Progress in measurements of semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds in ambient air
TAN Xin1,2, YUAN Bin1,2, WANG Chao-min1,2, YE Chen-shuo2,3, ZHANG Shen-yang1,2, SHAO Min1,2
1. Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; 2. Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China; 3. College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
Abstract：This review summarizes the most important measurement techniques and their applications for semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in ambient air, focusing on techniques based on gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry methods. S/IVOCs were initially measured by gas chromatography technologies, and the detection capability has been advanced along with developments of mass spectrometry technologies. Both offline and online gas chromatography methods can directly measure numerous non-polar S/IVOC compounds. However, it is still a challenge in traditional one-dimensional chromatography to separate and quantify myriads of organic compounds in ambient air, as the result of insufficient peak capacity and seriously overlapping of chromatographic peaks. Multi-dimensional separation systems, e.g. comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, have been applied more widely for S/IVOCs measurements, which can achieve accurate and rapid separation of chemical components in complex chemical systems through orthogonal separation systems. On-line measurement techniques based on chemical ionization mass spectrometry have been developed and applied to S/IVOCs measurements in different atmospheric environments in recent years. These online chemical ionization mass spectrometers can provide high time resolution data for many S/IVOCs species, and facilitate to characterize rapid changes of S/IVOCs concentrations in the atmosphere, although there are still huge difficulties in identification of the species contributing to measured signals. Accurate measurements of more S/IVOCs components with high time resolution remain as the main goal for S/IVOCs measurements in ambient air.
谭鑫, 袁斌, 王超敏, 叶晨朔, 张沈阳, 邵敏. 环境大气中半/中等挥发性有机物(S/IVOCs)的测量技术进展[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020, 40(10): 4224-4236.
TAN Xin, YUAN Bin, WANG Chao-min, YE Chen-shuo, ZHANG Shen-yang, SHAO Min. Progress in measurements of semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds in ambient air. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2020, 40(10): 4224-4236.
Kanakidou M, Seinfeld J H, Pandis S N, et al. Organic aerosol and global climate modelling:a review[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2005,5(4):1053-1123.
[2]
Zhang Q, Jimenez J L, Canagaratna M, et al. Ubiquity and dominance of oxygenated species in organic aerosols in anthropogenically-influenced northern hemisphere midlatitudes[J]. Geophysical Research Letters, 2007,34(13).
[3]
郭松,胡敏,尚冬杰,等.基于外场观测的大气二次有机气溶胶研究[J]. 化学学报, 2014,72(2):145-157. Guo S, Hu M, Shang D J, et al. Research on secondary organic aerosols basing on field measurement[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2014,72(2):145-157.
[4]
Docherty K S, Stone E A, Ulbrich I M, et al. Apportionment of primary and secondary organic aerosols in southern California during the 2005 study of organic aerosols in riverside (SOAR-1)[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2008,42(20):7655-7662.
[5]
郭松,胡敏,郭庆丰,等.二次有机气溶胶估算方法比较研究[J]. 化学学报, 2014,72(6):658-666. Guo S, Hu M, Guo Q F, et al. Comparison of secondary organic aerosol estimation methods[J]. Acta Chimica Sinica, 2014,72(6):658-666.
[6]
郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2014,50(6):1141-1154. Zheng M, Zhang Y J, Yan C Q, et al. Review of PM2.5 source apportionment methods in China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2014,50(6):1141-1154.
[7]
Hayes P L, Carlton A G, Baker K R, et al. Modeling the formation and aging of secondary organic aerosols in Los Angeles during CalNex 2010[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(10):5773-5801.
[8]
Ma P K, Zhao Y, Robinson A L, et al. Evaluating the impact of new observational constraints on PS/IVOC emissions, multi-generation oxidation, and chamber wall losses on SOA modeling for Los Angeles, CA[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017,17(15):9237-9259.
[9]
Robinson A L, Donahue N M, Shrivastava M K, et al. Rethinking organic aerosols:semivolatile emissions and photochemical aging[J]. Science, 2007,315(5816):1259-1262.
[10]
Pye H O T, Seinfeld J H. A global perspective on aerosol from low-volatility organic compounds[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(9):4377-4401.
[11]
Tkacik D S, Presto A A, Donahue N M, et al. Secondary organic aerosol formation from intermediate-volatility organic compounds:cyclic, linear, and branched alkanes[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012,46(16):8773-8781.
[12]
Zhao Y, Hennigan C J, May A A, et al. Intermediate-volatility organic compounds:a large source of secondary organic aerosol[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(23):13743-13750.
