Overview and prospect of the application of ion exchange resin in treatment of sewage sludge
GENG Hui1, XU Ying1, DAI Xiao-hu1,2, YANG Dian-hai1
1. College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; 2. Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
Abstract：Ion exchange resins (IERs) have been widely used in wastewater treatment due to their insolubility and recyclability. There is still a lack of review on the application research in sludge. This paper summarized the common IERs used in sewage sludge (cation exchange resin, anion exchange resin and chelating resin), and introduced their basic characteristics and application direction. Among the IERs, cation exchange resin, especially strong acid styrene cation exchange resin, was the most widely used. The IERs were used in sludge for removal/recovery of heavy metals, recovery of phosphorus, extraction of extracellular polymer substances, and sludge conditioning. The fundamental mechanism, as well as the relevant advantages and disadvantages were demonstrated. Furthermore, in view of the deficiencies in the application of IERs in sludge, future research directions were proposed, including modifying or developing new IER to remove/recover heavy metals, optimizing the method for direct recovery of phosphorus, improving the mode of sludge conditioning, and developing new means of separation. This paper is beneficial for researchers to better understand the current application od IERs in sludge, to optimize the application of IERs, and to develop new IER for sludge treatment.
耿慧, 许颖, 戴晓虎, 杨殿海. 离子交换树脂在污泥处理中的应用及展望[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(11): 5220-5228.
GENG Hui, XU Ying, DAI Xiao-hu, YANG Dian-hai. Overview and prospect of the application of ion exchange resin in treatment of sewage sludge. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(11): 5220-5228.
Zeng Q, Hung H, Tan Y K, et al. Emerging electrochemistry-based process for sludge treatment and resources recovery:a review[J]. Water Research, 2022,209:117939.
[2]
Pang H L, Li L, He J G, et al. New insight into enhanced production of short-chain fatty acids from waste activated sludge by cation exchange resin-induced hydrolysis[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2020,388:124235.
[3]
Zhang H, Li Y X, Cheng B W, et al. Synthesis of a starch-based sulfonic ion exchange resin and adsorption of dyestuffs to the resin[J]. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 2020,161:561-572.
[4]
Alexandratos S D. Ion-exchange resins:a retrospective from industrial and engineering chemistry[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2009,48(1):388-398.
[5]
Apell J N, Boyer T H. Combined ion exchange treatment for removal of dissolved organic matter and hardness[J]. Water Research, 2010, 44:2419-2430.
[6]
Virolainen S, Suppula I, Sainio T. Continuous ion exchange for hydrometallurgy:purification of Ag(I)-NaCl from divalent metals with aminomethylphosphonic resin using counter-current and cross-current operation[J]. Hydrometallurgy, 2014,142:84-93.
[7]
Zhang L H, Janout V, Regen S L. Ion exchange resins as emerging-submerging chemical sensors[J]. Chemistry of Materials, 1998,10:855-859.
[8]
Hardin A M, Harinarayan C, Malmquist G, et al. Ion exchange chromatography of monoclonal antibodies:effect of resin ligand density on dynamic binding capacity[J]. Journal of Chromatography A, 2009,1216:4366-4371.
[9]
Wang X J, Zhuang J S, Fu Y J, et al. Separation of hemicellulose-derived saccharides from wood hydrolysate by lime and ion exchange resin[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,206:225-230.
[10]
Ramírez L, Bringué R, Fité C, et al. Assessment of ion exchange resins as catalysts for the direct transformation of fructose into butyl levulinate[J]. Applied Catalysis A, General, 2021,612:117988.
[11]
Al-Enezi G, Hamoda M F, Fawzi N. Ion exchange extraction of heavy metals from wastewater sludges[J]. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 2004,39(2):455-464.
[12]
Wang Q, Jin W B, Zhou X, et al. Sequential 'acid leaching-anion exchange-aerobic composting' process for recycle of municipal sludge[J]. Water Science & Technology, 2020,81(11):2441-2449.
[13]
Bezzina J P, Ruder L R, Dawson R, et al. Ion exchange removal of Cu(II), Fe(II), Pb(II) and Zn(II) from acid extracted sewage sludge-resin screening in weak acid media[J]. Water Research, 2019,158:257-267.
[14]
Song M Y, Li M. Adsorption and regeneration characteristics of phosphorus from sludge dewatering filtrate by magnetic anion exchange resin[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2019,26(33):34233-34247.
