我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险

罗莹; 刘娜; 孙善伟; 侯嵩; 郭昌胜; 徐建

PDF(448 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (4) : 1806-1814.

环境生态

我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险

罗莹^1,2,3, 刘娜³, 孙善伟¹, 侯嵩¹, 郭昌胜^1,3, 徐建^1,3

作者信息 +

Occurrence and ecological risk of typical DBPs in Chinese surface water

LUO Ying^1,2,3, LIU Na³, SUN Shan-wei¹, HOU Song¹, GUO Chang-sheng^1,3, XU Jian^1,3

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

氯消毒过程中可能生成有毒有害的副产物，会对水生态系统和环境健康产生直接和间接的次生危害.三卤甲烷（THMs）和卤乙酸（HAAs）是地表水中检出率最高的消毒副产物（DBPs），其毒性效应受到广泛关注.本文检索整理了三氯甲烷（TCM）、三溴甲烷（TBM）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）和三氯乙酸（TCAA）在我国地表水暴露浓度和对水生生物的毒性效应浓度，了解我国重点流域地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的浓度水平，分别利用急、慢性毒性数据推导预测无效应浓度（PNEC），并使用风险商（RQ）和概率生态风险评价法（PERA）对我国重点流域水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA进行多层次生态风险评估.结果表明，我国地表水环境中TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA暴露浓度范围为n.d.~51μg/L.以致死和生长、繁殖等为测试终点的急、慢性毒性数据，构建物种敏感度分布（SSD）曲线，推导出TCM、TBM、DCAA和TCAA的PNEC值分别为0.586，0.857，0和44.880mg/L；0.006，0.064，0.956和0.012mg/L.基于急、慢性毒性数据计算出的RQ小于1.我国重点流域中TCM和TCAA对1%的水生生物造成生长、繁殖等慢性毒性影响的概率分别为78.86%和20.61%，存在潜在的生态风险.

Abstract

Trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), the disinfection by-products (DBPs) in surface water, have given rise to major concern in recent years. In this study, exposure and ecotoxicity data of 4 DBPs (trichloromethane, tribromomethane, dichloroacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid) were collected from literature published in China and abroad, and a multiple-level environmental risk assessment was performed. THMs and HAAs were collected from previous studies, with concentrations range from n.d. to 51μg/L. Predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) for trichloromethane (TCM), tribromomethane (TBM), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) and trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) was based on acute and chronic toxicity data. The PNEC of TCM, TBM, DCAA and TCAA derived from acute and chronic toxicity data which based on endpoints of survival, reproduction and development, with concentrations range from 0mg/L to 44.88mg/L, 0.006mg/L to 0.956mg/L, respectively. Besides, risk quotient (RQ) and probabilistic ecological risk assessments (PERA) were calculated by exposure data, and PNEC of acute and chronic toxicity data. The results showed that RQ were less than 1. TCM of probabilities of exceeding NOEC based on chronic toxicity for 1% of the species were 78.86%. And TCAA of probabilities of exceeding NOEC based on chronic toxicity for 1% of the species were 20.61%. Based on these results, the ecological risks of TCM and TCAA in Chinese surface water were low.

导出引用

罗莹, 刘娜, 孙善伟, 侯嵩, 郭昌胜, 徐建. 我国地表水中典型DBPs的暴露水平及生态风险[J]. 中国环境科学. 2021, 41(4): 1806-1814

LUO Ying, LIU Na, SUN Shan-wei, HOU Song, GUO Chang-sheng, XU Jian. Occurrence and ecological risk of typical DBPs in Chinese surface water[J]. China Environmental Science. 2021, 41(4): 1806-1814

