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2025 Vol.45 Issue.2,Published 2025-02-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Emerging Contaminants
Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health
Beautiful China Initiative
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2025 Vol. 45 (2): 0-0 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 270KB] ( 285 )
Air Pollution Control
593 Number concentration, particle size distribution and emission factors of submicron aerosols during domestic coal burning
QIN Xu-jing, KONG Shao-fei, WU Jian, ZHENG Shu-rui, YAN Qin, QI Shi-hua
The particle number concentration and size distribution of combustion emissions from seven types of honeycomb briquettes and eleven types of lump coal were investigated using a Scanning Mobility Particle Sizer (SMPS) in a laboratory-simulated combustion setup with a dilution channel sampling system. Emission factors for the number concentration of various particle size segments were calculated, yielding essential data for the construction of a number concentration inventory and the enhancement of effect simulations. The results indicated the following: A significant quantity of submicron particles was emitted during the combustion processes of both coal types. The number concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing particle size, notably in the nucleation and Aitken modes. However, this decreasing trend was less pronounced in the lower particle size section of the accumulation mode (100nm £ Dp £ 200nm), while the number concentration of larger particles (200nm £ Dp) gradually increased with increasing particle size. The total number concentration emission factors from the combustion of honeycomb briquettes and lump coal were determined to be 9.9×1014±5.3×1014 particles/kg and 1.4×1015±7.9×1014 particles/kg, respectively. For lump coal, the emission factors across the three modes of combustion emissions were calculated as 1.0×1015 ±5.9×1014 particles/kg, 2.8×1014±2.5×1014 particles/kg, and 6.4×1013±3.5×1013 particles/kg. Notably, the three-modal mean concentration emission factors for lump coal were 1.3, 1.9, and 1.5times higher than those for honeycomb briquettes. Furthermore, the ICRP computational model was employed to estimate the total respiratory deposition flux (RDF) ranges of 7.6×1012 to 4.7×1013 particles/min for honeycomb briquettes and 5.7×1012 to 3.3×1013 particles/min for lump coal. It was found that over 90% of the RDF was attributed to the nuclear mode particles when compared to Aitken mode particles in the combustion emissions of submicron particles within the respiratory tract. Additionally, the particle RDF size distribution exhibited a decreasing trend across all three regions of the respiratory tract. Overall, this study provided a comprehensive analysis of particle number concentrations, size distributions, emission factors, and inhalation exposures associated with particulate matter from civil coal combustion emissions across different particle size sections. The findings contribute valuable data and essential support for the development of numerical concentration inventories, improvements in effect simulations, and assessments of health risks.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 593-605 [Abstract] ( 97 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5854KB] ( 434 )
606 Wet deposition of atmospheric dissolved organic carbon and its role in marine carbon neutralization
XING Jian-wei, SONG Jin-ming
As a kind of complex polar organic compounds commonly existing in the atmosphere, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in precipitation has extensive and far-reaching influences on regional ambient air quality, global climate change and carbon cycle process, and has become one of the hot spots in current global change research. This article systematically summarized the research progress on atmospheric precipitation DOC in recent decades both domestically and internationally from three aspects: the abundance and bioavailability of DOC in atmospheric precipitation, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics and influencing factors of DOC concentration and wet deposition flux in precipitation, and the ecological and environmental effects of DOC wet deposition. In the end of the article, the future development direction was discussed. The results indicated that the chemical composition of precipitation DOC is exceptionally complex, mainly composed of low molecular weight organic acids, amino acids and urea, etc. with high bioavailability. There were significant spatiotemporal differences in precipitation DOC concentration and wet deposition flux among different areas, which were mainly controlled by emission sources, emission intensity, and complex weather conditions. The DOC in the atmosphere could affect the properties of aerosols and precipitation (acid rain), and DOC settling on the surface of snow and ice could accelerate the melting of glaciers. At the same time, the input of DOC brought by wet deposition can enrich the organic carbon levels on the surface of seawater. Active DOC can promote the improvement of secondary productivity in marine ecosystem, while refractory DOC could contribute to the refractory dissolved organic carbon pool in the ocean, which is conducive to carbon sequestration and enhances ocean carbon sinks, helping to achieve the goals of "Ocean Negative Carbon Emissions" and "Carbon Neutrality". Future research should continue to focus on developing and using advanced instruments and equipment to accurately identify and quantitative the chemical composition of precipitation DOC, to have a deeper understanding of the bioavailability/inertness characteristics of precipitation DOC. At the same time, new numerical simulation techniques should be developed and utilized to conduct in-depth research on the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of atmospheric DOC wet deposition fluxes with different properties of on the global scale, and quantify the indirect wet deposition flux of atmospheric DOC. On this basis, elucidating the significance and value of atmospheric DOC wet deposition as one of the new pathways for improving global ocean carbon sequestration, so as to gain a deeper understanding on the position and role of atmospheric deposition in global carbon cycling and ocean “missing carbon sink” research.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 606-618 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 778KB] ( 392 )
619 Source composition spectrum and environmental impact of VOCs emission from typical industries in Guanzhong Region
DONG Jing, LI Shun-ji, DANG Xiao-qing, QU Jia-xin, WANG He, JI Shuo
PM2.5 control in the Guanzhong region has achieved significant progress, but the situation regarding ozone pollution remains severe. To continue advancing the fine management of VOCs (volatile organic compounds) in the Guanzhong region, with Xi'an and Xianyang as representatives, six industries—packaging printing, electronic product manufacturing, industrial coatings, paint and ink manufacturing, furniture manufacturing, and rubber products — were selected for sample collection. This study examines the VOC emission profiles, ozone formation potential (OFP), and secondary aerosol formation potential (SOAFP) of typical industries in the Guanzhong region. The results show that in the packaging printing and industrial coating industries, the primary VOCs emitted are oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (53%~73%) and alkanes (17%~34%); in the electronic product manufacturing industry, they are OVOCs (68%) and alkenes (29%); in the paint and ink manufacturing industry, the main VOCs are OVOCs (61%) and aromatic hydrocarbons (22%); in the furniture manufacturing industry, the primary VOCs are aromatic hydrocarbons (78%) and OVOCs (19%); and in the rubber products industry, alkanes (78%) dominate. Key characteristic species emitted by typical industries in the Guanzhong region include ethanol, acetone, isopropanol, formaldehyde, ethyl acetate, and m-/p-xylene. Based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR) method and the Aerosol Formation Coefficient (FAC) method, it was found that OVOCs, aromatic hydrocarbons, and alkenes are the main contributors to OFP, while aromatic hydrocarbons are the primary source of SOAFP. The major emission sources are the paint and ink manufacturing, industrial coatings, and furniture manufacturing industries, which should be prioritized for control.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 619-628 [Abstract] ( 99 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1836KB] ( 420 )
629 Effects of molecular evolution and emission sources on atmospheric oxidative potential in Xi’an
WANG Di-wei, SHEN Zhen-xing, BAI Ge-zi, LI Hao-nan, HUANG Sha-sha, YANG Xue-ting, SUN Jian, XU Hong-mei
To investigate the seasonal variation and source of oxidative potential (OP) in atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in Xi’an, the mass normalized OP (OPDTTm) was measured using the dithiothreitol (DTT) method, and the influence of chemical components of PM2.5 on OPDTTm was analyzed, and the contributions of different sources to OPDTTm was quantified using a positive matrix factorization coupled with an artificial neural network multilayer perceptron (PMF-ANN-MLP) model. The findings revealed that OPDTTm in Xi’an was highest during summer ((13.2 ±5.4) pmol(min∙μg)) and lowest in winter ((5.6 ±2.7) pmol(min∙μg)). Correlation analysis indicated that nitro-containing aromatic compounds and carboxylic acids have a significant impact on OPDTTm, and the difference in molecular abundance was the main reason for the seasonal variation of OPDTTm. Source apportionment showed that dust (26.7%), traffic (35.1%), secondary formation (23.2%), and biomass burning (24.5%) and coal combustion (25.8%) were the predominant contributors to OPDTTm during spring, summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. These results provide a scientific foundation for developing effective air pollution control measures aimed at safeguarding public health.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 629-636 [Abstract] ( 101 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 839KB] ( 426 )
637 Spatiotemporal variability of atmospheric moisture deficit and its influencing factors in the “Jizi Bay” of the Yellow River
HOU Ying, HUANG Xin-hui, CHU Yang, LIU Wen-hui, MA Xiao-juan
The influence of solar radiation, climate, soil, and vegetation on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD), as well as the characteristics of its spatiotemporal heterogeneity under the effects of its interaction with the terrestrial-atmospheric system, were explored using spatiotemporal trend analysis, geodetector, and geographical and temporal weighted regression (GTWR) models. The results showed that the multi-year average VPD value for the Jizi Bay of the Yellow River from 1982 to 2021 was 0.785kPa, with the highest annual VPD value found in the northwestern part of the area, followed by the central and western parts. Interannual and seasonal VPD showed a significant increase in all regions (P<0.05), with the highest increase in summer VPD [0.072kPa/10a] and a high increase in mean annual VPD in the east [0.045kPa/10a]. On the interannual scale, moisture conditions (precipitation and soil moisture) had the strongest influence on VPD, followed by temperature; in the southeast, NDVI had a strong influence on VPD. Additionally, the interaction of precipitation and temperature had the strongest influence on VPD, followed by the interaction of deep soil moisture with precipitation, temperature, and vegetation indices. On the spatiotemporal scale, from the 1980s to the 2010s, the limiting effects of precipitation and vegetation indices on VPD were gradually enhanced over time from the northwest to the southeast of the region. Furthermore, the promoting effects of temperature on VPD gradually increased with time from the south to the north, while the limiting effects of deep soil moisture on VPD gradually weakened with time from the southeast to the northwest. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for revealing the process of land–atmosphere interaction in this region and promoting the ecological protection and high-quality development of the Yellow River Basin.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 637-647 [Abstract] ( 86 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6291KB] ( 335 )
648 Calculation methods and characteristics of temporal and spatial distribution of airport air pollutant emissions
LI Chen-xu, WANG Zi-yi
A case study was conducted at Tianjin Airport by the research team, in which the predicted emissions using default parameters (recommended values) were compared with the results based on inputs that had been adjusted to real-world airport operations. A high spatial resolution (45m×45m) emission inventory was established in the airfield area to identify emission hotspots, and the results indicated that the daily emissions generated by all mobile sources at the airport based on recommended values were 2,320.01kg (NOx), 12,919.90kg (CO), 199.36kg (SO2), 76.83kg (PM) and 635.92kg (HC). After adjustment of inputs based on real-world airport operations, the emissions results were 1,982.65kg (NOx), 722.25kg (CO), 157.27kg (SO2), 70.48kg (PM) and 86.38kg (HC). The time between 08:00 to 09:00 (the departure peak at the airport) was identified as the period when the maximum total emissions across time of day occurred. Results of the spatial analysis showed that the emission hotspots were predominantly distributed as follows: for NOx, near the end of the departure runway; for CO, the merging area of taxiways (which connect arriving and departing flights); for SO2 and PM, the aprons with a larger number of arriving and departing flights; and for HC, both the merging area of connecting taxiways and the aprons with a larger number of flights. The top 20% of emissions were primarily from: for NOx the take-off stage of aircraft; for CO, taxiing stage of aircraft; for SO2 and HC, the ground support equipment in the parking position during the service stage and taxiing stage of aircraft; and for PM, ground support equipment at parking lots and service lanes.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 648-656 [Abstract] ( 79 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2848KB] ( 428 )
