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2021 Vol.41 Issue.3,Published 2021-03-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Biodiversity
Carbon Emission Control
Air Pollution Control
993 PM2.5 transport characteristics of typical cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region in autumn and winter
ZHANG Zhi-da, WANG Xiao-qi, ZHANG Han-yu, GUAN Pan-bo, WANG Chuan-da, TANG Gui-qian
The Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) method was applied to identify the potential pollution source areas of PM2.5 in three typical cities including Beijing, Tangshan and Shijiazhuang in autumn and winter of 2018. A meteorology-air quality coupling model system (WRF-CAMx) and the method of transport flux calculation were applied to investigate the transmission contribution of PM2.5 from the surrounding provinces, the transport pathway of PM2.5 in three typical cities and the vertical distribution characteristics of the net transmission flux of PM2.5. The results indicate that high values of PSCF in autumn and winter were mainly concentrated in the south of Hebei, the northeast of Henan and the central and eastern parts of Shanxi. Local emission sources were the predominant contributor (51.78%~68.40%) to PM2.5 in winter and autumn, followed by the external regions (31.60%~48.22%), and varied between two seasons. The contribution fluctuated in different seasons. The adjacent cities mainly export PM2.5 to Beijing and Shijiazhuang, and Tangshan mainly export PM2.5 to the adjacent cities, with the largest PM2.5 net fluxes mainly occurred at 0~50m, and the net fluxes value is -99.47t/d during the whole study period. Moreover, one important transport pathways were identified:the southwest-northeast pathway.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 993-1004 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2463KB] ( 1059 )
1005 Characteristics of multi-layer inversions in Sichuan Basin and their influences on air pollution
WEI Shi-min, FENG Xin-yuan, WANG Shi-gong, ZHANG Zheng-zi
The radiosonde data and the ambient air quality data, released by Ministry of Ecology and Environment of the People's Republic of China, in the Sichuan Basin from 2015 to 2018 were used in this study. The aim was to document the special multi-layer inversion structure in the Sichuan Basin, which has not been reported in detail, as well as to evaluate the effects of different inversion types and vertical structures on air pollution. The result showed that the multi-layer inversion in the Sichuan Basin was actually a common phenomenon, with an average annual frequency of 20.1%. It occurred most frequently in winter and the wintertime frequency in Chengdu reaches 51.6%. The multi-layer inversions were mainly characterized by the boundary layer inversion overlaid with the lower troposphere inversion (LTI). They are divided into four types according to the vertical structure. That is, the surface-based inversion (SI) overlaid with the elevated inversion (EI), SI+LTI, EI+LTI, and SI+EI+LTI, correspond to type I, Ⅱ, Ⅲ, and IV multi-layer inversions, respectively. Most were type Ⅱ and Ⅲ. The superimposing effect of the inversions had more serious impact on air pollution than non-multi-layer inversions. The multi-layer inversions, especially type Ⅱ and IV, made more important contribution to increasing the possibility of moderate and heavy pollution. Among the four types, type I and IV multi-layer inversions had the most obvious inhibitory effect on diffusion of air pollutants, with type Ⅱ multi-layer inversion and only-SI followed. In winter, the most polluted season of a year, the type Ⅱ multi-layer inversions were frequent, deep, and strong, and had an obvious superimposing effect on air pollution. Thus, it should be the focus of attention.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1005-1013 [Abstract] ( 405 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 739KB] ( 1127 )
1014 Diurnal and seasonal variations of nitrogen contents and isotopic composition of total nitrogen in PM2.5 in Tianjin
DONG Zhi-chao, XU Zhan-jie, WANG Shuang, LI Pei-sen, ZHAO Xue-yan, FU Ping-qing, LIU Cong-qiang, Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
In order to understand the sources of nitrogen in atmospheric aerosols in Tianjin, the concentration of inorganic ions and nitrogen isotopic composition (δ15N) of total nitrogen (TN) in fine aerosols (PM2.5) collected on day and night basis in summer and winter of 2016 were studied. The results showed that the average mass concentration of PM2.5 in winter (207μg/m3) was much higher than that in summer (40.1μg/m3), and the δ15N value of TN in PM2.5in winter (+5.1‰) was lower than that in summer (+10.7‰), with high enrichment of 15N in the summer. The average concentration of NH4+ in PM2.5 in summer was higher than that of NO3- (c(NO3-)), whereas in winter, it was opposite:c(NO3-) was higher than c(NH4+), followed by c(SO42-). In addition, both nitrogen contents and δ15N of TN in PM2.5 showed significant differences between day and night in summer, but not in winter. The results demonstrated that the nitrogen loading in summer aerosols in Tianjin was significantly affected by the sea-land circulation, that is, with ocean aerosols during the day and terrestrial aerosols at night. However, East Asian monsoon in winter weakened the exchange effect of sea-land circulation, while the contribution of fossil fuel combustion source to nitrogen was more significant in winter.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1014-1023 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 793KB] ( 926 )
1024 An interaction study between atmospheric pollutants and boundary layer during a dust storm weather in Shijiazhuang
DONG Xiao-bo, MAI Rong, WANG Hong-lei, YANG Yang, ZHAO Li-wei, SHU Zhi-yuan, ZHANG Xiao-rui
A dust storm was occurred in North China plain and recorded on May 11~12, 2020. A ground-based ceilometers and an aircraft King-air 350 were in operation to record and observe the dust storm. Data retrieved from these instruments were analyzed, including aerosol backscatter coefficients, meteorological variables, black carbon (BC), and the vertical distribution of aerosol size ranging from 0.1 to 3.0μm. Additional satellite data from FY-4A, hourly data of atmospheric pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO, and O3), ground meteorological data, and vertical soundings were all analyzed conjointly for investigating the interaction between atmospheric pollutants and boundary. As a result of the thermal inversion layer, the dust only existed above Shijiazhuang over the height of 1km, hence a limited influence on surface pollutants. During this dusty weather, the average mass concentration of PM10 was measured as 166.3μg·m-3, which was 2.7 times and 1.5 times higher than before and after the dust storm, respectively. A "domelike" structure formed due to the dust storm indicated a strong impact from this weather on the boundary layer. This dome was found near the dust layer and characterized based on a feature consisting of low RH, high wind speed, and high aerosol concentration. The existence of this structure can hinder the development of the boundary layer, and further, the inexistence of ground inversion is responsible for the diffusion of near-surface pollutants. Within the dusty atmosphere, the concentration of BC and aerosols were relatively high as the maximum value of both pollutants were close to the ground observations. The number spectrum of aerosols at different altitudes showed an insignificant correlation with the dust storm. However, the aerosol concentration archived increased notably for those at a size of 0.4~3.0μm related to this storm.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1024-1033 [Abstract] ( 365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1408KB] ( 1256 )
1034 Variation characteristics and source analysis of atmospheric nitrogen deposition flux on a reservoir in sand source areas of Beijing-Inner Mongolia
LU Jun-ping, ZHANG Xiao-jing, LIU Ting-xi, ZHANG Wen-rui, LIU Yu
Taking Dahekou reservoir in the sand source areas of Beijing and Inner Mongolia as research area. From January to December 2017, 144 samples were collected from 12 atmospheric deposition monitoring sites along the reservoir shore to determine the concentration of total nitrogen (TN) in dry and wet deposition. Then the dry and wet deposition fluxes of TN were calculated and the pollution characteristics and seasonal variation characteristics were analyzed. A total of 76 soil samples and 14 sampling points were collected from different typical plots around the reservoir. In addition, the soil δ15N-TN content level was measured and the main sources of atmospheric nitrogen deposition were analyzed. Furthermore, based on HYSPLIT4 air mass backward trajectory model, the influence of different types of air mass on Dahekou Reservoir was analyzed. The results show that the annual variation of atmospheric TN dry deposition flux in the reservoir ranged from 122.44 to 425.64kg/(km2·month), with an average value of 200.83kg/(km2·month); the wet deposition flux varied from 1.23 to 188.89kg/(km2·month), with an average value of 66.33kg/(km2·month); the annual average nitrogen deposition was 3205.9kg/(km2·a), which was about 4.06 times of the national average level of nitrogen deposition (790kg/(km2·a)). In terms of sedimentary types, dry deposition accounts for 75.17% of total deposition and wet deposition accounted for 24.83% of total deposition. Atmospheric nitrogen dry deposition fluxes were significantly higher in spring and autumn than summer and winter, and wet deposition fluxes in spring and summer were significantly higher than that of autumn and winter. Typical plots of δ15N-TN data analysis showed that 71.4% of the atmospheric deposition samples in summer came from unresolved mixed source inputs, and more than 45% of the samples from Dahekou Reservoir in spring, autumn and winter come from sandy land, the major source of pollution was the cultivated land around the study area. Using the HYSPLIT4backward trajectory model, it was proved that Mongolia's air mass entering into the study area had a greater impact on the atmospheric transport of pollutants. The air pollution during heating period of winter and frequent dust storms in spring were one of the factors leading to the deterioration of the spring water environment in the northern sand area.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1034-1044 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1879KB] ( 849 )
1045 Spatial-temporal variability of the snow over the Yellow River source region and its influencing climate factors
GUAN Xiao-xiang, LIU Cui-shan, BAO Zhen-xin, JIN Jun-liang, WANG Guo-qing
Based on the long-term snow depth data from 1979 to 2016 and the precipitation, air temperature observation data series from meteorological stations during the same period, the temporal and spatial changing characteristics of the annual average snow depth and snow days in the Yellow River source region (YRSR) were analyzed to reveal the influence of climate change on snow cover. The elasticity coefficient method and the correlation analysis method were employed to quantitatively evaluate the sensitivities of snow cover to precipitation and air temperature changes in different zones of the YRSR. The results show that the duration of snow days in the YRSR was concentrated from November to next April. Earlier initial snow date and later final snow date usually occurred in the source and the northwest high mountainous area, with higher annual average snow depth and longer snow days. Over the research period (1979~2016), the areal-average precipitation showed an insignificant decreasing trend, with a decrease rate of -2.43mm/10a, while the air temperature increased significantly. Annual snow depth and number of snow days both showed a downward trend, but the trends are not significant at the 0.05 level. The elasticity coefficients of snow days to precipitation and air temperature in the duration of snow days were 0.513 and -1.347 respectively, and the elasticity coefficients of snow depth were 0.696 and -0.219, respectively. Comparatively, variations of snow cover in the upper reaches with high mountains and low temperature were more sensitive to climate change. The decrease in precipitation was the main factor for the decrease of snow days, with the relative contribution rate of 77.2%. The relative contribution rates of precipitation and air temperature to snow depth were 43.7% and 56.3%, respectively. The contribution rate of precipitation to snow depth was relatively higher in the northwest regions, and the air temperature was the dominant factor affecting the snow depth in the south and east parts of the YRSR.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1045-1054 [Abstract] ( 359 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1664KB] ( 1079 )