中图分类号： X171.5 X824

参考文献

[1] Regli S, Chen J, Messner M, et al. Estimating potential increased bladder cancer risk due to increased bromide concentrations in sources of disinfected drinking waters[J]. Environmental Science& Technology, 2015,49(22):13094-13102.
[2] Richardson S D, Plewa M J, Wagner E D, et al. Occurrence, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity of regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in drinking water:a review and roadmap for research[J]. Mutation Research/Reviews in Mutation Research, 2007,636(1/3):178-242.
[3] 钱洪智.不同饮用水源水氯化消毒副产物的特征与风险评价[D]. 杭州:浙江大学, 2013. Qian H Z. Characteristics and risk assessment of DBPs in different chlorination drinking water source[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University, 2013.
[4] Hao R J, Zhang Y, Li Y, et al. Effect of water chemistry on disinfection by-product formation in the complex surface water system[J]. Chemosphere, 2017,172:384-391.
[5] Du Y, Wu Q Y, Hu H Y, et al. Increase of cytotoxicity during wastewater chlorination:Impact factors and surrogates[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2017,324:681-690.
[6] 梅玉琴,李谦,刘天洁,等.自贡市乡镇自来水厂氯化消毒副产物调查[J]. 预防医学情报杂志, 2012,28(11):851-854. Mei Y Q, Li Q, Liu T J, et al. Investigation of chlorinated disinfection by products in township waterworks in Zigong[J]. Journal of Preventive Medical Information, 2012,28(11):851-854.
[7] 刘晓琳.饮用水中THMs、HAAs、含氮类和卤代酮类消毒副产物检测识别与风险评估[D]. 上海:复旦大学, 2013. Liu X L. Determination and risk assessment of THMs, HAAs, nitrogen containing DBPs and haloketones in drinking water[D]. Shanghai:Fudan University, 2013.
[8] 刘丽颖.南方某地农村集中供水消毒副产物水平研究[D]. 北京:中国疾病预防控制中心, 2012. Liu L Y. Study on disinfection by-product levels in centralized water supply from a southern rural area[D]. Beijing:Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012.
[9] 李肖楠.海河口三卤甲烷分布和生态风险评价[D]. 天津:天津大学, 2013. Li X N. Distribution of trihalomethanes in Haihe river estuary and ecological risk assessment[D]. Tianjin:Tianjin University, 2016.
[10] 蔡靖.石河子市饮用水中消毒副产物的污染水平研究及风险评估[D]. 石河子:石河子大学, 2018. Cai J. Study on the pollution level and risk assessment of disinfection byproducts in drinking water in Shihezi City[D]. Shi Hezi:Shi Hezi University, 2018.
[11] 宋月,魏麟欢,郭维静,等.大连市饮用水中消毒剂副产物调查[J]. 中国消毒学杂志, 2015,32(5):517-518. Song Y, Wei L H, Guo W J, et al. Investigation of disinfectant by-products in drinking water, Dalian City[J]. Chinese Journal of Disinfection, 2015,32(5):517-518.
[12] 刘祖发,周月英,张骏鹏,等.广州市饮用水中消毒副产物卤乙酸的毒性及其降解研究[J]. 亚热带资源与环境学报, 2015,10(3):1-10. Liu Z F, Zhou Y Y, Zhang J P, et al. Disinfection by-products halo acetic acids of Guangzhou drinking water:toxicity and degradation[J]. Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment, 2015,10(3):1-10.
[13] 王晓云,李启明,付爱明.福鼎市桐江溪卤乙酸分布特征及潮汐影响分析[J]. 河北工业科技, 2019,36(4):263-270. Wang X Y, Li Q M, Fu A M. Distribution characteristics and tidal effects of halo acetic acids in Tongjiang river, Fuding City[J]. Hebei Journal of Industrial Science and Technological, 2019,36(4):263-270.
[14] Zhao W J, Boyd J M, Qin F, et al. Formation of N-Nitrosamines and two new N-containing disinfection by-products from chlorination of water containing diphenylamine[J]. Environmental Science& Technology, 2009,43:8443-8448.
[15] Choi J, Valentine R L. Formation of N-Nitroso dimethylamine (NDMA) from reaction of monochloramine:a new disinfection by-product[J]. Water Research, 2002,36:817-824.
[16] Gerecke A C, Sedlak D L. Precursors of N-Nitroso dimethylamine in natural waters[J]. Environmental Science& Technology, 2003,37:1331-1336.
[17] Chen W Y, Yong T M. Influence of nitrogen source on NDMA formation during chlorination of diuron[J]. Water Research, 2009, 43:3047-3056.
[18] Kaydos E H, Soarez J D, Roberrts N L, et al. Haloacid induced alterations in fertility and the sperm biomarker SP22in the rat are additive:validation of an ellsa[J]. Toxicological Sciences, 2004,81:430-442.
[19] Schell J D J. Interactions of halogenated hydrocarbon mixtures in the embryo of the japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes)[D]. New Brunswick:The State University of New Jersey, 1987.
[20] Cherkin A, Catchpool J F. Temperature dependence of anesthesia in golfish[J]. Science, 1964,144:1460-1462.
[21] Slooff W. Detection limits of a biological monitoring system Based on fish respiration[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1979,23(4/5):517-523.
[22] Mattice J S, Tsai S C, Burch M B, et al. Toxicity of trihalomethanes to common carp embryos[J]. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 1981,110(2):261-269.