[15]
Bottini A, Rizzo L. Phosphorus recovery from urban wastewater treatment plant sludge liquor by ion exchange[J]. Separation Science and Technology, 2012,47(4):613-620.
[16]
Meng X D, Liu X J, Huang Q X, et al. Recovery of phosphate as struvite from low-temperature combustion sewage sludge ash (LTCA) by cation exchange[J]. Waste Management, 2019,90:84-93.
[17]
Ding Y Y, Dai X H, Wu B R, et al. Targeted clean extraction of phosphorus from waste activated sludge:from a new perspective of phosphorus occurrence states to an innovative approach through acidic cation exchange resin[J]. Water Research, 2022,215:118190.
[18]
Wawrzynczyk J, Szewczyk E, Norrlow O, et al. Application of enzymes, sodium tripolyphosphate and cation exchange resin for the release of extracellular polymeric substances from sewage sludge. Characterization of the extracted polysaccharides/glycoconjugates by a panel of lectins[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2007,130(3):274-281.
[19]
Guibaud G, Bhatia D, D'abzac P, et al. Cd(II) and Pb(II) sorption by extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) extracted from anaerobic granular biofilms:evidence of a pH sorption-edge[J]. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 2012,43(3):444-449.
[20]
Wei L L, Wang K, Zhao Q L, et al. Fractional, biodegradable and spectral characteristics of extracted and fractionated sludge extracellular polymeric substances[J]. Water Research, 2012,46(14):4387-4396.
[21]
Li Z W, Lin L, Liu X, et al. Understanding the role of extracellular polymeric substances in the rheological properties of aerobic granular sludge[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,705:135948.
[22]
Frølund B, Palmgren R, Keiding K, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymers from activated sludge using a cation exchange resin[J]. Water Research, 1996,30(8):1749-1758.
[23]
Geng H, Xu Y, Zheng L K, et al. Cation exchange resin pretreatment enhancing methane production from anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge[J]. Water Research, 2022,212:118130.
[24]
Dai X H, Ye N, Luo F, et al. Enhancement of anaerobic digestive efficiency by the use of exchange resin to remove cations in sewage sludge[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015,57(14):6202-6208.
[25]
Silva R A, Zhang Y H, Hawboldt K, et al. Study on iron-nickel separation using ion exchange resins with different functional groups for potential iron sub-production[J]. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 2019,42(2):75-89.
[26]
Malik L A, Bashir A, Qureashi A, et al. Detection and removal of heavy metal ions:a review[J]. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 2019,17(4):1495-1521.
[27]
Lee I H,Kuan Y C, Chern J M. Factorial experimental design for recovering heavy metals from sludge with ion-exchange resin[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2006,138(3):549-559.
[28]
吝珊珊,程刚,周乃然.离子交换法去除城市污泥酸浸液中重金属[J]. 应用化工, 2014,43(11):2003-2007. Lin S S, Ceng G, Zhou N R. Removal of heavy metals from city sludge acid leaching solution by ion exchange method[J]. Applied Chemical Industry, 2014,43(11):2003-2007.
[29]
Liu H, Fang H H P. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of sludge[J]. Journal of Biotechnology, 2002,95:249-256.
[30]
Wu B R, Wang H, Dai X H, et al. Influential mechanism of water occurrence states of waste-activated sludge:specifically focusing on the roles of EPS micro-spatial distribution and cation-dominated interfacial properties[J]. Water Research, 2021,202:117461.
[31]
梅翔,成慧灵,张寅丞,等.离子交换法选择性回收污泥厌氧消化液中的磷[J]. 环境工程学报, 2013,7(9):3319-3326. Mei X, Cheng H L, Zhang Y C, et al. Selective phosphorus recovery from anaerobic digestion supernatant of sewage sludge by ion exchange[J]. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 2013, 7(9):3319-3326.
[32]
Kemper J M, Westerhoff P, Dotson A, et al. nitrosamine, dimethylnitramine, and chloropicrin formation during strong base anion-exchange treatment[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009,43(2):466-472.
[33]
Dixit F, Dutta R, Barbeau B, et al. PFAS removal by ion exchange resins:A review[J]. Chemosphere, 2021,272:129777.
