5 to 2.5, the maximum values of J[O¹D] and J[NO₂] decreased by 30.3% and 13.1%, respectively. The photolysis rates were more sensitive to the change of smaller cloud optical depth. The effect of cloud on J[NO₂] varied with time significantly. In the morning and evening, the attenuation of J[NO₂] could reach 12%, while the attenuation of J[NO₂] in the noon was less than 4%. In the vertical direction, the presence of the cloud layer could reduce the photolysis rate under the cloud effectively via reducing the actinic flux through the cloud layer. The backscattering properties of cloud droplets increased the photolysis rate above the cloud. Ozone could absorb ultraviolet radiation around 300nm, so total ozone content had a considerable effect on J[O¹D]. The ozone column concentration increased from 200DU to 400DU, the maximum value of J[O¹D] decreased by 53.1%, while the maximum value of J[NO₂] was only reduced by 1.0%. At the same time, the relative position of aerosols and clouds was found having a great influence on the vertical distribution of the photolysis rate. When the aerosol was located above the cloud, the photolysis rate of the upper layer was significantly increased, and the stronger the scattering of the aerosol, the greater the increase of the photolysis rate; When the absorbing aerosol was located above the cloud, the actinic flux in the upper layer was greatly attenuated. The influence of the cloud on the photolysis rate was weak in this situation.

In the paper, a hybrid model combining multivariable linear regression (MLR) and wavelet transformation (WT) to improve the support vector machine regression (SVR) forecast accuracy of hourly ozone (O₃) concentrations, by employing the observations of meteorological variables and O₃ and its precursors from June 1to August 15, 2016 at an industrial area in Nanjing. The original time series of O₃ concentration was decomposed by WT into a few sub-series with lower variability, the prediction strategy applied to each of them and then summed up all individual prediction results. The squared correlation coefficient (R²) of the forecast was 0.90. The mean absolute error (MAE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) were 3.86×10^-9, 28.26% and 5.57×10^-9, respectively. The results showed clearly that the performance of the M-WT-SVR was better than the M-SVR and SVR for hourly O₃ predictions. The low-level detail signals were mainly related to NO, NO₂ and aromatic hydrocarbons, while the coarse approximation signals at higher level were synthetically affected by meteorological conditions, precursors and O₃ pre-concentrations. Concerning the O₃ concentrations forecasting, M-WT-SVR gave significantly better predictions than MLR methods.

The product Hg²⁺ was prone to complexation during the process of wet oxidation to remove Hg⁰ from flue gas. The complexation product may change the oxidation mechanism to form a new reaction mechanism. This phenomenon has not been studied. The effects of ligand cation, ligand concentration, reaction pH, reaction temperature and molar ratio on the complexation reaction of Hg²⁺ and the complexation mechanism in the oxidation removal of Hg⁰ in flue gas were studied. The results showed that MgCl₂, KCl, NiCl₂ and BaCl₂ could be complexed with HgCl₂ but neither CuCl₂ or SnCl₄. The amount of complex formation increased first with ligand concentration increasing and then tended to be equilibrium. The acidic reaction environment was beneficial to the complexation reaction and not affected by the pH change. However, the complexation reaction could not occur in the alkaline reaction environment. The reaction temperature did not affect the complexation reaction. The absorbance of all the complexes produced was basically the same, this value was (4.20 ±0.03) A. The mercury complexation reaction had a response interval to the ligand concentration. When the ligand concentration was less than the lower limit of the interval, complex could not be formed. When the ligand concentration was more than the upper limit of the interval, the complex yield did not change with the ligand concentration. When the mercury atom sp orbit was recombined, it was difficult for the 6d empty orbit to participate in the hybridization to form a high-spin outer rail type complex. The cumulative stability constant β₄ was 10^15.07. The complex[HgCl₄]^2- had the ability to chelate Hg (aq) and O₂ (aq), then react with ClO^- and Hg₂Cl₂. A new oxidation-complexation oxidation reaction mechanism was formed.

Hyperbranched polyethyleneimine (HPEI) was grafted on the surface of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) microfiltration membrane, and a high-density hydroxyl structure was formed on the surface of PVDF membrane by the ring-opening reaction of glycidol and the terminal amino groups. Contact angle tests confirmed the improved hydrophilicity of the modified membrane. After modification, the contact angle of PVDF membrane was decreased to 42° with initial 85° and the wetting time was shortened to 10s with initial 20s. Static adsorption tests demonstrated that the modified membrane had much less amount of proteins and polysaccharides on the membrane surface compared to the control. Dynamic fouling experiments showed that the modified membrane had significantly higher water flux recovery ratio and lower relative fouled flux ratio in comparison with the pristine PVDF membrane. AFM (Atomic Forces atomic force microscopy) contact force measurements exhibited weaker foulant-membrane interactions and foulant-foulant interactions for the modified membrane, which can be attributed to the abundant hydrophilic groups on the membrane surface and steric effect of the hyperbranched structure.

Ultraviolet (UV) activated hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) that produce various reactive oxygen species (ROS) were used to decompose the organic pollutants of semi-aerobic aged refuse bioreactor leachate tail water. The results showed that the degradation efficacies of organic pollutants in ultraviolet activated hydrogen peroxide (UV-H₂O₂) and ultraviolet activated peroxymonosulfate (UV-PMS) process is significantly better than those of single process. Factors including initial pH and oxidant dosage influenced the degradation efficiency greatly and increasing the concentration of oxidant favored the removal efficiency of organic pollutants in both two processes. Meanwhile, acidic ambient benefited the removal of organic pollutants, however, the removal efficiency of organic pollutants was reduced by increasing initial pH, especially in UV-H₂O₂ process. Under optimized conditions (initial pH value is 3, oxidant dosage is 0.084mol/L), 72.09% and 56.22% COD removal efficiencies were yielded by UV-H₂O₂ and UV-PMS processes, respectively. In addition, hydroxyl radical is the main ROS in UV-H₂O₂ process, while mostly hydroxyl radical and sulfate radical both work in UV-PMS process. The refractory aromatic compounds organics (i.e., humus) were degraded of leachate tail water in both two systems according to the results of ultraviolet-visible spectra and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum. However, the transformation of humus in the two processes is quite different, and the degradation rate of humus in UV-PMS was more efficient than in that one. The study provides a valuable reference for recalcitrant organic degradation in landfill leachate by photochemical oxidation process.

