Source appointment of aerosol phosphorus in Asian continental outflow
GU Han1, SHI Jin-hui1,2, GAO Hui-wang1,2, YAO Xiao-hong1,2
1. Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China; 2. Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266237, China
Abstract：Using 112 total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in Qingdao under the prevailing westerly wind, the variations in the total P (TP) and the dissolved P (DP) concentrations were related to the air mass backward trajectories during the sample collections. In addition, Positive Definite Matrix Factor Analysis (PMF) and Potential Source Contributing Factor Analysis (PSCF) were applied to apportion the TP and DP and to resolve their potential contributing regions. The TP mainly came from crustal sources (45%); followed by vehicle emissions (22%), combustion (21%) and industrial sources (12%); sea salt emissions had the minimum contribution (<1%). However, the DP mainly came from the anthropogenic sources, including 35% contribution from vehicle emissions, 28% contribution from combustion sources and/or secondary acidified particulate insoluble P during the long-range transport, and 25% contribution from industrial sources. The contributions from natural sources such as mineral dust and sea salt aerosols were approximately 9% and 1% respectively. In each type of TP and DP origin, the potential contribution regions of TP and DP were similar. However, the potential contribution regions of DP covered large areas. For the P (TP and DP) derived from the crustal, its potential contributors were distributed along the transport path of dust from the deserts to coastal area; for sea-salt P, the contributors were from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. The potential industrial contributors of TP and DP were mainly from Henan, Shandong and southern Mongolia. The contributors from combustion or secondary emissions were mainly from southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu while their contributors from vehicle emissions were mainly distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu.
Filippelli G M.The global phosphorus cycle:Past, present, and future[J].Elements, 2008,4(2):89-95.
[2]
Elser J J, Bracken M E S, Cleland E E, et al.Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems[J].Ecology Letters, 2007,10(12):1135-1142.
[3]
Mahowald N, Jickells T D, Baker A R, et al.Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles, DOI:10.1029/2008GB003240.
[4]
Nenes A, Krom M D, Mihalopoulos N, et al.Atmospheric acidification of mineral aerosols:a source of bioavailable phosphorus for the oceans[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011,11(13):6265-6272.
[5]
Myriokefalitakis S, Nenes A, Baker A R, et al.Bioavailable atmospheric phosphorous supply to the global ocean:a 3-D global modeling study[J].Biogeosciences, 2016,13(24):6519-6543.
[6]
Meng Y, Li R, Cui L, et al.Phosphorus emission from open burning of major crop residues in China[J].Chemosphere, 2022,288:132568.
[7]
Wang R, Balkanski Y, Boucher O, et al.Significant contribution of combustion-related emissions to the atmospheric phosphorus budget[J].Nature Geoscience, 2015,8(1):48-54.
[8]
Vet R, Artz R S, Carou S, et al.A global assessment of precipitation chemistry and deposition of sulfur, nitrogen, sea salt, base cations, organic acids, acidity and pH, and phosphorus[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2014,93:3-100.
[9]
Herbert R J, Krom M D, Carslaw K S, et al.The effect of atmospheric acid processing on the global deposition of bioavailable phosphorus from dust[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2018,32(9):1367-1385.
[10]
Kanakidou M, Duce R A, Prospero J M, et al.Atmospheric fluxes of organic N and P to the global ocean[J].Global Biogeochemical Cycles, DOI:10.1029/2011gb004277.
[11]
Sansone F J, Benitez-Nelson C R, Resing J A, et al.Geochemistry of atmospheric aerosols generated from lava-seawater interactions[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2002,29(9):41-49.
[12]
Chen L, Arimoto R, Duce R A.The sources and forms of phosphorus in marine aerosol particles and rain from Northern New Zealand[J].Atmospheric Environment, 1985,19(5):779-787.
[13]
Paatero P, Tapper U.Positive matrix factorization:A non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values[J].Environmetrics, 1994,5(2):111-126.
[14]
Lucey D, Hadjiiski L, Hopke P K, et al.Identification of sources of pollutants in precipitation measured at the mid-Atlantic US coast using potential source contribution function (PSCF)[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2001,35(23):3979-3986.
[15]
Zhao L, Song S, Li P, et al.Fine particle-bound PAHs derivatives at mountain background site (Mount Tai) of the North China:Concentration, source diagnosis and health risk assessment[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021,109:77-87.
[16]
Huang A, Yin S, Yuan M, et al.Characteristics, source analysis and chemical reactivity of ambient VOCs in a heavily polluted city of central China[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2022,13(4):101390.
[17]
Jain S, Sharma S K, Srivastava M K, et al.Chemical characterization, source apportionment and transport pathways of PM2.5 and PM10 over Indo Gangetic Plain of India[J].Urban Climate, 2021,36:100805.
[18]
Bigio L, Mayol-Bracero O L, Santos G, et al.Are the phosphate oxygen isotopes of Saharan dust a robust tracer of atmospheric P source?[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2020,235:117561.
[19]
张芊,庞可,马彩云,等.甘肃地区春冬季颗粒物输送路径及潜在源分析——基于HYSPLIT4模式及TraPSA分析平台[J].中国环境科学, 2022,42(2):509-518.Zhang Q, Pang K, Ma C Y, et al.Analysis of transportation path and potential sources of atmospheric particulate matter over Gansu Province in spring and winter-Based on HYSPLIT4model and TraPSA analysis platform[J].China Environmental Science, 2022, 42(2):509-518.