[13]
Yuan B, Hu W W, Shao M, et al. VOC emissions, evolutions and contributions to SOA formation at a receptor site in eastern China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(17):8815-8832.
[14]
Huang G, Liu Y, Shao M, et al. Potentially important contribution of gas-phase oxidation of naphthalene and methylnaphthalene to secondary organic aerosol during haze events in Beijing[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(3):1235-1244.
[15]
Hunter J F, Day D A, Palm B B, et al. Comprehensive characterization of atmospheric organic carbon at a forested site[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2017,10(10):748.
[16]
Shrivastava M K, Lane T E, Donahue N M, et al. Effects of gas particle partitioning and aging of primary emissions on urban and regional organic aerosol concentrations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2008,113(D18).
[17]
Grieshop A P, Logue J M, Donahue N M, et al. Laboratory investigation of photochemical oxidation of organic aerosol from wood fires 1:measurement and simulation of organic aerosol evolution[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009,9(4):1263-1277.
[18]
Dzepina K, Volkamer R M, Madronich S, et al. Evaluation of recently-proposed secondary organic aerosol models for a case study in Mexico city[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2009,9(15):5681-5709.
[19]
Tsimpidi A P, Karydis V A, Zavala M, et al. Evaluation of the volatility basis-set approach for the simulation of organic aerosol formation in the Mexico city metropolitan area[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(2):525-546.
[20]
Pankow J F. An absorption model of gas/particle partitioning of organic compounds in the atmosphere[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1994,28(2):185-188.
[21]
谢绍东,田晓雪.挥发性和半挥发性有机物向二次有机气溶胶转化的机制[J]. 化学进展, 2010,22(4):727-733. Xie S D, Tian X X. Formation mechanism of secondary organic aerosols from the reaction of volatile and semi-volatile compounds[J]. Progress In Chemistry, 2010,22(4):727-733.
[22]
Donahue N M, Robinson A L, Stanier C O, et al. Coupled partitioning, dilution, and chemical aging of semivolatile organics[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2006,40(8):2635-43.
[23]
Pirhadi M, Mousavi A, Taghvaee S, et al. Semi-volatile components of PM2.5 in an urban environment:volatility profiles and associated oxidative potential[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,223:117197.
[24]
陈魁,董海燕,姜伟,等.滨海新区大气颗粒物中半挥发性有机物污染特征研究[J]. 安全与环境工程, 2011,18(1):38-40. Chen K, Dong H Y, Jiang W, et al. Study on the pollution characterization of semi-volatile organic compounds in airborn particulates in Binhai New Area[J]. Safety and Environment Engineering, 2011,18(1):38-40.
[25]
Król S, Zabiegała B, Namieśnik J. Monitoring and analytics of semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in indoor air[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2011,400(6):1751.
[26]
唐荣志,王辉,刘莹,等.大气半/中等挥发性有机物的组成及其对有机气溶胶贡献[J]. 化学进展, 2018,31(1):180-190. Tang R Z, Wang H, Liu Y, et al. Constituents of atmospheric semi-volatile and intermediate volatility organic compounds and their contribution to organic aerosol[J]. Progress in Chemistry, 2018,31(1):180-190.
[27]
Williams B J, Goldstein A H, Kreisberg N M, et al. An in-situ instrument for speciated organic composition of atmospheric aerosols:thermal desorption aerosol GC/MS-FID (TAG)[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2006,40(8):627-638.
[28]
Zhao Y L, Kreisberg N M, Worton D R, et al. Development of an in situ thermal desorption gas chromatography instrument for quantifying atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2013,47(3):258-266.
[29]
Zhao Y, Kreisberg N M, Worton D R, et al. Insights into secondary organic aerosol formation mechanisms from measured gas/particle partitioning of specific organic tracer compounds[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2013,47(8):3781-3787.
[30]
Isaacman G, Kreisberg N M, Yee L D, et al. Online derivatization for hourly measurements of gas-and particle-phase semi-volatile oxygenated organic compounds by thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography(SV-TAG)[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2014,7(12):4417-4429.
[31]
Ren H, Xue M, An Z, et al. Quartz filter-based thermal desorption gas chromatography mass spectrometry for in-situ molecular level measurement of ambient organic aerosols[J]. Journal of Chromatogr A, 2019,1589:141-148.
[32]
Ren H X, Xue M, An Z J, et al. Improving thermal desorption aerosol gas chromatography using a dual-trap design[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2019,1599:247-252.