657 Spatio-temporal variations, influential factors and environmental health assessment of negative air ions (NAIs) in Hainan tropical rainforests
XU Rui-yun, GONG Dao-cheng, MENG Xin-xin, LIN You-jing, LI Zhu, CHEN Si-jun, CHEN Xi, CHANG Qing-hua, LIANG Ye, WANG Lei, LIU Shi-wei, MA Fang-yuan, LI Qin-qin, ZHANG Cheng-liang, DENG Shuo, WANG Hao, WANG Bo-guang
To investigate the spatio-temporal variations, influential factors and environmental health effects of negative air ions (NAIs) in Hainan tropical rainforests, a mobile comprehensive measurement platform was utilized to carry out field observation during typical tourist season (January), four types of typical forest stands (evergreen broad-leaved, deciduous broad-leaved, coniferous and bamboo forests) at eleven different altitudes in the Wuzhishan area of the Hainan Tropical Rainforest National Park were measured. The concentrations, spatiotemporal variations of NAIs, and their relationships with forest types, meteorological factors, air quality, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were analyzed. A comprehensive evaluation method for the ecological health function of tropical rainforest based on the Forest Health Index (FHI) was established. The results showed that the NAI concentration in the Wuzhishan area was relatively high (3541±882)moles/cm3, reaching Level VI of the World Health Organization's air freshness classification standard. The NAI concentration was increased with altitude initially and then decreased. Coniferous forest was found to have the highest NAI concentration, followed by broad-leaved forest, with bamboo forest having the lowest. A total of 66VOCs were detected, with sesquiterpenes and oxygenated organic compounds accounting for over 80%. NAIs were shown significant positive correlations with relative humidity, fine particulate matter, and monoterpenes, and significant negative correlations with sesquiterpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The FHI in the afternoon was generally found to be higher than that in the morning, with most sampling sites reaching Level II or above.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 657-670 [Abstract] ( 93 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2046KB] ( 408 )
671 Performance and mechanism of Ni-Ce composite synergistically promoting CO-selective catalytic reduction of NO
MA Qian, WANG He, QU Jia-xin, JI Shuo, WANG Wei, HUANG Yu, DANG Xiao-qing
The bimetallic NiCe-x(x=1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 0:1, 1:0)catalysts were successfully synthesized using the hydrothermal method and subsequently evaluated for their efficacy in the selective catalytic reduction of NO by CO(CO-SCR). The results indicated that compared to NiO and CeO2 catalysts, the NiCe composite catalyst exhibited superior performance in simultaneously removing low-temperature CO and NO. Superior performance was demonstrated by the NiCe composite catalyst with a 3:1 ratio, which achieved over 90% NO conversion over an extensive temperature range of 200~450℃ and exhibited strong resistance to SO2 and H2O. Characterization indicated that the existence of Ni and Ce ions led to an increased specific surface area and accelerated redox cycling (Ce3++Ni3+↔Ce4++Ni2+), which improved denitrification activity. In-situ DRIFTS findings confirmed that adsorbed NCO played a crucial role as an intermediate in the CO-SCR process employing NiCe-3:1.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 671-681 [Abstract] ( 93 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5430KB] ( 442 )
682 Study on denitration performance of columnar rare earth tailings catalyst
QIE Jun-mao, ZHAO Ze-feng, XU Tong, CUI Meng-ke, HOU Li-min
In the paper, the NRC and PRC columnar denitration catalysts were prepared using aluminum sol binders (nano-alumina and pseudo-boehmite) through the extrusion molding method. Their denitration performance was studied. It was shown that, compared to the original tailings, the denitration activity of the columnar catalysts was significantly improved. Compared to PRC, the denitration efficiency of NRC was found to be higher, reaching 67%. With the increase in the addition of the two binders, the mechanical strength was found to be improved to a certain extent. A more uniform surface distribution was observed in PRC, which allowed the catalyst to have a larger specific surface area and more surface acid sites. It was shown by H2-TPR experiments that the area of the reduction peaks of PRC was decreased, the number of reduction peaks was reduced, and the redox ability was weakened, which was identified as the reason for its relatively smaller improvement in denitration performance. Both the E-R mechanism and L-H mechanism were observed on the surfaces of rare earth tailings and NRC, and the E-R mechanism of NRC was found to play a stronger role.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 682-692 [Abstract] ( 72 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3156KB] ( 323 )
693 Study on preparation and properties of nano-fiber membrane coated needle felt filter material
GUO Dian-ze, GUO Ying-he, HE Wei-dong, LIU Jing-xian
Water-soluble polyvinyl alcohol nanofibers were utilized as the adhesive layer, and a steam atomization method was employed as a substitute for high-temperature treatment to fabricate PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filters through a circular roller stretching and pressing technique. The performance of the composite filters was characterized. The results indicated that the adhesion strength of the PET/PPS nanofiber membrane composite filter reached a maximum of 4.521N when the pressure was set at 0.436N/cm2, the PVA spinning amount was 42.857mL/m2, and the processing temperature during the pressurization was maintained at 20℃. The filtration efficiency for fine particulate matter with a diameter of 0.3μm achieved 98.86%. In dynamic filtration performance tests, after 30 cycles of constant pressure blowing, the time required for a single cycle was recorded as 13.5minutes, with a residual resistance of 265.4Pa, which outperformed existing PTFE-coated filter materials.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 693-703 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2151KB] ( 243 )
Water Pollution Control
704 Advances in persulfate activated by carbon-based materials for degradation of antibiotics
GUO Yan-fei, GUO Zhuang, WANG Hui-feng, WEI Jian, XU Dong-yao
The persulfate-based advanced oxidation technology for antibiotic-containing wastewater treatment has become a current research hotspot in water treatment. Carbon-based materials have been used as green materials for activating persulfate due to their chemical stability and absence of secondary pollution. However, the catalytic activity of undoped or modified carbon materials is limited. This paper reviews strategies to enhance the catalytic performance of carbon materials, including non-metallic doping, metal doping, and carbon-based composites, and summarizes the new active sites formed by these strategies, as well as the connection between the types of active species produced by activated persulfate. In conjunction with the existing studies on the degradation of antibiotics by activated persulfate in carbon-based materials, the mechanisms of activation of persulfate by carbon-based materials (including free radicals, single-linear oxygen, electron transfer, and high-valent metal-oxygen species), and the methods to identify and determine the active species are concluded. Finally, the susceptible oxidation sites of tetracyclines, sulfonamides, and fluoroquinolones antibiotics, their linkages with active species, as well as the application of this technology in treating antibiotic-containing waters. These results can provide a reference for the development of carbon-based catalysts with high catalytic performance and stability, and their application to activated persulfate systems for efficient antibiotic degradation.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 704-717 [Abstract] ( 110 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1967KB] ( 518 )
718 Mechanisms and differences of N2O emission characteristics in typical wastewater treatment processes
CHEN Hui-ling, QI Lu, CHEN Jia-bo, XIA Zhi-heng, LI Qian-gang, AO Zi-ding, JIANG Zhao, ZHANG Tong-tong, WANG Hong-chen, LIU Guo-hua
This study mainly compared the emission characteristics of N2O in two typical wastewater treatment processes, SBR and AAO, and analyzed the mechanisms that cause the differences.. The results indicated that according to the total nitrogen removal efficiency of the SBR process, the N2O emission factor (EF) was 2.36%, which is 1.92 times higher than that of the AAO process. The aerobic phase was identified as the primary stage for N2O production in both processes, accounting for over 90% of the total N2O generated. Compared to the continuously AAO process, the sequencing SBR process exhibited a longer duration of low DO conditions. A sudden increase in NH4+-N concentration o and a high accumulation of NO2--N ccurred at the onset of the aerobic phase. Analysis of the microbial community structure and enzyme activity revealed that SBR process had a higher ratio of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) to nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and a higher nitrite reductase (NOR) activity, which were 1.7 and 1.4 times those of the AAO process, respectively. This further facilitated the production of more N2O through the AOB-mediated nitrification-denitrification pathway during the aerobic phase, which is the intrinsic mechanism for the high N2O emission factor of the SBR process.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 718-726 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1404KB] ( 422 )
727 Pilot application study of the LEP-N-MBR system
TANG Kai, SONG Can-hui, CAO Qian-fei, AN Tian-yi, LIU Yang, ZHOU Fan, DU Gui-quan, SUN Fa-qian, CHEN Chong-jun
This study focuses on the reciprocating vibration membrane bioreactor (VMBR) technology and has established a pilot-scale low energy consumption reciprocating membrane bioreactor (LEP-N-MBR) system to treat the A2/O effluent from wastewater treatment plants, with a treatment capacity of 350m3/d. The findings revealed that during the entire operation, the energy consumption of the vibration membrane was only 0.020 (kW·h)/m3, which significantly reduced the energy consumption of the MBR. At a sludge concentration (MLSS) of 3000mg/L, the removal rates for TN and COD were 53.78% and 61.76%, respectively, with an effluent NH4+-N concentration of only 0.51mg/L. However, when the MLSS increased to 6000mg/L, the effluent NH4+-N concentration increased to 2.07mg/L, and compared to when the MLSS was 3000mg/L, the membrane operation cycle was shortened by 33.3%. Batch testing indicated that the maximum ammonia oxidation rate and denitrification rate of the system's sludge were 3.65 and 5.55mg/(g·h), respectively. High-throughput sequencing indicated that under low-nutrient conditions, the reciprocating vibration membrane facilitated the release of organic matter on the membrane surface, which was then utilized by microorganisms such as Hyphomicrobium and norank_f__Microtrichaceae to enhance nitrogen removal efficiency through metabolic processes. The low-consumption and high-efficiency pilot LEP-N-MBR system can provide new technical perspectives and theoretical guidance for urban wastewater treatment plants, and assist in achieving the goals of “dual carbon”.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 727-735 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2310KB] ( 309 )
736 Pollution characteristics and risk assessment of antibiotics in sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants: the influence of production load
PENG Xin-yi, LI Yu-hua, YANG Xiao, RU Xuan, CHEN Rui-hong, QIN Yong-li, HUANG Xin-hui, XU Dan-ning, SHU Xiao-hua, ZHANG Qian
Sludge from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants serves as a major reservoir for antibiotics. This study aimed to investigate the residual characteristics of antibiotics in sludge from different stages of wastewater treatment under varying production loads, and to assess the potential ecological risks of physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge using the Risk Entropy(RQ) method. The results indicated that 11 types of antibiotics were detected in the sludge under both high and low production loads, with total detected concentrations of 401.72μg/kg and 55.02μg/kg, respectively, showing significant differences in concentrations among different antibiotics. The production load had a notable impact on the wastewater treatment process. Principal component analysis (PCA) delineated robust disparities in antibiotic concentrations and water quality parameters among various treatment stages, with these differences being more pronounced under high production loads than under low production loads. Furthermore, redundancy analysis (RDA) underscored the substantial influence of distinct wastewater quality parameters on the removal efficacy of antibiotics. Residual levels of antibiotics from pharmaceutical processes remained relatively high in both physicochemical and biochemical dewatered sludge, with elevated concentrations of 9.39μg/g in low production load physicochemical sludge and 12.91μg/g in high production load biochemically dewatered sludge. Erythromycin, roxithromycin, and sulfamethoxazole in sludge-amended soil posed a high risk (RQ>10) to aquatic organisms in the receiving environment, with sulfadimethoxine exhibiting the most pronounced environmental risk (RQ>295.04). Macrolides and sulfonamide were identified as the primary risk factors in pharmaceutical plants, and it is recommended that these be prioritized for pollution control. The ecological risk posed by mixed antibiotics was significantly higher than that of individual antibiotics. Therefore, careful consideration of the final disposal of both physicochemical and biochemical sludge is crucial.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 736-747 [Abstract] ( 69 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1978KB] ( 318 )
