Vertical distribution characteristics of O3 under diverse polluted weather based on unmanned aerial vehicle observations
GUO Wei1,2, ZHU Ling-yun1,2, LI Yan-yu1,2,3, CHEN Ling1,2, YAN Shi-ming1,2, LI Yi-ge4
1. Shanxi Institute of Meteorological Sciences, Taiyuan 030002, China; 2. Wutaishan Cloud Physics Field Experiment Base, CMA, Xinzou 035515, China; 3. Beijing Normal University, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing 100875, China; 4. Shanxi Meteorological Service Center, Taiyuan 030002, China
Abstract:In order to understand the vertical distribution and evolution characteristics of near-surface O3 under diverse polluted weather, 33 in-situ observation experiments were conducted by the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) and airborne environmental meteorological equipment in Datong (clean days), Taiyuan (polluted days), and Linfen (polluted days to clean days) of Shanxi Province from August to September 2022, and the daily O3, Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and vertical distribution of temperature and humidity under 500m of the near-surface at 06:00, 10:00, 15:00, and 19:00 were obtained. The results show that the O3 concentration mainly increased with height, but decreased (Taiyuan and Linfen) or kept uniform distribution (Datong). The mass burden of NO2 and TVOCs both decrease with height. The daily change of vertical distribution of O3 in Datong was vertical increasing-uniformly distributed (or increasing and decreasing)-vertical increasing with height, while Taiyuan and Linfen were mainly vertical increasing-vertical decreasing-vertical increasing. Two types of vertical O3 daily variability caused by the regional transport at different heights were formed during the photochemical reaction period (10:00~15:00), namely, the simultaneous increase of O3 concentration in the upper air-grounding layer and the increase in the grounding layer-the basic stability in the upper air. The better the vertical diffusion conditions were, the more significant the vertical decrease of O3 would be during the pollution peak in the afternoon. Due to the influence of the nighttime inversion layer, the O3 stored in the upper layer of the boundary layer will continue to affect the vertical distribution of O3 and the ground level concentration on the second day. The near-surface VOCs control zones in each observation city gradually changed to common control zones and NOx control zones with the rise of altitude, and the higher the O3 concentration, the higher the altitude of the VOCs control during the observation period.
郭伟, 朱凌云, 李雁宇, 陈玲, 闫世明, 李一格. 基于无人机观测的不同污染天气O3垂直分布特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024, 44(12): 6578-6589.
GUO Wei, ZHU Ling-yun, LI Yan-yu, CHEN Ling, YAN Shi-ming, LI Yi-ge. Vertical distribution characteristics of O3 under diverse polluted weather based on unmanned aerial vehicle observations. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2024, 44(12): 6578-6589.
[1] Oltmans S J, Lefohn A S, Scheel H E, et al. Trends of ozone in the troposphere [J]. Geophys Research Letters, 1998,25(2):139-142. [2] Atkinson R. Atmospheric chemistry of VOCs and NOx [J]. Atmosphere Environment, 2000,34(12):2063-2101. [3] 吴兑,耿福海,张小玲,等.QX/T 240-2014光化学烟雾判识[S]. 北京:中国标准出版社, 2015. Wu D, Geng F H, Zhang X L, et al. QX/T 240-2014 Photochemical smoke identification [S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2015. [4] Stevenson D S, Young P J, Naik V, et al. Tropospheric ozone changes, radiative forcing and attribution to emissions in the atmospheric chemistry and climate model intercomparison project (ACCMIP) [J]. Atmosphere Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(6):3063-3085. [5] Dang R, Liao H, Fu Y. Quantifying the anthropogenic and meteorological influences on summertime surface ozone in China over 2012~2017[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,754:142394. [6] Wu J, Wang Y, Liang J, et al. Exploring common factors influencing PM2.5 and O3 concentrations in the Pearl River Delta: Tradeoffs and synergies [J]. Environment Pollution, 2021,285:117138. [7] 孙金金,谢晓栋,秦墨梅,等.