[34]
Gierczyk B, Ceglowski M, Zalas M. New gel-like polymers as selective weak-base anion exchangers[J]. PLoS One, 2015,10(5):e0122891.
[35]
Stránská E, Weinertová K, Nedělala D, et al. Preparation and characterization of heterogeneous weak base anion-exchange membranes[J]. Chemical Papers, 2018,73(2):447-454.
[36]
Ulloa L, Martínez-Minchero M, Bringas E, et al. Split regeneration of chelating resins for the selective recovery of nickel and copper[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2020,253:117516.
[37]
Simonescu C M, Lavric V, Musina A, et al. Experimental and modeling of cadmium ions removal by chelating resins[J]. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 2020,307:112973.
[38]
Huang H J, Yuan X Z. The migration and transformation behaviors of heavy metals during the hydrothermal treatment of sewage sludge[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,200:991-998.
[39]
Zhang X, Wang X Q, Wang D F. Immobilization of heavy metals in sewage sludge during land application process in China:a review[J]. Sustainability, 2017,9(11):1-19.
[40]
Yang J, Lei M, Chen T B, et al. Current status and developing trends of the contents of heavy metals in sewage sludges in China[J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2014,8(5):719-728.
[41]
Fang L C, Ju W L, Yang C L, et al. Application of signaling molecules in reducing metal accumulation in alfalfa and alleviating metal-induced phytotoxicity in Pb/Cd-contaminated soil[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2019,182:109459.
[42]
Bezzina J P, Amohlett J T M, Ogden M D. Extraction of heavy metals from simulant citrate leachate of sewage sludge by ion exchange[J]. Journal of Ion Exchange, 2018,29(3):53-59.
[43]
Yang B, Li C X, Wang J, et al. Removal of nickel ions from automobile industry wastewater using ion exchange resin:Characterization and parameter optimization[J]. IOP Conference Series:Earth and Environmental Science, 2020,467(1):012182.
[44]
Edebali S, Pehlivan E. Evaluation of chelate and cation exchange resins to remove copper ions[J]. Powder Technology, 2016,301:520-525.
[45]
Fu F, Wang Q. Removal of heavy metal ions from wastewaters:a review[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2011,92(3):407-418.
[46]
Geng H, Xu Y, Zheng L K, et al. An overview of removing heavy metals from sewage sludge:achievements and perspectives[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,266(Pt 2):115375.
[47]
Tang J, He J G, Xin X D, et al. Biosurfactants enhanced heavy metals removal from sludge in the electrokinetic treatment[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2018,334:2579-2592.
[48]
Liu J L, Deng S Y, Qiu B, et al. Comparison of pretreatment methods for phosphorus release from waste activated sludge[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2019,368:754-763.
[49]
Wilfert P, Kumar P S, Korving L, et al. The relevance of phosphorus and iron chemistry to the recovery of phosphorus from wastewater:a review[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2015,49(16):9400-9414.
[50]
Liang S, Chen H M, Zeng X H, et al. A comparison between sulfuric acid and oxalic acid leaching with subsequent purification and precipitation for phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge incineration ash[J]. Water Research, 2019,159:242-251.
[51]
Wang Q M, Li J S, Tang P, et al. Sustainable reclamation of phosphorus from incinerated sewage sludge ash as value-added struvite by chemical extraction, purification and crystallization[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2018,181:717-725.
[52]
Awual M R, Jyo A. Assessing of phosphorus removal by polymeric anion exchangers[J]. Desalination, 2011,281:111-117.
[53]
Fang L, Li J S, Guo M Z, et al. Phosphorus recovery and leaching of trace elements from incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA)[J]. Chemosphere, 2018,193:278-287.
[54]
Xu H C, He P J, Gu W M, et al. Recovery of phosphorus as struvite from sewage sludge ash[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012, 24(8):1533-1538.
[55]
Wang F, Wei J P, Zou X Y, et al. Enhanced electrochemical phosphate recovery from livestock wastewater by adjusting pH with plant ash[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2019,250:109473.
[56]
Wilén B M, Jin B, Lant P. The influence of key chemical constituents in activated sludge on surface and flocculating properties[J]. Water Research, 2003,37(9):2127-2139.
[57]
Yan L L, Zhang X L, Hao G X, et al. Insight into the roles of tightly and loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances on a granular sludge in ammonium nitrogen removal[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2016,222:408-412.