748 Traceability of direct and leakage discharge of domestic sewage based on SDBS and DOM
QI Xin, ZHANG Liu, FENG Jing-wei, YIN Hao, LIU Lan-hua, FEI Yang
In this study, the pollution of direct and leakage in Shiwuli River was analyzed by combining anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) traceability methods, and the correlation and difference of each index were studied by Pearson correlation analysis method. The results showed that the content of SDBS in untreated domestic sewage was high (522~668μg/L), which was easily affected by industrial washing wastewater when characterizing the pollution situation. DOM is characterized by high percentage of CHOS compounds (83%~84%), protein + lipid components (80%~81%), high hydrogen-carbon ratio (H/C=1.6) and low-carbon nominal oxidation state (NOSC=-1) in untreated domestic sewage. Combining the advantages of SDBS and DOM traceability can effectively eliminate interference factors and make the characterization of river domestic sewage pollution more reliable. This study can provide new ideas and technical support for the analysis and traceability of the direct and leakage of domestic sewage pollution in rivers.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 748-758 [Abstract] ( 79 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2804KB] ( 437 )
759 Degradation of Rhodamine B by FeMnCoNi-O activated potassium persulfate
XU Bang-li, YAN Hai-xian, WENG Shi-ya, WANG Shi-qi, FANG Feng
FeMnCoNi-O nanoparticles (NPs) with outstanding structural stability and catalytic performance were synthesized by coprecipitation and consequent calcination method. The FeMnCoNi-O NPs were carefully characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analyzer (TG) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques. Furthermore, the obtained catalyst was applied to activate potassium persulfate (PMS) and degrade Rhodamine B (RhB). The effects of reaction conditions such as the concentration of the RhB, PMS and catalysts concentration, the kinds of pollutant and aqueous pH values, on the degradation process and the recycling performance were systematically investigated. Via the calcined treatment (200oC, 2h), the final product was the multi-metal oxide, which exhibited enhanced catalytic performance for the RhB degradation. FeMnCoNi-O NPs can achieve complete degradation of RhB (20mg/L) in 10minutes by activating trace amounts of PMS (0.2mmol/L). With the help of free radical quenching experiment and XPS analysis, it is found the main active substances in the degradation system were 1O2 and SO4·- generated via persulfate activation.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 759-767 [Abstract] ( 90 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1708KB] ( 453 )
768 Causes and control of sludge bulking in high load activated sludge process
AN Ying, ZHANG Hui-min, LIU Yun, CHEN Guang, TANG Chen, ZHOU Zhen
To investigate the causes of sludge bulking during high load operation of activated sludge and the control effect of adding vanillin, this study examined the overall changes in microbial community, filamentous bacteria genus, extracellular polymeric substance secreting bacteria genus, and functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharides synthesis when operating under conventional load or high load with or without vanillin addition. The results indicated that after sludge bulking occurred, there was a decrease in the proportion of proteins to polysaccharides in extracellular polymeric substances. This reduction limited the ability of proteins to act as a biological flocculant and resulted in poorer settling performance of the sludge. The causes of sludge bulking during high load operation were attributed to filamentous bacteria dominated by Sphaerotilus and viscous bulking led by Flavobacterium. The addition of vanillin effectively inhibited the proliferation of Sphaerotilus but still allowed for viscous bulking dominated by Thauera and Zoogloea. Metagenomic sequencing analysis revealed that the abundance of alg, eps, and pel functional gene clusters involved in exopolysaccharide synthesis increased by 0.4~0.5 times, 0.8~1.1 times, and 10.3~15.7 times, respectively. These findings suggest that these gene clusters may be potential factors contributing to the substantial increase in exopolysaccharide content observed in bulking sludge.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 768-775 [Abstract] ( 88 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2046KB] ( 371 )
776 Selective phosphate removal of oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide microrods: Performance and mechanism
HU Qi-li, PANG Shu-yue
Oxygen vacancy-rich magnesium oxide (OV-MgO) microrods were prepared through the combination of chemical precipitation method with high-temperature calcination. The effects of adsorbent dosage, pH values of the solution, coexisting ions and humic acid on the phosphate removal performance were explored. The adsorption kinetic and isotherm models were used to analyze the mass transfer process and the equilibrium characteristics of phosphate adsorption. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were adopted to reveal the phosphate adsorption mechanisms. The results indicated that OV-MgO microrod was a mesoporous material with a total pore volume of 0.18cm3/g, and had a good acid resistance. The phosphate adsorption was influenced by SO42− and HCO3− ions, but its adsorption capacity only decreased by 5.18% and 4.67%, respectively, exhibiting an extremely high selectivity. NH4+ and Ca2+ ions present in the solution contributed to the phosphate adsorption based on the formation of struvite crystals and calcium phosphate precipitates. The adsorption of phosphate on OV MgO nanorods followed the fractal-like pseudo-first-order kinetic model (Adj. R2=0.9979 and RMSE=3.25). The fitting result of the Vermeulen model indicated that the intraparticle diffusion was the rate-controlling step. The maximum adsorption capacity predicted by the Langmuir isotherm model was 267.1mg/g (as PO43−-P). The adsorption mechanisms of phosphate mainly included ligand exchange, surface precipitation and oxygen vacancy capture.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 776-786 [Abstract] ( 80 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2169KB] ( 319 )
787 Nitrogen removal performance and metabolic mechanism in a continuous-flow oxygen-limited mainstream anammox biofilm system
XIE Shu-ting, HAI Yan, ZHOU Xin
Achieving anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) in low ammonia nitrogen wastewater represents a significant challenge for municipal wastewater treatment plants. This study employed a mainstream Anammox continuous-flow oxygen-limited biofilm system (DO: 0.4~0.7mg/L) and investigated the nitrogen removal performance for treating simulated domestic sewage with low ammonia nitrogen content under different influent carbon-to-nitrogen (C/N) ratios (C/N: 2~5). Long-term experimental results indicated that a C/N ratio of 3.5~4.5 achieved over 85% total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency. There was a positive correlation between activity of Anammox bacteria (SAA) and the nitrogen removal efficiency, with the highest SAA observed at a C/N ratio of 4. Additionally, the C/N ratio significantly influenced the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) composition of the biofilm, with the highest protein-to-polysaccharide ratio (PN/PS) and most stable biofilm structure observed at C/N:4. Metagenomic analysis identified Candidatus Kuenenia stuttgartiensis and Candidatus Brocadia sinica as the dominant species, with relative abundances of 21.5% and 4.7%, respectively. A diverse microbial community, including complete ammonia oxidizers (Comammox), and heterotrophic denitrifiers, contributed to microbial community structure in the system. Nitrogen metabolic analysis further uncovered the involvement of partial denitrification genes (HZS、hdh) and Anammox genes (HZS、hdh) in nitrogen removal processes, thus ensuring stable and efficient mainstream nitrogen removal. Research findings are expected to provide a novel option of mainstream anammox-based nitrogen removal process for wastewater treatment plants.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 787-794 [Abstract] ( 89 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1671KB] ( 333 )
795 Degradation mechanism of tetracycline in water by MoS2/PVDF porous membrane driven by water flow
WANG Yue-lu, HAI Shi-kun, HAN Jia-jun, ZHANG Jin-xiao, ZHAI Yuan-meng
In advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS), efficient activation and utilization of PMS was considered to be an important goal for the removal of organic pollutants. The piezoelectric effect driven by water flow was introduced into PMS activation in this study, using the prepared MoS2/PVDF membrane as a piezoelectric membrane to remove tetracycline (TC) from water. The degradation efficiency of TC by MoS2/PVDF membrane was 77.9% within 60min was showed in the results, with a reaction rate constant of 0.0231min-1, which was higher than that of MoS2 (0.0135min-1) and PVDF (0.0085min-1). Sacrificial agent experiments combined with LC-MS were used to explore the intermediates of the TC degradation process and analyze the reaction mechanism. In cycling experiments, the excellent reusability and recyclability was exhibited in MoS2/PVDF membranes. These results indicated that under the mechanical vortex force of water flow, MoS2/PVDF membrane can trigger piezoelectric potential and generate abundant free electrons to activate PMS, thereby producing various active substances to degrade organic pollutants.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 795-802 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3252KB] ( 322 )
803 Study on recovery efficiency and mechanism of high concentration fluoride by a nucleation crystallization pelleting process in photovoltaic wastewater
WANG Ya-dong, FU Zhi-hao, ZHOU Dan-heng, WANG Xiao-chang, JIN Peng-kang, JIN Xin, LI Zhi-lin
In response to the challenge of coexisting high concentrations of fluoride (F-) and sulfate (SO42-) in photovoltaic wastewater, based on the principle of nucleation crystallization pelleting process (NCP), its efficacy and mechanisms for removing F- in such ion coexistence systems were thoroughly investigated. Our study demonstrated that under conditions (nucleation inducer dosage 4.46gMgCl2/gF, flow rate 67.8x10-4m3/h, static bed height 30%, and seed particle size 80~100mesh, F- removal efficiency reached up to 90%. To further validate the stability of the process system, continuous flow defluorination experiments were conducted over 120h. In the first stage (0~40hours), F- removal efficiency stabilized at approximately 89%, increasing to over 92% in the second stage (40~120hours), with granule purity exceeding 90%. Analysis using XRD and Roman revealed that F- predominantly adhered to seed surfaces in the forms of magnesium fluoride (MgF2) and sodium magnesium fluoride (NaMgF3). Static water contact angle tests and SEM-EDS characterization indicated that granules exhibited greater hydrophobicity compared to the raw seeds and formed a loose porous structure, thereby increasing their specific surface area and enhancing F- removal. The ZP revealed that in pH 6~8, the seed surface was positively charged, and F- was mainly concentrated around the surface of the seeds by electrostatic attraction, and then driven by the inducer to nucleate and grow into dense granulation on the surface of the seeds, effectively separating F- from water.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 803-809 [Abstract] ( 71 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1971KB] ( 322 )
810 Comparative analysis of biochar activated peroxymonosulfate and persulfate degradation of tetracycline
YANG Meng-xin, WANG Ya-jing, LIU Wen-jia, HU Guang-zhi, WU Xin-yao, LIU Yan-fang, ZHANG Lei