[33]
李悦,邵敏,陆思华.城市大气中挥发性有机化合物监测技术进展[J]. 中国环境监测, 2015,31(4):1-7. Li Y, Shao M, Lu S H. Review on technologies of ambient volatile organic compounds measurement[J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2015,31(4):1-7.
[34]
Zhao Y, Kreisberg N M, Worton D R, et al. Development of an in situ thermal desorption gas chromatography instrument for quantifying atmospheric semi-volatile organic compounds[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2012,47(3):258-266.
[35]
Williams B J, Goldstein A H, Kreisberg N M, et al. An in-situ instrument for speciated organic composition of atmospheric aerosols:thermal desorption aerosol GC/MS-FID (TAG)[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2006,40(8):627-638.
[36]
Alam M S, Harrison R M. Recent advances in the application of 2-dimensional gas chromatography with soft and hard ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry in environmental analysis[J]. Chemical Science, 2016,7(7):3968-3977.
[37]
Alam M S, Stark C, Harrison R M. Using variable ionization energy time-of-flight mass spectrometry with comprehensive GCxGC to identify isomeric species[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2016,88(8):4211-4220.
[38]
Isaacman G, Wilson K R, Chan A W H, et al. Improved resolution of hydrocarbon structures and constitutional isomers in complex mixtures using gas chromatography-vacuum ultraviolet-mass spectrometry[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 2012,84(5):2335-2342.
[39]
Chan A W H, Isaacman G, Wilson K R, et al. Detailed chemical characterization of unresolved complex mixtures in atmospheric organics:insights into emission sources, atmospheric processing, and secondary organic aerosol formation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres, 2013,118(12):6783-6796.
[40]
Waller R E. The benzpyrene content of town air[J]. British Journal of Cancer, 1952,6(1):8-21.
[41]
Kumar A, Viden I. Volatile organic compounds:sampling methods and their worldwide profile in ambient air[J]. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 2007,131(1-3):301-321.
[42]
Wang D K W, Austin C C. Determination of complex mixtures of volatile organic compounds in ambient air:an overview[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 2006,386(4):1089-1098.
[43]
Ras M R, Borrull F, Marce R. M. Sampling and preconcentration techniques for determination of volatile organic compounds in air samples[J]. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2009,28(3):347-361.
[44]
Ueta I, Onikata M, Fujimura K, et al. A newly designed solid-phase extraction-type collection device for precise determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in air[J]. Analytical Sciences, 2017,33(10):1175-1180.
[45]
Hatch L E, Rivas-Ubach A, Jen C N, et al. Measurements of I/SVOCs in biomass-burning smoke using solid-phase extraction disks and two-dimensional gas chromatography[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2018,18(24):17801-17817.
[46]
Melymuk L, Bohlin P, Sanka O, et al. Current challenges in air sampling of semi-volatile organic contaminants:sampling artifacts and their influence on data comparability[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2014,48(24):14077-14091.
[47]
Li Y J, Ren B N, Qiao Z, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric intermediate volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) in winter and summer under different air pollution levels[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,210:58-65.
[48]
Dobson R, Scheyer A, Rizet A L, et al. Comparison of the efficiencies of different types of adsorbents at trapping currently used pesticides in the gaseous phase using the technique of high-volume sampling[J]. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2006,386(6):1781-1789.
[49]
Heemken O P, Theobald N, Wenclawiak B W. Comparison of ASE and SFE with Soxhlet, Sonication, and Methanolic Saponification Extractions for the determination of organic micropollutants in marine particulate matter[J]. Analytical Chemistry, 1997,69(11):2171-2180
[50]
Sporring S, Bøwadt S, Svensmark B, et al. Comprehensive comparison of classic Soxhlet extraction with Soxtec extraction, ultrasonication extraction, supercritical fluid extraction, microwave assisted extraction and accelerated solvent extraction for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2005,1090(1/2):1-9.
[51]
Wang P, Zhang Q, Wang Y, et al. Evaluation of Soxhlet extraction, accelerated solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers in soil and fish samples[J]. Analytica Chimica Acta, 2010,663(1):43-48.
[52]
Ho S S H, Yu J Z. In-injection port thermal desorption and subsequent gas chromatography-mass spectrometric analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in atmospheric aerosol samples[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2004,1059(1/2):121-129.
[53]
Cachier H, Brémond M-P, Buat-Ménard P. Thermal separation of soot carbon[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 1989,10(2):358-364.