[20]
余创,张玉秀,陈伟.银川市PM2.5的输送路径及潜在源解析[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(7):3055-3065.Yu C, Zhang Y X, Chen W.The transport pathways and potential source regions of PM2.5 in Yinchuan, China[J].China Environmental Science, 2021,41(7):3055-3065.
[21]
马静,燕莹莹,孔少飞,等.武汉军运会前后臭氧及其前体物的特征和来源[J].中国环境科学, 2022,42(7):3023-3032.Ma J, Yan Y Y, Kong S F, et al.Characteristics and sources of ozone and its precursors aroundthe Wuhan Military Games[J].China Environmental Science, 2022,42(7):3023-3032.
[22]
Shi J, Wang N, Gao H, et al.Phosphorus solubility in aerosol particles related to particle sources and atmospheric acidification in Asian continental outflow[J].Atmos.Chem.Phys., 2019,19(2):847-860.
[23]
Wang Y Q, Zhang X Y, Draxler R R.TrajStat:GIS-based software that uses various trajectory statistical analysis methods to identify potential sources from long-term air pollution measurement data[J].Environmental Modelling & Software, 2009,24(8):938-939.
[24]
Zong Z, Wang X, Tian C, et al.PMF and PSCF based source apportionment of PM2.5 at a regional background site in North China[J].Atmospheric Research, 2018,203:207-215.
[25]
Anderson L D, Faul K L, Paytan A.Phosphorus associations in aerosols:What can they tell us about P bioavailability?[J].Marine Chemistry, 2010,120(1):44-56.
[26]
Park M, Lee T, Lee E, et al.Enhancing source identification of hourly PM2.5 data in Seoul based on a dataset segmentation scheme by positive matrix factorization (PMF)[J].Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2019,10(4):1042-1059.
[27]
Liu T, Hu B, Yang Y, et al.Characteristics and source apportionment of PM2.5 on an island in Southeast China:Impact of sea-salt and monsoon[J].Atmospheric Research, 2020,235:104786.
[28]
Almeida S M, Lage J, Fernández B, et al.Chemical characterization of atmospheric particles and source apportionment in the vicinity of a steelmaking industry[J].Science of The Total Environment, 2015, 521-522:411-420.
[29]
Cachier H, Ducret J.Influence of biomass burning on equatorial African rains[J].Nature, 1991,352(6332):228-230.
[30]
周雪明,郑乃嘉,李英红,等.2011~2012北京大气PM2.5中重金属的污染特征与来源分析[J].环境科学, 2017,38(10):4054-4060.Zhou X M, Zheng N J, Li Y H, et al.Chemical characteristics and sources of heavy metals in fine particles in Beijing in 2011~2012[J].Environmental Science, 2017,38(10):4054-4060.
[31]
Tao J, Zhang L, Cao J, et al.A review of current knowledge concerning PM2.5 chemical composition, aerosol optical properties and their relationships across China[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017,17(15):9485-9518.
[32]
Liu B, Wu J, Zhang J, et al.Characterization and source apportionment of PM2.5 based on error estimation from EPA PMF 5.0model at a medium city in China[J].Environmental Pollution, 2017,222:10-22.
[33]
Ding X, Qi J, Meng X.Characteristics and sources of organic carbon in coastal and marine atmospheric particulates over East China[J].Atmospheric Research, 2019,228:281-291.
[34]
Wu S, Cai M, Xu C, et al.Chemical nature of PM2.5 and PM10 in the coastal urban Xiamen, China:Insights into the impacts of shipping emissions and health risk[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2020,227:117383.
[35]
Harrison R M, Jones A M, Gietl J, et al.Estimation of the contributions of brake dust, tire wear, and resuspension to nonexhaust traffic particles derived from atmospheric measurements[J].Environ.Sci.Technol., 2012,46(12):6523-6529.
[36]
Yatkin S, Bayram A.Elemental composition and sources of particulate matter in the ambient air of a Metropolitan City[J].Atmospheric Research, 2007,85(1):126-139.
[37]
Lin Y C, Tsai C J, Wu Y C, et al.Characteristics of trace metals in traffic-derived particles in Hsuehshan Tunnel, Taiwan:size distribution, potential source, and fingerprinting metal ratio[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(8):4117-4130.
[38]
Furutani H, Meguro A, Iguchi H, et al.Geographical distribution and sources of phosphorus in atmospheric aerosol over the North Pacific Ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters, 2010,37(3):32.
[39]
Vicars W C, Sickman J O, Ziemann P J.Atmospheric phosphorus deposition at a montane site:Size distribution, effects of wildfire, and ecological implications[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(24):2813-2821.
[40]
Gross A, Turner B L, Goren T, et al.Tracing the Sources of Atmospheric Phosphorus Deposition to a Tropical Rain Forest in Panama Using Stable Oxygen Isotopes[J].Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(3):1147-1156.
[41]
Weinberger R, Weiner T, Angert A.Isotopic signature of atmospheric phosphate emitted from coal combustion[J].Atmospheric Environment, 2016,136:22-30.