Corn straw biochar (Y-BC) was prepared by high-temperature pyrolysis method and its structure and morphology properties were characterized with a series of analytical techniques. The effects of initial pH and co-existing ions on tetracycline (TC) removal by Y-BC activated two types of persulfates: peroxydisulfate (PDS) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) were systematically compared. The results showed that Y-BC activated PDS system could effectively remove TC under acidic and neutral conditions (pH=3~7), and TC removal efficiency was between 69.0% to 75.7% in 60min, while alkaline conditions (pH=9~11) TC removal efficiency reduced to 47.8%~48.4%. In contrast, the Y-BC-activated PMS system demonstrated a broad pH range for TC removal, and TC removal efficiency stabilized at 80.9%~86.8% at initial pH 3~11. The Cl- and NO3- anions exhibited negligible effects on both activated persulfate systems. Meanwhile, HCO3- showed an inhibitory effect on TC removal by the Y-BC-activated PDS system while promoting the effect by the Y-BC-activated PMS system. TC removal efficiency decreased by 7.6% and increased by 5.1% with Y-BC-activated PDS and PMS, respectively. Combined the results of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, quenching experiments, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis, it was deduced that the primary active sites for Y-BC activated PDS system were defect structures, and TC degradation was mainly through singlet oxygen (1O2) generation and electron transfer mechanisms. Conversely, functional groups served as key active sites for the Y-BC-activated PMS system, and TC degradation was primarily via hydroxyl radical (·OH) formation.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 810-819 [Abstract] ( 90 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1905KB] ( 461 )
820 Remediation of p-nitrophenol contaminated groundwater using Fe2+/O2/ligand advanced oxidation system enhanced by groundwater circulation well
ZHAO Wei, ZHANG Cheng-wu, ZHANG Hui, YAO Yu, XIN Si-yi, QIN Chuan-yu
In this study, GCW was coupled with the advanced oxidation system based on Fe2+ activated O2 to achieve efficient transmission and uniform distribution of chemical agents while continuously replenishment of oxygen to groundwater, so as to enhance the remediation effect of the Fe2+/O2/ligand was advanced oxidation system. The variation law of groundwater flow field and enhanced transport effect of solute under the enhancement of GCW were clarified using two-dimensional simulation tank experiment combined with visualization methods such as tracer dyeing. In addition, sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was selected as the ligand, and the effect of advanced oxidation system on the remediation of p-nitrophenol (PNP) polluted aquifer was investigated by injection of chemicals into the well. The results show that GCW had achieved efficient transmission of chemical agents and provided sufficient O2 for advanced oxidation reactions. Under the enhancement of GCW, PNP was degraded throughout the simulated tank, with an average degradation rate of 62% in 15h. The results provide a new insight for efficient remediation of organic contaminated groundwater.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 820-828 [Abstract] ( 91 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3312KB] ( 325 )
829 Study on the pollutant migration interception performance of passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier
ZHENG Kai-xuan, LI Yi-hao, LI Fu-li, CHEN Ping, OU Jie-yong, LEI Lei, CHEN Yan-zhi, WANG Wei, DING Jie, PENG Xiang-qin, LIU Na, WEN Yong, LIU Xiao-wen, WANG Hong-tao
Passive convergence-permeable reactive barrier (PC-PRB) is an eco-friendly and sustainable in-situ groundwater remediation technology. Based on mathematical models of groundwater flow and contaminant transport, this study innovatively proposed a grid self-adaptive refinement algorithm and developed a contaminant convection-diffusion numerical simulation software PRB-Trans. Utilizing PRB-Trans, the impact of the decompression convergence process on the contaminant capture performance of PC-PRB was analyzed. Under given simulation contaminant source conditions, compared with the continuous permeable reactive barrier (C-PRB), the required PRB length (LPRB) and PRB height (HPRB) of PC-PRB were reduced by 40.0% and 70.0%, respectively. The PC-PRB's planar and cross-sectional contaminant treatment efficiencies were increased by 102.9% and 348.3%, respectively. The results of the investigation of influencing factors show that with the increase of the drainage pipe length (Lp), the required LPRB and HPRB of PC-PRB decreased, but the reduction rate gradually decreased. Simultaneously, the PRB thickness (HPRB) increased significantly, leading to an increase in the PRB filler volume. To avoid this situation, it is recommended that the Lp/LPRB ratio is less than 2.In addition, due to the mixing and matching function of the decompression convergence wells and the uniform water distribution function of the buffer layer, PC-PRB can effectively solve the problems of low filler utilization rate and local breakthrough of C-PRB, demonstrating its application potential in the field of groundwater remediation.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 829-840 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2651KB] ( 299 )
841 Performance of S-nZVI composite material for remediation of Cr(VI) and TCE co-contaminated groundwater
WANG Xu-chan, WANG Yi-peng, LI Li-li, YUAN Lu-zi, ZHAO Qing-liang, WANG Guang-zhi, XUE Rui-yuan
Using carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as stabilizers, two sulfidated nano zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) composite materials were synthesized in one-step. The apparent morphology, functional group composition, and surface chemical properties of the materials were characterized using SEM-EDS, FTIR, and XPS. Static adsorption experiments were conducted to analyze the removal performance and mechanisms of Cr(VI) and trichloroethylene (TCE) by the two S-nZVI materials. Furthermore, the resistance of the optimal material to interference from groundwater pH and coexisting anions was evaluated. The results showed that CMCS and CMC surfaces contained various functional groups that could form covalent bonds with S-nZVI, improving the dispersion of the sulfidated nano zerovalent iron particles. The adsorption kinetics of Cr(VI) and the degradation kinetics of TCE by the two S-nZVI composite materials were described by pseudo-second-order kinetic models and pseudo-first-order kinetic models, respectively. The isothermal adsorption process of Cr(Ⅵ) removal by the two S-nZVI composite materials was capable of being simulated by the Langmuir model. Moreover, the S-nZVI composite material stabilized with CMCS (CMCS-S-nZVI) presented the highest maximum adsorption capacity for Cr(Ⅵ), which was recorded as 79.46mg/g. The removal efficiency of Cr(VI) and TCE by CMCS-S-nZVI was not significantly affected by pH in the range of 6~9 or by the presence of NO3- and SO42-. During engineering applications, the possible negative effects of Cl- should be paid special attention to. These findings provide theoretical guidance for the effective implementation of permeable reactive barrier (PRB) technology to remediate groundwater contaminated by chlorinated hydrocarbons and heavy metals.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 841-853 [Abstract] ( 97 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3126KB] ( 315 )
854 Advances in carbocatalytic ozonation for water purification
KONG Yi-lian, HOU Zhi-ang, WANG Jin-nan
Heterogeneous catalytic ozonation (HCO) was used to degrade organic pollutants in water via both direct oxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) converted from ozonation. In general, the physicochemical catalysts properties were considered as an important factor that influenced the wastewater purification efficiency. Being attributed to stable chemical properties, easily regulated surface properties and pore structures, carbon-based materials for HCO arose much attention in wastewater treatment. Herein, the research progress and application of carbon-based catalysts for HCO in wastewater treatment were systematically discussed, which helped reader make a complete view. Furthermore, the functionalization and regulation methods of commonly used carbon-based catalysts were introduced in details, and the relationship between carbon-based materials structure and ROS generation was deeply discussed. Meanwhile, organic pollutants degradation mechanisms via radical and non-radical reaction under different reaction conditions such as water quality were expounded. Finally, the prospection and development of carbon-based materials for HCO in wastewater treatment was proposed. The results showed that carbon-based materials for HCO have broad application prospects in wastewater treatment. Future research should focus on the optimization of catalysts and the in-depth exploration of practical applications.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 854-869 [Abstract] ( 77 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1380KB] ( 562 )
Solid Waste
870 Strengthening straw returning by coupling functional microbial agents with organic fertilizers
LI Ming-xing, JIANG Hui, LI Rui-ding, TAO Yi-qian, LI Xing, QIU Zhong-ping
This study established 4treatments, straw degradation microbial agent (MC), organic fertilizer (OF), MC+OF, and control check (CK), and conducted a 120 days straw returning experiment to analyze the impact of different treatments on straw decomposition rate, soil nutrients, and soil microecology. The results demonstrated that the MC+OF treatment significantly improved the straw returning rate, especially enhanced the lignin degradation of stubborn components in the straw. After 120 days, the MC+OF group showed significantly higher rates of hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin degradation, and strawweight loss compared with other treatments, with increases ranging from 2.87% to 11.78%, 3.20% to 10.59%, 6.00% to 32.97%, and 9.49% to 26.77% respectively (P<0.05). The total amount of humus reached 70.39g/kg, a 24.87% increase compared with the CK; additionally, soil organic carbon and dissolved organic carbon increased by 33.39% and 62.00%, respectively, from their initial levels, while soil total nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium) increased relatively by 134.21mg/kg. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers also enhanced the activity of invertase, urease, and neutral phosphatase in the soil. Moreover, microorganisms such as Aspergillus in the MC treatment became dominant genera during the straw returning process, induced a significant enrichment of indigenous microorganisms with lignocellulose degradation functions like Alcaligenes, Ensifer, and Brevundimonas. The combination of microbial and organic fertilizers decreased the total amount of pathogenic saprophytic fungi in the soil and improved soil quality. These results indicate the immense potential of MC+OF in accelerating the recycling and utilization of straw resources.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 870-881 [Abstract] ( 67 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4055KB] ( 250 )
882 The influence of loess cover on odor release from landfills in the northwest region of China——On site monitoring and analysis
XU Xiang-yu, SHAO Li-ming, WANG Yu-jing, LYU Fan, ZHANG Hua, HE Pin-jing
The present study was aimed to quantitatively estimate the odor emission of municipal solid waste landfills in the loess area of Northwest China and investigate the technical feasibility of using loess soil as covering material for odor pollution control. For this purpose, the study was conducted in field and chose four types of landfill surface sources representing different periods and different coverage states in this region. The surface odor release rates were determined as follows: 5915μg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface without cover, 122μg/(m2·h) for newly formed landfill surface with loess cover 757μg/(m²·h) for loess-covered surface after 5months, and 14057μg/(m2·h) for re-exposed landfill surface. The results indicated that the loess cover reduced odor emissions by more than 94% at two periods and effectively controlled various odor compounds. The analysis on the loess microbial community structure after 5 months of coverage showed that Actinobacteria had the highest relative abundance, potentially participated in the degradation of volatile organic compounds, and had a stronger effect on the surface. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness of loess cover in controlling odor emissions, proving that the application of loess as a landfill cover layer is feasible in the northwest region.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 882-891 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2143KB] ( 332 )
892 Effect of halogenated organic pollutants on anaerobic digestion capacity of waste activated sludge and its mechanisms
ZHAO Zheng-zheng, WU Yang, ZHENG Xiong, LONG Min, CHEN Yin-guang
Halogenated organic compounds (HOPs), as important industrial chemicals, are extensively released into the environment during their production, transportation, and usage, ultimately accumulating in waste activated sludge (WAS) from wastewater treatment plants. Anaerobic digestion is a crucial approach for resource recovery from WAS, converting organic matter into valuable products such as volatile fatty acids and methane. However, the effects of HOPs on the anaerobic digestion capacity of WAS and their underlying mechanisms have not been systematically elucidated. Through a comprehensive literature review, this study analyzed the impacts of HOPs on methane production efficiency, key processes, and microbial communities during sludge anaerobic digestion. The results revealed that most HOPs inhibit key stages of anaerobic digestion due to their high toxicity, leading to reduced methane yield, while some low-toxicity HOPs exhibit a "hormesis effect" with promotion at low concentrations and inhibition at high concentrations. HOPs primarily regulate anaerobic digestion efficiency by affecting four critical stages: solubilization, hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and methanogenesis, with the most significant impacts on acidogenesis and methanogenesis. HOPs can influence the function of anaerobic microorganisms by altering microbial community structure, inhibiting key enzyme activities, and interfering with metabolic pathways. This study unveils the mechanisms of HOPs’ effects on sludge anaerobic digestion and proposes future research directions addressing current knowledge gaps, providing a theoretical foundation for resource recovery and safe disposal of WAS.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 892-901 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 512KB] ( 363 )