不同时间尺度上PM2.5与臭氧协同关系及其影响因素分析[J]. 科学通报, 2022,67(18):2018-2028. Sun J J, Xie X D, Qin M M, et al. Analysis of coordinated relationship between PM2.5 and ozone and its affecting factors on different timescales [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022,67(18):2018-2028. [8] Jeon W B, Lee S H, Lee H, et al. A study on high ozone formation mechanism associated with change of NOx/VOCs ratio at a rural area in the Korean Peninsula [J]. Atmosphere Environment, 2014,89:10-21. [9] Chen Q, Li X B, Song RF. Development and utilization of hexacopter unmanned aerial vehicle platform to characterize vertical distribution of boundary layer ozone in wintertime [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2020,7:1073-1083. [10] 裘彦挺,吴志军,尚冬杰,等.我国城市大气PM2.5与O3浓度相关性的时空特征分析[J]. 科学通报, 2022,67(18):2008-2017. Qiu Y, Wu Z, Shang D, et al. The temporal and spatial distribution of the correlation between PM2.5 and O3 contractions in the urban atmosphere of China [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022,67:2008- 2017. [11] 周学思,廖志恒,王萌,等.2013~2016年珠海地区臭氧浓度特征及其与气象因素的关系[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(1):143-153. Zhou X S, Liao Z H, Wang M, et al. Characteristics of ozone concentration and its relationship with meteorological factors in Zhuhai during 2013~2016[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019, 39(1):143-153. [12] Zhang Z, Hu M, Shang D, et al. The evolution trend and typical process characteristics of atmospheric PM2.5 and O3 pollution in Beijing from 2013 to 2020[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022,67: 1995-2007. [13] Stull R B. An Introduction to Boundary Layer Meteorology [M]. Springer Science & Business Media, 2012,13. [14] 周彦均,高志球,濮梅娟,等.不同的边界层参数化方案对江淮一次暴雨过程数值试验研究[J]. 大气科学学报, 2019,42(4):591-601. Zhou Y J, Gao Z Q, Pu M J, et al. Impact of different planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes on the simulation of a rainstorm event over the Yangtze River Basin [J]. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 2019,42(4):591-601. [15] 蒋永成,张晗昀,张伟,等.基于地基遥感资料的厦门市污染边界层特征分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020,40(2):450-458. Jiang Y C, Zhang H Y, Zhang W, et al. Analysis of urban boundary layer characteristics based on ground-based remote sensing data in Xiamen [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020,40(2):450-458. [16] Li X B, Yuan B, Wang S, et al. Variations and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urban region: insights from measurements on a tall tower [J]. Atmosphere Chemistry and Physics, 2022,22(16):10567-10587. [17] Zhu X, Ma Z, Qiu Y, et al. An evaluation of interaction of morning residual layer ozone and mixing layer ozone in rural areas of the North China Plain [J]. Atmosphere Research, 2020,236,104788. [18] Tang G Q, Zhang J Q, Zhu X W, et al. Mixing layer height and its implications for air pollution over Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2016,16(4):2459-2475. [19] Zhao W, Tang G Q, Yu H, et al. Evolution of boundary layer ozone in Shijiazhuang, a suburban site on the North China Plain [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019,83:152-160. [20] Liu Y, Tang G, Liu B, et al. Decadal changes in ozone in the lower boundary layer over Beijing, China [J]. Atmosphere Environment, 2022,275:119018. [21] Deng T, Huang Y, Li Z, et al. Numerical simulations for the sources apportionment and control strategies of PM2.5 over Pearl River Delta, China, part II: Vertical distribution and emission reduction strategies [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2018,634(SEP.1):1645-1656. [22] 何国文,吴兑,吴晟,等.