1055 Heavy metal pollution characteristics and associated health risk assessment in different types of construction dust
WANG Li-li, JIN Jian-nan, WU Zhi-hong, LEI Wen-kai, LI Xiao-xiu, ZHAO Wen-ji
A total of 25 dust fall samples were collected in both study areas of building demolition site and main construction site to analyze the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in the construction fugitive dust in Beijing and its associated health risk. The content of 8 heavy metals including Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni, As, and Cd in the samples were measured by using inductively couple plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the average contents of Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Ni and Cd in the building demolition dust were higher than those in the main building construction dust. The diffusion trend of Zn, Cr, Pb and Ni in the building demolition dust was consistent with the dominant wind direction during the sampling period. The greatest contents of Zn, Mn, Cr, Pb, Ni and As of the main building construction dust were found close to the center of the main construction area, with the contents of metals diffusing from the center to surrounding areas. The results of health risk assessment showed that the total non-carcinogenic risk of Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb posed a threat to children's health via all three exposure routes-ingestion, dermal, and inhalation in both study areas. Ingestion exposure was the main exposure route of the non-carcinogenic risk for adult male, adult female and children. The carcinogenic health risks of Cr, As, Ni and Cd in dustfall followed a descending order of TCR (adult male) > TCR (adult female) > TCR (children), and the carcinogenic risks to all three groups were acceptable.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1055-1065 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1399KB] ( 826 )
1066 Migration of salt dust particles and its contribution to urban atmospheric particulate matter in Xinjiang
ZHANG Yuan-yu, DING Xiang, ABULIKEMU·Abulizi, DILINUER·Talip, ZHANG Xiao-xiao, WANG wei, WANG Xin-ming
In this study, the PM2.5 (Sep. 2017 to Aug. 2018) and snow samples (Dec. 2018) were collected in Urumqi as well as the soil samples in Karamay. By comparing the compositions of these samples, we attributed the origins of salt dust particles over urban Urumqi and investigated the potential impact of salt dust particles on urban air. The results showed that the mean concentration of total water-soluble ions (WSIs) in PM2.5 was 62.65±64.75μg/m3 with the range of 0.69 to 328.60μg/m3. The concentrations of typical salt dust ions were 22.73±26.45μg/m3, 2.11±3.11μg/m3, 1.85±1.43μg/m3, 0.40±0.40μg/m3, 0.28±0.20μg/m3 and 0.21±0.15 μg/m3 for SO42-, Ca2+, Na+, Cl-, K+ and Mg2+, respectively. The salt dust particles over urban Urumqi were mainly originated of the Lake Ebinur and Manas Salt Lake. Due to the influence of sandstorms, the concentrations of Cl-, SO42-, Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, and Na+ in the "sand snow" samples were higher than those in the ordinary snow samples by factors of 30, 19, 20, 5, 7, and 5, respectively.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1066-1073 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2872KB] ( 710 )
1074 Comparison of floating chamber and diffusion model methods in determining diffusive N2O fluxes across water-atmosphere interface in estuary aquaculture ponds
TANG Chen, YANG Ping, ZHAN Peng-fei, HE Qing-hua, ZHAO Guang-hui, YANG Hong, LI Ling, XU Jin, TONG Chuan
The floating chamber technique (FC) and the diffusion model methods (DMs) are the two primary methods widely used for quantifying the fluxes of CO2, CH4 and N2O across the water-atmosphere interface from aquatic ecosystems, while the comparability of two methods is largely unknown. In this study, FC and DMs models of gas transfer velocity were applied to determine N2O fluxes in the aquaculture ponds in Min River Estuary, southeast China over aquaculture period (from June to November 2017). N2O fluxes measured by FC and DMs changed in the ranges of (0.38±0.05)~(20.63±5.63)μg/(m2·h) and (2.77±0.52)~(17.23±2.27)μg/(m2·h), respectively. The temporal variations in N2O fluxes measured by the two methods were similar, both showing a double-peak pattern during the study period. The N2O fluxes were positively correlated to water temperature, NO3--N and NH4+-N (P<0.05), but negatively correlated to the water dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the ponds (P<0.05). N2O fluxes measured by different methods decreased in the order:DMRC01>FC>DMCL98>DMW92a>DMMY95>DMCW03>DMLM86.The correlation coefficient of N2O fluxes between FC and DMs-RC01 was larger than those between FC and other methods. Our results suggested that the DMRC01 model can be used to replace the FC for measuring N2O fluxes in the aquaculture ponds in southeast China, with the lest cost of manpower and logistics.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1074-1085 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1041KB] ( 1051 )
1086 Optimization of ammonia injection grid in SCR denitrification reaction system based on response surface method
YE Meng-meng, QIAN Fu-ping, WANG Lai-yong, XU Bing, HUANG Nai-jin, WU Hao
Based on the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method, the k-e turbulence model and component transport model were used to simulate the ammonia concentration field in SCR denitrification reactor. The accuracy of the numerical simulation of ammonia concentration field in the reactor was verified by experiments. The influence of ammonia injection grid structural parameters and system operation parameters on ammonia concentration field in SCR denitrification reactor was studied. The results indicated that the nozzle density N, the opening ratio ψ, the nozzle angle α and the inlet wind velocity v all had some influence on the ammonia concentration distribution uniformity, and the significance of the influence was n > α > V > ψ. The optimum structure parameters and system operation parameters were obtained, and the corresponding nonuniform coefficient of ammonia concentration distribution was 0.0151. The optimum structure parameters were:r=8, d=57mm, α=90°, and the optimum operation parameters of the system were v=8.17m/s.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1086-1094 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 875KB] ( 1325 )
1095 Particle number and soluble organic fraction characteristics of particle emissions from gasoline direct injection vehicle
HU Zhi-yuan, XIA Xiao-cheng, SONG Bo, QUAN Yi-feng
The emission characteristics of particulate mass, particle number, particle size distribution and the composition of soluble organic fractions from a stoichiometric gasoline direct injection (GDI) vehicle certified to China V emission standard over different test cycles i.e., New European driving cycle (NEDC), worldwide harmonized light vehicle test cycle (WLTC) and USA federal test procedure-75 (FTP-75)) were investigated. The results showed that particle size distribution over NEDC, FTP-75, and WLTC was basically the same, with a logarithmic bimodal distribution, when the peaks occurred at 9nm and 60nm; 5.6~23nm particulate matter emissions occupy 43.1%~57.7% of the 5.6~560nm particulate matter. Compared with NEDC, particulate mass, 23nm~2.5μm solid particle number and 5.6~560nm particle number emissions of FTP-75 and WLTC increased due to their higher deceleration and acceleration ratios and the stronger transient performance; soluble organic fraction accounted for 20.5%~27.9% of the particulate matter emitted from gasoline direct injection vehicle. The soluble organic fraction mainly contained C16 and C18 fatty acids, C20~C29 alkane diameter and high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with 5 rings or more, while different test cycles showed diverse impact on SOF emission and its components, FTP-75 and WLTC with stronger transient performance revealed higher proportion of PAHs.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1095-1101 [Abstract] ( 255 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 716KB] ( 879 )
1102 Characteristics and secondary formation of EPFRs in road asphalt
LIN Hao, LI Hao, SUN Hao-yao, CHEN Qing-cai
In this study, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method was used to analysis the environmentally persistent free radicals EPFRs in road asphalt. It is found that the abundant EPFRs are present in the road asphalt, therefore it is speculated that road asphalt may be a potential source of EPFRs in road source atmospheric particles. This study was established to separate several components from asphalt by solvent extraction. The content and type distribution characteristics of EPFRs in different asphalt components were also studied. On the basis of this statement, the potential and characteristics of secondary EPFRs in road asphalt by photochemical reaction were explored. The results showed that the type of EPFRs in asphalt was a mixture of carbon centered and oxygen centered free radicals (g=2.0032~2.0038), mainly aromatic radicals and semiquinone radicals. The results also showed that 10%~20% of secondary EPFRs could be produced by asphalt after simulating sunlight irradiation, and it was found that the secondary EPFRs are mainly centered on oxygen atoms with larger g factor.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1102-1108 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 791 )
Water Pollution Control
1109 Progress of research on treatment technology of perfluorinated compounds in typical industrial wastewater
ZHANG Chun-hui, LIU Yu, TANG Jia-wei, WANG Wen-qian, TANG Yuan-hui, XU Bin, DENG Jian-jun, JIA Guang-ru, WANG Jian, WEI Wei, YANG Lin-hao
This paper firstly analyzes the application and discharge of PFCs in the industries of chromium plating, pesticide, textile, et al., and then summarizes the characteristics and distribution of various industrial wastewater. Subsequently, the research progress of PFCs removal technology in practical industrial wastewater including chromium plating wastewater and semiconductor wastewater was reviewed. Mechanism, advantages and disadvantages of various technologies including adsorption and advanced oxidation in practical wastewater treatment are analyzed. This work provides theoretical basis and suggestions for the future development of PFCs wastewater treatment.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1109-1118 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 462KB] ( 1260 )
1119 Research progress of zero-valent-iron microbial coupled system in remediating contaminated groundwater
YUAN Meng-jiao, WANG Xiao-hui, ZHAO Fang, XIN Jia
This article mainly reviewed the performance and mechanism of zero-valent iron and microbial coupling system for remediation of contaminated groundwater, introduced the main sources and characteristics of ZVI and microorganisms used in the ZVI-BIO coupled system, and summarized the efficiency, mechanism and products of ZVI-BIO coupled technology for removing chlorinated hydrocarbons, heavy metals (Me) and nitrate in groundwater. Because of the synergistic effect between zero-valent iron and microorganism, compared with a single system, ZVI-BIO coupled system showed obvious advantages for the removal of multiple pollutants, and the final products of the contaminants are more harmless. In addition, the influence factors (including the reactive materials and the environmental factors) of the coupled system were discussed, and the interaction mechanism between zero-valent iron and microorganisms was clarified, the toxicity and stimulation of zero-valent iron play an important role in the growth and community change of microorganisms, and the presence of microorganisms affects the electron transport of zero-valent iron and the composition of corrosion products. Finally, the future research needs were proposed to better understand the advantages and disadvantages of this technology, which is conducive to the efficient application of this technology in groundwater remediation.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1119-1131 [Abstract] ( 377 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 589KB] ( 1591 )