In this study, self-made GO dispersion liquid and TiO₂ precursor sol with a certain amount of the triblock copolymer, (polyethylene oxide, PEO) ₂₀-(polypropylene oxide, PPO) ₇₀-(PEO)₂₀ (P123) were used as raw materials. The reduced graphene oxide/mesoporous TiO₂ (rGO/m-TiO₂) multilayer films were prepared on glass substrates by alternating dipping-coating combined with heat treatment and ultraviolet lamp irradiation reduction method. The multilayer film was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy (Raman), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and specific surface area (BET) analysis. The effects of the amount of templating agent P123 on the crystal structure, specific surface area, morphology, pore size distribution, adsorption performance, and photocatalytic performance of the multilayer film were investigated. The photocatalytic degradation of oxytetracycline (OTC) by multilayer film multilayer film was evaluated under ultraviolet light and sunlight. The photocatalytic degradation mechanism was studied under ultraviolet light. The results showed that the crystal structure of TiO₂ does not change after adding P123. The optimized pore structure and large specific surface area can be obtained by the introduction of appropriate P123, which are conducive to the adsorption capacity and the photocatalytic activity. The adsorption efficiency of rGO/TiO₂ (5wt%P123) film on OTC reached 51.2% for 60min, and the degradation rate of ultraviolet irradiation reached 90.9% for 135 min.The degradation rate reached 91.5% after 50min of sunlight exposure. During the degradation of OTC, hydroxyl radical (·OH) plays a major role in photocatalysis, and hydroxylation and secondary hydroxyl oxidation are the main reaction paths.

In this study, a novel magnetic catalytic CuFe₂O₄, was synthezed and used to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade Rhodamine B (RhB) which is an anthracene dye. The effects of PMS concentration, CuFe₂O₄ dosage, solution pH, inorganic ions and natural organic matter on RhB degradation were investigated. The results showed that the RhB removal reached 88.87% after 30min reaction under neutral pH conditions when the initial concentrations of RhB, PMS and CuFe₂O₄ were 5μmol/L, 0.1mmol/L and 0.1g/L, respectively. And Cl^-, HCO₃^- had no significant effect on the degradation of RhB, while H₂PO₄^2-,C₂O₄^2- and humic acid had significant inhibition on the degradation of RhB. Free radical identification experiments showed that SO₄^- and·OH were the main free radicals in the system of CuFe₂O₄/PMS under neutral and weak alkaline conditions. It was found that the solution gradually fades and the formate, acetate, oxalate and ammonium ions were producedin the process of RhB degradation. This is attributing to the destruction of the chromophore on RhB molecule upon SO₄^- and·OH attacks, leading to the opening of benzene ring and the falling off of nitrogen atom. The mineralization experiment showed that when 0.2mmol/L of RhB was degraded in the CuFe₂O₄/PMS system for 10h, the mineralization rate reached 62%. Catalyst recycling experiments showed that the prepared CuFe₂O₄ had a good recycling ability.

In this study, the effect of the position of anode on the efficiency and electricity generation of the novel anaerobic baffle reactor-bioelectricity Fenton (ABR-BEF) system were investigated for treatment traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) wastewater. The components of loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances (LB-EPS) and tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances (TB-EPS) in the sludge were also measured. Finally, the high-throughput sequencing technology was used to analyze the variation of microbial community in the system at different anode positions. The results showed that when the position of anode electrode was changed from the 4th compartment to the 3rd and 2nd compartment, the COD removal rate was reduced from 90% to 70% and 65%, respectively, due to the distance between anode and cathode gradually increasing. Meanwhile, the voltage output was declined from 149.8mV to 95.3mV and 50.0mV, and the maximum power density was decreased to 76.78mW/m³ to 55.57mW/m³ and 52.87mW/m³, respectively. However, the removal rate of catechol in the cathode chamber was remained around 95%. After changing the position of anode, the protein content in the LB-EPS and TB-EPS was decreased, especially TB-EPS. In addition, the polysaccharides content of LB-EPS and TB-EPS was the highest when the position of anode was changed into the 3rd compartment. When the position of anode was changed from the 4th compartment to the 3rd and 2nd compartment, the abundance of Methanothrix was increased to 71.09%, 72.47%, 58.03% and 76.79% in each compartment at the genus level of archaea. While the abundance of Deltaproteobacteria, which was a class contained electrogenic bacteria, was reduced to 2.54%, 6.06%, 4.40% and 4.87%, respectively. The increasing of the distance between anode and cathode was leaded to reduce the abundance of electrogenic bacteria, which was an important reason for the decrease of the electricity generation capacity of the ABR-BEF system.

A combination of aluminum sulfate (AS) and chitosan (CTS) was used as an innovative filter additive, namely AS-CTS, to enhance the filtration. The properties of the trapped organics were analyzed by molecular weight fractionation and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy, and the mechanism of enhanced filtration by AS-CTS was preliminarily investigated via the analysis of zeta potential, floc size, and fractal dimension. The results indicated that AS-CTS strengthened the filtration much more than AS or CTS alone. Under the optimum condition (AS/CTS mass ratio of 2/1, CTS dosage of 0.3mg/L, rotation speed of 300r/min, and stirring time of 2min) the effluent turbidity was 0.1NTU, particulate matter was 125/mL, residual aluminum concentration was 0.02mg/L. The turbidity and particulate matter removal rate was respectively 58% and 61.7% higher than that without AS-CTS. It was found that AS-CTS enhanced filtration could effectively remove hydrophobic humic acid with molecule weight > 30KDa, tryptophan protein with molecule weight between 1and 3KDa, soluble microbial metabolites, and fluvic-like acid. AS-CTS could increase the adhesion of colloidal particles on the surface of the filter media, mainly through the polymer bridging and interface chemistry, and enhanced the migration of particles to the surface of filter media by forming larger micro-flocculant in size and fractal dimension.