[54]
Hays M D, Lavrich R J. Developments in direct thermal extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of fine aerosols[J]. TrAC-Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2007,26(2):88-102.
[55]
马英歌,孙谦,李莉,等.热脱附结合GC-MS测定大气总悬浮颗粒物中的半挥发性有机物[J]. 环境化学, 2017,36(6):1424-1427. Ma Y G, Sun Q, Li L, et al. Determination of semi-volatile organic pollutants from atmopheric using thermal desorption system with gas chromatography mass spectrometer[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2017,36(6):1424-1427.
[56]
卢雅静,冯艳丽,钱哲,等.民用固体燃料源的IVOCs排放特征及燃烧温度的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2019,40(10):4404-4411. Lu Y J, Feng Y L, Qian Z, et al. Emission characteristics of IVOCs from the combustion of residential solid fuels and the impact of burning temperature[J]. Environmental Science, 2019,40(10):4404-4411.
[57]
Jeon S J, Meuzelaar H L, Sheya S A N, et al. Exploratory studies of PM10 receptor and source profiling by GC/MS and principal component analysis of temporally and spatially resolved ambient samples[J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2001,51(5):766-784.
[58]
Graham L A, Tong A, Poole G, et al. A comparison of direct thermal desorption with solvent extraction for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of semivolatile organic compounds in diesel particulate matter[J]. International Journal of Environmental and Analytical Chemistry, 2010,90(7):511-534.
[59]
Wang M, Huang R J, Cao J J, et al. Determination of n-alkanes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and hopanes in atmospheric aerosol:evaluation and comparison of thermal desorption GC-MS and solvent extraction GC-MS approaches[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019,12(9):4779-4789.
[60]
Woolfenden E. Sorbent-based sampling methods for volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in air part 1:sorbent-based air monitoring options[J]. Journal of Chromatogr A, 2010,1217(16):2674-2684.
[61]
Worton D R, Decker M, Isaacman-VanWertz G, et al. Improved molecular level identification of organic compounds using comprehensive two-dimensional chromatography, dual ionization energies and high resolution mass spectrometry[J]. Analyst, 2017, 142(13):2395-2403.
[62]
许国旺,叶芬,孔宏伟,等.全二维气相色谱技术及其进展[J]. 色谱, 2001,19(2):132-136. Xu G W, Ye F, Kong H W, et al. Technique and advance of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography[J]. Chinese Journal Of Chromatography, 2001,19(2):132-136.
[63]
Nowak J A, Weber R J, Goldstein A H. Quantification of isomerically summed hydrocarbon contributions to crude oil by carbon number, double bond equivalent, and aromaticity using gas chromatography with tunable vacuum ultraviolet ionization[J]. Analyst, 2018,143(6):1396-1405.
[64]
Welthagen W, Schnelle-Kreis J, Zimmermann R. Search criteria and rules for comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of airborne particulate matter[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2003,1019(1/2):233-249.
[65]
Dalluge J, Beens JBrinkman U A T. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography:a powerful and versatile analytical tool[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2003,1000(1/2):69-108.
[66]
Hamilton J F, Webb P J, Lewis A C, et al. Partially oxidised organic components in urban aerosol using GC×GC-TOF/MS[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2004,4:1279-1290.
[67]
Alam M S, Zeraati-Rezaei S, Liang Z, et al. Mapping and quantifying isomer sets of hydrocarbons (³C12) in diesel exhaust, lubricating oil and diesel fuel samples using GC×GC-ToF-MS, Atmos[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2018,11:3047-3058.
[68]
Adahchour M, Beens J, Brinkman U A T. Recent developments in the application of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2008,1186(1/2):67-108.
[69]
Munson, M S B, Field F H. Chemical ionization mass spectrometry. I. general introduction[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 1966,88(12):2621-2630.
[70]
Lindinger W, Hansel A, Jordan A. On-line monitoring of volatile organic compounds at pptv levels by means of proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) medical applications, food control and environmental research[J]. International Journal of Mass Spectrometry and Ion Processes, 1998,173(3):191-241.
[71]
Yuan B, Koss A R, Warneke C, et al. Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry:applications in atmospheric sciences[J]. Chemical Reviews, 2017,117(21):13187-13229.
[72]
Koss A R, Warneke C, Yuan B, et al. Evaluation of NO+ reagent ion chemistry for online measurements of atmospheric volatile organic compounds[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2016,9(7):2909-2925.