1132 Investigation of application of catalytic oxidation to removal of ammonia/manganese technique in the transformation of production filter
WEI Xian-cheng, HUANG Ting-lin, CHENG Ya, ZHANG Tao, SHU Jie-chao, CHEN Cheng-cheng
The catalytic activity for iron (Fe2+), manganese (Mn2+), and ammonium (NH4+-N) removal of the oxide film naturally formed on the surface of the filter material in the quartz sand filter tank in a groundwater treatment plant in Xi'an is poor, thereby resulting in a high water supply risk. In this study, a pilot-scale filter system was utilized to evaluate the performance of iron, manganese, and ammonium removal via the naturally quartz filter media, and then the optimization of filter media was performed. On this basis, an active filter media was prepared in situ in the quartz sand filter tank. Results showed that naturally quartz filter media exhibited little effect on the Fe2+, Mn2+, and NH4+-N removal. In the pilot-scale filter system, the removal rate of Fe2+, Mn2+ and NH4+-N at low concentration can reach more than 93% after 3days' optimization. After the in-situ modification in the quartz sand filter tank, the ammonium and manganese removal efficiency increased from 28% to 90% and from 50% to 80%, respectively, when the influent NH4+-N and Mn2+ concentration were (0.3±0.05) mg/L. The characterization analysis of the filter media showed that the morphology and structure of the modified filter media have changed. XRD analysis results showed that the modified filter media appeared a new peak, which proved that the active filter media was formed. The modified filter media could meet the requirements of the water supply security of the case water plant and has high practical value.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1132-1139 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1212KB] ( 989 )
1140 Removal efficiency and whole process analysis of microplastics in a wastewater treatment plant: Taking an underground tertiary wastewater treatment plant in Beijing as an example
XING Wei, LIU Meng-yao, LI Di, WEI Fan-qin, ZUO Jian-e
The effluents from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is one of the important pathways for microplastics entering natural environments. This study analysed the occurrence characteristics and removal efficiencies of microplastics in eight processes of an underground tertiary WWTP in Beijing. The results showed that microplastics in this WWTP were mainly in form of fiber, with major compositions of polypropylene, polyester and polyethylene and the primary size ≤500μm. The overall removal efficiency of microplastics in this WWTP was 91.7%, which mainly benefits from interception, filtration and sedimentation units. Among all the processes, the double-deck horizontal sedimentation tank (the secondary sedimentation tank) showed the highest removal efficiency of microplastics, and biochemical treatment processes did not present significant removal efficiency. As a whole, the microplastics showed a migration trend from wastewater to sludge. In the effluent of this WWTP, the microplastic concentration was 1.3n/L with the composition of polyester fiber. The effluent discharge did not increase the microplastic concentrations in surrounding water body, but affected the microplastic compositions in downstream surface water. The results indicate that advanced treatment processes are necessary guarantees to control the pollution risk of microplastics in surrounding water.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1140-1147 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 780KB] ( 1107 )
1148 LQ-mediated reduction of p-nitrophenol via Fe(II) coupling sodium tripolyphosphate under anaerobic conditions
XUAN Li-shuang, QIN Chuan-yu, ZHANG Cheng-wu, ZHANG Jing-yi, YUAN Fang
The functions of Fe2+, STPP, 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone (LQ) on the reduction of p-nitrophenol (PNP) in the anaerobic water environment were studied in this research. Besides, effects of different factors on the reduction of PNP by LQ mediated Fe2+-STPP were also explored. The results showed that the experiment system had the reduction effect on PNP when the initial pH value was 3~9 and the change of STPP concentration made no difference on the reduction of PNP. However, with the increase of the concentration of LQ or Fe2+, the reduction rate of PNP increased. The mechanism research showed that 58.4% of LQ produced non-quinone after accepting electrons, and the rest of LQ became semiquinone radical and then transferred electrons to PNP. In addition, only a small part of the electrons provided by Fe2+ were used in PNP reduction, and the overall electron utilization efficiency of the experimental system was low.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1148-1154 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 387KB] ( 639 )
1155 Effect of ballasted floc morphology on membrane fouling during shortened ultrafiltration process
HE Wei-peng, ZHENG Sa, WU Hui-ying, LI Bo, XU Shi-rong
Synthetic water samples containing kaolin, humic acid and antimony(Ⅲ) were purified by combined process of ballasted flocculation and ultrafiltration with using polymeric ferric sulfate (PFS) as coagulant and microsand as ballasting agent. The effects of PFS and microsand dosages on ballasted floc morphological characteristics, ultrafiltration membrane flux decline, fouling reversibility and purified water quality were systematically investigated. Also, the mechanisms of membrane fouling were explored in details. The results showed that the PFS dosage had a significant effect on floc morphology, membrane filtration efficiency and fouling properties; and especially, negative influence could be observed at PFS dosages both lower and higher than 30mg/L. With injecting a certain amount of microsand (1~6g/L), the formation of larger and relatively looser flocs would weaken irreversible membrane fouling and produce quite stable purified-water quality after ultrafiltration. Membrane specific flux and floc average size had a very strongly positive correlation (R2=0.8774), but for floc fractal dimension, a weaker negative correlation (R2=0.5760) was established, possibly due to distinct roles of those particles with higher fractal dimension on ultrafiltration.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1155-1161 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 432KB] ( 730 )
1162 Preparation of UiO-66/BiVO4 composite photocatalyst and its photodegradation of tetracycline
QI Yu-wen, WEI Li-hong, SHI Dong-ni, JIANG Jin-yuan, YAN Zheng
The UiO-66/BiVO4 composite photocatalytic material was successfully preparated by a two-step solvothermal method, and its photocatalytic degradation performance for tetracycline (TC) was investigated. Under simulated visible light, when the amount of substance about zirconium(Zr):bismuth(Bi) was 2:1, the photolysis effect of TC was the best (85.8%). Its total removal rate of TC was increased by 27.1% and 23.5% compared to pure UiO-66 and pure BiVO4, respectively. The degradation rate was 47.9times that of pure BiVO4. The structure, morphology and composition of the prepared nano-photocatalyst by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ultraviolet-visible diffuse reflection (UV-vis DRS) and photoelectric performance characterization analysis. The results showed that UiO-66 and BiVO4 were tightly combined to form Ⅱ heterojunction. The improvement of composite material performance was attributed to improvements in various aspects, including specific surface area, photogenerated carrier separation rate, and pore structure.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1162-1171 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 919KB] ( 818 )
1172 Research on the performance and microbial community of a one-stage partial nitritation-anammox reactor at room temperature
LI Yun-fei, WANG Si-ke, ZUO Jian-e
Partial nitritation-anammox (PNA) is an emerging technology for autotrophic nitrogen removal. During the application, it usually faces the hurdle of temperature fluctuation, especially temperature decrease during winter. In this regard, a lab scale one-stage PNA reactor was operated with a decreased temperature from 32℃ to 22℃ to investigate its effect on the system performance, microbial activity and community structure. It turned out that, during the whole experiment with influent ammonia-N concentration of about 254mg/L, the nitrogen loading rate and removal rate were in the range of 1.0~1.2g/(L·d) and 0.7~0.9g/(L·d), respectively. The total nitrogen removal efficiency achieved 62%~88%, and the effluent nitrite remained at a low level of <10mg/L, while the effluent nitrate concentration increased along with the decrease of temperature. Decreased temperature had an adverse effect on the microbial activity of anammox bacteria (AnAOB) and ammonia oxidized bacteria (AOB), while had a positive effect on that of nitrite oxidized bacteria (NOB). However, it should be pointed out that the AOB always showed a higher microbial activity, followed by AnAOB, and the activity of NOB was at a significantly low level. 22℃ was a critical temperature for the change of AnAOB activity, which should be paid more attention during operation. In the PNA system, Ca. Brocadia and Nitrosomonas were found to be the most abundant AnAOB and AOB with respective relative abundance of 2.7%~15.1% and 2.8%~11.5%. It should be noted that the dominant genus of AnAOB switched to Ca. Brocadia from Ca. Jettenia at the initial stage, implying that the former possessed more competitive advantages at low temperature.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1172-1180 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1092KB] ( 714 )
1181 Variation of dissolved organic matter and its biotoxicity from secondary effluent under sunlight and ultraviolet light irradiation
ZHANG Shi-ying, MA Xiao-yan, DONG Ke, HAO Li-wei, ZHANG Wei-yao, Li Ying, WANG Xiao-chang, ZHOU Jin-hong
In order to investigate the variation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and related biotoxicity from secondary effluent, this paper studied the spectral characteristics, genotoxicity and phytotoxicity of DOM from secondary effluent under the photolysis condition of sunlight and ultraviolet light (UV) irradiation. The origin of biotoxicity from DOM was also explored. The results showed that UV irradiation could significantly decrease UV254 value and achieve 21% of mineralization, comparing with sunlight irradiation. Both sunlight and UV irradiation could reduce the chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), but the obviously removed components were different. Meanwhile, the sunlight and UV irradiation could also reduce genotoxicity posed by secondary effluent and their removal efficiencies were 92% and 61%, respectively. Genotoxicity from secondary effluent was significantly correlated with fluorescence intensity of CDOM. UV irradiation could reduce 81% of phytotoxicity posed by secondary effluent. However, sunlight irradiation showed a poor property on phytotocicity removal (only 19%). UPLC-MS was used to detect herbicides from secondary effluent. It was found that the difference in phytotocicity removal was mainly due to the slow degradation of atrazine in secondary effluent under sunlight irradiation, and its apparent rate constant was 0.0033h-1. However, atrazine could be rapidly degraded under UV irradiation, whose apparent degradation rate constant was 0.2225h-1. This provides a certain basis for the biotoxicity control and ecological safety of discharged wastewater from wastewater treatment plant.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1181-1188 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 700KB] ( 1422 )
1189 Start-up of partial denitrification and characteristics of nitrite accumulation by multiple factors
MAO Pei-yue, FU Xue, ZHAO Xin-lei, XING Jia-wei, MA Jiao, CHEN Yong-zhi