Nano zero-valent iron (NZVI) was modified by carboxymethylcellulose sodium (CMC) and copper (Cu) was used as composite metal to prepare modified nanoscale Fe/Cu bimetal. A reaction column was used to simulate the reaction process of 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP) removal from groundwater by permeable reactive barrier (PRB). The characterization of the modified materials and the results of the sedimentation experiments showed that the modified materials had stronger dispersity. The effects of concentration of pollutant, dosage of materials, copper loading rate, pH and flow rate on degradation of 2,4-DCP were investigated andthe result showed that the reaction process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics, lower pH, lower flow rate and 10% copper loading rate were beneficial to the dechlorination of 2,4-DCP, and too high dosage of materials and excessive initial concentration of 2,4-DCP were not conducive to dechlorination.

Powdered activated coke (COKE) derived from one-step carbonization and activation of Mengdong lignite was obtained by using a sedimentation furnace. It had developed pore structure on the surface, which is dominated by micropores, accounting for 79.3% of its specific surface area. The phosphate adsorption ability of the COKE was studied by investigating the effects of adsorption time, temperature, initial pH, initial phosphate concentration, the dosage of COKE and coexisting anions on the adsorption process. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were analyzed, correspondingly. It was shown in the results that coke has good adsorption properties for phosphate in water. The adsorption equilibrium was reached at 60min when 1mg/L phosphate solution in neutral was adsorbed by 3.0g/L COKE at the temperature of 30℃, and the adsorption efficiencies are 89.4%. It was found that the optimum pH value for the adsorption was 6~7, and the extent of adsorption of phosphate by COKE in water increased significantly with increase in temperature and concentration of COKE. The presence of competing anions (NO₃^-, SO₄^2-, CO₃^2-) has an inhibitory effect on the adsorption of phosphate by COKE under the researched conditions. The adsorption process of phosphate on COKE could be successfully described by Freundlich model (R²>0.99) and quasi-secondary kinetic model (R²>0.99). The maximum adsorption capacity was 1.746mg/g at the temperature of 30℃. It was shown by thermodynamic analysis that the adsorption is spontaneous endothermic reaction with that the value of ΔH is 37.548kJ/mol. Further, the results of FTIR analysis showed that phosphate adsorption of COKE mainly depended on coordination exchange. Compared with activated carbon, the COKE prepared in this study has higher performance-price ratio, and hence, would be expected to show a favorable application prospect.

In order to achieve efficient removal of nitrogen from high ammonia nitrogen wastewater at room temperature, this study selected three gas water ratio conditions, 8:1、12:1 and 15:1 respectively. It investigated the stable operation performance of partial nitrification-ANAMMOX integrated autotrophic nitrogen removal process of biological aerated filter (BAF) at room temperature. The results showed that gas water ratio (GWR) at the optimal operation time was 15:1under the condition of inlet ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) concentration of 400mg/L and reflux ratio of 1:1, ammonia nitrogen removal rate (ARE) was over 90%,total nitrogen (TN) removal load was 1.1kgN/(m³·d), and TN removal rate could reach 83%. When the GWR is 15:1,the DO is controlled around 2.41mg/L and 4.22mg/L, the amount of NH₄⁺-N converted into nitrite (NO₂^--N) in water increased, and the ANAMMOX activity is enhanced. The real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (QPCR) analysis of functional strains on the biofilm showed that when the GWR was 15:1, both ANAMMOX and AOB had the highest abundance, more than 10¹² copies/g dry sludge. Therefore, integrated nitrogen removal has the best effect. At the same time, studies have shown that the ANAMMOX reaction is strengthened after increasing the gas water ratio and N₂O is not generated in the ANAMMOX process. When the GWR is 15:1, the total release amount of N₂O is the smallest, and the release factor is 0.0012.

A "core-shell" structure of magnetic adsorbent MZF@SiO₂ (MZFS) was prepared by in-situ hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate in this paper. And its structural properties were characterized via X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The azo dyes of neutral red (NR) adsorption property on MZFS were further studied. It was showed that the adsorption kinetic performance could be described adopting pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model. Chemical adsorption was the rate control step based on the results. The adsorption free energy E, △G and △H were 0.472-0.773kJ/mol, -20~0kJ/mol, and 37.5kJ/mol respectively, indicating a physical adsorption dominated spontaneous and endothermic process. The intermolecular hydrogen bonding was deduced as the main adsorption force from the FT-IR results. MZFS could be in situ regenerated using 15%wt H₂O₂. These results provided basic theoretical data for the development of treatment to azo dye wastewater.

Higher performance function of fish bone meal (FBM_T) treated by NaOH was obtained, and then BET, XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDS, and TEM were used to investigate the structure characteristics of samples and the properties and mechanisms of Cd removal. The results showed that compared with FBM a certain number of medium-and macro-porous appeared in FBM_T, and higher volume and average width of pore were got in FBM_T, being 68.57% and 24.69%, respectively, higher than that of FBM. After treated with NaOH, the amount function groups such as -OH, C=O and PO₄^3- in FBM_T was increased. The adsorption of Cd (Ⅱ) on FBM and FBM_T included an initial fast sorption phase and a second slow sorption phase, and the process of adsorption kinetics was well fitted by Pseudo-second-order, with correlation coefficients R² 0.8635 and 0.9480, respectively. The isothermal adsorption process could be well fitted with Langmuir isotherms, and the maximum adsorption capacity of Cd increased from 9.28mg/g on FBM to 22.47mg/g on FBM_T, and the adsorption intensity (the values of K_F) was correspondingly increased. The value of separation factor (0 < R_L < 1) indicated that the adsorption process of Cd (Ⅱ) was favorable. The interaction mechanisms of function materials and Cd (Ⅱ) involved special cation adsorption, electrostatic adsorption, ion exchange, surface complexation and precipitation. Therefore, the research above supports an economic and effective method for the remediation of Cd contamination using fish bone meal.