嘉兴夏季臭氧污染的近地层垂直变化特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(10):4265-4274. He G W, Wu D, Wu C, et al. Characterizing the near-surface vertical variations of summertime O3 in Jiaxing [J]. China Environment sci, 2020,40(10):4265-4274. [23] 王琴,景宽,王陈婧,等.北京市东南郊区夏季低层大气臭氧浓度垂直分布特征[J]. 环境科学研究, 2024,37(4):686-695. Wang Q, Jing K, Wang C J, et al. Vertical Distribution of Ozone in Lower Atmosphere in Summer in the Southeastern Suburb of Beijing [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2024,37(4):686-695. [24] Zhang K, Zhou L, Fu Q Y, et al. Vertical distribution of ozone over Shanghai during late spring: a balloon-borne observation [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,208:48-60. [25] Zhang L, Jacob D J, Boersma K F, et al. Transpacific transport of ozone pollution and the effect of recent Asian emission increases on air quality in North America: an integrated analysis using satellite, aircraft, ozonesonde, and surface observations [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2008,8(20):6117-6136. [26] Weisel C, Weschler C J, Mohan K, et al. Ozone and ozone byproducts in the cabins of commercial aircraft [J]. Environmental Science Technology, 2013,47(9):4711-4717. [27] Tommaso V, Felipe G, Branka M, et al. An Overview of small unmanned aerial vehicles for air quality measurements: present applications and future prospectives [J]. Sensors (Basel, Switzerland), 2016,14248220. [28] 曲雅微,王体健,袁成,等.基于无人机的大气细颗粒物与臭氧污染探测与溯源研究进展[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(12):6598-6609. Qu Y W, Wang T J, Yuan C, et al. Review of UAV-based atmospheric fine particulate matter and ozone pollution detection and source localization [J]. Environment Science, 2023,44(12):6598-6609. [29] Illingworth S, Allen G, Percival C, et al. Measurement of boundary layer ozone concentrations on-board a Sky walker unmanned aerial vehicle [J]. Atmosphere Science Letters, 2015,15(4):252-258. [30] Guimarães P, Ye J, Batista C, et al. Vertical profiles of ozone concentration collected by an unmanned aerial vehicle and the mixing of the nighttime boundary layer over an amazonian urban area [J]. Atmosphere, 2019,10:599. [31] Li X B, Wang D S, Lu Q C, et al. Three-dimensional investigation of ozone pollution in the lower troposphere using an unmanned aerial vehicle platform [J]. Environment Pollution, 2017,224(5):107-116. [32] Chen L, Pang X B, Li J J, et al. Vertical profiles of O3, NO2 and PM in a major fine chemical industry park in the Yangtze River Delta of China detected by a sensor package on an unmanned aerial vehicle [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,845:157113. [33] 刘若岚,刘端阳,袁淑杰,等.基于旋翼无人机观测的雾天和霾天VOCs垂直分布特征研究[J]. 大气科学学报, 2023,46(5):655-666. Liu R L, Liu D Y, Yuan S J, et al. Vertical characteristics of VOCs during fog and haze events in the lower troposphere over eastern China: insights from multi-rotor UAV observations [J]. Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences, 2023,46(5):655-666. [34] McKinney K A, Wang D, Ye J, et al. A sampler for atmospheric volatile organic compounds by copter un manned aerial vehicles [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2019,12:3123-3135. [35] Hedworth H, Page J, Sohl J, et al. Investigating errors observed during UAV-based vertical measurements using computational fluid dynamics [J]. Drones, 2022,6,253. [36] 何向阳,张凤英,何立环,等.2015~2020年山西省空气质量时空变化特征及其驱动因素分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2023,36(10):1870- 1881. He X Y, Zhang F Y, He L H, et al. Spatiotemporal variation characteristics and driving factors of air quality in Shanxi Province from 2015 to 2020[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2023,36(10):1870-1881. [37] Tang G Q, Liu Y T, Huang X, et al. Aggravated ozone pollution in the strong free convection boundary layer [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,788:147740. [38] 闫世明,王雁,郭伟,等.太原市秋冬季大气污染特征和输送路径及潜在源区分析[J]. 