Source characteristics of net anthropogenic phosphorus input influence regional phosphorus output
GUO Yu-jing1, WANG Yun-qi1,2, ZHOU Xiao-zhou3, ZHANG Jian-cong1, CHENG Jin-hua1,2, WANG Zhen1, ZHANG Xiao-ming4, LI Peng5
1. School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; 2. Jinyun Forest Ecosystem Research Station, School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China; 3. Chongqing Academy of Forestry, Chongqing, 400036, China; 4. China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100048, China; 5. Faculty of Water Resources and Hydroelectric Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, China
Abstract：To investigate the impact of phosphorus input on phosphorus output in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, this study utilized the Net Anthropogenic Phosphorus Input (NAPI) model and the improved Export Coefficient Model (ECM) to analyze the spatiotemporal characteristics of phosphorus input and output from 2006 to 2021, as well as their response relationship. The results showed that the annual NAPI value initially increased and then decreased, with a peak in 2015. The distribution of NAPI values exhibited spatial clustering among counties, with phosphorus fertilizers contributing the most to NAPI, averaging 64.42% annually. Total phosphorus (TP) output fluctuated around 2500 tons per year with a slowly increasing trend, and the areas with high TP values shifted from the northeastern to the southwestern parts of the reservoir area. Dryland contributed the most to TP, with an annual average of 41.25%. There was a positive correlation between TP and NAPI, with the phosphorus input from human food and animal feed (Pim) having the greatest overall impact on TP, followed by non-food phosphorus input (Pnf) and phosphorus fertilizer input (Pfer). Pim was found to generate more TP per unit than Pnf and Pfer. The phosphorus output rate ranged from 1.18% to 2.26%, with an annual average of 1.78%. The proportion of Pim had the greatest influence on the phosphorus output rate, followed by the proportion of Pnf, with the output rate increasing as the proportions of Pim and Pnf increased. In contrast, the proportion of Pfer was negatively correlated with the phosphorus output rate. Pim posed the greatest threat to potential regional phosphorus pollution risks. This study provides scientific references for water environment management in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area.
[1] Chen D, Shen H, Hu M, et al. Legacy nutrient dynamics at the watershed scale: principles, modeling, and implications [J]. Advances in agronomy, 2018,149:237-313. [2] Bouwman L, Goldewijk K K, Van Der Hoek K W, et al. Exploring global changes in nitrogen and phosphorus cycles in agriculture induced by livestock production over the 1900~2050 period [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2013,110(52): 20882-20887. [3] Grizzetti B, Passy P, Billen G, et al. The role of water nitrogen retention in integrated nutrient management: assessment in a large basin using different modelling approaches [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2015,10(6):065008. [4] Mooney R J, Stanley E H, Rosenthal W C, et al. Outsized nutrient contributions from small tributaries to a Great Lake [J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2020,117(45):28175-28182. [5] 朱广伟,秦伯强,张运林,等.近70年来太湖水体磷浓度变化特征及未来控制策略 [J]. 湖泊科学, 2021,33(4):957-973. Zhu G W, Qin B Q, Zhang Y L, et al. Fluctuation of phosphorus concentration in Lake Taihu in the past 70 years and future control strategy [J]. Journal of Lake Sciences, 2021,33(4):957-973. [6] Fernandes A C P, Sanches Fernandes L F, Terêncio D P S, et al. Seasonal and scale effects of anthropogenic pressures on water quality and ecological integrity: a study in the Sabor River Basin (NE Portugal) using partial least squares-path modeling [J]. Water, 2019,11(9):1941. [7] Yu S, Du X, Lei Q, et al. Long-term variations of water quality and nutrient load inputs in a large shallow lake of Yellow River Basin: Implications for lake water quality improvements [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,900:165776. [8] Russell M J, Weller D E, Jordan T E, et al. Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs: spatial and temporal variability in the Chesapeake Bay region [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2008,88:285-304. [9] 刘艳萍,肖雅倩,张 颖.洞庭湖流域人类活动净磷输入及其空间分布 [J]. 应用生态学报, 2019,30(7):2404-2414. Liu Y P, Xiao Y Q, Zhang Y. Spatial dstribution of the net anthropogenic phosphorus input (NAPI) to the Dongting Lake basin, China [J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2019,30(7):2404-2414. [10] 彭 畅,朱 平,牛红红,等.农田氮磷流失与农业非点源污染及其防治 [J]. 土壤通报, 2010,41(2):508-512. Peng C, Zhu P, Niu H H, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss of farmland agriculral non-point source pollution and its prevention [J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2010,41(2):508-512. [11] 李兆富,杨桂山,李恒鹏.基于改进输出系数模型的流域营养盐输出估算 [J]. 环境科学, 2009,30(3):668-672. Li Z F, Yang G S, Li H P. Estimated nutrient export loads based on improved export coefficient model in xitiaoxi watershed [J]. Environmental Science, 2009,30(3):668-672. [12] Skrabal S A, Donat J R, Burdige D J. Pore water distributions of dissolved copper and copper-complexing ligands in estuarine and coastal marine sediments [J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2000,64(11):1843-1857. [13] 贺缠生,傅伯杰,陈利顶.非点源污染的管理及控制 [J]. 环境科学, 1998,19(5):87-91. He C S, Fu B J, Chen L D. Non-point source pollution control and management [J]. Environmental Science, 1998,19(5):87-91. [14] Johnes P J. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters: the export coefficient modelling approach [J]. Journal of hydrology, 1996,183(3/4):323-349. [15] 李华林,张守红,于佩丹,等.基于改进输出系数模型的非点源污染评估及关键源区识别:以北运河上游流域为例 [J]. 环境科学, 2023, 44(11):6194-6204. Li H L, Zhang S H, Yu P D, et al. Estimation and critical source area identification of non-point source pollution based on improved export coefficient source pollution based on improved export coefficient [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(11):6194-6204. [16] Hong B, Swaney D P, Mörth C M, et al. Evaluating regional variation of net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI), major drivers, nutrient retention pattern and management implications in the multinational areas of Baltic Sea basin [J]. Ecological Modelling, 2012,227:117-135. [17] Zhang X, Yi Y, Yang Z. Nitrogen and phosphorus retention budgets of a semiarid plain basin under different human activity intensity [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,703:134813. [18] Chen D, Zhang Y, Shen H, et al. Decreased buffering capacity and increased recovery time for legacy phosphorus in a typical watershed in eastern China between 1960 and 2010 [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2019, 144:273-290. [19] 李丹青,王云琦,王 震,等.三峡库区N2O时空分布差异及减排潜力分析 [J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2024,33(1):150-162. Li D Q, Wang Y Q, Wang Z, et al. Differences in N2O spatio-temporal distribution and emission reduction potential in Three Gorges Reservoir Area [J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2024,33(1):150-162. [20] 刘 娟.基于改进输出系数模型的三峡库区非点源氮、磷污染负荷研究 [D]. 重庆:西南大学, 2019. Liu J. Study on the nitrogen and phosphorus load of Non-point source pollution in Three Gorges Reservoir Area by using the improved Export Coefficient Model [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2019. [21] Wang Z, Wang Y, Ding X, et al. Evaluation of net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area [J]. Ecological Indicators, 2022,139:108922. [22] Yan Z, Wang Y, Wang Z, et al. Spatiotemporal analysis of landscape ecological risk and driving factors: a case study in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, China [J]. Remote Sensing, 2023,15(19):4884. [23] Han Y, Yu X, Wang X, et al. Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs (NAPI) index application in Mainland China [J]. Chemosphere, 2013,90(2):329-337. [24] 第一次全国污染源普查资料篡委员会.污染源普查产排污系数手册(上) [M]. 