In this study, a novel type of α-Fe₂O₃ core microspheres were prepared hydrothermally by using FeCl₃, urea, and ascorbic acid, polyvinylpyrrolidone and nano-carbon powder as precursors. The microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET/BJH methods. The results revealed that the core microsphere was self-assembled with the 40nm sized rice-grain shaped α-Fe₂O₃, the size of microsphere was uniform and the diameter was~50μm, the specific surface area of BET was between 25.45~32.46m²/g. This microsphere could activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to produce strong oxidative radical under ultraviolet (UV, mercury lamp) irradiation, which was confirmed as sulfate radical (SO₄^-·) with ESR (electron spin resonance) method. 98.6% of AO7 could be removed in 40 min in this system. It was found that PMS could effectively inhibit the recombination of photogenerated electrons (e_CB^-) and valence holes (h_VB⁺) as an electron capture agent, and AO7 can be oxidized by h_VB⁺, SO₄^-·and hydroxyl radical (OH·). After 10 cycles of application of α-Fe₂O₃, 80% of AO7 could be still removed in system. The effects of different dosage of α-Fe₂O₃, PMS, initial pH and initial concentration of AO7 on the degradation rate of AO7 were investigated. The results suggested that 99% of AO7 was eliminated within 40min under the optimum conditions:the initial pH was 7.0, the concentration of α-Fe₂O₃ and the PMS were 1.0g/L and 0.3g/L, respectively. The study of anion effect indicated that CO₃^2-, NO₃^- and Cl^- could promote AO7 degradation, which needed a further investigation in future works.

In order to solve the problem of serious imbalance of carbon source and alkalinity in the subsequent biological treatment process, anaerobically digestate swine manure was treated by step-fed sequencing batch reactor running the program for "anoxic (A1) + aeration (O1) + anoxic (A2) + aeration (O2)", to achieve self-balance utilization of carbon source and alkalinity in the system. By changing the supplemental amount of carbon in A1and A2stage (the quantitative raw swine manure was used for carbon supplementation in the volume ratio of 1:1, 1:3 and 3:1 at the start of A1 and A2 stages of each cycle of the reactor, respectively, referred to as condition I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ), the effect of carbon supplementation mode of raw swine manure on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal characteristics of the treatment process was studied. The results showed that short-cut nitrification and denitrification was achieved in all three carbon supplementation modes, the pH value in the reactor was stable at about 8.5 and the removal rates of NH₄⁺-N were above 95%. The carbon supplementation of raw manure directly affected the denitrification process. The denitrification rates of the reactor in A2 stage under the condition I and Ⅱ reached 2.19 and 2.15mg/(g·h), respectively, which were about 1.6 times as high as that under the condition Ⅲ. The carbon supplementation of raw manure had significant differences between A-stage phosphorus release and O-stage phosphorus uptake under the three conditions. The SFSBR phosphorus removal effect was better under the condition I and Ⅲ, the effluent concentrations of TP were 7.9 and 6.4mg/L respectively, the efficiencies of TP removal were 84.4% and 87.3% respectively, which were 9.5 and 12.4percents higher than those of condition Ⅱ, respectively. With a comprehensive consideration of nitrogen and phosphorus removal, organic matter degradation and carbon source/alkalinity self-balance control, the condition I was the best carbon supplementation mode, the effluent concentrations of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TP were 360, 10.6and 7.9mg/L respectively, and the removal rates were 74.9%, 98.6% and 84.4% respectively. The results also indicated that the carbon supplementation mode which the A1/A2 raw wastewater addition ratio was 1:1 (condition I) can realize the high-efficiency nitrogen and phosphorus removal of anaerobically digested swine manure on the basis of carbon source/alkalinity self-balance.

Aiming at the problems of high ammonia nitrogen bio-toxicity, complex process, high cost and poor nitrogen removal in the currently available process for the treatment of raw swine wastewater from intensive livestock farms, a three-dimensional structure rotating biological contactor (3D-RBC) using heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) functional bacteria as the microbial inoculants, was proposed for the treatment of raw swine wastewater. The rapid biofilm culturing in the 3D-RBC reactor was achieved in only 15days by using HN-AD bacteria agent as the microbial inoculants. By controlling linear velocity of the rotating disc and changing the influent C/N, the enrichment of the dominant HN-AD bacteria in the reactor and the start-up of the pretreatment process were completed in 65days. The raw swine wastewater was then treated by this process. Due to the strong tolerance of high ammonia nitrogen of the HN-AD bacteria, the removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN was 69.8%, 87.9% and 79.5%, respectively, indicating significant reduction of the pollutants in the raw wastewater. The high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the changes of microbial community structure during the superiority construction process of the functional bacteria. The results showed that, the dominant HN-AD bacteria within the biofilm gradually changed from Halomonas and Acinetobacter to Comamonas and Hydrogenophaga, and the relative abundance of which increases obviously. The SEM results further confirmed the enrichment of functional microorganisms, the biofilm uses Filamentous bacteria as the skeleton and the surface of the biofilm layer tightly attached to the filler was enriched in rod-like and globular bacteria, which was in consistent with the results of the biodiversity analysis.

Four types of iron in-situ-impregnated mesoporous activated carbons (FGL1/2/3/4) have been prepared by iron-impregnation and two-step steam activation using coal-blending as precursors. And surface modified carbons (Fe-GL-2/3/4) were prepared by iron impregnation based on finished blank carbon C-GL (without iron impregnation). Adsorption of arsenic ions (As (Ⅲ) and As (V)) and humic acids (HA) from water by iron in-situ-impregnated carbons were investigated in comparison with surface modified carbons. Results suggested that iron in-situ-impregnation was beneficial for development of surface area (S_BET) and mesoporous structures. When iron content reached to 6.51%, mesoporous volumes (V_mes) from 45 to 480Å of FCL4 increased by 0.1146cm³/g in comparison with C-GL. However, surface modified by iron impregnation resulted in the decrease of S_BET and V_mes. Surface basicity ensured higher arsenic adsorption capacities by iron in-situ-impregnated carbons in neutral environment. Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities (L-Q_max) of As (Ⅲ) and As (V) by FCL4increased to 2.566 and 2.825mg/g, respectively. It indicated that adsorption capacity of HA (<10mg DOC/L) was significantly influenced by V_mes, and iron in-situ-impregnated carbons achieved better capacities for HA. Langmuir maximum adsorption capacities of HA (Q_HA) obtained by FGL4increased to 46.25mg DOC/g, but capacities by Fe-GL-4decreased to 22.15mg DOC/g. Adsorption capacities of arsenic and HA decreased in Arsenic-HA system. However, FGL4 still obtained higher capacities than C-GL and Fe-GL-2/3/4. And L-Q_max of As (Ⅲ)/As (V) by FGL4 was 2.325/2.675mg/g. Therefore, iron in-situ-impregnated mesoporous carbons prepared in present work are proved to be promising adsorbent for simultaneous removal of arsenic and humic acids.