Soil Pollution Control
902 Peakless distribution and migration model of 239+240Pu in the typical Chinese core samples
HUANG Ya-nan, LIU Zhi-yong, GUAN Yong-jing
Based on data from 45 soil cores, 35 lake sediment cores, and 32 sea sediment cores in China, this study found a type of 239+240Pu peakless distribution cores in soil, lakes, and marine environments, and discussed their causes of 239+240Pu peakless distribution. The results show that there were two main types of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in soil core samples: one that the 239+240Pu specific activity increased with depth, and the other that the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth; when using a Convection Dispersion Equation (CDE) model to simulate the migration behavior of 239+240Pu in soil cores, the apparent convection rate showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth (n=45, R2=0.847). There was only one type of peakless distribution of 239+240Pu in lake and ocean core samples: the 239+240Pu specific activity decreased with depth. Meanwhile, the sedimentation rate of lake core samples (n=35, R2=0.921) or the maximum apparent convection rate of marine core samples (n=32, R2=0.949) also showed a positive correlation with the 239+240Pu maximum depth. The maximum apparent convection rate of the exchangeable 239+240Pu in the peakless distribution core sample was close to the sedimentation rate, and the maximum apparent convection rate didn’t affect the vertical distribution of 239+240Pu in the core sample.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 902-912 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1970KB] ( 249 )
913 Field study on rapid remediation of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant
FENG Ya-song, WANG Shui, LI Meng-ya, LYU Zong-xiang, CHEN Yu-tao, YIN Zhi-hua, BAI Li-sen
This study was aimed to rapidly remediate the cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure (3C structure) and carrying structure by composite contaminant containment and carrying structure (4C structure) in operating plant. To assess the effectiveness of the 4C structure, both field and laboratory tests were performed. Field tests included elevation monitoring, rebound modulus testing, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) concentration detection, while laboratory tests focused on determining the compressive strength and permeability coefficient of the core samples. The results indicated that the injected polymers exert a compressive force on the surface layer of 4C structure, which reduces the elevation variance by 71.4%, thereby markedly enhancing its flatness. Additionally, regarding the 14 filed test points on the surface layer with an average crack width of 7.5mm, the rebound modulus (E) values at 42.9% of these test points achieved over 80% of E value measured within the uncracked control area. The axial compressive strength of core samples from these points increased by 0.38 times, and the penetration resistance of the base soil layer increased by 21.3%. These results suggested a significant improvement in the load-carrying performance of 4C structure compared with the cracked 3C structure. Furthermore, the permeability coefficient of the core samples was reduced by approximately 2orders of magnitude, and the VOCs concentration in the sampling holes decreased by 80%. This demonstrated the contaminant containment performance of 4C structure was also significantly improved. This research provided an innovative method to assess and improve the service performance of cracked contaminant containment and carrying structure in operating plant.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 913-924 [Abstract] ( 82 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4101KB] ( 428 )
925 Occurrence and probabilistic health risk assessment of PFASs in electroplating contaminated soil
MA Lin, WANG Guan-song, JIANG Lin, XIA Tian-xiang, ZHANG Wen-yu, ZHONG Mao-sheng, LIANG Jing, LI Ji-hong, YANG Shuo
Electroplating is one of the most significant sources of perfluorinated and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in the environment. In this study, the occurrence of PFASs in soil of a relocated electroplating plant was analyzed. The probabilistic health risk was evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation, and the soil screening levels of PFASs were suggested. The soil samples were detected with 8PFASs, and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) was detected with the highest detection frequency of 89% and concentration of 388ng/g among the targeted PFASs. The distribution of PFASs in soil was impacted by the locations of production units. The total concentration and concentrations of single PFAS such as PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS) were significantly higher in soil at chromium plating department (P<0.05). Intake through human oral exposure of soil PFASs accounted for 75.2%~77.6%. Carcinogenic risk of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was 6.22x10-11, showing no carcinogenic risk in soil. Non carcinogenic risk quotient of PFOS was larger than 1based on the deterministic values of the exposure factors, while other PFASs showed no non carcinogenic risk. Monte Carlo simulation showed that the risk quotient of PFOS ranged from 0.731 to 5.38, with 95% quantile being 3.85. The 95% quantile values of risk quotient of other PFASs were between 8.77x10-6 and 0.0137. The soil screening levels of targeted PFASs ranged from 78 to 38826ng/g, and PFOS was found to have the most strict level of 78ng/g.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 925-934 [Abstract] ( 92 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 850KB] ( 387 )
Environmental Ecology
935 Distribution of nitrate nitrogen and oxygen isotopes along the hydrological path in alpine forests
HAN Yi-meng, ZHOU Jian-xing, XIA Fan, LI Bing-zhen, XIE Dan-ni
To deeply understand the nitrogen cycling process in alpine forest small watersheds in the northeast of the Tibetan Plateau, the throughfall, soil water and surface runoff at two alpine forest sites in Datong and Huangyuan in the Hehuang Valley in the Tibetan Plateau were studied from April to September 2022. The concentration and flux of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) were monitored, and the distribution characteristics of nitrogen and oxygen (N and O) isotopes of nitrate (NO3−) along the hydrological path (from throughfall to soil water and then to surface runoff) was analyzed via stable isotope technology. The results showed that the average nitrogen deposition in Datong and Huangyuan (3.60kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in the Tibetan Plateau (2.94kg/(hm2·a)), and the nitrogen deposition in Huangyuan (4.17kg/(hm2·a)) was higher than that in Datong (3.02kg/(hm2·a)). The average concentration of NO3− in soil water at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.78mg/L. The average δ18O-NO3− ((−1.54±9.77)‰) in soil water was lower than that in throughfall ((74.2±0.01)‰), indicating that nitrification occurred in alpine forest soil. Over 90% of the NO3− in soil water was from soil nitrification using the end member model analysis, and the remaining approximately 10% might be came from atmospheric deposition. The average concentration of NO3− in surface runoff at the two alpine forest small watersheds was 5.73mg/L. The δ18O-NO3− and δ15N-NO3− in surface runoff were enriched along the growth trend of 1:2, indicating that a denitrification process occurred in surface runoff. The δ15N-NO3− and δ18O-NO3− in the Tibetan Plateau alpine forests decreased from throughfall to soil water, and then increased from soil water to surface runoff.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 935-942 [Abstract] ( 84 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1011KB] ( 322 )
943 Minerological analysis of typical sediment in East Qinling molybdenum mine area and the migration behavior of molybdenum
YU Sheng-hui, ZHENG Jiang-jiang, LI Hang, ZHAO Liang, ZHANG Lei, HUA Li
This study focuses on the East Qinling molybdenum mine area, where the pollution of heavy metals in the surrounding aquatic environment and the mineralogical characteristics of the associated sediment were analyzed. Furthermore, the study examined the migration behavior of molybdenum (Mo) during the leaching process from mine tailings to its mineralization in sediment. The findings revealed that the Mo concentration in the aquatic environment significantly surpassed the environmental background levels. Specifically, the maximum exceedance of Mo in the water samples was recorded at 21600 times above the baseline. Additionally, the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) values in both sediments and tailings exceeded 5. The sediments collected from aquatic environments impacted by AMD in the East Qinling molybdenum mining area predominantly comprised schwertmannite minerals, characterized by distinctive "poly spheroid" and "hedgehog" morphologies, and a substantial amount of Mo was immobilized within the mineral structure. In mine tailings, molybdenum (Mo) predominantly exists in the oxidation state of Mo(VI), whereas in schwertmannite, both Mo(VI) and Mo(IV) are present. This indicates a significant change in the valence state of Mo during its migration from tailings to sediments. Moreover, leaching experiments demonstrated that Mo associated with schwertmannite can be re-released into the environment, the processes were significantly influenced by the mineralogical characteristics of schwertmannite. Specifically, schwertmannite with higher crystallinity was found to be more effective in immobilizing Mo.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 943-953 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2566KB] ( 345 )
954 Analysis of sediment sources in karst small watersheds in Southwest China using composite fingerprinting technique
DAI Tao, JIANG Yong-jun, TIAN Xing, LIU Fang, HAN Sha, LUO Shu-e
This study focuses on the karst depression in Fenghuang Village, Zhongliang Mountain, Chongqing, using the composite fingerprinting technique. An optimal combination of fingerprint properties was selected to quantify the contributions of potential sources to the depression deposits by using multivariate linear mixed model (IsoSource) and Bayesian mixed models (MixSIAR, SIMMR, and SIAR). In addition, the applicability of these models was further assessed by using their root mean square error (RMSE) and in combination with previous reports. Results indicated that the cumulative identification accuracy of the five fingerprint properties, i.e., the total carbon (TC) content, sand content, grain size at 70% frequency (D70), soil organic carbon (SOC) content, and sulfur (S) content, reached 89.5%, and therefore these properties constituted an optimal combination. The RMSE values for the four models were: MixSIAR (2.05), SIMMR (2.05), SIAR (2.07), IsoSource (2.34). Since the RMSEs of the three Bayesian mixed models were lower than that of the IsoSource model, the applicability of the Bayesian mixed models for quantifying the contributions of sediment sources to the depression deposits was higher than that of the multivariate linear mixed model. Among the three Bayesian mixed models, the MixSIAR and SIMMR models had the highest accuracy. Results from the MixSIAR and SIMMR models indicated that arable land was the primary source of the depression deposits, followed by ditch walls, with forest and grassland contributing the least. The composite fingerprinting technique could effectively quantify the sediment sources in the small watersheds in the depression. In this study, the composite fingerprinting technique was employed to unveil the sediment source of depression deposits in a typical karst trough valley in Southwest China, aiming to provide a reference for model selection in similar studies.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 954-965 [Abstract] ( 87 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2550KB] ( 564 )
966 Scenario simulation of ecosystem service tradeoff-synergy and bundles in Guizhou Province
HUANG Xian-feng, GOU Rong, SU Wei-ci
