Leaching behavior and ecotoxicity of chemical composition in polyvinyl chloride and rubber
LIU Jian-chao, HU Yong-rong
Key Laboratory for Integrated Regulation and Resources Development on Shallow Lakes, Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
Abstract：To investigate the leaching behavior and ecotoxicity of chemical composition in plastics, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and rubber (CTR) widely existed in the environment were selected as the subjects of the study. Leaching potential of 25 organic plasticizers and 15 metals as the target substances were analyzed for PVC and CTR materials. The acute lethal effects and chronic sublethal effects (heart rate, thoracic limb activity and swimming activity) of Daphnia magna were used to characterize the ecotoxicological effects of PVC and CTR leachates. The results showed that 21 chemical compositions were detected in PVC and CTR leachates, with higher leaching concentrations of diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP), di (2-methoxy) ethyl phthalate (DMEP), bisphenol A (BPA), bisphenol F (BPF), Ca and Zn. The total concentrations of plasticizers and metals leached from CTR were 8.8 times and 1.2 times higher than those from PVC, respectively. The concentration of the new plasticizer BPF leached from CTR reached 3.51μg/g, which was significantly higher than that of BPA. Comparing the concentration of substances leached under different conditions, it was found that light can accelerate the release of DiBP, Zn and Ca from PVC and CTR, and their occurrence characteristics were affected by bacteria. Acute toxicity of CTR leachate to Daphnia magna is obvious, with the 48h-LC50 of 19.1% of the leaching solution. For chronic toxicity, the PVC leachate significantly inhibited the heart rate, thoracic limb activity and swimming activity of Daphnia magna, and caused body hypertrophy of Daphnia magna. The biological toxic effects caused by the continuous discharge of PVC and CTR in the aquatic environment should not be ignored.
刘建超, 胡雍容. 聚氯乙烯和橡胶中化学成分的浸出行为及生态毒性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(11): 5408-5417.
LIU Jian-chao, HU Yong-rong. Leaching behavior and ecotoxicity of chemical composition in polyvinyl chloride and rubber. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(11): 5408-5417.
陈瑀,张宴,苏良湖,等.南京城市污水处理厂中微塑料的赋存特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(9):3835-3841. Chen Y, Zhang Y, Su L H, et al. Occurrence characteristics of microplastics in Nanjing urban wastewater treatment plant[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(9):3835-3841.
[2]
董姝楠,夏继红,王为木,等.典型水环境因素对聚酯微塑料沉降的影响机制研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(2):735-742. Dong S N, Xia J H, Wang W M, et al. Effect mechanism of aquatic environmental factor on the sedimentation of polyethylene terephthalate microplastic[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021, 41(2):735-742.
[3]
Barboza L G A, Cózar A, Gimenez B C G, et al. World seas:An environmental evaluation 2nd Edition[M]. New York:Academic Press, 2018:325-351.
[4]
Hidalgo-Ruz V, Gutow L, Thompson R C, et al. Microplastics in the Marine Environment:A review of the methods used for identification and quantification[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2012, 46(6):3060-3075.
[5]
孙小东,曹鼎,胡倩倩,等.废弃塑料的化学回收资源化利用研究进展[J]. 中国塑料, 2021,35(8):11. Sun X D, Cao D, Hu Q Q, et al. Progress in chemical recovery and resource utilization of waste plastics[J]. China Plastic, 2021,35(8):11.
[6]
任浩华,王帅,王芳杰,等.PVC热解过程中HCl的生成及其影响因素[J]. 中国环境科学, 2015,35(8):2460-2469. Ren H H, Wang S, Wang F J, et al. HCl generation reaction and its influence factors during PVC pyrolysis[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015,35(8):2460-2469.
[7]
Sophonrat N, Sandstrm L, Johansson A C, et al. Co-pyrolysis of mixed plastics and cellulose:An interaction study by Py-GC×GC/MS[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2017,31(10):11078-11090.
[8]
Hann S, Darrah C, Sherrington C, et al. Reducing household contributions to marine plastic pollution, report for "friends of the earth"[R]. Eunomia, 2018.