[58]
Li X Y, Yang S F. Influence of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) on the flocculation, sedimentation and dewaterability of activated sludge[J]. Water Research, 2007,41(5):1022-1030.
[59]
More T T, Yadav J S, Yan S, et al. Extracellular polymeric substances of bacteria and their potential environmental applications[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2014,144:1-25.
[60]
Xu Y, Lu Y Q, Day X H, et al. The influence of organic-binding metals on the biogas conversion of sewage sludge[J]. Water Research, 2017,126:329-341.
[61]
杨明明,党超军,张爱余,等.厌氧氨氧化颗粒污泥胞外聚合物金属元素特性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(11):4728-4734. Yang M M, Dang C J, Zhang A Y, et al. Characteristics of metal elements in anammox granular sludge extracellular polymeric substances.[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(11):4728-4734.
[62]
周健,罗勇,龙腾锐,等.胞外聚合物、Ca2+及pH值对生物絮凝作用的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2004,24(4):437-441. Zhou J, Luo Y, Long T Y, et al. Effects of extracelluar polymeric substances, Ca2+ and pH on bioflocculation[J]. China Environmental Science, 2004,24(4):437-441.
[63]
Park C, Novak J T. Characterization of activated sludge exocellular polymers using several cation-associated extraction methods[J]. Water Research, 2007,41(8):1679-1688.
[64]
Bourrain M, Achouak W, URBAIN V, et al. DNA extraction from activated sludges[J]. Current Microbiology, 1999,38:315-319.
[65]
D'abzac P, Bordas F, Van Hullebusch E, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from anaerobic granular sludges:comparison of chemical and physical extraction protocols[J]. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 2010,85(5):1589-1599.
[66]
段亮,夏四清,宋永会,等.活性污泥胞外聚合物提取动力学模型[J]. 中国环境科学, 2009,29(9):951-954. Duan L, Xia S Q, Song Y H, et al. Kinetics model of extracellular polymeric substances extraxtion[J]. China Environmental Science, 2009,29(9):951-954.
[67]
Cho J, Hermanowicz S W, Hur J. Effects of experimental conditions on extraction yield of extracellular polymeric substances by cation exchange resin[J]. Scientific World Journal, 2012,2012:751965.
[68]
Wang H F, Qi H Y, Lian Z H, et al. A unified operating procedure is crucial to evaluate sludge dewaterability, taking the setup of refrigerated storage time as an example[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2022,307:114528.
[69]
Simon S, Pairo B, Villain M, et al. Evaluation of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) for the characterization of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in anaerobic granular sludges[J]. Bioresource Technology, 2009,100(24):6258-6268.
[70]
Nouha K, Kumar R S, Balasubramanian S, et al. Critical review of EPS production, synthesis and composition for sludge flocculation[J]. Journal of Environmetal Sciences (China), 2018,66:225-245.
[71]
Comte S, Guibaud G, Baudu M. Relations between extraction protocols for activated sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and EPS complexation properties[J]. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, 2006,38(1/2):237-245.
[72]
Hong P-N, Honda R, Noguchi M, et al. Optimum selection of extraction methods of extracellular polymeric substances in activated sludge for effective extraction of the target components[J]. Biochemical Engineering Journal, 2017,127:136-146.
[73]
Tapia J M, Munoz J A, Gonzalez F, et al. Extraction of extracellular polymeric substances from the acidophilic bacterium acidiphilium 3.2sup(5)[J]. Water Science and Technology, 2009,59(10):1959-1967.
[74]
Appel S L, Baeyens J, Degrève J, et al. Principles and potential of the anaerobic digestion of waste-activated sludge[J]. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 2008,34(6):755-781.
[75]
Li X, Chen H, Hu L F, et al. Pilot-scale waste activated sludge alkaline fermentation, fermentation liquid separation, and application of fermentation liquid to improve biological nutrient removal[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2011,45(5):1834-1839.
[76]
Dev S, Saha S, Kurade M B, et al. Perspective on anaerobic digestion for biomethanation in cold environments[J]. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019,103:85-95.
[77]
Dai X H, Gai X, Ye N, et al. Evaluation of a pretreatment method using cation exchange resin to enhance the sludge solubilization and disintegration for improving the efficiency of anaerobic digestion[J]. Desalination and Water Treatment, 2015,56:2848-2855.