The InVEST-PLUS model was coupled to calculate and analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of four types of ecosystem services in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2030 under different scenarios. Based on Spearman’s correlation analysis, the trade-offs/synergies between various service functions were examined, and self-organizing feature mapping networks were utilized to reveal the ecosystem service bundles. The results showed that from 2000 to 2020, the changes in land structure were mainly characterized by the continuous decrease of arable land and the fluctuating changes of forest and grassland, with a significant expansion of construction land. The natural development scenario showed the most significant increase in construction land among the three scenarios, with an increase of 25.39%, while in the ecological protection scenario, the main ecological land such as forest and grassland were protected. The water yield and soil conservation showed a fluctuating trend of first decreasing and then increasing from 2000 to 2020, while habitat quality and carbon storage showed a declining trend. The average value of carbon storage decreased from 234.05t/hm2 to 231.70t/hm2, and the average value of habitat quality decreased from 0.64 to 0.60. Relatively, in the ecological protection scenario, except for a slight decrease in water yield, other ecological function indicators improved, especially carbon storage and habitat quality, which reached the highest values. The trade-offs (3pairs) and synergies (3pairs) between ecosystem service functions in the study area showed a relatively balanced state. Under the ecological protection scenario, the correlation coefficients between different ecosystem services gradually increased, indicating an overall trend of environmental improvement in the region. Based on the clustering results, four types of ecosystem service bundles (ESB) were identified in Guizhou Province. From 2000 to 2030, the spatial pattern of various ecosystem service clusters in the study area remained basically stable, but there was spatial and temporal heterogeneity among different ESBs.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 966-980 [Abstract] ( 85 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 10690KB] ( 308 )
981 Isotopic analysis of nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal river estuaries of Laizhou Bay
ZHANG Lu-yao, YUE Fu-jun, LI Jun, JIAN Rui-feng, MA Zhuo-ni, GONG Yao-qi, LIU Xiao-long
To understand nitrogen pollution and sources of Laizhou Bay, nitrogen sources and transformation processes in the coastal rivers entering the sea of Laizhou Bay were studied. Water quality parameters, nitrogen content, and stable isotopes were used to clarify the sources and key processes in river estuary. The results indicate strong temporal and spatial consistency between δD and δ18O of water, EC, and salinity, suggesting significant seawater mixing effects in the estuary, which was significantly weakened upstream of the river. NO3--N was found to be the dominant form to inorganic nitrogen in most reaches of the river during high flow and low flow seasons, ranging from 37.2% to 81.7% and 29.5% to 95.9%, respectively, except for a few sites. Furthermore, extreme values of ρ(TN) and ρ(NH4+-N) values were observed at some sample sites during low flow season, which were significantly higher than those during the high flow season. Some water samples had ρ(NH4+-N) values exceeding 2mg/L, resulting in an inferior Category V water quality. The long-term variation of ρ(NO3--N) from 2005 to 2023 showed an initial increase followed by a decrease in rivers entering Laizhou Bay. The δ15N-NO3- varied from +5.7‰ to +18.6‰ and from +4.5‰ to +20.0‰ during the high flow and low flow seasons, respectively, while the δ18O-NO3- varied from +4.2‰ to +13.8‰ and from -0.5‰ to +20.1‰, with no obvious seasonal variations. The nitrate isotope results showed that nitrification was major process affecting riverine nitrogen entering Lanzhou Bay, and that some river samples were also influenced by denitrification. During low flow season, NO3--N at the low salinity sampling sites was mainly sourced from manure and sewage, while most estuary sites during the high flow season were affected by the salty tide backflow, and agricultural fertilization impacted most river sections. This study provides insights into the emission characteristics of nitrogen pollution sources and spatial and temporal variability in Laizhou Bay’s coastal zone estuaries, offering valuable research demonstrations and data references for future prevention, control, and management efforts for nitrogen pollution in rivers entering the sea around the Bohai Sea.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 981-990 [Abstract] ( 86 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1204KB] ( 445 )
991 Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics, ecological risk assessment and source analysis of heavy metals in surface sediments of Hasuhai Lake
ZHANG He-yu, ZHANG Jing, LU Shao-yong, HAN Zhen-yang, SHI Zu-qin, ZHANG Rong-she
Hasuhai Lake was selected as the research object, where surface sediment samples were collected from 19 sampling points during three water periods: April 2023 (dry season), July 2023 (wet season), and September 2023 (normal season). The concentrations of seven heavy metals (As, Cr, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and Hg) were determined, with all metals except Cr being detected. Subsequently, their pollution levels and spatial distribution characteristics were analyzed. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) and potential ecological risk index (RI) were used to assess the potential ecological risks of six heavy metals, respectively. The correlation analysis (CA), principal component analysis (PCA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF) models were utilized to analyze the sources and relative contributions of heavy metals in surface sediments. The results indicated that the average contents of six heavy metals in both dry and wet season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments, and the average contents of five heavy metals except As in normal season exceeded the background values of Inner Mongolia stream sediments. The average contents of Cd and Hg exceeded the background values of Chinese stream sediments in the three water periods. Spatially, the distribution of heavy metals content in surface sediments of each water period is significantly different. The high value of heavy metals content in the dry season is concentrated in the east and west of the lake area, the wet season is mainly concentrated in the north and south of the lake area, and the normal season is mainly concentrated in the middle of the lake area. The results of the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method revealed that Cd and Hg were the main heavy metals elements causing ecological risks in the three water periods, and the mean values of RI in each water period were 590.42, 503.73 and 570.07 respectively, indicating a strong potential ecological risk. The sum of the contribution rates of Cd and Hg to RI values in the three water periods exceeded 90%. The main sources of heavy metals in surface sediments were identified as agricultural production activities and transportation (32.5%), industrial activities (22.7%), natural sources (20.1%), and mining activities (24.7%).
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 991-1003 [Abstract] ( 97 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4574KB] ( 419 )
1004 Distribution characteristics and source analysis of nitrate in groundwater of Datong Basin
GE Qin, ZHANG Jun-peng, WANG Yang, WANG Hui-man, SHAO Zheng, LI Xiang, LIU Hai-yan, LI Xin-yan
This study delved into the origins and transformation processes of nitrate in the groundwater of the Datong Basin, utilizing hydrochemical analysis alongside multi-isotope techniques (δ18O-H2O, δ15N-NO3- and δ18O-NO3-). With the MixSIAR model, we quantitatively assessed the contribution of various pollution sources. Research results are as follows, the mean concentrations of NO3--N, NO2--N and NH4+-N in groundwater were found to be 32.07,0.96和0.61mg/L, respectively, with NO3--N being the most prevalent. Remarkably, the peak concentration of NO3--N soared to 538.61mg/L, surpassing the Class III groundwater quality benchmark (20mg/L) by a staggering 27 times, with a 39.13% exceedance rate. The NO3--N concentration decreased as groundwater depth increased: shallow groundwater averaged at 34.26mg/L, middle groundwater at 22.05mg/L, and deep groundwater at 13.07mg/L. Nitrogen transformation in groundwater was primarily driven by nitrification, whereas denitrification played a minor role. The primary culprits behind nitrate pollution in groundwater were identified as sewage and manure, soil nitrogen and chemical fertilizers. Their respective average contribution rates were as follows: in shallow groundwater, sewage and manure accounted for 33.6%, followed by soil nitrogen at 33.5% and chemical fertilizers at 21.5%. For middle groundwater, the rates were 43.3% for sewage and manure, 34.4% for soil nitrogen, and 18.1% for chemical fertilizers. In deep groundwater, soil nitrogen led with 54.4%, chemical fertilizers followed at 25.1%, and sewage and manure contributed 18.5%. An uncertainty analysis revealed that the contribution rates of chemical fertilizers and soil nitrogen carried significant uncertainty, indicated by their relatively high UI90values. The research results provide a reference for understanding nitrogen transformation and identifying pollution sources in groundwater.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1004-1015 [Abstract] ( 107 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2712KB] ( 517 )
1016 The composition of DOM and its correlation with water quality in Momoge Nature Reserve
ZHENG Shan-shan, LIU Dong-ping, XIE Xiao-lin, QIAN Feng, YU Hui-bin, SONG Yong-hui
In Momoge Nature Reserve, three distinct water bodies were selected for the investigation of the composition, spectral characteristics, and sources of dissolved organic matter (DOM) utilizing three-dimensional excitation emission matrix spectroscopy in conjunction with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC). Additionally, two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy combined with structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the variations of DOM components and their relationships with water quality parameters. The results indicated that the DOM in the water bodies originated from both endogenous and exogenous sources, which has obvious humification characteristics. Five components were identified as microbial metabolites (C1), fulvic acid-like (C2 and C4), humic acid-like (C3) and tryptophan-like (C5) through three-dimensional fluorescence coupled with PARAFAC. Of five components, C1content was the highest (41.37%). The changing sequence of DOM components along the direction of water flow was characterized by 2D-COS as follows: C4→C2→C3→C1→C5, with humic-like substances showing greater variation than tryptophan-like substances, and the content of tryptophan-like substances being relatively stable. The humification degree of DOM directly affected the water quality status with influence weight of 46.17%. The water quality was indirectly impacted by DOM components C2 and C3 with a 17.59% influence weight. Insight into the response mechanism of DOM properties to water quality in Momoge Nature Reserve could provide a theoretical basis for the ecological protection of nature reserves.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1016-1026 [Abstract] ( 100 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2957KB] ( 245 )
1027 Study on the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen output in watershed under typical rainfall events
LIU Xin-ru, DU Xin-zhong, LIU Xiao-rong, LEI Qiu-liang, LIU Hong-bin
In order to explore the characteristics and influencing factors of nitrogen export at the watershed scale during storm events, this study carried out water quality and quantity monitoring of six typical storm events in the Fengyu River Watershed in the upper subbasin of Erhai Lake in Basin 2022 and 2023. The changes of nitrogen export during rainfall-runoff process and the influence mechanism of rainfall intensity, duration, flow and other factors on nitrogen load were investigated. The results indicated that it was more likely to cause larger rainfall runoff when the antecedent soil moisture was highter in the early stage of rainfall event. A large fluctuation of nitrogen concentration was observed when the rainfall intensity reached heavy rain (level 3), indicating that the loss of nitrogen is affected by the rainfall intensity. The analysis of different stages of rainfall events showed that nitrogen was mainly lost in the late stage of the event, accounting for about 62.25%~78.77% of nitrogen load during the whole event, but the amount of nitrogen loss per unit time was large in the early stage of rainfall. For heavy and extreme events, the proportion of nitrogen loss in the middle period was more than 50% of nitrogen load during the whole event, and the nitrogen loss per unit time was the largest in the middle period of the event. Redundancy analysis of rainfall-runoff process and nitrogen loss factors showed that nitrogen concentration change and load export were mainly positively correlated with Antecedent Precipitation Index (API), followed by average rainfall intensity (RI), maximum 30-minute rainfall (I30) and peak flow (FP). Among them, ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO3--N) were significantly correlated with total discharge (FA), duration of rainfall (RT), and total rainfall (RA). However, dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) has a greater correlation with API and a weaker or negative correlation with other factors.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1027-1035 [Abstract] ( 77 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1660KB] ( 375 )
Environmental Microbiology
1036 The driving effect of Bacillus megaterium-Celosia argentea L. combination on the succession of microbial communities in cadmium-contaminated soil
LAI Cai-xing, LIN Hua, LIU Ze-hui, DONG Zi-han, LIU Jie, YU Guo