Partial denitrification SBR reactors of R1, R2 and R3 were used to inoculate with anaerobic (S-A), aerobic (S-O) and alternate anaerobic/aerobic (S-A/O) activated sludge as seed sludge respectively which cultivated in our laboratory for a long time. When the influent C/N ratio was 3 and the anoxic stirring time was 1h, the nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) of the R1, R2, and R3 reactors reached 75.34%, 84.51% and 86.23% on the 15th, 7th and 4th day, respectively. Four factors and three levels response surface method experiments were conducted on NAR with C/N ratios, initial pH, anoxic stirring time and initial NO3--N concentration. The results of variance analysis showed that the above factors had significant effects on NAR (P<0.05), and R2 of model was 0.983. The optimal operating conditions were predicted by the model as follows:C/N ratio was 3, initial pH was 8.51, anoxic stirring time was 1.25h, and initial NO3--N concentration was 60mg/L, NAR was as high as 91.3%.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1189-1198 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 851KB] ( 630 )
1199 Analysis of SBR loaded magnetic activated carbon for enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal and its microbial population
YANG Hao, XIN Xin, CAO Xi-shuang, WEN Qian, ZHANG Xin-yu, PENG Qi, E Di
A novel magnetic activated carbon-based activated sludge process (named by number 1#) was constructed by adding 140mesh of 1.00g/L magnetic activated carbon in a sequential batch activated sludge reactor (SBR) in order to improve nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance in the traditional activated sludge process. At the same time, the traditional activated sludge system without any magnetic material was taken as the control group (named by number 0#). The effects of magnetic activated carbon on the decontamination performance and the microbial structural composition were studied. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of magnetic activated carbon to enhance nitrogen and phosphorus removal were also discussed. The results showed that the average removal efficiency of TN and TP in the 1# was 68.59% and 78.25% respectively. While the average removal efficiency of control group (0#) for TN and TP was 53.17% and 54.10%. The concentration of NO3--N from the 1# decreased by 7.03mg/L on average. However, the removal efficiency of NH4+-N and COD in the 0# and 1# were both above 95.00%. The declining rate of TN, NH4+-N, TP and COD in the 1# was faster than the control group 0#. The efficiency of synchronous nitrification and denitrification in the reactor 0# was 60.31%. The rate of denitrification was 4.44mg/(L·h), and the efficiency of synchronous nitrification and denitrification was 80.74%. The rate of denitrification in the reactor 1# 6.13mg/(L·h). The denitrification efficiency in the reactor 1# was significantly faster than that in the reactor 0#. High-throughput sequencing results indicated that the dominant phylum in the reactor 1# were Saccharibacteria (38.74%), Proteobacteria (22.52%), Actinobacteria (18.54%) and Chloroflexi (8.40%). In addition, compared with the reactor 0#, the relative abundance of microorganisms in Actinobacteria, which is closely related to sludge swelling decreased significantly in the 1#. The relative abundances of micropruina, shinella, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae and norank_f_Xanthomonadaceae, which are related to nitrogen and phosphorus removal bacteria population, were significantly higher than the control group. Adding a certain amount of magnetic activated carbon in the SBR system could not only inhibit the growth of microorganisms that caused sludge expansion, but also facilitate the enrichment of microorganisms for nitrogen and phosphorus removal. The 1# showed the good stability and nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1199-1207 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 715KB] ( 525 )
1208 Performance of separating sediment endogenous nitrogen via electrokinetic drainage of pore water
WU Xing-yi, LI Rui, TANG Xian-qiang, XIAO Shang-bin, HAN Ding
In this study, indoor nitrogen-contaminated sediment remediation experiments has been conducted via pore water electrokinetic drainage equipment, with novel electrokinetic geosynthetics (EKGs) as electrode. Performance of endogenous nitrogen separation from sediments matrix as well as the characteristics of fractional nitrogen migration and transformation under intermittently (12h On/12h Off) and continuously powered scenarios has been assessed. The volume and moisture content of sediment was 0.06m3 and 72.82%, the initial contents of total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) in sediment was 2350.16mg/kg, 1635.38mg/kg and 297.02mg/kg, respectively. After 8days of remediation with voltage gradient of 1V/cm, the total pore water drainage volume was 8535mL and 8370mL for intermittently and continuously powered group, respectively, and gravity drainage accounted for 80.43%~82.02% of the total volume. Electromigration was the main driving force for migrating fractional nitrogen in the sediment matrix, and TN separation amount was 544.48mg and 552.26mg for intermittently and continuously powered group, respectively. Moreover, 80.71% and 78.02% of separated TN was originated from the cathode effluent. After the remediation, the sediment moisture contents decreased by 4.95%~6.16%, and the average NH4+-N removal rates for intermittently and continuously powered group was 40.41% and 39.27%, while 25.82% and 27.94% for NO3--N removal, respectively. When considering the two factors of TN removal rate and energy consumption, intermittently powered was a relatively cost-effective mode with 32.61% of the sediment TN removal rate and 15.57(kW·h)/m3 of the power consumption.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1208-1218 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 902KB] ( 637 )
1219 Effects of dosing sodium sulfide on phosphorus release during the anaerobic fermentation of waste sludge produced by chemical enhanced phosphorus removal
ZHANG Qiang, LI Yong-mei
This work aimed to study the phosphorus (P) release from waste activated sludge produced by chemical enhanced P removal in sewage treatment processes. The effects of sodium sulfide dosage on P release and anaerobic fermentation were investigated. The results showed the P release grew with the increase of sodium sulfide dosage in the S/Fe molar ratio range of 0.3~1. When the S/Fe molar ratio was 1:1, phosphate concentrations in the supernatants of sludge S1 and S2 reached 170 and 150mg/L (22.2% and 27.23% of TP were released), respectively. The addition of sodium sulfide led to an increase in pH. And the release of organic matters and the growth of acid-producing microorganisms was promoted by the alkaline conditions, and therefore the production of VFAs was also promoted. The buffering capacity for pH and the NH4+-N release increased with the increase of VSS/TSS. In addition, with the addition of sodium sulfide, concentrations of Fe and Al3+ in the supernatant increased, and the settling performance of sludges became worse due to the FeSx precipitation. While the biodiversity was not obviously influenced at S/Fe molar ratios of 0.3 and 0.5, Shannon index decreased at S/Fe molar ratio of 1:1. Comprehensively considering P release, anaerobic fermentation performance and sludge settleability, S/Fe molar ratio of 0.3~0.5 was recommended. In this S/Fe molar ratio range, the phosphate concentration in the supernatant was higher than 50mg/L, while Fe, Al3+ and other metal ions were in a low level (<10mg/L), which was beneficial to P recovery as struvite. In the meantime, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production was promoted (8.3times higher than the control), and the settleability of sludge was not damaged.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1219-1227 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 902KB] ( 745 )
1228 Yield and characteristics of elemental sulfur in the process of simultaneous nitrite and sulfide removal
SUN Yue, CHEN Ke-xu, WANG Kai-quan, LOU Ju-qing, WANG Ru-yi, LI Qiang-biao, CAI Jing
In this experiment, Sequencing batch reactor (SBR) was used for simultaneous nitrogen and sulfur removal. Chemical control group (sterilization, without sludge) and biological test group (adding sludge) were set up to study the yield and characteristics of elemental sulfur in the process of simultaneous nitrite and sulfide removal. In the chemical control group, removal percentages of nitrite and sulfide could reach 25.07% and 62.26%, respectively, and main products were ammonia nitrogen and thiosulfate, in which there was no elemental sulfur produced; while in the biological test, removal percentage of nitrite and sulfide could reach 100% and 99.94%, respectively, and the main products were elemental sulfur and nitrogen gas in the appropriate concentration range (60~180mg S/L). As influent sulfide concentration was 180mg S/L, the production of elemental sulfur was as high as 79.58%. The produced elemental sulfur was existed in the form of orthorhombic sulfur (S8) with negative surface charge, and the particle size of elemental sulfur had a normal distribution.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1228-1233 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 494KB] ( 650 )
1234 Influence of rainfall runoff with different intensities on thermal stratification and water quality of water source reservoir
HUA Feng-yao, HUANG Ting-lin, LI Nan, SI Fan, HUANG Cheng, ZHAO Ling-yun
Based on the rainfall-runoff and water quality data of Jinpen Reservoir in Xi'an from 2012 to 2019, indicators such as water temperature, turbidity, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and sand content were analyzed to comprehensively explore the infiltration process of rainfall-runoff with different intensities and its impact on thermal stratification and water quality of the water source reservoir. Research results show that different intensities of rainfall dive into the reservoir area at different locations. When the peak flow was less than 500m3/s, the density undercurrent entered the reservoir area from the upper thermocline; with peak inflow of 500~1500m3/s, the middle runoff was affected by the temperature and sediment concentration, whose diving point moved downward, entering the reservoir area in the form of interlayer flow in the middle; while the peak flow of the flood was over 1500m3/s, where the runoff was significantly affected by the sand content, entering the reservoir area in the form of underflow at the bottom, and the thickness of the intruding layer became larger. The effects of rainfall-runoff with different intensities on thermal stratification in the reservoir area were also different:small flow runoff had little impact; medium flow runoff would destroy the thermocline on the upper part of the water body, forming a thermocline with small temperature gradient at the bottom; while large flow runoff would completely renew and mix the water body, resulting in uniform water temperature in the middle and at the bottom, as well as transition from thermocline to constant temperature layer directly. Different inflow runoff, incoming water quality and intruding layer locations had different impacts on water quality of the main reservoir area. TN was mainly in dissolved state, accounting for more than 76%, while TP was mainly in granular state, accounting for 61%. When the inflow was low, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the upper thermocline was higher. With the increase of inflow and the scouring effect, the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in the intruding layer became higher. When the thermal stratification was broken, the concentration of the whole section increased obviously.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1234-1242 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1120KB] ( 555 )
1243 Hydrochemical characteristics, main ion sources of main rivers in the source region of Yangtze River
LIU Min, ZHAO Liang-yuan, LI Qing-yun, ZOU Jing-yi, HU Yuan, ZHANG Yi-zhe, XU Ping, WU Zhi-guang, DENG Wei, TAO Jing-xiang