北京:中国环境科学出版社, 2011:6-30. The First National Committee for the Survey of Pollution Sources. The Handbook of Pollution Coefficients from the General Survey of Pollution Sources (Ⅰ) [M]. Beijing: China Environmental Press, 2011:6-30. [25] Boyer E W, Goodale C L, Jaworski N A, et al. Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern USA [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2002,57:137-169. [26] 武淑霞.我国农村畜禽养殖业氮磷排放变化特征及其对农业面源污染的影响 [D]. 北京:中国农业科学院, 2005. Wu S X. The spatial and temporal change of nitrogen and phosphorus produced by livestock and poultry & their effects on agricultural non-point pollution in China [D]. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. [27] 杨月欣,王光亚.中国食物成分表 [M]. 北京:北京大学医学出版社, 2009. Yang Y X, Wang G Y. China food ingredients table [M]. Beijing: Peking University Medical Press, 2009. [28] 丁雪坤.三峡库区面源污染人类活动输入及潜在风险评价 [D]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2019. Ding X K. Net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs and non-point source pollution risk analysis of the Three Gorges reservoir Region [D]. Beijing: Beijing Forest University, 2019. [29] 张卫峰,李亮科,陈新平,等.我国复合肥发展现状及存在的问题 [J]. 磷肥与复肥, 2009,24(2):14-16. Zhang W F, Li L K, Chen X P, et al. The present status and existing problems in China’s compound fertilizer development [J]. Phosphate Compound Fertilizer, 2009,24:14-16. [30] Johnes P J. Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters: the export coefficient modelling approach [J]. Journal of hydrology, 1996,183(3/4):323-349. [31] Ma X, Li Y, Zhang M, et al. Assessment and analysis of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus loads in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area of Hubei Province, China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011,412:154-161. [32] 杨彦兰,申丽娟,谢德体,等.基于输出系数模型的三峡库区(重庆段)农业面源污染负荷估算 [J]. 西南大学学报(自然科学版), 2015,37 (3):112-119. Yang Y L, Shen L J, Xie D T, et al. Estimation of pollution loads from agricultural nonpoint sources in Three Gorges Reservoir Area (Chongqing) based on the export coefficient modeling approach [J]. Journal of Southwest University (Natural Science), 2015,37(3):112-119. [33] Ding X, Shen Z, Hong Q, et al. Development and test of the export coefficient model in the upper reach of the Yangtze River [J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2010,383(3/4):233-244. [34] Shi Z H, Chen L D, Fang N F, et al. Research on the SCS-CN initial abstraction ratio using rainfall-runoff event analysis in the Three Gorges Area, China [J]. Catena, 2009,77(1):1-7. [35] Hong B, Swaney D P, Howarth R W. Estimating net anthropogenic nitrogen inputs to US watersheds: comparison of methodologies [J]. Environmental science & technology, 2013,47(10):5199-5207. [36] 周凡力.重庆市奉节县乡村人口-土地-产业要素耦合协调研究 [D].重庆:西南大学, 2021. Zhou F L. Research on the coupling and coordination of rural population-land-industry factors in Fengjie County, Chongqing City [D]. Chongqing: Southwest University, 2021. [37] 缪今典,张晓明,魏天兴,等.千岛湖流域杭州段人类活动净氮、净磷输入时空分布 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(6):2831-2842. Miao J D, Zhang X M, Wei T X. Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of net nitrogen and phosphorus input from human activity: A case study of Hangzhou section of Qiandao Lake Basin [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(6):2831-2842. [38] 盛 强.榆林市净氮净磷输入及面源污染潜在风险研究 [D]. 西安:长安大学, 2022. Sheng Q. Study on net nitrogen and net phosphorus input and Potential risk of non-point source pollution in Yulin City [D]. Xi'an: Chang An University, 2022. [39] 马 华,雷秋良,杜新忠,等.河南省人类活动净磷输入的时空变化与影响参数 [J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(3):1318-1326. Ma H, Lei Q L, Du X Z, et al. Spatio-temporal variation and the impacts from parameters analysis of net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs in Henan province [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022, 42:1318-1326. [40] 王雨珊.中国七大流域人为净磷输入及河流入海磷通量研究 [D]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2020. Wang Y S. Net anthropogenic phosphorus inputs in seven major river basins in China and corresponding phosphorus fluxes into the sea [D]. Beijing: Beijing Forest University, 2020. [41] 王金南,董战峰,蒋洪强,等.