[9]
Wagner S, Huffer T, Klockner P, et al. Tire wear particles in the aquatic environment-A review on generation, analysis, occurrence, fate and effects[J]. Water Research, 2018,139:83-100.
[10]
Hahladakis J N, Velis C A, Weber R, et al. An overview of chemical additives present in plastics:Migration, release, fate and environmental impact during their use, disposal and recycling[J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2018,344:179-199.
[11]
岑水斌,钟肖琼,吴文,等.PVC中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的分析方法进展研究[J]. 塑料包装, 2021,31(3):53-56. Cen S B, Zhong X Q, Wu W, et al. A review of paes testing methods development progress in PVC[J]. Plastics Packaging, 2021,31(3):53-56.
[12]
赵雅辉,王小逸,林兴桃,等.邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的体内代谢及毒性研究进展[J]. 环境与健康杂志, 2010,27(2):184-187. Zhao Y H, Wang X Y, Lin X T, et al. Advances in researches on metabolic mechanism and toxicity of phthalate esters[J]. Journal of Environment and Health, 2010,27(2):184-187.
[13]
Wei J, Shen Q, Ban Y L, et al. Characterization of acute and chronic toxicity of DBP to Daphnia magna [J]. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 2018,101(2):214-221.
[14]
Cheng Z, Nie X P, Wang H S, et al. Risk assessments of human exposure to bioaccessible phthalate esters through market fish consumption[J]. Environment International, 2013,58:75-80.
[15]
Al-Odaini N A, Shim W J, Han G M, et al. Enrichment of hexabromocyclododecanes in coastal sediments near aquaculture areas and a wastewater treatment plant in a semi-enclosed bay in South Korea[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,505:290-298.
[16]
Schmidt N, Fauvelle V, Ody A, et al. The Amazon River:A major source of organic plastic additives to the tropical north atlantic?[J]. Environmental Science and Technology, 2019,53(13):7513-7521.
[17]
Paluselli A, Fauvelle V, Galgani F, et al. Phthalate release from plastic fragments and degradation in seawater[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2018,53(1):166-175.
[18]
Gunaalan K, Fabbri E, Capolupo M. The hidden threat of plastic leachates:A critical review on their impacts on aquatic organisms[J]. Water Research, 2020,184:116170.
[19]
Capolupo M, Franzellitti S, Kiwan A, et al. A comprehensive evaluation of the environmental quality of a coastal lagoon (Ravenna, Italy):Integrating chemical and physiological analyses in mussels as a biomonitoring strategy[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017, 598:146-159.
[20]
Capolupo M, Gunaalan K, Booth A M, et al. The sub-lethal impact of plastic and tire rubber leachates on the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,283(4):117081.
[21]
Test No. 211:Daphnia magna reproduction test[S].
[22]
Wang Q, Guo H, Wang L. Effect of cadmium on the feeding capacity and physiological status of Daphnia magna [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2018,42(3):616-621.
[23]
蔡清洁,何文辉,彭自然,等.pH和盐度对大型溞心率和摄食行为的影响[J]. 上海海洋大学学报, 2017,26(3):415-421. Cai Q J, He W H, Peng Z R, et al. Effects of pH and salinity on heart rate and feeding behavior of Daphnia magna [J]. Journal of Shanghai Ocean University, 2017,26(3):415-421.
[24]
徐鑫磊,刘建超,陆光华.8种典型PhACs在水中的赋存、生态风险及其对大型溞的影响[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(5):2239-2246. Xu X L, Liu J C, Lu G H. Occurrence and ecological risk of eight typical PhACs in surface water and its impact on Daphnia magna [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(5):2239-2246.
[25]
郭婧颖,刘建超,李帅衡,等.双酚AF对大型溞生殖、生长等生态行为的影响[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(10):4394-4400. Guo J Y, Liu J C, Li S H, et al. Influences of bisphenol AF on the reproduction and growth of Daphnia magna [J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(10):4394-4400.
[26]
Capolupo M, Srensen L, Jayasena K, et al. Chemical composition and ecotoxicity of plastic and car tire rubber leachates to aquatic organisms[J]. Water Research, 2019,169:115270.