Based on the field investigation of water environment and historical monitoring data in SRYR, the present research analyzed the distribution characteristics of main ions in the main rivers of the SRYR, revealed the hydrochemical types and main controlling factors of the main rivers, clarified the main ion sources and evaluated the applicability of the main rivers. The results indicated that the average concentration of the main cations in the river water of the SRYR displayed in the order of Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+, of which the average concentration of Na+ and Ca2+ accounted for 65.9% and 18.8% of the total cations, respectively. The average content of major anions was in the order of Cl-> HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-, in which the average content of Cl- and HCO3- accounted for 47.6% and 32.9% of the total anions, respectively. The hydrochemical types of the main rivers in the SRYR were Na-Cl, Ca-HCO3 and Ca-SO4, which was mainly controlled by evaporative crystallization and rock weathering, the main ion come from the rock weathering. However, there were certain differences in the water chemistry characteristics in different rivers. Hydrochemical type of Dangqu was mainly Ca-HCO3 and Ca-SO4, which was mainly controlled by rock weathering. Hydrochemical types of Na-Cl were showed in Tuotuo river and Chumar river, which were mainly controlled by evaporative crystallization, and the main ions come from the dissolution of evaporative rocks. The hydrochemical types of Tongtian river were Na-Cl and Ca-HCO3, which were mainly controlled by weathering and evaporative crystallization of rocks, and the main ions come from the dissolution of evaporated rocks, carbonates and silicates. The hardness of the river water in the SRYR was relatively high, while the water quality of the Dangqu river was suitable for irrigation, the water quality of the Tuotuo River, Chumar River and Tongtian River were recommended to be used for irrigation with caution and not suitable for direct drinking.The results were expected to provide basic data support for the protection and utilization of water resources in the SRYR.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1243-1254 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1198KB] ( 955 )
Solid Waste
1255 Effect of dechlorane plus on acid production and physical-chemical properties during waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation after thermo-alkaline pretreatment
ZHANG Jing, ZHAO Jian-wei, SUN Ying-jie, BIAN Rong-xing, GAO Ying, ZHANG Da-lei
In order to explore the effect of emerging contaminates Dechlorane Plus (DPs) on acid production and sludge characteristics during waste activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic fermentation, WAS and DPs were investigated as objects to establish a sequential batch reactor, which was explored under medium temperature. The results showed DPs had a significant inhibitory effect on anaerobic fermentation of sludge to produce short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), and when DPs content was 300.0mg/kg TSS, the maximum output of SCFA was only 151.2mg COD/g VSS, which was 0.7times of that in the blank. The presence of DPs will affect the physical and chemical properties of WAS, since DPs will promote the process of sludge cracking, but the hydrolysis and acidification processes were inhibited, and the inhibitory effect became more obvious as the increase of DPs dosage. DPs also inhibit the release of organic matters, when DPs content is 300.0mg/kg TSS, the maximum concentration of SCOD is only 0.74times of that in the blank, the concentration of soluble protein and soluble polysaccharide is also significantly lower than that in the blank. In addition, DPs also affect the release of NH4+-N and PO43--P, high dosage of DPs promote the release of NH4+-N and PO43--P.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1255-1263 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1599KB] ( 684 )
Soil Pollution Control
1264 Effects of immobilization agent and fertilizers on the intercropping system Brassica chinenesis and Tagetes patula
YAN Xiu-xiu, XU Ying-ming, WANG Lin, TAO Xue-ying, SUN Yue-bing, LIANG Xue-feng
A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mercapto-modified palygorskite (MPAL), K2SO4, and foliar spraying with MnSO4 on the biomass and Cd accumulation in the plants and Cd fractions in soils under the mode of monoculture of low-Cd accumulating cultivar of Brassica chinenesis L., and intercropped B. chinensis and Cd hyperaccumulator Tagetes patula L. The results showed that MPAL significantly reduced Cd concentrations in the shoots of B. chinenesis and T. patula, Cd accumulation in the shoot of B. chinensis, Cd extraction ratio (CER), and available Cd in the soil. Addition of K2SO4 with 0.4g/kg significantly increased Cd accumulation in the shoot of T. patula, while it reduced Cd uptake in the shoot of B. chinensis. Meanwhile, in the intercropped systems the percentage of exchangeable Cd fraction in the rhizosphere soil was decreased, and the ratio of residual Cd fraction was on the contrary. Foliar spraying with 0.6g/L MnSO4 could significantly inhibit Cd concentration, Cd accumulation and CER in the shoot of B. chinensis under the monoculture treatment. In view of reducing Cd uptake and ensuring quality and safety of B. chinenesis, and meanwhile it did not affect CER, the addition of 0.4g/kg K2SO4 was recommended for the intercropping system of B. chinenesis and T. patula.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1264-1271 [Abstract] ( 202 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 876 )
1272 Fertilization and environmental cost assessment of typical grain-vegetable rotation systems in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
WU Qiu-fu, WANG Xiao-zhong, CHEN Xin-ping, LIU Dun-yi
This study assessed the current status of fertilization management and its environmental cost for two typical grain-vegetable rotation systems in Three Gorges Reservoir area, which can further provide a scientific and reasonable basis for the green and sustainable development of regional crop rotation systems. A total of 175 farmers in Fuling District of Three Gorges Reservoir area were randomly selected to conduct a survey about the current situation of fertilization management. Two typical grain-vegetable rotation systems including mustard-maize and mustard-rice were compared in term of productivity, fertilizer type and rate, environmental cost and economic benefit. In addition, a scenario analysis was performed to evaluate the effects of optimized fertilization and use of new fertilizer types on reducing environmental costs. Results showed no significant difference in productivity between the two grain-vegetable rotation systems. The total amount of fertilization in the mustard-maize rotation system was 68.4% higher than that in the mustard-rice rotation system. Specifically, the amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers in the maize growing season were 305kg/hm2, 92.3kg/hm2 and 66.6kg/hm2, which were greater than those in the rice growing season. During fertilization process, reactive nitrogen loss, acidification potential and eutrophication potential based on 1000-Yuan profit were 147%, 73.1% and 146%, respectively, greater for the mustard-maize rotation than for the mustard-rice rotation. In contrast global warming potential was 38.9% less for the former. Reactive nitrogen loss, acidification potential and eutrophication potential based on per hectare were 44.6%, 27.1% and 44.1%, respectively, greater for the mustard-maize rotation than for the mustard-rice rotation system, whereas global warming potential was 33.3% less for the former. Results of scenario analysis indicated that optimization of fertilizer application could significantly reduce environmental cost. Optimal fertilization strategy with addition of nitrification inhibitors could further reduce reactive nitrogen loss, global warming potential and eutrophication potential of whole rotation system. This study provides theoretical support for the development of source reduction technology to prevent and control non-point source pollution.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1272-1281 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 647KB] ( 814 )
1282 Heavy metals in soils surrounding four municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment parks in South China
ZHAO Xi, LU Ke-ding, XIONG Bo-wen, HUANG Yi, WU Shan-shan, XU Jing
The contents, spatial distribution and source composition of nine selected heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Co) and fluorine were determined and analyzed in the top soils surrounding four municipal solid waste comprehensive treatment parks (MSWCTP) in South China. The mean contents of contaminants in the top soils surrounding the four MSWCTPs were 0.165~1.161mg/kg for Cd, 37.8~60.7mg/kg for Pb, 0.041~0.103mg/kg for Hg, 3.6~26.2mg/kg for As, 26.4~67.7mg/kg for Cr, 19.1~54.6mg/kg for Cu, 10.4~26.8mg/kg for Ni, 70.8~109.1mg/kg for Zn, 5.51~18.69mg/kg for Co, and 349.1~618.1mg/kg for F. The mean contents of Cd in the top soils surrounding four MSWCTPs and As in the top soils surrounding RFH were 1.9~19.7 and 1.9 times higher than their respective background values. While the mean contents of other contaminants showed no significant differences by comparing with the corresponding background values. Using principle component analysis, two groups of heavy metals with different spatial distribution were identified:Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, and Zn originated from lithological sources, whereas Hg, Cd, Pb, As, and F were affected by both lithological and human sources. Based on the emission data and background values of soil, the fingerprint spectra of pollution sources for MSWCTP were established, in which Hg, Cd, Pb, As, F were chosen as potential indicators.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1282-1292 [Abstract] ( 212 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 815KB] ( 1622 )
1293 Ecological risk assessment and cause analysis of heavy metals in carbide slag dump
CAO Yang, YANG Yao-dong, YING Yao-ming
Ecological risk investigation of heavy metals was conducted at a storage site of calcium carbide slag in Tianjin, using statistical methods of ground accumulation index (GAI) and factor analysis. 31carbide slag and soil samples were collected throughout the site for indoor six typical heavy metals analysis (Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, As and Hg). Results showed that GAI of the above metals at the site were between -1.60 and -0.10. The average values of Zn, Cu and Cr were very close to soil background value of Tianjin with GAI below 0, which indicated there was no pollution of Zn, Cu and Cr. Dot mild pollution of Ni, Pb and As existed at this site due to their GAI less than 1. Cd was detected as "Moderate contaminant" as the maximum GAI of Cd was 1.20. The most protruding problem was the pollution of Hg which GAI was up to 4.20. Through the method of factor analysis, it was found that factor 1represented the content of components depended on soil parent materials including Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb and As. Cd and Hg were supposed to be high potential ecological risk factors mainly affected by leaching of carbide slag and chemical inhibition functions of varied heavy metals in the soil.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1293-1299 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 1471 )
Environmental Ecology
1300 Ecological carrying capacity of protected areas uncertain type multi-objective optimum model-Using Maduo County in the source region of the Yellow River as example
WANG Hui-hui, ZENG Wei-hua, MA Bing-ran, LI Qing
“Threshold value of human activity intensity” can be defined as the essence of integrated ecological carrying capacity of protected areas. In order to explore its definition, we established an optimization model of ecological carrying capacity of protected areas by using uncertainty multi-objective optimization method. The model was used to evaluate the ecological carrying capacity and optimize the scale structure of the protected area in Maduo County, the Yellow River source region. The results show that the conflict between grass and livestock was the bottleneck restricting the social and economic development of Maduo County. According to the goal of “Three-River Source National Park General Plan”, animal husbandry development was relatively rapid while ensuring the number of wildlife population. The scale of domestic yak in Maduo County will reach 287615~363303 sheep units in 2020, 302752~438991 sheep units in 2025, and 378440~514679 sheep units in 2035, respectively. Considering the limitation of the ecological environment capacity of the protected area, the scale of population and tourism should be controlled in Maduo County the source region of the Yellow River. The population scale range of herdsmen is 12500~16500 in 2020, 16500~18300 in 2025, and 18630~21350 in 2035, respectively. The largest tourism scale is 41130 person-time in 2020, 47000 person-time in 2025 and 53960 person-time in 2035. In the planning target scenario, the development of tourism slows down, which can be attributed to the pilot project of Three-River Source National Park and the restriction of local planning on tourism development, aiming to protect local biodiversity and ecological environment.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1300-1310 [Abstract] ( 263 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1107KB] ( 1057 )