[23] Ward G S, Parrish P R, Rigby R A. Early life stage toxicity tests with a saltwater fish:effects of eight chemicals on survival, growth, and development of sheepshead minnows[J]. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 1981,8(1/2):225-240.
[24] Buccafusco R J, Ells S J, Leblance G, et al. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus)[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1981,26(4):446-452.
[25] Heitmuller P T, Hollister T A, Parrish P R. Acute toxicity of 54industrial chemicals to sheepshead minnows (cyprinodon variegatus)[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1981, 27(5):596-604.
[26] Gibson C I, Tone F C, Wilkinson P, et al. Bioaccumulation and depuration of bromoform in five marine species[R]. Richland:Batelle Northwest National Laboratories, 1979.
[27] Fisher D L, Yonkos G, Ziegler E, et al. Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to daphnia magna, cyprinodont variegatus, and isochores galbanum[J]. Water Research, 2014,55:233-244.
[28] Knapek R, Lakota S. Biological testing to determine toxic effects of pesticides in water[J]. Tauscher Ditch Demark Redub Ditch Akkad Land Berl, 1974,126:105-109.
[29] Linden E, Bengtsson B E, Sundstrom G, et al. The acute toxicity of 78chemicals and pesticide formulations against two brackish water organisms, the bleak (alburnus) and the harpacticoid Nicotra snipiness[J]. Chemosphere, 1979,8(11/12):843-851.
[30] Jirasek J, Adamek Z, Kepr T. Toxicity of some herbicides for fish[J]. Zivoc Vyroba, 1980,53(11):857-862.
[31] Birge W J, Black J A, Kuehne R A. Effects of organic compounds on amphibian reproduction[R]. Lexington:Research Report No. 121, Water Resources Research Institute, 1980.
[32] Black J A, Birge W J, Ramey B A, et al. The aquatic toxicity of organic compounds to embryo-larval stages of fish and amphibians[R]. Lexington:Research Report No.133, Water Resources Research Institute, 1982.
[33] Byrne T D. The Effects of Four Trihalogenated methanes on the embryonic development of rana pipiens and xenopus laevis[D]. Minnesota:St Cloud State University, 1978.
[34] Fort D J, Stover E L, Rayburn J R, et al. Evaluation of the developmental toxicity of trichloroethylene and detoxification metabolites using xenopus[J]. Teratog Carcinog Mutagen, 1993,13(1):35-45.
[35] Khangarot B S, Das S. Acute toxicity of metals and reference Toxicants to a freshwater ostracod, cypris subglobosa sowerby, 1840 and correlation to EC₅₀values of other test models[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2009,172(2/3):641-649.
[36] Calleja M C, Persoone G, Geladi P. Comparative acute toxicity of the first 50multicentre evaluation of in vitro cytotoxicity chemicals to aquatic non-vertebrates[J]. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1994,26(1):69-78.
[37] Horne J D, Oblad B R. Aquatic toxicity studies of six priority pollutants[J]. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 1983,32(5):586-594.
[38] Leblanc G A. Acute toxicity of priority pollutants to water flea (Daphnia magna)[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1980,24(5):684-691.
[39] Jolley R L, Brungs W A, Jacobs V A, et al. Investigation of the effects of halogenated organic compounds produced in cooling systems and process effluents on aquatic organisms[M]. Ann Arbor:Environmental Impact and Health Effects, 1978:163-173.
[40] Richie J P, Mills B J, Lang C A. The verification of a mammalian toxicant classification using a mosquito screening method[J]. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 1984,4(6):1029-1035.
[41] Cowgill U M, Milazzo D P, Landenberger B D. Toxicity of nine benchmark chemicals to speleothems causatum, a marine diatom[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1989,8(5):451-455.
[42] Erickson S J, Hawkins C E. Effects of halogenated organic Compounds on photosynthesis in estuarine phytoplankton[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1980,24(6):910-915.
[43] Curieux F L, GauthierA L, Erb F, et al. Use of the SOS chromates, the ames-fluctuation test and the new micronucleus test to study the genotoxicity of four trihalomethanes[J]. Mutagenesis, 1995,10(4):333-341.
[44] Hanson M L, Solomon K R. Halo acetic acids in the aquatic environment. part I:Macrophyte Toxicity[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2004,130(3):371-383.
[45] 雷炳莉,黄圣彪,王子健.生态风险评价理论和方法[J]. 化学进展, 2009,21(2/3):350-358. Lei B L, Huang S B, Wang Z J. Theories and methods of ecological risk assessment[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2009,21(2/3):350-357.