中国环境保护战略政策70年历史变迁与改革方向 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2019,32(10):1636-1644. Wang J N, Dong Z F, Jiang H Q, et al. Historical evolution and reform of China’s environmental strategy and policy during the past seventy years (1949~2019) [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2019,32 (10):1636-1644. [42] 李潇然,李阳兵,邵景安.非点源污染输出对土地利用和社会经济变化响应的案例研究 [J]. 生态学报, 2016,36(19):6050-6061. Li X R, Li Y B, Shao J A. A study on the response of non-point source pollution to the variation of land use and social economy [J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2016,36(19):6050-6061. [43] 李慧赟,王裕成,单 亮,等.暴雨径流对新安江入库总磷负荷量的影响 [J]. 环境科学研究, 2022,35(4):887-895. Li H Y, Wang Y C, Shan L, et al. Effect of rainstorm runoff on total phosphorus load in xin'anjiang [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022. [44] 曾立雄,肖文发,黄志霖,等.三峡库区兰陵溪小流域养分流失特征 [J]. 环境科学, 2013,34(8):3035-3042. Zeng L X, Xiao W F, Huang Z L, et al. Characteristics of nutrient loss of Lanlingxi watershed in the Three Gorges Reservoir area [J]. Environmental Science, 2013,34(8):3035-3042. [45] 王业迪,贾珺杰,陆 瑶,等.鄱阳湖2010~2019年氮磷收支及其富营养化影响 [J]. 环境科学学报, 2024,44(6):151-160. Wang Y D, Jia J J, Lu Y, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus budget and eutrophication impacts in Poyang Lake from 2010 to 2019 [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2024,44(6):151-160. [46] 李明龙,贾梦丹,孙天成.三峡库区非点源污染氮磷负荷时空变化及其来源解析 [J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(4):1839-1846. Li M L, Jia M D, Sun T C, et al. Spatiotemporal change and source apportionment of non-point source nitrogen and phosphorus pollution loads in the Three Gorges reservoir area [J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(4):1839-1846. [47] 陈仕奇,龙 翼,严冬春,等.三峡库区石盘丘小流域氮磷输出形态及流失通量 [J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(3):1276-1285. Chen S Q, Long Y, Yan D C, et al. Characteristics of nitrogen and phosphorus output and loss flux in the shipanqiu watershed, three gorges reservoir area [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(3):1276-1285. [48] 陈毓迪.基于改进输出系数模型的江西省农业面源污染时空分析 [D]. 南昌:南昌大学, 2023. Chen Y D. Spatiotemporal analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in Jiangxi province based on improved output coefficient model [D]. Nanchang: Nanchang University, 2023. [49] 于浩冉.泸沽湖氮磷时空分布及内外源污染负荷研究 [D]. 成都:西南交通大学, 2022. Yu H R. Temporal and spatial distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus and pollution loads from internal and external sources in Lugu Lake [D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2022. [50] Zheng Y, Wang Q, Zhang X, et al. Nitrogen and phosphorus retention risk assessment in a drinking water source area under anthropogenic activities [J]. Remote Sensing, 2022,14(9):2070. [51] Van Meter K J, Basu N B. Time lags in watershed-scale nutrient transport: an exploration of dominant controls [J]. Environmental Research Letters, 2017,12(8):084017. [52] Kusmer A S, Goyette J O, MacDonald G K, et al. Watershed buffering of legacy phosphorus pressure at a regional scale: a comparison across space and time [J]. Ecosystems, 2019,22:91-109. [53] Liu J, Gu W, Liu Y, et al. Dynamic characteristics of net anthropogenic phosphorus input and legacy phosphorus reserves under high human activity-A case study in the Jianghan Plain [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,836:155287. [54] Hong B, Swaney D P, McCrackin M, et al. Advances in NANI and NAPI accounting for the Baltic drainage basin: spatial and temporal trends and relationships to watershed TN and TP fluxes [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2017,133:245-261. [55] Chen D, Hu M, Guo Y, et al. Influence of legacy phosphorus, land use, and climate change on anthropogenic phosphorus inputs and riverine export dynamics [J]. Biogeochemistry, 2015,123:99-116. [56] Zhong W, Wang S, Dong Y, et al. Trends of the response-relationship between net anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus inputs (NANI/NAPI) and TN/TP export fluxes in Raohe basin, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2022,286:131662.