1311 Dissolved oxygen distributions, hypoxic and acidification characteristics, and their controlling factors in the southern Yellow Sea and off the Changjiang Estuary
WU Lin-ni, WEI Qin-sheng, RAN Xiang-bin, SUN Jun-chuan, WANG Bao-dong
In this paper, based on hydrographic, chemical and biological data from two cruises conducted in August and November 2019, the spatial-temporal distributions of DO and relationships between DO petterns and physical-biogeochemical processes were focused in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and off the Changjiang Estuary (CE) during summer and autumn, and the hypoxic characteristics and acidification environment were explored. The results showed that the contents and distributions of DO corresponded to the current patterns, and the TWC (Taiwan Warm Current)-dominated area off the CE was characterized by low oxygen in summer, while a low-oxygen area existed in the bottom YSCWM (Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass) region in autumn. Influenced by the upwelling, the bottom oxygen-deficient waters off the CE could be uplifted to the upper layers and expanded northeastward. Moreover, the upwelled low-oxygen waters off the CE and the uplift of the middle DO-maximum layer in the YSCWM area were basically consistent with the uplifting trend of the thermocline in summer, which not only reflected the impacts of upwelling on the vertical distributions of DO, but also indicated the existence of upwelling around the YSCWM boundary and in the nearshore area off the CE. Besides, the offshore diluted water in the northeastern region of the CE also contributed to the formation of local low-oxygen zone. Acidification occurred off the CE during summer and also in the YSCWM-dominated area during autumn. Specifically, the acidified area off the CE was generally consistent with the hypoxic zone in summer, and the acidified area located within the YSCWM-dominated region in autumn was basically in accordance with the low-oxygen zone. Overall, the results of this study could provide theoretical guidance for the improvements of low oxygen and acidification in the SYS and off the CE.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1311-1324 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2216KB] ( 1418 )
1325 Fluorescence spectral characteristics and source apportionment of dissolved organic matters in water of Caohai Lake, Guizhou Province
LIN shao-xia, XIAO Zhi-qiang, ZHANG Zhuan-ling, PENG Jie, ZHANG Qing-hai
In order to figure out the distribution characteristics and sources of environmental pollutants in Caohai Lake, the 3D excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectra (3D-EEMs) technique was combined with the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) method to analyze the composition characteristics of dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in the water body of Caohai as well as the concentration characteristics and distribution difference of organic matter components in dry season and wet season. Multiple fluorescence indexes were used to explore the sources of DOM sources in the water body. The results showed that the DOMs in the water of Caohai Lake contained four components of two types, namely self-generating humic-like substances C1 (360/450), C2(390/509) and C3(330/400); protein-like substance C4 (280/350) input from terrestrial sources. The four components varied from region to region, and their contents were progressively reduced from center to margin in the dry season with homologous representation; influenced by the inputs from surrounding villages and farmlands in the wet season, they were progressively reduced from the southeast to northwest. According to the analysis results of fluorescent spectral parameters, FI value of DOMs in the water body was greater than 1.4, these DOMs were mainly produced from self-generating endogenous sources, assisted by some terrestrial sources. The relative concentration of organic matters newly generated was high, with low humification degree, and the relative concentration (95%) of humus-like substances was much higher than that (5%) of proteinoid substances. The four organic matter components were correlated with N, P, and heavy metals in the water to different degrees, and the correlations in dry season were especially more significant in comparison with those in the wet season. The study shows that the substances in the water body of Caohai Lake are mainly generated from endogenous sources, along with exogenous inputs, and this also proves that the water environmental management measures taken in Caohai Lake have achieved significant results in recent years. Furthermore, the control of endogenous pollutants should be strengthened in the future pollution prevention scheme.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1325-1335 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 817KB] ( 2794 )
1336 Characteristics of eukaryotic microalgae and their environmental correlation in the northern Yellow Sea
SONG Lun, BI Xiang-dong, FU Jie, SONG Guang-jun, WU Jin-hao, LIU Yin, LIU Su-xuan
The size fractions of eukaryotic microalgae in northern Yellow Sea were studied by high-throughput sequencing and molecular identification classification technology in 2019. The results showed that the size fractions of eukaryotic microalgae were dominated by medium and small in spring, small and large in summer, and large in autumn. The proportions of small-sized, medium-sized and large-sized eukaryotic microalgae were about 39:51:11, 40:24:36, and 26:13:62 in spring, summer and autumn respectively. Micromonas pusilla and Ostreococcus tauri were the dominant species of small-sized eukaryotic microalgae, Karlodinium veneficum was dominant in medium-sized eukaryotic microalgae, and Guinardia delicatula, Alexandrium hiranoi, and Gonyaulax polygramma were dominant in large-sized of microalgae. In general, Karlodinium veneficum (medium-sized microalgae) were the dominant species in spring (21.3%), Alexandrium hiranoi (large-sized microalgae) in summer (23.6%) and Gonyaulax polygramma (large-sized microalgae) in autumn (56.6%). Toxic dinoflagellate was dominant in eukaryotic microalgae in northern Yellow Sea, which may cause high risk of shellfish poisoning toxins accumulation. Brown tide causative species Ostreococcus tauri and Aureococcus anophagefferens, small-sized microalgae, posed potential threat to shellfish aquaculture in northern Yellow Sea.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1336-1344 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 662KB] ( 1730 )
1345 Sources and assessment of heavy metals in sediments in Shuangtaizi estuary
CHENG Jia-yi, WANG Xiao-meng, YANG Zheng-xian, HAN Jian-bo
Being based on the monitoring results of six heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, CD, Hg and as) in sediments from 12 sample stations in Shuangtaizi Estuary of Panjin from 2017 to 2019, the potential ecological risk index method of Hakanson was used to assess the ecological risk.With the analyze of the data in organic carbon and particle size, the characteristics and sources of heavy metals were also researched by means of mathematical statistics and Pearson correlation analysis. The research showed that the contents of Pb and Zn met the first class of marine sediment quality standards, while Cu, Cd, Hg, As exceeded the standard in some extent, which the proportion of stations was 27.8%, 2.8%, 27.8% and 5.5%, respectively. However, all of them met the second class of marine sediment quality standards. The content of heavy metals in the East Bank was higher than that in the West Bank, which content decreased with the increase of offshore distance revealed that some heavy metal elements were enriched in this area. The ecological risk status in the study area was at medium risk on the whole, with an order of heavy metal risk Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Zn. Hg and Cd in the study area had the similar sources, which may be the introduction of petrochemical industry projects and offshore oil and gas development activities. Pb, Zn and Cu mostly came from the use of fossil fuels and chemical production process, while As mainly came from agricultural pollution.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1345-1353 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 704KB] ( 971 )
1354 Space distribution of heavy metals and its relationship with macrozoobenthos in the Heihe River, Northwest China
WANG Yu, LI Bao-long, FENG Qi, WANG Zhi-jun, LIU Wei, ZHANG Xin-yu, KONG De-xing, ZUO Yi-feng
A study of exploring the distribution characteristics of heavy metals between river water and surface sediments and analyzing the response to macrozoobenthos were carried out different areas in August 2019 in the upper and middle reaches of the Heihe River. The contents of eight heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cd, Hg and As) were determined for macrozoobenthos, water and surface sediments samples in this study. The spatial distribution characteristics of heavymetals in macrozoobenthos, water and surface sediments were analyzed by multivariate statistical method. Moreover, the pollution risk of heavy metals in river water and surface sediments was evaluated by comprehensive pollution index and potential ecological risk index. Finally, the relationship between macrozoobenthos and river water and surface sediments was analyzed by correlation analysis. The results showed that heavy metal concentrations was low in river water and the spatial variation was not significant. The average values of w(Mn), w(Zn), w(Cr), w(Ni), w(Cu), w(Pb), w(As), w(Cd) in surface sediments were 1.36, 2.26, 2.66, 2.10, 1.98, 1.85, 1.89 and 3.33 times higher than the background values of water and soil respectively, and the spatial differences were significant, Cu, Cr and Ni in the surface sediments may come from the application of pesticides and fertilizers and the discharge of industrial wastewater. Cd, Pb and Mn may come from the superposition of slag and its leachate and natural background; as and Zn may be related to the discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater. The pollution level of heavy metals in water was very low and the pollution of heavy metals in surface sediments was mainly caused by Cd, Cr, Zn and Ni. Furthermore, the spatial variation trend was as follows:upstream tributary > upstream main stream > middle stream. The RI values of Mn and Cd in surface sediments were 17.20 and 12.30, respectively, which belonged to high risk level. What's more, other elements were at low risk level. The macrozoobenthos biomass and diversity showed spatial difference distribution and the density of Basommatophora was positively correlated with as in water body. The density of Coleoptera, Hemiptera and Basommatophora and the three biodiversity indexes were significantly correlated with heavy metal content in surface sediments, which could be used as potential indicators of heavy metal pollution in river water and surface sediments in the upper and middle reaches of Heihe River.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1354-1365 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 971KB] ( 1650 )
1366 Stability of nC60 nanoparticles in the presence of kaolinite and montmorillonite
ZHAN Wei-yong, LIU Guan-sheng, ZHONG Hua
The sedimentation tests for nC60 in the presence of kaolinite and montmorillonite with different mass concentration ratios were conducted and fitted with two sedimentation models. Meanwhile, the particle zeta potential and size analysis as well as SEM and TEM tests were implemented to examine the stability of the particles. It has been observed that nC60 was stable in the single system. The stability of kaolinite particles significantly decreased with increasing concentration in the single system, however, the montmorillonite particles was overall stable and it was independent of its concentration. In the binary system, the stability of nC60 decreased significantly with the increase of kaolinite concentration. The stability of nC60, however, was basically not affected by montmorillonite and had no relation to the montmorillonite concentration. The result of this study showed that the clay minerals played a role in the stability of nC60 and the difference in the structure and specific surface area of kaolinite and montmorillonite was probably the reason for their different effects on nC60 stability. The two different sedimentation models showed that semi-empirical model was better to simulate the sedimentation process related to montmorillonite particles, while the theoretical sedimentation model showed better fitting results associated with kaolinite colloids and kaolinite/nC60 mixtures. This study can serve as a reference to assess the contamination of nC60 on groundwater.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1366-1377 [Abstract] ( 235 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2015KB] ( 1161 )