环境科学, 2019,40(11):4801-4809. Yan S M, Wang Y, Guo W, et al. Characteristics, transportation, pathways, and potential sources of air pollution during autumn and winter in Taiyuan [J]. Environment Science, 2019,40(11):4801-4809. [39] Finavson B J, Pitts J N. Tropospherc air pollution: 0zone, airborne toxics, polycvclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and particles [J]. Science, 1997,276(5315):1045-1052. [40] 蒋美青,陆克定,苏榕,等.我国典型城市群臭氧形成机制和关键VOCs的反应活性分析[J]. 科学通报, 2018,63(12):1130-1141. Jiang M Q, Lu K D, Su R, et al. Ozone formation and key VOCs in typical Chinese city clusters [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2018,63(12):1130-1141. [41] 李凯,刘敏,梅如波.泰安市大气臭氧污染特征及敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(8):3539-3546. Li K, Liu M, Mei R B, et al. Pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone in Taian City [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(8):3539-3546. [42] 翟瑞晓,李晓航,张思青,等.运城市夏季O3污染天及清洁天VOCs特征差异及来源解析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2024,44(3):247-259. Zhai R X, Li X H, Zhang S Q, et al. Differences of VOCs characteristics and source analysis on O3 pollution days and clean days during the summer in Yuncheng [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2024,44(3):247-259. [43] 黄争超,洪礼楠,尹佩玲,等.保定市夏季臭氧污染来源及大气传输影响研究[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2018,54(3):665-672. Huang Z C, Hong L N, Yin P L, et al. Source apportionment and transport characteristics of ozone in Baoding during Summer Time [J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2018,54(3): 665-672. [44] Li X B, Fan G Q, Lou S R, et al. Transport and boundary layer interaction contribution to extremely high surface ozone levels in Eastern China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,268:115804. [45] 孙思思,丁峰,陆晓波,等.南京市典型臭氧污染过程的激光雷达垂直观测解析[J]. 环境监测管理与技术, 2018,30(3):60-63. Sun S S, Ding F, Lu X B, et al. Analysis a typical O3 pollution in Nanjing using ozone laser radar [J]. The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring, 2018,30(3):60-63. [46] Jiang Y C, Zhao T L, Liu J, et al. Why does surface ozone peak before a typhoon landing in southeast China? [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(23):13331-13338. [47] 刘敬乐,史静,姚青,等.天津大气扩散条件对污染物垂直分布的影响研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(4):1575-1584. Liu J L, Shi J, Yao Q, et al. Effects of atmospheric diffusion conditions on vertical distribution of pollutants in Tianjin [J]. China Environmental Sciencece, 2022,42(4):1575-1584. [48] 戴上,周呈祥,庞小兵,等.基于无人机观测研究杭州湾化工园区近地面层臭氧垂直廓线[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(6):2514-2522. Dai S, Zhou C X, Pang X B, et al. Vertical profiles characteristics of near surface layer ozone in Shangyu Economic Development Zone of Hangzhou Bay based on unmanned aerial vehicle [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(6):2514-2522. [49] Yuan B, Liu Y, Shao M, et al. Biomass burning contributions to ambient VOCs species at a Receptor Site in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), China [J]. Environment Science Technology, 2010,44(12): 4577-4582. [50] 郑品梅,孙天乐,朱波等.基于铁塔观测的深圳大气VOCs垂直分布特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023,43(1):29-37. Zheng P M, Sun T L, Zhu B, et al. Vertical distribution characteristics of atmospheric VOCs in Shenzhen based on tower observation [J]. China Environmental Science, 2023,43(1):29-37. [51] Tang X, Wang Z F, Zhu J, et al. Sensitivity of ozone to precursor emissions in urban Beijing with a Monte Carloscheme [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(31):3833-3842. [52] 王碧璇,程勇,于广河,等.基于无人机搭载的深圳近地层大气VOCs垂直分布监测[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024,44(6):3021-3029. Wang B X, Cheng Y, Yu G H, et al. Vertical distribution monitoring of near-Surface atmospheric VOCs in Shenzhen based on UAV-borne [J]. China Environmental Science, 2024,44(6):3021-3029.