In microbial fuel cells (MFC), the cathodic reaction rate of oxygen reduction as an electron acceptor is slow, causing a loss of cathode potential. Polyaniline and graphene oxide are used to modify the MFC cathode, which can enhance the oxygen reduction rate and decrease the cathode potential loss. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the modification of an MFC cathode by polyaniline and graphene oxide and to quantify the improvement if its electrochemical performance. The results show that the oxygen reduction peak potential of the modified electrode is the highest and the electroactive area of the CV text is the largest when the concentration of polyaniline is 0.1M and that the optimum concentration of graphene oxide is 0.1~0.12g/L. This indicates that the internal resistance of the modified cathode is minimized. It is concluded that by modifying the cathode with graphene and polyaniline, the MFC can exhibit higher electrochemical activity, higher output voltage and capacitance. The study is beneficial for ameliorating the application and operation of microbial fuel cells.

Carbon contained in the organic structure of sludge is an active element with strong chemical activity. Its thermochemical reaction occurs easily during energy conversion, which has a significant impact on the chemical characteristics and formation of the resulting products from sludge energy conversion. Firstly, the distribution of carbon-containing functional groups on the surface of sludge were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The main carbon containing functional groups in sludge include Enyl (C-C), benzene ring (pi-pi^*), ether (C-O-C), carboxyl (-COOH). Based on the obtained results regarding organic carbon and the composition of common organic compounds in sludge, a few typical carbon functional group model compounds of sludge were then constructed:M-xylene (pi-pi^*), tetrahydrofuran (C-O-C), acetic acid (-COOH) and cyclopentene (C=C). Finally, pyrolysis apparatus and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) was combined to compare the pyrolysis characteristics of sludge and carbon-containing model compounds at different temperatures. It was proved that the constructed carbon-containing model compounds were basically reasonable and reliable.

A sludge-derived heterogeneous catalyst (Fe-SDBC) was prepared by using sludge-derived biochar (SDBC) -loaded with iron. Fe-SDBC was used to activate persulfate (PS) for orange G degradation (OG). The Fe-SDBC/PS system showed an excellent performance for the degradation of OG. The effects of several key parameters (metal oxides-biochar ratio, Fe-SDBC dosage, initial pH value, PS concentration) on the degradation process were systematically evaluated. Subsequently, Fe-SDBC was characterized by X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy (Raman). The radical scavenger experiments suggested that Both SO₄^·- and OH·contributed to the degradation process and the radicals were mainly generated through heterogeneous mechanism. The mechanism of the Fe-SDBC/PS system was investigated. Apparently, different forms of iron were the main contributors to PS decomposition, and the circulation of Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ increase the effectiveness of the catalyst to activate the PS. Eventually, recycle tests showed that Fe-SDBC had excellent reusability in activating PS for OG removal. It could still play a role in the degradation of high concentration OG for three successive 24h degradation cycles. In summary, Fe-SDBC was capable of perpetually activating PS and achieved satisfactory OG degradation efficiency

Ten kinds of typical materials including sulfides, calcium-based and iron-aluminum-based materials (Fe⁰, ferric salt, Fe₂O₃/Al₂O₃) were used to stabilize arsenic-containing slag. Five single chemical extraction methods simulating different exposure conditions were used to screen out materials with better stabilization effect. The mechanism underlying arsenic stabilization by typical materials was revealed by the analysis of continuous chemical extraction and microstructure characterization. The results demonstrated that Na₂S·9H₂O showed the best stabilization effect under natural condition. While, Fe⁰ exhibited the strongest arsenic stabilization ability followed by FeSO₄·7H₂O under other conditions. Fe⁰ is suitable for arsenic stabilization under organic weak acid and strong acid rain conditions. FeSO₄·7H₂O was effective under all conditions, however its effect varied greatly. It showed the best effect for arsenic stabilization under weak organic acid condition, and TCLP-As leaching was reduced to 1.50μg/L with arsenic stabilization rate of 99.98%. FeSO₄·7H₂O mainly reduced the extractable weak acid state, and converted the non-specific/specific adsorption state, amorphous and weak crystalline iron-aluminium or iron-manganese state into crystalline iron-aluminium or iron-manganese state and residue state. A small amount of insoluble iron and arsenic minerals (FeAsO₄·2H₂O and FeAsS) were formed after treatment.

The soils around the main stream and the tributaries of the Yangtze River Basin were selected as the research medium, and the contents of 13organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the topsoil were analyzed. The sources were analyzed by isomer ratio method and principal component analysis, and the health risk assessment was discussed. The results showed that the concentration of ∑₁₃OCPs in the surface soil of the Yangtze River Basin ranged from 8.94 to 77.79ng/g, with an average content of 24.55ng/g. BHC (HCHs) and DDTs were the dominant components. The concentration level of OCPs was similar between upstream and downstream, but the level in midstream showed higher than that in upstream and downstream. However the level of OCPs concentration in Yangtze River Basin showed that is at a medium level in the world. The HCHs in the soil were mainly from the historical residues of lindane, while DDTs were mainly derived from the recent import of dicofol and the illegal use of industrial DDTs. The health risk assessment in the midstream was higher than that in the upstream and downstream of Yangtze River Basin. The Risk value of carcinogenic risks ranged from 10^-6 to 10^-4 in Chenglingji, Nanzui and Xiangyin, which indicated that there were certain carcinogenic risks to children in these three areas.

The artificially simulated Cd contaminated soil was used as the research object. The Fe-Al modified diatomite and CaO were used as raw materials to prepare the modifier. The soil-culture experiment was used to study the effect of Cd-contaminated soil was improved by adding the different ratios of Fe-Al modified diatomite and CaO. The results showed that by applying Fe-Al modified diatomite and CaO to Cd contaminated soil with different ratios, the Cd forms, pH value, CEC value, OM value, water content, available nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium all have positive effects. When the ratio of Fe-Al modified diatomite to CaO is 1:6, the soil exchangeable Cd content was reduced by 74.67% compared with the blank control, and compared with single application of Fe-Al modified diatomite and CaO, which decreased by 64.63% and 7.87%, respectively. The soil pH value increased by 0.45, the soil CEC increased by 69.78% and the available nitrogen and phosphorus increased by 28.57% and 70.85% respectively compared with the blank control. Fe-Al modified diatomite combined with CaO can effectively control soil Cd pollution and improve soil tillage performance.