Environmental Microbiology
1378 Environmental interpretation of spatial variation of planktonic bacterial communities in the North Canal River
JIN Yan, QIU Ying, DONG Zhi, DI Yan-ming, ZHAO Dong-liang, GUO Xiao-yu
The contribution of environmental selection to the construction mechanism of phytoplankton diversity in fine geographical scale rivers has been widely recognized. According to ecological theory of metacommunity, the determinant factors between the Core Operational Taxonomic Units (core OTUs) and the Unique Operational Taxonomic Units (unique OTUs) are potential to be different, as these two key components of microbial community in river ecosystems vary in dispersal ability and biological responses. To test this hypothesis, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei section of the Northern Canal River, which is highly artificial, was selected as the study area. To interpret the spatial variation of the core OTUs in local-community and the unique OTUs, the water quality monitoring results and high-throughput sequencing results were combined for comprehensive analysis. The results showed that inorganic nitrogen, cation such as Ca2+, Mg2+ induced by reclaimed water recharge and organic pollution caused by physical disturbance of reclaimed water recharge port were the key pollutants in the North Canal River. The intra-group similarity of the core OTUs in local-community was significantly higher than that of the unique OTUs, and the geographical distribution pattern and environmental divers differed a lot between these two key components. The spatial distribution law of core OTUs in local community was significantly consistent with geographic spatial distribution pattern, and environmental variables most closely related to spatial changes were TN, nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N), K+, Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+. Specifically, these critical environmental variables showed a significant decrease trend with the direction of water flow and showed a strong synergistic change with the geographical diffusion distance. While, unique OTUs in local-communities did not have a significant geographic spatial distribution pattern, and the crucial environmental variables determining the spatial distribution of the unique OTUs in local-communities were temperature, oxidation-reduction potential and pH, which were caused by the indirect effects of physical disturbance on hydrological quality of reclaimed water supply.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1378-1386 [Abstract] ( 208 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 469KB] ( 1061 )
1387 Phylogenetic structure and diversity pattern of plant community in alpine meadow
XU Lu, LIU Min-xia, MU Ruo-lan, ZHANG Guo-juan, YU Rui-xin, LI Liang
In order to understand the changes of plant community phylogenetic structure and species diversity in alpine meadow of Qinghai Tibet Plateau, plant communities and environmental factors of alpine meadow were measured at five different altitudes, net relative index (NRI) and nearest taxon index (NTI) were calculated, and the changes of phylogenetic structure and phylogenetic diversity were discussed. The results showed that with the increase of altitude, soil temperature, soil water content, soil total nitrogen and organic carbon decreased. The number of richness, Shannon-Weiner index and phylogenetic diversity of plant community showed a "humped-back" relationship with the increase of altitude. Community species diversity reached the maximum at 3500m. The betaMPD increased with the increase of altitude, indicating that species aggregation was affected by habitat filtration. The low altitude (3000m) community had divergent (NRI < 0, NTI < 0), and competition exclusion played a major role; at lower altitude (3250m) and middle altitude (3500m), there were aggregation (NRI > 0, NTI > 0) and divergence (NRI < 0, NTI < 0), indicating that habitat filtration and competitive exclusion jointly maintained the species diversity of the community; community phylogenetic structure aggregation (NRI > 0, NTI > 0) at high altitude (3750m, 4000m) was related to species convergence evolution and habitat filtration. Multiple regression analysis showed that soil temperature and soil water content were the main influencing factors of species coexistence in different altitudes. This study reveal that the changes of plant community phylogenetic structure and diversity pattern of alpine meadow in Qinghai Tibet Plateau, indicating that niche process is an important mechanism to maintain the diversity of plant communities.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1387-1397 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 821KB] ( 2659 )
1398 Effects of dichloroacetonitrile on gene expression of Escherichia coli
LI Dong, CHENG Wen, QIN Lu, REN Jie-hui, ZHENG Xing
To explore the effects of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) on gene expression of E.coli and corresponding toxic effect, the gene expression of E.coli under different dosages of DCAN for 120min was identified by self-organizing map (SOM) clustering and dose-response relationship. The results showed that the genes expression was dynamically affected under varied exposure time and concentration of DCAN. When the concentration of DCAN was 1.429×10-3mg/L, the activity of multiple gene promoter included in SOS response regulation, oxidative and general stress had been changed. These consequences further resulted in DNA damage and more severe oxidative stress on the cells, made them bio-chemically and physically unstable. The results also clarified that DNA damage is the main toxic mode of DCAN through different pathways.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1398-1404 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 992KB] ( 982 )
1405 Species abundance distribution characteristics of alpine meadow plant community in Gannan
LIU Min-xia, ZHANG Ya-ya, LI Quan-di, LI Bo-wen, SUN Rui-di, SONG Jia-ying
The response of species abundance distribution (SAD) pattern of alpine meadow plant community to altitude gradient was analyzed, and the formation rule and maintenance mechanism of species diversity were discussed. In this paper, the typical sample plot survey method was used to collect data, and the experimental data were fitted and analyzed by RAD (rank abundance distribution) software package. The results showed that the species diversity of plant community showed a "Hump relationship" pattern with the increase of altitude, and reached the maximum at 3500m. Five models were used to fit the SAD on the altitude, it was found that the overall SAD of alpine meadow plant community was in line with the niche model, especially the geo. The model could be used to fit the distribution pattern of community species abundance, and it also showed that niche differentiation plays a major role in the SAD of alpine meadow plant community. The best fitting model of common SAD was geo, which was consistent with the best fitting model of overall species, while the best fitting model of rare SAD was rane. The above results showed that common species were the main factors affecting the SAD pattern of communities at different altitudes, and they played an irreplaceable role in maintaining the productivity and stability of communities. However, rare species also affected the community structure to a certain extent because of their unique functional characteristics, and they maintain the stability of species diversity of alpine meadow communities in different ways.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1405-1414 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 618KB] ( 810 )
1415 Effect of dissolved oxygen on the community and activities of functional bacteria in anammox biofilter
WU Wen-jun, LIU Xiu-hong, CUI Bin, LIU Run-yu, YANG Qing
The current researches on microorganisms in anammox system were mainly focused on anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria. The microbial community structure and the key kinetic parameters of anaerobic ammonium oxidation bacteria (AnAOB), ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and denitrifying bacteria (DNB) in anammox filter were measured and analyzed in this study. Moreover, the effects of DO concentration in the range of 0.2~1.5mg/L on the activity of AnAOB, AOB and NOB were investigated. The results showed that the anammox filter of long-term stable operation was still a mixed system with multiple bacterial groups, in which anammox bacteria was the main function bacteria. The activity of AnAOB with 5.3mgN/(gVSS·h) was the highest among the functional bacteria in the filter; whereas DNB and AOB had a certain activity. When DO concentration increased from 0.2mg/L to 1.5mg/L, the activity of AnAOB almost kept stable; whereas, the specific ammonia oxidation rate of AOB increased from 0.76mgN/(gVSS·h) to 1.08mgN/(gVSS·h). The obtained oxygen half saturation constant (KO2, AOB) of AOB was (0.106 ±0.010) mg/L, which indica ted that AOB has high affinity for oxygen. During the entire experiment, the activity of NOB was not detected. Therefore, in the anammox system, the main functional bacteria coexisted and competed each other for substrates.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1415-1421 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 890KB] ( 1530 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
1422 Effect of chorionic villi on the combination action of microplastic particles and cadmium
DUAN Xin-yue, GUAN Wen-ling, CHENG Hao-dong, DAI Yuan-yuan, WANG Lei, DUAN Zheng-hua
Polystyrene (PS) particles with sizes of 100nm (n-PS) and 70~250μm (μ-PS) were used to investigate their influences on the developmental toxicity of cadmium (Cd). The technologies of embryonic development and metabonomics were utilized to analysis the interaction between microplastic particles and embryonic chorion. In single Cd, n-PS+Cd, and μ-PS+Cd treatments, the contents of Cd on embryonic chorion were 3.82, 13.66 and 11.35mg/g, respectively, and the contents of Cd in embryos were 0.24, 0.16 to 0.20mg/g, respectively. The accumulations of Cd increased on embryonic chorion and decreased in embryos were more significantly induced by n-PS (P<0.01). However, μ-PS inhibited the embryonic development toxicity of Cd to a greater extent (P=0.006). Metabonomics data confirmed that, the oxidative stress on embryos and the demand for cellular energy induced by Cd were increased in the combined treatment of Cd and n-PS, which might be due to the barrier action of n-PS on embryonic chorion. Therefore, embryonic chorion plays an important role in the early embryonic development toxicities of microplastics. This study will provide some new sights on the research of bio-availability and effect of microplastics in the environment.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1422-1428 [Abstract] ( 329 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 789KB] ( 1360 )
1429 Ecotoxicological effects of 50 kinds of fragrance materials on Microcystis aeruginosa
ZHANG Xue-wei, KAI Zhen-peng, SONG Wei-guo, CHEN Shan-shan