[73]
Canaval E, Hyttinen N, Schmidbauer B, et al. NH4+ association and proton transfer reactions with a series of organic molecules[J]. Frontiers in Chemistry, 2019,7:191.
[74]
Holzinger R, Williams J, Herrmann F, et al. Aerosol analysis using a thermal-desorption Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometer (TD-PTR-MS):a new approach to study processing of organic aerosols[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(5):2257-2267.
[75]
Holzinger R, Goldstein A, Hayes P, et al. Chemical evolution of organic aerosol in Los Angeles during the CalNex 2010study[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13:10125-10141.
[76]
Eichler P, Muller M, D'Anna B, et al. A novel inlet system for online chemical analysis of semi-volatile submicron particulate matter[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2015,8(3):1353-1360.
[77]
Gkatzelis G I, Tillmann R, Hohaus T, et al. Comparison of three aerosol chemical characterization techniques utilizing PTR-ToF-MS:a study on freshly formed and aged biogenic SOA[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2018,11(3):1481-1500.
[78]
Eichler P, Müller M, Rohmann C, et al. Lubricating oil as a major constituent of ship exhaust particles[J]. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 2017,4(2):54-58.
[79]
Piel F, Müller M, Mikoviny T, et al. Airborne measurements of particulate organic matter by PTR-MS:a pilot study[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, 2019:1-20.
[80]
Zhao R. The recent development and application of chemical ionization mass spectrometry in atmospheric chemistry[J]. Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, 2018:1-33.
[81]
Riva M, Rantala P, Krechmer J E, et al. Evaluating the performance of five different chemical ionization techniques for detecting gaseous oxygenated organic species[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019,12(4):2403-2421.
[82]
Aljawhary D, Lee AKY, Abbatt J P D. High-resolution chemical ionization mass spectrometry (ToF-CIMS):application to study SOA composition and processing[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2013,6(11):3211-3224.
[83]
Isaacman-VanWertz G, Massoli P, O'Brien R, et al. Chemical evolution of atmospheric organic carbon over multiple generations of oxidation[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2018,10(4):462-468.
[84]
Hunter J F, Day D A, Palm B B, et al. Comprehensive characterization of atmospheric organic carbon at a forested site[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2017,10(10):748-753.
[85]
Lee B H, Mohr C, Lopez-Hilfiker F D, et al. Highly functionalized organic nitrates in the southeast United States:contribution to secondary organic aerosol and reactive nitrogen budgets[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2016,113(6):1516-1521.
[86]
Yatavelli R L N, Thornton J A. Particulate organic matter detection using a Micro-Orifice Volatilization Impactor coupled to a Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (MOVI-CIMS)[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2010,44(1):61-74.
[87]
Yatavelli R, Stark H, Thompson S, et al. Semi-continuous measurements of gas/particle partitioning of organic acids in a ponderosa pine forest using a MOVI-HRToF-CIMS[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, 2013,13(6):17327-17374.
[88]
Lopez-Hilfiker F D, Mohr C, Ehn M, et al. A novel method for online analysis of gas and particle composition:description and evaluation of a Filter Inlet for Gases and AEROsols (FIGAERO)[J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2014,7(4):983-1001.
[89]
D'Ambro E L, Lee B H, Liu J, et al. Molecular composition and volatility of isoprene photochemical oxidation secondary organic aerosol under low-and high-NOx conditions[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017,17(1):159-174.
[90]
Lopez-Hilfiker F, Mohr C, D'Ambro E L, et al. Molecular composition and volatility of organic aerosol in the southeastern US:implications for IEPOX derived SOA[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2016,50(5):2200-2209.
[91]
D'Ambro E L, Schobesberger S, Zaveri R A, et al. Isothermal evaporation of α-pinene ozonolysis SOA:volatility, phase state, and oligomeric composition[J]. ACS Earth and Space Chemistry, 2018,2(10):1058-1067.
[92]
Stolzenburg D, Fischer L, Vogel A L, et al. Rapid growth of organic aerosol nanoparticles over a wide tropospheric temperature range[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2018,115(37):9122-9127.
[93]
Huang W, Saathoff H, Shen X, et al. Chemical characterization of highly functionalized organonitrates contributing to night-time organic aerosol mass loadings and particle growth[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,53(3):1165-1174.
[94]
Thompson S L, Yatavelli R L, Stark H, et al. Field intercomparison of the gas/particle partitioning of oxygenated organics during the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) in 2013[J]. Aerosol Science and Technology, 2017,51(1):30-56.