This study focused on the plant-microbe combined remediation system involving Bacillus megaterium and Celosia argentea L., to explore the impact of Bacillus megaterium on the succession of the rhizosphere microbial community and its role in the remediation of cadmium-contaminated soil. High-throughput sequencing analysis was conducted to examine the structural changes in the rhizosphere microbiota of Celosia argentea at different time points (7th, 21st, and 50th days). The results indicated that in the treatment group, inoculated with B. megaterium, the number of OTUs, diversity indices (Shannon, Simpson), and richness indices (Chao1, Ace) of the microbial community were all higher than those in the control group by the 50th day; the Acidobacteriota, Chloroflexi, Proteobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were the core groups within the microbial community; B. megaterium was able to dominate the rhizosphere microbial community in the early stages but its relative abundance gradually declined from 12.01% to 1.17% over the 50days; Functional prediction of the soil microbial community showed that B. megaterium mainly promoted the C and N cycle within the microbial community, potentially exerting a positive influence on the functionality and stability of the microbial community; B. megaterium significantly increased the cadmium content in the leaves of C. argentea and the bioavailable cadmium content in the rhizosphere soil by 40.3% and 17.6%, respectively. This study provides a theoretical foundation and empirical data support for optimizing plant-microbe combined remediation techniques and understanding the succession patterns of microbial communities in plant-microbe combined remediation systems.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1036-1044 [Abstract] ( 101 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1182KB] ( 335 )
1045 Eco-engineering of Fe ore tailings into soil using sludge and functional microbial system
LIU Nuo, WANG Xiao-ya, LIU Hai-long, ZHENG Chun-li
Addressing the drawbacks of iron-based tailings, such as high salinity and alkalinity, low nutrient content, poor water retention, and difficulty in effective utilization, this study utilize the functional microbial system to improved and restored the ecological function of iron tailings, and alfalfa was chosen as the pioneer plant to study the effect of the composite flora on the improvement and restoration of iron tailings by analysing the growth indexes of the plants. Results from pot experiments indicated that the average height of alfalfa in the treatment groups increased by 63.99% compared with the control group, with a decrease in tailings pH and a significant increase in nutrient elements such as urease enzyme activity, catalase enzyme activity and effective phosphorus. Microbial diversity analysis revealed that the abundance of nitrogen-fixing related microbial groups, such as the Nitrospirae, increased by approximately one-fold compared to the untreated groups. Therefore, the functional microbial system has the potential to regulate the acidity of iron tailings, provide nutrients to promote plant growth, increase the abundance of sterol bacteria microbial communities, enhance metabolic capabilities and nitrogen-fixing potential, and contribute to rehabilitate of iron tailings.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1045-1051 [Abstract] ( 81 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1615KB] ( 281 )
1052 Deciphering the microbial community structure and function of sludge with different morphologies along the ANAMMOX reactor under long-term operation
YAN Bing, NIE Han-bing, FU Jia-qi, HAN Pei, YI Qi-zhen, GUI Shuang-lin, XIA Song
To understand the characteristics of microbial communities along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) system, this study explored the diversity, structure, species network, and functional features of microbial communities in sludge with different morphologies along the flow direction in a long-term operated up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) ANAMMOX system. The results showed significant differences (P<0.05) in the abundance of AnAOB genes in sludge with different morphologies along the anaerobic ammonia oxidation system. The abundance of AnAOB genes in the bottom granular sludge (KL) was 2.12×1010copies/g VSS, which was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that in sludge with other morphologies along the system. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in the microbial diversity of sludge with different morphologies along the system, but no obvious change patterns were observed. The dominant bacterial phyla (relative abundance>1%) in sludge with different morphologies were Chloroflexi, Planctomycota, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Acidobacteriota, and Actinobacteriota. The top 10genera in terms of relative abundance were norank_f_norank_o_SBR1031, Candidatus_Kuenenia, norank_f_Anaerolineaceae, Nitrosomonas, Limnobacteriota, norank_f_PHOS-HE36, Denitratisoma, Denitratisoma, and OLB13norank_f_ A4b. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in relative abundance among different samples. There were significant differences (P=0.001) in the microbial community structure of sludge with different morphology along the process. Network analysis found differences in the structure and topological properties of microbial networks among different morphologies of sludge. Specifically, the average degree and center tightness of flocculent sludge in sedimentation tank (CD) and biofilm in the effluent pipe (XK) were higher than those in other samples along the system, indicating a closer correlation among microbial communities. PICRUSt2analysis revealed that the abundance of functional genes related to metabolic pathways was significantly higher than that of other functional genes. Additionally, there were significant differences (P<0.05) in metabolic functional genes abundance among different morphologies of sludge along the process. The relative abundance of nitrogen metabolism functional gene hao was much higher than that of norB, while the abundance of the narG gene was 20.8 to 733.9times that of nirS, indicating activeness of partial nitritation and partial denitrification functions within the system. The anaerobic ammonia oxidation system exhibits significant heterogeneity in the microbial communities of sludge with different morphologies along the process, but no distinct regularity is observed.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1052-1062 [Abstract] ( 98 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3821KB] ( 297 )
Environmental Toxicology and Environmental Health
1063 Metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different sizes to earthworms Eisenia fetida
YANG Xiao-xia, ZHANG Xue-mei, SHU Xiao, XIE Man-li, MENG Xia, ZHANG Wei, YANG Jun-ying, GONG Jiu-ping, LI Bi-quan
By using Eisenia fetida as the test object, the growth and reproduction, cytochrome P450 (CYP) sub-enzymes activity, and small molecule metabolites were measured to investigate the metabolic toxicity of polyethylene microplastics with different particle sizes (small, 30~50μm; large, 125μm) at different concentrations (0.5, 2.5, 10, 20g/kg). The results showed that small particles of polyethylene were more likely to retain and accumulate in earthworms, and their harm to earthworms were greater. And large particle polyethylene microplastics could inhibit the reproduction of earthworms to some extent. The top twelve most important metabolites identified by metabolomics responded differently under the stress of different sizes of polyethylene, and the particle size of polyethylene had a significant effect on the toxic effect. The stress of small-size polyethylene with low concentrations (0.5, 2.5g/kg) had no significant effect on the CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 activities and the concentrations of important metabolites in earthworms; under the stress of small-size polyethylene with high concentrations (10, 20g/kg), the levels in seven important metabolites (L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, docosapentaenoic acid, (5Z, 8Z, 14Z) -11, 12-dihydroxyicosa-5, 8, 14-dienoic acid (11, 12-DHET), inositol, and all-trans-retinoic acid) significantly increased by 20.5% to 70.2% compared to the control. Small-size polyethylene could cause the inflammation and neuro-metabolic disorders in earthworms, and damage their osmotic regulation metabolism. The significant induction of CYP2B6 and CY2C9 activity revealed that earthworms had certain detoxification functions. Under the stress of large-size polyethylene with the concentration of 0.5~20g/kg, no significant change in the activities of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 in earthworms in comparison to the control was observed. However, the levels in majority of important metabolites, including L-formylkynurenine, androstanedione, androstenedione, adenosine 3'-phosphate, inosine, and xanthine, were all significantly lower than the control by 20.0% to 77.3%, which suppressed the hormone production of the earthworms, thus affecting their reproduction and metabolism.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1063-1073 [Abstract] ( 87 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4814KB] ( 562 )
1074 Emission characteristics and health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from electronics-manufacturing industry
LYU Zhe, LI Guo-hao, BAI Hua-hua, LIU Xiao-yu, SHAO Xia, NIE Lei
In order to study the emission characteristics of VOCs from the electronics-manufacturing industry and associated health risk assessment, ten typical electronics enterprises were selected to carry out sample collection and VOCs detection. Moreover, the impacts of VOCs on human health were evaluated by the US EPA and ACGIH methods. The results showed that: The concentrations of VOCs emitted from different types of electronic enterprises exhaust gas were different. The VOCs concentrations in the semiconductor devise and electronic terminal product were relatively higher than those in the display device and printed circuit board, and the VOCs concentrations were 13.41~13.63, 3.34~86.11, 7.86~9.75 and 4.31~4.67mg/m3, respectively. The main organic group in semiconductor devise exhaust gas was alkanes (70.56%~70.78%), and dimethylpentane (32.03%~33.60%) was the main VOCs species. The main organic group in display device exhaust gas and printed circuit board exhaust gas were both OVOCs, accounting for 93.48%~95.87% and 92.27%~93.05%, respectively. Additionally, the highest mass fraction were acetone (91.89%~94.99%) and isopropanol (80.36%~83.07%) in display device and printed circuit board. Due to the different production products, VOCs components were different in the electronic terminal product, but mainly OVOCs, aromatics and alkanes. The coefficient of divergence between different enterprises was 0.67~0.91, indicating that VOCs source profiles must not be similar. Total hazard ratio for non-cancer risk in semiconductor devise was the highest (484.35), followed by display device (447.46), electronic terminal product (11.74~87.35) and printed circuit boards (2.25), suggesting long-term exposure of various electronic industries would cause non-cancer health hazards. The LCRs from semiconductor devise (1.63×10-3) and electronic terminal product (1.64×10-4~5.16×10-3) were much higher, suggesting that these enterprises have a certain cancer risk. The LCRs from display device and printed circuit board were 1.74×10-5 and 1.40×10-5, indicating that these enterprises have a high probability cancer risk. The total Eifrom electronic terminal product was the highest, while that from display device was the lowest. However, the Ei in different electronics industries were lower than 0.1, indicating that VOCs emitted from these industries may not generate many harmful effects to the workers. The results of the cancer risk assessment using the EPA and ACGIH methods vary significantly. This is mainly because two methods have different limiting indicators for the reference concentration of VOCs species exposure. But on the whole, the health risks from VOCs emitted in the electronic terminal product and semiconductor devise were much higher than in the other two industries. Therefore, to ensure the safety of workers, measures for controlling VOCs should be strengthened.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1074-1087 [Abstract] ( 75 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1557KB] ( 428 )
1088 Neurodevelopmental toxicity and combined effects of bisphenol S and bisphenol F induced zebrafish
YANG Xiao, BAO Zhi-wei, HAN Xiao-wen, SU Xin-cong, MENG Ling-hao, DAI Zhuo-ya, WANG Ze-jun, WANG Hui-li
In this research, BPS and BPF with sublethal dose were selected to compare the difference and combined toxicity of neurodevelopmental toxicity in zebrafish from four aspects: developmental phenotype, motor behavior, vascular development and neurotoxicity. The results showed that both BPS and BPF of LC5 induced apparent deformities in zebrafish, such as inhibiting the development of swimming sac and yolk sac. Exposure to BPS and BPF can affect the early motor behavior of zebrafish, which is potentially associated with damage to the cardiovascular system and nervous central system. BPS and BPF caused abnormal cardiovascular development and shortened caudal vein (CV) width in zebrafish. The abnormal transmission of DA, AChE and NO neurotransmitters leads to the impaired development of zebrafish neurons, which has a direct impact on the function of the lateral nervous system, and then leads to the impaired early motor behavior of zebrafish. BPS and BPF show different toxicity differences in specific indicators. BPF exposure is more likely to induce tissue and organ toxicity in zebrafish, while the direct toxicity of BPS is less than that of BPF, which is more manifested at the molecular level, indicating that there is a certain degree of difference in the mode of action of the two. In addition, combined with the analysis of the combined action of concentration addition model, the addition action between BPS and BPF is mainly. The results of this study provide a reference for health risk assessment and risk warning after exposure to BPS, BPF and their mixtures.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1088-1098 [Abstract] ( 88 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3595KB] ( 367 )