[27]
田维生,张会云,田玲,等.钙锌稳定剂在RoHS型90℃绝缘级软PVC塑料上的应用[J]. 塑料助剂, 2017,2:36-38. Tian W S, Zhang H Y, Tian L, et al. Application of calcium zinc stabilizer in 90℃ insulation degree soft PVC which meets the requirements of both RoHS and J-90[J]. Plastics Additives, 2017,2:36-38.
[28]
丁梦雨,康启越,张释义,等.全国23个城市水源水中邻苯二甲酸酯代谢物浓度调查[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(10):4205-4211. Ding M Y, Kang Q Y, Zhang S Y, et al. National survey of phthalate metabolites in drinking source water of 23cities in China[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(10):4205-4211.
[29]
Li R, Liang J, Gong Z, et al. Occurrence, spatial distribution, historical trend and ecological risk of phthalate esters in the Jiulong River, Southeast China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,580:388-397.
[30]
Liu J, Zhang L, Lu G, et al. Occurrence, toxicity and ecological risk of bisphenol A analogues in aquatic environment-A review[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021,208:111481.
[31]
GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S]. GB 3838-2002 Environmental quality standards for surface water[S].
[32]
Tetu S G, Sarker I, Schrameyer V, et al. Plastic leachates impair growth and oxygen production in Prochlorococcus, the ocean's most abundant photosynthetic bacteria[J]. Communications Biology, 2019,2(1):184.
[33]
彭燕莉,刘俊红.塑料水管材质中化学成分对水质影响的研究[J]. 塑料工业, 2019,47(2):157-160. Peng Y L, Liu J H. The research on the effect of chemical components in plastic water pipe material on water quality[J]. China Plastics Industry, 2019,47(2):157-160.
[34]
金一,苍飞飞.轮胎橡胶多组分分析方法的研究[J]. 化学研究与应用, 2021,33(4):607-614. Jin Y, Cang F F. Establishment of multi-component analysis method for tire rubber[J]. Chemical Research and Application, 2021,33(4):607-614.
[35]
叶雪莹.PVC管材源微塑料中邻苯二甲酸酯的释放行为研究[D]. 杭州:浙江工业大学, 2020. Ye X Y. The release behavior of phthalates from PVC pipe microplastics[D]. Hangzhou:Zhejiang University of Technology, 2020.
[36]
马力超,吕红,魏浩,等.双酚类化合物的生物降解研究进展[J]. 工业水处理, 2017,37(12):11-16. Ma L C, Lu H, Wei H, et al. Advances in the research on biodegradation of bisphenols[J]. Industrial Water Treatment, 2017, 37(12):11-16.
[37]
叶茂友.铅锌硫化尾矿中金属的生物浸出行为及浸出机理的研究[D]. 广州:广东工业大学, 2017. Ye M Y. Studies on bioleaching of metals and leaching mechanism from lead-zinc sulfide mine tailings[D]. Guangdong:Guangdong University of Technology, 2017.
[38]
Rastkari N, Jeddi M Z, Yunesian M, et al. Effect of sunlight exposure on phthalates migration from plastic containers to packaged juices[J]. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 2018, 16(1):27-33.
[39]
李勤,李尚谕,熊雄,等.微塑料对大型溞的急性毒性研究[J]. 水生生物学报, 2021,45(2):292-298. Li Q, Li S Y, Xiong X, et al. Study on acute toxicity of microplastic to Daphnia magna [J]. Acta Hydrobiologica Sinica, 2021,45(2):292-298.
[40]
张楠,张清靖,贾成霞,等.重金属锌对大型溞SOD,CAT酶活性和GSH含量的影响[J]. 西南大学学报:自然科学版, 2017,39(1):69-75. Zhang N, Zhang Q J, Jia C X, et al. Effects of heavy metal zinc on SOD and CAT activities and GSH content of Daphnia magna [J]. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science Edition), 2017,39(1):69-75.
[41]
Liu H, Zhu S, Han W, et al. DMEP induces mitochondrial damage regulated by inhibiting Nrf2and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathways in HepG2cells[J]. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 2021,221:112449.