In the present study, the 50 fragrance materials were performed to determine the ecological toxicity on Microcystis aeruginosa. The influence of four fragrance materials (2-methoxynaphthalene, thymol, myrcene and indole) on the content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were also studied. The results showed that 2-methoxynaphthalene, thymol, myrcene and indole can significantly inhibit the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa under high concentration exposure, and the half-effect concentration EyC50 value was 1.81, 1.26, 0.55 and 1.40mg/L, respectively, showing an obvious dose-effect relationship. At a treatment concentration of 1mg/L, 2-methoxynaphthalene and thymol significantly inhibited the content of chlorophyll a and soluble protein (P<0.0001). Exposure to 2-methoxynaphthalene resulted in a significant decrease in SOD activity (P<0.0001), the other two antioxidant enzymes had no significant effect (P>0.05); Thymol significantly inhibited POD activity (P<0.0001), and myrcene also reduced SOD activity (P<0.01). The activities of POD and CAT of Microcystis aeruginosa treated with indole were significantly lower than those of the control group (P<0.0001). Studies showed that these four fragrance materials inhibited the antioxidant enzyme activity, accumulate excessive MDA, and destroied the content and function of chlorophyll, which in turn leads to the abnormal growth of algae. 2-methoxynaphthalene, thymol and indole are aromatic compounds, and myrcene was an olefin. The difference in structure of the four fragrance compounds resulted to the different effects on antioxidant enzymes. 2-Methoxynaphthalene was a synthetic fragrance. Although thymol, myrcene and indole were all natural flavors, they were mostly prepared by artificial synthesis. The current findings will enrich the fundamental data for evaluating the risk and toxicity of fragrance materials on the ecosystems. Because of their unique aromatic odor, aromatic compounds have become a large category of fragrance materials and are widely used. However, the aromatic ring is stable and difficult to degrade, so we need to pay more attention to the ecological safety of the fragrance materials with aromatic ring structure.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1429-1435 [Abstract] ( 253 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 495KB] ( 2198 )
Biodiversity
1436 Spatial heterogeneity and multi-scale effects of species richness of birds and mammals in Xinjiang
GAO Ge, LI Hai-ping, WAN Hua-wei, LI Li-ping
Spatial distribution of 10km×10km gridded data of birds and mammals species and the 1km×1km land use in Xinjiang were taken as the basic data sources. Using NDVI, altitude, and geographical location of latitude as ancillary data to scale down the 10km×10km grid data and upscale the 1km×1km land use data respectively. Matching the data at 1km intervals from 1~10km resolution and different landscape index were calculated and analyzed under each scale. Scale effects were also studied at ecosystem level in order to find the reasonable and suitable scale that fit for characterizing the spatial heterogeneity of birds and mammal species diversity. The results show that:overall landscape types were rich in Xinjiang. Landscape richness and fragmentation in northern Xinjiang were higher than those in southern Xinjiang relatively; different types of patches distributed unevenly and there were dominate patches existed. Scale effects were more obvious for birds in ecosystems of settlement, water and wetland, but more significant for mammals in farmland and forest ecosystems. Under 7~10km scale, the smaller the settlement area was, the higher the degree of its landscape division, while the more discrete and fragmentation of landscape of water, the more complex of its shape and abundant of birds species. Characteristics of farmland and forest ecosystems have more significant meanings to the richness of mammals. Under the scale of 7~10km, mammal species richness was lower where farmland patches were more discrete and complex in shape. With the scale of 4km, mammal species richness was higher wherever forest patches are well connected and more complex in shape.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1436-1446 [Abstract] ( 315 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3061KB] ( 1926 )
Carbon Emission Control
1447 Influence of 5G technology on the peak of China's carbon emission
TAN Meng, PENG Yi, MA Rong, QIN Han-shi
Concerning the current situation of 5G technology development, this paper predicts direct carbon emissions generated by 5G base stations in the next 20 years, with Holt index smoothing method and dynamic analysis. The predictive model showed that the construction of 5G base stations might be saturated around 2038, with the number of 14.34 million. Considering the development of 5G technology and its promotion of other industries that may affect the carbon emissions, the input-output method and grayscale time prediction method were also used to evaluate the indirect carbon emissions. The results show that, if 5G station work in low-load (lower than 30%), direct carbon emission will be 142.61 Mt per year in 2038 when carbon emission peak; or else it would be 196.26 Mt in a full-load situation. Based on two different peak-reaching scenarios of carbon emissions in China, the impacts of direct and indirect carbon emissions caused by 5G technology on peak-reaching time and peak values were comprehensively analyzed. Last, the robustness test was conducted on the predicted results. The results revealed that the impact of 5G technology on carbon emissions of industries will reach its peak in 2030 under the actual GDP scenario, with the value of 255.96 Mt, and the increase of overall carbon emissions caused by 5G technology before 2030 was dominated by indirect carbon emission, while the increase of social carbon emission after 2030 was dominated by direct carbon emission. Comprehensively considering the development of 5G technology, the peak time of China's carbon emission will be delayed by at least 2 years, and the corresponding peak carbon emission would be increased by at least 383.96 Mt. It also implied that the Chinese government had to reduce the energy consumption level of base stations, control the number of base stations and avoid the low-load operation caused by repeated construction of 5G base stations, to reduce the additional carbon emissions caused by 5G and control the total amount of carbon dioxide.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1447-1454 [Abstract] ( 379 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 659KB] ( 2053 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
1455 How does blockchain promote the high-quality development of manufacturing? A quasi-natural experiment based on key environmental protection cities
LI Shao-lin, FENG Ya-fei
By building the objective function and behavioral motivation model under the application of blockchain technology in different ownership enterprises, this paper analyzed the mechanism of the development level of blockchain on the digital total factor productivity of manufacturing industry, and took the rise of blockchain industry as a quasi natural experiment evaluated the impact of blockchain technology on the green development of manufacturing industry based on the panel data system of 93 key environmental protection cities in China from 2003 to 2017. It was showed that the application of blockchain can force enterprises to realize green transformation characterized by efficiency improvement, sulfur dioxide emissions and pollution control costs were reduced by 26% and 17%, respectively, and the conclusion was still robust after tested with various methods such as instrumental variables, triple difference, PSM-DID and placebo. In addition, the mediating effect analysis showed that the current stage of green technological innovation was better than digital total factor productivity and energy efficiency in promoting the green development of manufacturing. Finally, the heterogeneity analysis based on the ownership characteristics of enterprises showed that the performance of state-owned blockchain enterprises in promoting the green transformation of manufacturing industry is better than that of non-state-owned enterprises, while the heterogeneity analysis based on urban characteristics found that the promotion effect of blockchain enterprises on the transformation of manufacturing industry with high proportion of the secondary industry and high energy consumption per unit GDP was stronger. This paper enriched the theoretical research in the field of blockchain application and real economy development, contributed to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of digital economy affecting the green development of China's manufacturing industry, and provided policy enlightenment for more scientific and accurate fomulation of blockchain development strategy.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1455-1466 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 798KB] ( 2068 )
1467 Developing a method for evaluating alternatives of watershed development planning by integrating the three-line-one-list environmental policy
LIU Wei, LI WEI, MAO Xian-qiang, CHENG Run-he
Regarding the deficiency of evaluation methods on alternatives in environmental impact assessment of watershed development planning, an indicator-based approach was built up here by integrating the three-line-one-list (TLOL) environmental policy and the rapid impact assessment method (RIAM). The approach was then used to evaluate the six alternatives of Jinjiang watershed development planning in Fujian province. The results showed that among the six, the alternative Ⅱ was preferred because it had relative advantages in terms of allocating water resource in a reasonable way, safeguarding the ecological water use at downstream, and regulating the small scaled hydro-power generations. The indicators and method developed here might benefit incorporating the TLOL environmental management into EIAs of watershed development planning, facilitating communications between planning and evaluating processes, and improving the efficiency of assessment.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1467-1473 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 842 )
1474 Economic analysis of industrial ammonia pollution abatement in different forms
ZHANG Di, CAO Hong-bin, ZHAO Yue-hong, ZHAO He, LIU Chen-ming, GUO Shao-hua
In this research, the cost-effectiveness of ammonia treatment technologies in different species and media were revealed. A cost-benefit modelling methodology was developed to discuss the main parameters that affect the operating cost of various ammonia treatment technologies. The results showed that the critical concentration between resources-recovery and wastes-treatment of ammonia is 10%, i.e. the benefits of ammonia utilization can offset the cost of operation in this concentration. In the liquid medium, the operating cost of ammonia utilization can be as low as 0.19~0.41 Yuan/kg NH3 under alkaline condition, while it would increase by 2, 8 and 13 times respectively in the ionic forms, complex forms of heavy metal and complex forms of organic compounds respectively. In the gaseous medium, the operating cost of ammonia waste gas treatment was about -0.5~6 Yuan/kg NH3 among the eight commonly used techniques, and it would increase with the additional heating and concentration process in practical projects. What's more, the multi-media transfer of ammonia contamination was a risk factor in the actual processing. In the future, the whole-process pollution control (WPPC) should be applied to coordinate control the ammonia pollution with multiple media, so as to minimize the economic cost and environmental risk.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1474-1479 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 1371 )
1480 Health impact analysis of air pollution from China's transportation industry in 2010~2018
RUAN Fang-fang, ZENG Xian-gang
Taking PM2.5 as a landmark pollutant, this paper constructed an energy consumption-pollution emission-health impact model for transportation industry, aiming to understand the degree and trend of the impact of pollution emission from the transportation industry on public health in China. From 2010 to 2018, the emission of PM2.5 in China's transportation industry fluctuated between 384000t and 427800t, with roads and waterways contributing about 97% of the total emissions; The health losses of public health caused by transportation industry's pollution emission were similar over the years, taking 2018 as an example, there were 149000 total non-accidental mortality, 159100 and 103700 hospitalizations for cardiovascular diseases and respiratory diseases, 6416900 and 6309900 cases for cardiovascular and respiratory outpatient service; The health economic loss increased rapidly, from 13.8013 billion Yuan in 2010 to 34.7942 billion Yuan in 2018, accounting for 0.33%~0.39% of the national GDP over the years.
2021 Vol. 41 (3): 1480-1488 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 641KB] ( 1642 )
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