1099 Activation of alveolar macrophage in rats under different modes of PM2.5 exposure and its mechanism
ZHU Li-na, YANG Lin-hui, LIN Ben-cheng, SHI Yue, LIU Huan-liang, XI Zhu-ge
To explore the effects of two distinct PM2.5 exposure patterns on alveolar macrophages activation in rats, namely long-term low-concentration continuous exposure and high-concentration intermittent exposure. The rats were divided into three groups: a blank control group, a 4-fold concentrated PM2.5 continuous exposure group (4FC group) and an 8-fold concentrated PM2.5 intermittent exposure group (8-FI group). Exposure was facilitated using a whole-body dynamic exposure system over 84 days. The pathological changes in lung tissue were observed using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. The oxidative stress indexes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were determined by colorimetry. The mRNA levels of M2 polarization markers in lung tissue were measured by RT-qPCR. The protein expression levels related to the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, which are involved in macrophage activation, were assessed by Western blot. The results showed that, compared with the control group, the experimental group showed obvious symptoms of lung injury, accompanied by a significant elevation oxidation index in BALF. The mRNA levels of M2polarization marker and the protein expression of PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways were significantly upregulated, with the 8FI group showing higher levels than the 4FC group. These findings demonstrate that long-term inhalation of PM2.5 can promote the activation of alveolar macrophages via the stimulation of the PI3K/AKT and JAK1/STAT6 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to lung injury. And intermittent inhalation of PM2.5 with high concentration has a more serious effect on alveolar macrophages activation than continuous inhalation to low concentration. At the cellular level, the effect of PM2.5 on alveolar macrophages activation and related signaling pathways were further verified.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1099-1109 [Abstract] ( 66 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1450KB] ( 406 )
1110 Thiabendazole-induced cardiac toxicity in early developmental stages of zebrafish
GUAN Sheng, HU Bin, ZHU Zhe-ning, WANG Bin-jie, WANG Ji-ye, ZHENG Ruo-nan
The development of the heart in zebrafish embryos was examined after exposure to different concentrations of thiabendazole (TBZ) solution (0.06, 0.6, and 6mg/L). The levels of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of genes related to cardiac development were assessed. The results indicated that exposure to the high concentration of TBZ (6mg/L) caused severe cardiotoxicity, including pericardial edema and a reduced heart rate in zebrafish embryos. This concentration also induced significant oxidative stress in the heart, leading to a large number of apoptotic cells and marked changes in the expression of cardiac development-related genes (gate4, nppa, sox9b, vmhc), as well as apoptosis-related genes (bcl2, bax, puma, p53). These findings suggested that TBZ induced cardiotoxicity by disrupting the normal expression of genes involved in cardiac development, generating oxidative stress, and triggering apoptosis.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1110-1117 [Abstract] ( 61 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3322KB] ( 295 )
1118 Effects of short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its constituents on fasting plasms glucose and blood lipids
SANG Chen, HE Ying-qian, JIA Jia, CHEN Hao, WANG Min-zhen
The effects of PM2.5 and its constituents (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, OM, BC) on fasting blood glucose and lipid levels in the short-term were examined in the “Jinchang Cohort”. The daily average concentrations of PM2.5 and its constituents from 2010to 2015 in Jinchang City were sourced from China's Near Real-Time Air Pollutants dataset. Individual exposure was determined by matching the study subjects' residential addresses with pollution data. Generalized estimating equations were used to analyze the short-term effects of PM2.5 and its constituents on glucose and lipid indicators. Generalized additive mixed models were used to create exposure-response curves and perform stratified analyses. The findings showed that PM2.5 and its constituents had delayed effects on blood glucose and lipid levels. Specifically, higher concentrations of PM2.5, SO42-, NO3-, NH4+, and OM correlated with increased levels of FPG, TC, HDL-C, and LDL-C, while TG showed a decrease. PM2.5 and SO42- exhibited more pronounced effects on fasting blood glucose levels in males, whereas PM2.5 and its five components had more significant impacts on lipid levels in females, individuals aged 60 years or older, those who are overweight or obese, individuals in prediabetic stages, and those with hypertension. Therefore, short-term exposure to PM2.5 and its components correlates with abnormal blood glucose and lipid levels in the population. Thus, various high-risk groups should adopt self-protection measures accordingly.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1118-1126 [Abstract] ( 68 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1325KB] ( 305 )
1127 Post-assessment of health impact of water pollution emergencies
LIU Ting-ting, ZHANG Xiao-tong, ZHANG Wen-ying, SONG Feng-jing, CHEN Cheng-yu, JIANG Lin-lin, XIE Xiao-min, SUN Yi-ming, HAN Xu, WANG Xian-liang
Water pollution incidents were collected, and the characteristics of the incidents and their impact on population health were summarized. The types of water pollution incidents were classified as industrial pollution, agricultural pollution, and urban pollution. Industrial pollution were primarily caused by anthropogenic emissions and contaminant leakage. The pollutants were primarily heavy metals and chemicals. These pollutants were not usually directly affecting human health but resulted in the most economic losses once they occurred. Agricultural pollution, encompassing arable land pollution and animal husbandry pollution, was leading to economic losses with no serious health damage being caused. Urban pollution was being closely related to human health, and the health consequences caused by microbial pollution were the most frequent, primarily acute damage. The physiological and psychological health of the population were affected after the occurrence of the pollution incidents. Limited research had been conducted on residual water pollution and its chronic long-term effects on public health. The health risk assessment of residual pollution was worth being explored.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1127-1135 [Abstract] ( 74 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 466KB] ( 560 )
Beautiful China Initiative
1136 Research on the beautiful China initiative from the perspective of ecological civilization: a review and future prospects
WANG Jin-nan, QIN Chang-bo, XUE Qiang, LU Lu, ZHANG Jia-wei, ZHANG Yang, ZHANG Xiao-jing, XIONG Shan-gao, QIANG Ye, XIAO Yang
By thoroughly investigating the strategic relationship between the beautiful China initiative and the construction of the economy, politics, culture, society, and ecological civilization, this paper first introduces the concept and connotations of the beautiful China initiative and then summarizes the current state of research on this initiative from five aspects: connotation theory, the target indicators, the path of tasks, practical exploration, and the initiative’s guarantee system. In general, this research has effectively supported the formulation and implementation of the beautiful China initiative strategy. This paper concludes by pointing out the needs and prospects of research on the beautiful China initiative for the construction of an ecological civilization, including deepening research on the ideological connotations and theoretical system of the beautiful China Initiative, as well as strengthening the strategic objectives and indicator system, strategic tasks and implementation paths, and practical integration and guarantee system of the beautiful China initiative. The results provide guidance for the comprehensive promotion of research on the beautiful China initiative.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1136-1147 [Abstract] ( 144 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 578KB] ( 464 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
1148 Analysis of implicit air pollutant transfer and drivers of interprovincial trade in China
LU Xuan-hui, JIN Xuan-yi, FANG De-lin
This paper employed the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) to clarify the spatial and temporal evolution of the embodied pollutant emission patterns in China's interprovincial trade in 2012, 2015, and 2017. The structural decomposition analysis (SDA) model was applied to identify the socio-economic factors affecting the changes in pollutant emissions. The results showed that the areas with net pollutant export gradually shifted from those which have developed economic on the east coast to those have rich resources in the northwest.Moreover, the gap between provinces in net imports and exports of pollutants decreased. For example, the gap in SO2 from 2012 to 2017 reduced by 63%. In addition, the increase of final demand was the main driver of the increase of emissions, with an average contribution of up to 669% to the emissions of the four air pollutants. The optimization of the energy consumption structure and the reduction of energy consumption per unit of GDP effectively curbed the momentum of emissions increase. The average contribution of the energy consumption structure to the four pollutants decreased from -220.75% to -546.25%. Although the impact of production technologies is minor, its impact on emissions has shifted from a facilitating to a dampening effect. This study provides new insights for improving energy efficiency and developing a clean energy mix, which contributes to developing measures to mitigate demand-side pollutant emissions and coordinated regional trade policies.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1148-1161 [Abstract] ( 76 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1553KB] ( 305 )
1162 A study on the impact of culture and tourism integration on green total factor productivity in China
YAN Xiong, GUO Ju-mei, PU Wei
This study examines the impact of cultural and tourism integration on green total factor productivity in China, utilizing provincial panel data from 2010 to 2021 and employing both static panel models and system GMM models. The findings reveal a nonlinear "U-shaped" relationship, where culture and tourism integration initially suppresses but ultimately enhances green total factor productivity, contingent upon achieving a preliminary level of coordination. Regional analysis shows that this "U-shaped" relationship is present only in the highly integrated eastern regions. Additionally, market environment and industrial agglomeration significantly moderate the relationship between culture and tourism integration and green total factor productivity. The advanced industrial structure emerges as the ultimate pathway through which culture and tourism integration fosters improvements in green total factor productivity. Based on these insights, targeted recommendations are proposed to promote culture and tourism integration, thereby empowering green total factor productivity.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1162-1175 [Abstract] ( 88 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1229KB] ( 370 )
Emerging Contaminants
1176 Sodium persulfate enhanced active manganese oxide filter material to remove BPA:influence of NH4+、Mn2+
CHENG Ya, ZHANG Xiao-xiao, QU-MU Guo-er, WEN Gang, HUANG Ting-lin
The active manganese oxide (MnOx) filter media was found to exhibit efficient catalytic oxidation performance in removing ammonia nitrogen and manganese pollutants from water, but it was lacking in stability for the removal of bisphenol A (BPA), and the interaction mechanism with other inorganic pollutants remained unclear. In this study, sodium persulfate (NPS) was used to enhance the effect of the activated filter material (FM) on the removal of BPA. The experiment revealed that the removal rate could be increased to over 80% with the addition of just 0.1mmol/L of NPS, and the removal efficiency was further improved as the NPS concentration increased, ultimately reaching 100%. The addition of NH4+ and Mn2+ was found to increase the production of reactive species by promoting electron transfer and providing electrons, respectively, thus enhancing the removal efficiency of BPA. The cycling experiment demonstrated that, while the FM exhibited good stability, the removal rate dropped to 48% after 11consecutive uses; however, this rate could be maintained above 65% with the addition of NPS. Free radical quenching and EPR experiments, along with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, confirmed that the primary reactive species in the filter material/NPS system were SO4·−, ·OH, and 1O2, with Mn(III) playing a crucial role in the catalytic oxidation process for removing BPA. The addition of NPS facilitated the formation of Mn(III), thereby promoting the removal of BPA.
2025 Vol. 45 (2): 1176-1184 [Abstract] ( 77 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1352KB] ( 328 )
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