In order to investigate the effect of interfacial behaviors of HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- on soil colloids aggregation, the aggregation kinetics of montmorillonite and humic colloids were monitored using a dynamic light scattering instrument. Results showed that the colloids aggregation in the HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- systems transformed from slow aggregation (linear growth) to fast aggregation (power function growth) with increasing ionic strength of the electrolytes. In addition, the aggregation was more sensitive to the changes in ionic strength in H₂PO₄^- system. Significant differences of the growth of effective particle size, total average aggregation (TAA) rate, critical coagulation ionic strength (CCIS), and activation energy were observed in colloids aggregation in the HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- systems. Compared with aggregation in HPO₄^2- system, aggregation in H₂PO₄^- system has a higher TAA rate, lower CCIS and lower activation energy, indicating that H₂PO₄^- has a stronger effect on initiating colloid aggregation. Besides, the CCIS of HPO₄^2- was 2.43 times as that of H₂PO₄^-. The difference of activation energies between the two systems increased with decreasing ionic strength, which might be caused by the ionic non-classical polarization in the strong external electric field. The addition of humic colloids significantly increased the CCIS and activation energy in HPO₄^2- system, but not in H₂PO₄^- system. The Hofmeister effects of HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- on colloids aggregation followed the order of 96% montmorillonite+4% humic colloid >> 99% montmorillonite+1% humic colloid > 100% montmorillonite. These results indicated that there are strong Hofmeister effects of HPO₄^2- and H₂PO₄^- on the aggregation of montmorillonite-humic colloids, and the Hofmeister effects were directly dependent on the electric field strength near the surface of the colloids.

In order to explore a mining area with high concentration of arsenic contaminated soil pollution control and ecological restoration, the fly ash, dried sludge, crushed peanut shells, ferrous sulfate (Fe₂SO₄) and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH₂PO₄) were chosen and combined as stabilizers for stabilization of the contaminated soil, and Pteris vittata L., Vetiveria zizanioides L., Boehmeria nivea L. were used as test plants. The stabilization treatment on the shape transformation of As and its ecological effect on the repair plant were studied. The results showed that after added different stabilizers combined treatment, the pH value, organic matter, cation exchange capacity of the soil increased significantly, with an increase of 24.4%~29.0%、23.3%~41.1%、17.8%~45.0%, respectively. The combination treatment of 10% fly ash, 10% dried sludge and 1% Fe₂SO₄ had the best stabilization effect to the As, and the concentration of exchangeable and carbonate bound As decreased most significantly, by 62.3% and 55.3%; The addition of KH₂PO₄ could activate As in the soil, 10% fly ash, 10% dry sludge and 1% KH₂PO₄ combined treatment could significantly increase the contents of exchangeable and carbonate bound As, with an increase of 26.9% and 101.9% respectively. The combined treatment of different stabilizers could improve three kinds of plant biomass, affect the enrichment of As, and increase the accumulation of As in plants. The biomass of the three plants was Boehmeria nivea > Pteris vittata > Vetiveria zizanioides. The combined treatment of fly ash, dried sludge and crushed peanut shell increased the dry weight of above-ground biomass of Pteris vittata and Boehmeria nivea most significantly, while the combined treatment of fly ash, dried sludge, crushed peanut shell, Fe₂SO₄ and KH₂PO₄ increased the dry weight of above-ground biomass of Vetiveria zizanioides most significantly. The addition of 10% fly ash, 10% dried sludge and 1% Fe₂SO₄ could reduce the above-ground content of As in Pteris vittata, Vetiveria zizanioides and Boehmeria nivea, the largest decline of 45.5%, 29.5% and 53.9% respectively. While added 10% fly ash, 10% dried sludge and 1% KH₂PO₄ made the above-ground content of As increased significantly in the three plants, with an increase of 12.8%, 25.2% and 62.7% respectively. Compared with the control, fly ash, dried sludge, crushed peanut shells, Fe₂SO₄ and KH₂PO₄ combination treatment made Pteris vittata, Vetiveria zizanioides and Boehmeria nivea above-ground accumulation of As reaches the maximum value, increased by 3.7times, 12.8times and 3.3times. The enrichment ability and accumulation amount of As in three plants were Pteris vittata > Vetiveria zizanioides>Boehmeria nivea.

The purpose of the present work was to explore the microbial community structure and diversity characteristics of arsenic-contaminated lakeshore wetland in the Plateau lakes, and to explore the relationship between the content & forms of arsenic and microbial community characteristics in the sediment. This paper collected samples of lakeshore wetland sediments from the east, west, south and north lakeshore of Yangzonghai Lake in Yunnan Province, not only the characteristics of microbial richness in sediments of arsenic-contaminated lakeshore wetlands were analyzed by 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technique, but also the effects of arsenic forms on microbial communities were discussed. The results showed:(1) the arsenic content of the sediment has a significant effect on the microbial richness, and the microbial richness is higher with high arsenic content in the South Bank region, which the Operational Taxonomic Units is 1286~1473, In the West Bank region the microbial richness is low with low arsenic content which the Operational Taxonomic Units is 693~1339; (2) The microbial community structure of sediments in Yangzonghai Lake Lakeshore wetland is stable, the dominant populations are Proteobacteria (15.6%~59.6%), Chloroflexi (10.1%~44.9%), with few Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria; (3) The arsenic form in the sediment is mainly composed of residual arsenic (F5) and amorphous oxide-bound arsenic (F3), and F3 has the most significant effect on the microbial community. Meanwhile, the bioavailable arsenic (non-specific adsorbed arsenic + specific adsorbed arsenic + amorphous oxide bound arsenic) in the sediment accounts for 19.3%~58.6%, the risk of arsenic release is high. The research results deepened the understanding of microbial community in sediments of arsenic-contaminated plateau lakes, and provide theoretical and scientific basis for microbial treatment of lake arsenic pollution prevention.

The biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl degrading strain R04 (Rhodococcus sp. R04) and several model microorganisms were used as the research objects. Cell division and morphological changes of biphenyl/polychlorinated biphenyl degrading strain R04 were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence microscopy and scanning electron microscopy under the conditions of biphenyl and its metabolites culture. The results showed that the division of Rhodococcus sp. R04 and several model microbial cells were inhibited under biphenyl and its metabolites culture conditions, and some microbial cells morphology were affected. Compared with the precursor-biphenyl and its metabolite 2-hydroxy-6-keto-6-phenyl-2, 4-hexadienoic acid, 2,3-dihydroxybenzene has stronger inhibition and morphological change on G⁺, G^- bacteria or Rhodotorula cell division. The proportion of R.R04 cells and defective R.R04 cells forming incomplete septum was increased under the condition of 2,3-dihydroxybenzene culture. It caused that 96.4% of E. coli BL21 cells surface was dented, cytoplasmic content was lost and bacterial body volume was shrunk. It caused that 89.6% of Bacillus subtilis cells was shrunk significantly. The phenomenon that Staphylococcus aureus has almost no cells to form a complete septum was caused. The percentage of Rhodotorula cells that could germinate and reproduce was decreased from 64.2% to 19.3%, but there was no significant change in cell morphology. Biphenyl metabolite 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl has strongly inhibitory effect on cell division and proliferation of Rhodococcus sp. R04 and other microorganisms than its precursor-biphenyl, and it is suggested that the toxic effect of environmental compounds metabolism should be considered when the interaction between environmental compounds and microorganisms.

The groundwater samples of the north bank of Yanghe, Xuanhua District, Zhangjiakou City, Hebei Province were selected, to identify the pollution source, ratio, migration and transformation characteristics of nitrogen in groundwater by qualitative and quantitative methods. Land type analysis, hydrogeochemistry analysis, and isotope tracer technique of δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- and δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- were used in the study. The results showed that the main contaminant of nitrogen pollution was NO₃^- in the study area, and 77% samples during four sampling sessions at 12 sampling points exceeded World Health Organization standard value 10mg/L. The serious pollution period was in August 2018. According to spatial concentration interpolation results, the lower nitrate concentration was along the river and the offshore area, and the higher was in the middle area. Different land use type had different concentration, dry land had highest and urban system had higher concentration. The results of stable isotope model (SIAR) showed that the proportion of groundwater nitrate pollution sources were 45.37%, 41.39%, and 13.24% for manure and domestic sewage, soil nitrogen, and NH₄⁺ in rainfall and fertilizers. The result was consistent with the land use types. Besides, nitrification was dominated migration and transformation process of nitrogen. The study can provide more accurate and comprehensive analysis method for groundwater nitrogen pollution sources analysis, and recommendation for groundwater pollution control.

The Late Permian coal samples were collected from the border area of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces to analyze the mercury release behavior in the different atmospheres (argon, nitrogen and pure oxygen) and the mercury speciations in coal, using RA-915 mercury analyzer combined with temperature programmed pyrolysis instrument. The results showed that when the coal was pyrolyzed in the reducing environment, the release range of mercury was wider, and it showed obvious stage release characteristics due to the multiple mercury speciations. In the nitrogen and argon atmosphere, the mercury release behavior was nearly uniform. When the coal was pyrolyzed in the oxygen atmosphere, HgS, HgSO₄ and HgO may be released in the transitional forms of HgSO₄·HgO and HgSO₄·2HgO, and the mercury release range was relatively concentrated. The mercury speciations in the Late Permian coal from the study area is dominated by HgS and HgSO₄, and a certain amount of HgO is present in some coal samples.

As one of persistent organic pollutants, perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) has been widely detected in various environmental media and shows multiple toxic effects on human and animals. One of its main sources is from the biotransformation of PFOS precursor (PrePFOS). PFOS and PrePFOS have been found in various environmental media like soil, air and water. Understanding the biodegradation pathway and PFOS yield of PrePFOS are useful to predict the environmental fata of PFOS due to that its PFOS yield from abiotic degradation could be ignored. In this study, the occurrence and biodegradation of PrePFOS in different environmental media were summarized. Of all the PrePFOS, N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE) were mostly explored. Its biodegradation pathway and PFOS yield have been studied in soil, activated sludge, and sediment, which have found that its biodegradation mechanism is closely related with the physicochemical properties and microbial community structure of the medium. The decarboxylation of N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (EtFOSAA) to N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA) is the main rate-limiting step for the conversion of EtFOSE to PFOS. The latest research on aerobic biodegradation of EtFOSE in soil first proposed that decarboxylation of perfluorooctane sulfonamidoacetic acid (FOSAA) to perfluorooctane sulfonamide (FOSA) might be another rate-limiting step in the conversion of EtFOSE to PFOS. EtFOSE-Based Phosphate Diester (DiSAmPAP) had been widely used in various commercial products before 2003, and it had not been detected in sediment until 2012 due to its high Kow value and the lack of detection technology. Its half-life was predicted to be > 380d and it might be biodegradated into EtFOSE firstly and finally transformed into PFOS. And the existing problems and future research direction were discussed too.

This research aims to assess the habitat suitability of Michelia crassipes Law based on the species distribution data derived from specimen records and environmental variables through the approach of MaxEnt. The predicted habitat suitability was divided into suitable area and most suitable area according to the selected threshold. National reserve and land use data were used to conduct the analysis of conservation status and human disturbance of suitable habitat. The results show:Compared with topography variables and temperature variables, annual precipitation was the most important variables which influences the habitat suitability. The suitable habitat for Michelia crassipes Law was mainly located in the east area of middle subtropics, between 22 and 30degrees north latitude and between 107 and 120 degrees east longitude. The area of most suitable habitat and suitable habitat were 137000km² and 270000km². Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Jiangxi and Fujian share the largest area of suitable habitat. Only 1.9% of the suitable habitats were under the protection of national reserves. Large areas of the suitable and most suitable habitats were left in a state without any protection. Woodland occupy the largest area of the suitable and most suitable habitat. However, human disturbance also occupy big area of suitable and most suitable habitat.