[46] Liu N, Jin X W, Wu F C, et al. Ecological risk assessment of fifty Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs) in Chinese surface waters:A proposed multiple-level system[J]. Environment International, 2020,136:105454.
[47] Liu N, Wang Y Y, Jin X W, et al. Probabilistic assessment of risks of diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) in surface waters of China on reproduction of fish[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2016,213:482-488.
[48] 王冬梅.城市污水处理过程中消毒副产物HAAs及其前体物的研究[D]. 西安:西安建筑科技大学, 2013:7-11. Wang D M. Research of HAAs formation and its precursors in municipal sewage treatment process[D]. Xi'an:Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 2103.
[49] Jin X W, Wang Z, Giesy J, et al. Do water quality criteria based on nonnative species provide appropriate protection for native species[J]. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 2015,34(8):1793-1798.
[50] 刘娜,金小伟,王业耀,等.生态毒理数据筛查与评价准则研究[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2016,11(3):1-10. Liu N, Jin X W, Wang Y Y, et al. Review of criteria for screening and evaluating ecotoxicity data[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2016, 11(3):1-10.
[51] 金小伟,雷炳莉,许宜平,等.水生态基准方法学概述及建立我国水生态基准的探讨[J]. 生态毒理学报, 2009,4(5):609-616. Jin X W, Lei B L, Xu Y P, et al. Methodologies for deriving Water quality criteria to protect aquatic life (ALC) and proposal for development of ALC in China:a review[J]. Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology, 2009,4(5):609-616.
[52] 梁霞,周军英,李建宏,等.物种敏感度分布法(SSD)在农药水质基准推导中的应用[J]. 生态与农村环境学报, 2015,31(3):398-405. Liang X, Zhou J Y, Li J H, et al. Application of species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to derivation of water quality criteria for pesticides[J]. Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 2015,31(3):398-405.
[53] Zhou S B, Paolo C D, Hollert H, et al. Optimization of screening-level risk assessment and priority selection of emerging pollutants-The case of pharmaceuticals in European surface waters[J]. Environment International, 2019,128:1-10.
[54] Loekle D. The Effects of chlorinated hydrocarbons on carassius auratus (Goldfish)[D]. Binghamton:State University of New York, 1987.
[55] Bringmann G, Kuhn R. Testing of substances for their toxicity threshold:model organisms microcystis (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and scenedesmus quadricauda[J]. Int Ver Theor Angew Limnol, 1978,21:275-284.
[56] Zhu Y H, Jiang G J. Combined toxic effects of typical mutagens-dimethylphenol, tribromethane and dinitroaniline, on unicellular Green Algae dunaliella salina[J]. Journal of Food Safety and Food Quality, 2009,29(1):1-13.
[57] Bantle J A, Finch R A, Fort D J, et al. FETAX validation using 12compounds with and without an exogenous metabolic activation system[J]. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 1999,19(6):447-472.
[58] Felicio A A, Crago J, Maryoung L A, et al. Effects of alkylphenols on the biotransformation of diuron and enzymes involved in the synthesis and clearance of sex steroids in juvenile male tilapia (Oreochromus mossambica)[J]. Aquatic Toxicology, 2016,180:345-352.
[59] Applegate V C, Howell J H, Smith M A, et al. Toxicity of 4346chemicals to larval lampreys and fishes[J]. Specific Science Reproduction Wild, 1957,207:157.
[60] Roberts J F, Price O R, Van Egmond R. Toxicity of halo acetic acids to freshwater algae[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2010, 73(1):56-61.
[61] Calabrese E J, Chamberlain C C, Coler R, et al. The effects of trichloroacetic acid, a widespread product of chlorine disinfection, on the dragonfly nymph respiration[J]. Environmental Health Science, 1987,22(4):343-35.
[62] Correa M, Calabrese E J, Coler R A. Effects of trichloroacetic acid, a new non-Tamiment found from chlorinating water with 0rganic Material, on dragonfly nymphs[J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 1985,34(2):271-274.
[63] Jin X W, Wang Y Y, Wang Z J, et al. Eclogical risk of nonylphenol in china surface waters based on reproductive fitness[J]. Environmental Science& Technology, 2014,48:1256-1262.
[64] Jin X W, Zha J M, Xu Y P, et al. Derivation of aquatic predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) for 2,4-dichlorophenol:comparing native species data with non-native species data[J]. Chemosphere, 2011,84(10):1506-1511.
[65] Solomon K, Giesy J, Jones P. Probabilistic risk assessment of agrochemicals in the environment[J]. Crop Protection, 2000,19(8):649-655.
[66] Wang Y Y, Zhang L S, Meng F S, et al. Improvement on species sensitivity distribution methods for deriving site-specific water quality criteria[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2015, 22(7):5271-5282.