[42]
孙悦,杨柳,史弘毅,等.锌对邻苯二甲酸酯类暴露致雄性生殖毒性的干预作用[J]. 温州医科大学学报, 2019,49(9):649-653. Sun Y, Yang L, Shi H Y, et al. Intervention of zinc on the male reproductive toxicity caused by phthalates exposure[J]. Journal of Wenzhou Medical University, 2019,49(9):649-653.
[43]
郭鹄飞,张雪萍,孙晨,等.镉对大型溞心率和摄食能力的影响[J]. 山西农业科学, 2018,46(4):568-571. Guo H F, Zhang X P, Sun C, et al. Effect of cadmium on heart rate and feeding behavior in Daphnia magna [J]. Journal of Shanxi Agricultural Sciences, 2018,46(4):568-571.
[44]
Bownik A. Daphnia swimming behaviour as a biomarker in toxicity assessment:A review[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,601:194-205.
[45]
Campbell A K, Wann K T, Matthews S B. Lactose causes heart arrhythmia in the water flea Daphnia pulex[J]. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2004,139(2):225-234.
[46]
Pu S Y, Hamid N, Ren Y W, et al. Effects of phthalate acid esters on zebrafish larvae:Development and skeletal morphogenesis[J]. Chemosphere, 2019,246:125808.
[47]
Liu J, Shen J, Lu G, et al. Multilevel ecotoxicity assessment of environmentally relevant bisphenol F concentrations in Daphnia magna[J]. Chemosphere, 2020,240:124917.
[48]
李欣,申晨晨,魏杰,等.邻苯二甲酸酯对浮游生物的毒性效应研究进展[J]. 水产科学, 2020,39(6):11. Li X, Shen C C, Wei J, et al. Progress on toxicity of phthalates to plankton:A Review[J]. Fisheries Science, 2020,39(6):11.
[49]
Liang R, He J, Shi Y, et al. Effects of Perfluorooctane sulfonate on immobilization, heartbeat, reproductive and biochemical performance of Daphnia magna [J]. Chemosphere, 2017,168:1613-1618.
[50]
Imhof H K, Jakub R, Michaela T, et al. Do microplastic particles affect Daphnia magna at the morphological, life history and molecular level?[J]. Plos One, 2017,12(11):e0187590.
[51]
Seyoum A, Pradhan A. Effect of phthalates on development, reproduction, fat metabolism and lifespan in Daphnia magna [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019,654:969-977.
[52]
Trasande L, Attina T M, Blustein J. Association between urinary bisphenol A concentration and obesity prevalence in children and adolescents[J]. Journal of the American Medical Association, 2012, 308(11):1113-1121.
[53]
Kim K Y, Lee E, Kim Y. The association between bisphenol A exposure and obesity in children-a systematic review with meta-analysis[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019,16(14):2521.
[54]
Chen S, Li X, Li H, et al. Greater toxic potency of bisphenol AF than bisphenol A in growth, reproduction, and transcription of genes in Daphnia magna [J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021,28(20):25218-25227.
[55]
王倩倩,王永花,汪贝贝,等.双酚F和双酚S联合暴露下的斑马鱼富集及神经毒性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(2):865-873. Wang Q Q, Wang Y H, Wang B B, et al. Accumulation and neurotoxicity of bisphenol F and bisphenol S in zebrafish under combined exposure[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020,40(2):865-873.
[56]
曾阳.神经抑制污染物连续暴露下大型溞(Daphnia magna)外在行为响应及内在机制研究[D]. 济南:山东师范大学, 2012. Zeng Y. Behavioral responses and Internal Mechanism of Daphnia magna after exposure to nerve inhibition pollutants[D]. Jinan:Shandong Normal University, 2012.
[57]
Frasco M F, Fournier D, Carvalho F, et al. Do metals inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE)? Implementation of assay conditions for the use of AChE activity as a biomarker of metal toxicity[J]. Biomarkers, 2005,10(5):360-375.
[58]
张融,范文宏,唐戈,等.重金属Cd和Zn对水生浮游动物大型蚤(Daphnia magna)联合毒性的研究初探[J]. 内蒙古大学学报(自然科学版), 2008,6:704-709. Zhang R, Fan W H, Tang G, et al. A preliminary study on joint toxicity of Cd and Zn on freshwater zooplankton Daphnia magna [J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Neimongol, 2008,6:704-709.