The vertical distribution and source of heavy metals in sediment were analyzed based on measured data in this study. Additionally, the potential ecological risk and pollution level of lake sediment were assessed by the Latin Hypercube Sampling method with empirical distribution of background value based on monitoring data. Results showed that the content of heavy metals and comprehensive potential ecological risk level gradually decreased with sediment depth, which indicated that the upper layer of sediment was accompanied by high risk. Uncertainty assessment method can obtain the envelope of comprehensive potential heavy metal ecological risk level in sediment vertically. Reliability of ecological risk beyond the threshold or confidence interval of potential ecological risk index with specific confidence could be given by uncertainty analysis. The comprehensive heavy metal potential ecological risk indexes with 90% confidence were in the range of 340.08~412.89 and 271.61~327.67 in the upper layers of two sampling cores, respectively. Decision-makers with different risk preferences can take restoration, sediment dredging, or other technologies based on the results, which was near the threshold of severe potential comprehensive ecological risk. This study aims to be useful for lake management and help decision-makers comprehensively assess soil and sediments risk.

In this paper, the typical lake of river-connected lake in China, Poyang Lake, is selected as the research area. The MIKE21hydrodynamic model coupled with particle tracing model is used to simulate the movement footprint of heavy metal Cu in Poyang Lake under three different flow patterns of gravity type, top support type and inverted irrigation type. The simulation results showed that:(1) In January (gravity type), the heavy metal movement rate in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River was the fastest, at 2.111km/d. The particles moved along the north-south direction to the northwest direction of the center of the lake area, and then suddenly change its direction of movement. In May (top support type), the rate of heavy metal movement in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was the highest, reaching 2.901km/d. In August (inverted type), similar to the top support type, the heavy metal movement rate in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River was the fastest, 3.287km/d. (2) Judging from the overall movement of heavy metals in each tributary, the water level of Poyang Lake was affected by the water from the five rivers and the backwater of the Yangtze River. The movement footprint of heavy metals in different point sources in the lake area was greatly affected by the shape of the top-supporting type and the inverted-flow type. The flow of heavy metals in the upper and lower reaches of the Yangtze River was relatively large under the influence of different lakes. The two tributaries of Fu River were the least affected by the shape of the lake. The particle motion rate was as follows:inverted type > top support type > gravity type.

PAHs contents of surface sediments were tested with seasons from 6sampling sites of the Dianshan Lake body, The results showed that:16kinds of PAHs, which are listed as priority pollutants by EPA, were found in all the samples. The total PAHs concentration (dry weight) reached 54.6~1331.2ng/g, and the average amount was 373.4ng/g. Compared with other most areas, the total PAHs concentration of surface sediments of Dianshan Lake, were below the middle level. Seasonal fluctuation of the total PAHs concentration on the average and at the minimum and the maximum was essentially that:winter > spring > autumn > summer. In addition, PAHs contents of surface sediments were tested from other 6sampling sites of the lake out-inlet, the results were shown as:inlet > outlet > the lake body, and the seasonal characteristics were consistent with the lake body. Ring contents of PAHs share quantity:tetracyclic > pentacyclic to hexacyclic > bicyclo to tricyclic, by characteristic ratio method, source analysis showed that most of PAHs were originated from incomplete combustion of coal and biomass, which contributed 80.22% by Princical factor analysis. Based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs), this paper proposes a new method of PAHs risk quantitative evaluation——the Risk Index Method (RIM), the assessment result by it showed that the monomers of PAHs (Acy、Ace、Ant and BaA) were at medium level of ecological risk (RI reached 3.09~3.29), While most of the rest monomers of PAHs were at a relatively low to middle risk level (RI reached 0.79~2.73), Pollution status of the total PAHs was at low to middle risk level (TRI was 2.64). Dianshan Lake serves as the mein water source of Shanghai city, the potential risk of PAHs pollution of which should not be ignored.

With the designed indicator system considering resources, environment and ecology, the environmental carrying capacity of Nanjing from 2011 to 2016 was measured using the State Space Model. The influencing factors were identified from the perspectives of natural conditions, regional development and management system with a concrete analysis. The results showed the environmental carrying capacity of Nanjing increased after 2011, but it was still overloaded on the whole; The urban area was overloaded most seriously, followed by Liuhe District, Pukou District and Jiangning District; and the overloading degree was relatively moderate in Lishui District and Gaochun District; Among various influencing factors, the natural conditions such as water and soil resources, and meteorology played an fundamental limiting role, while the population, industry and other socioeconomic factors intensified the overloading degree of environmental carrying capacity, especially its spatial differentiation. Besides, the improvement of management ability could alleviate the overloading degree.

The study focuses on the whole takeaway food delivery industry chain contains four phases including manufacturing, delivery, usage and disposal. The basic data of materials in manufacturing phase is from big data and sample analysis of current market. As for the delivery phase, the driving records of more than 1million delivery people were analyzed. The municipal solid waste management system is considered when calculating environmental impacts during disposal phase. The results show that the manufacturing phase and disposal phase, account for 45% and 50% of total environmental impact respectively, are the major sources of the environmental impact in the whole industry. The most serious environmental impact in this new industry is solid waste pollution, followed by water pollution, recourse consumption and air pollution. There are differences in environmental impact among different areas and packaging materials. Sustainable development of the industry requires multi-stakeholders at all stages share environmental responsibilities and establish effective cooperation.

Based on the real-time monitoring data of 1365monitoring stations in China in 2017, the spatial data statistical model was used to reveal the spatial-temporal distribution of near-ground ozone pollution, and BenMap tool was used to estimate the health loss and health economic value of ozone pollution on the scale of 10km×10km grid. The concentration of O₃ had a strong seasonal variation, showing an inverted "V" trend, and the spatial distribution showed obvious agglomeration, that was high or low value areas were concentrated, which had a strong positive spatial correlation. In statistical sense, by simulating indoor and outdoor O₃ exposure by O₃ exposure coefficient, O₃ pollution caused 98473 cases of all-cause premature death in China in 2017 (95% CI:53419~143292), including premature death of cardiovascular diseases, which accounted for 45%. Based on the value of a statistical life estimated by different scholars, the estimated health economic loss ranged from 19.7 to 97.8 billion yuan, accounting for 0.05% to 0.26% of China's GDP in 2017.