In order to evaluate the sources and health risks of heavy metals in PM_2.5 around the Youth Asian Game (YAG) period, thirteen heavy elements including V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb in PM_2.5 were analyzed for a site near the Nanjing Olympic Sport Center during 3~28 August, 2013. Results indicated that the concentrations of heavy metals are different among the pre-, during- and after- YAG period, influenced by both the pollution control regulations and meteorological parameters. Their concentrations are higher for the pre-YAG period than those for during-YAG period. Enrichment factor index indicated that Cu, Zn, Cd, Sn, Sb and Pb are highly enriched elements, with their pollution level decreasing as Cd > Cu > Zn > Sb > Sn > Pb. Cluster analysis implied that industrial emission, coal combustion, road dust and vehicle emissions were the major sources of these heavy elements. During the YAG period, the non-carcinogenic risks raised by heavy elements in PM_2.5 through inhalation pathway are less than 1. The risk indexes of five carcinogenic heavy metals are also lower than the thresholds of cancer risk correspondingly.

In current research, there is a lack of uniform standards for components selection in PM_2.5 source profile apportionment. Researchers tend to choose the component manually and empirically, leading to a subsequent poor fitting result, or even failures. Concerning on this problem, this paper has proposed an innovative component selection model of PM_2.5 source profiles apportionment. On the basis of the physical representative of each component, the proposed model calculates the accuracy of fuzzy clustering as the standard score for selection. The experiments prove that our model outperforms the traditional empirical models. The successful rate for fitting, measured by the fitting errors in 0 to 0.05, grows to 83% by implementing our model, in contrast to rate of 40% from the traditional selection model.

The Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of NO₂ during 2013~2014 were analyzed based on the NO₂ monitoring data released by Beijing Municipal Environmental Monitoring Center. The analytical results showed that the annual average concentration of NO₂ in Beijing was 56.7μg/m³ in 2014 and increased 1.3% compared to that of NO₂ (56μg/m³) in 2013. The monthly average concentration of NO₂ changed in a wave-shape curve and the diurnal variation of NO₂ showed bimodal distribution. The annual average concentration of NO₂ was lower in the northern and western regions while higher in the six city area and southern area; NO₂ and PM_2.5, CO, NO showed a positive correlation while NO₂ and OX, O₃ had no significant correlation relationship. Calculated photolysis rate of NO₂ in the whole year and heavy pollution days was 0.105/min, 0.026/min, respectively. The values of NOR was 0.142±0.061, 0.190±0.036 in the whole year and heavy pollution days, respectively. High concentration of NO₂ was conducive to the formation of O₃ and also played a promoting role of heavy air pollution formation. Correlation coefficient between vehicle number and the annuanl concentration of NO₂ during 2000~2014 in Beijing was -0.84 and the NO_x emissions of vehicle had a significant effect on the change of the annual concentration of NO₂ in the area of Beijing city.

The temporal and spatial variations of air pollutant concentrations, and types of pollution were investigated during heavy air pollution episodes occurred in Beijing from 2013 to 2014. The results showed that there were 105heavy pollution days in Beijing during 2013~2014, accounting for 14.4% of the total. And in these heavy air pollution episodes, Beijing suffered the PM_2.5, PM₁₀ and O₃ as the primary pollutant for 103 days, 1day and 1day, respectively. The heavy pollution days in the winter half year accounted for 76.2%, and pollution episodes could be characterized by calm wind, high relative humidity and low visibility. For the heavy air pollution days, the concentration ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ reached to 91.3% which was significantly higher than the annual average level, indicating that PM_2.5 was dominant. Air pollutant concentrations in the southern region of Beijing were higher than those in the northern parts. Areas with higher air pollutant concentrations were mainly located in the plains, and lower values are located in the mountain regions. Moreover, the frequency of heavy air pollution for traffic monitoring sites was higher than other urban sites in Beijing. The heavy air pollution episodes could be grouped into four typical types, namely the sustained-accumulated, the O₃ pollution, the sand-dust caused and the combined type. The sustained-accumulated episodes were always accompanied by enhancements of regional air pollution level for the whole city, and by obvious increase of NO₃^-, SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ concentrations in PM_2.5. It is also found that O₃ pollution became more serious in recent years.

Air particulate matter samples from mixed function area in Beijing were collected during Aug. and Dec. 2014. The chemical components consisted of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), 9 water-soluble ions, and 16elements in PM_2.5 were analyzed. The chemical mass balance (CMB) method had been applied to identify the source of PM_2.5. The results showed that the average daily mass concentration of PM_2.5in summer was 73μg/m³, which was lower than the relevant Chinese air quality standards. While in winter, the average daily mass concentration was 111μg/m³, which was much higher than summer and the standards. The concentrations of OC and EC, and OC/EC ratio in winter were higher than in summer. And a linear correlation was identified between the OC and EC due to the same source apportionment. The secondary ions such as sulphate (SO₄^2-), nitrite (NO₃^-) and ammonium (NH₄⁺) were the most important compounds in the particles of this area, because they accounted for a large fraction of PM_2.5 especially in summer. The concentration of chloride ion (Cl^-) was increased in winter due to the coal combustion. The concentrations of Si, Ti, Fe, Zn and Al were in the range of 0.1~10μg/m³; Pb, Cu, Mn, Cr, Ba and Sb 10~10²ng/m³; V, Ni, Co, Mo and Cd 0.1~10ng/m³. The contents of all the elements were higher in winter than in summer. The results of the source apportionment showed that the major contributions of PM_2.5 were second sulfate, motor vehicle exhausts and second nitrite in summer, while coal combustion, motor vehicle exhausts and raise dust in winter.

Using flue-gas waste-heat to dry sludge is an emerging green technology. The sludge drying process is found to be also effective in removal of particulates from the flue-gas. In this paper, we analyze the removal efficiency of such processes measured in both laboratory setting and real power plant environments to determine the important factors that controlling the removal efficiency. The result shows that, for four types of sludge, the removal rates of PM_2.5, PM₁₀, and TSP are in ranges of 18%~42%, 32%~55%, and 39%~62%, respectively. The removal rate of PM_2.5 depends on the microstructure and organic matter content of the sludge. It increases with the sludge packing density and moisture content but decreases with the sludge particulate size. Smaller sludge particulate size is believed to be favoring the formation of abundant water drops in flue-gas which in turn adsorb and combine the micro particles into larger particles.

Two column-type SBRs were used to investigate the influence caused by granular activated carbon (GAC) on the formation of partial nitrification granular sludge treating domestic sewage. There was not GAC in R2 reactor, but R1reactor had GAC added to the sludge mixture. R1reactor was successfully started-up in 22th day, while R2 reactor was started-up in 38th day. At the beginning of the particle formation, the results showed that GAC could be used as the cores, reducing the initial particle formation time. At the same time, in the whole running stage, EPS content of R1reacor, especially the content of PN, was significantly higher than that of R2 reactor, which further promoted the formation of partial nitrification granular sludge. In addition, the ammonia oxidation rate and the nitrite accumulation rate of R1reactor were higher than of R2reactor, and had small fluctuation, which showed that the dosing of GAC helped maintain the stability of partial nitrification granular sludge treatment effect.

The influence of low temperature(11~15℃) on a two-sludge denitrifying and phosphorus removal system was studied in this experiment, the system is named AAO-biological aerated filter (BAF), which treats about 45m³ urban wastewater per day. The nitrification of this system recovered from the inhabitation of low temperature in a short time, however, the nitrification of AAO system which is running in the same condition with the AAO-BAF system was inhibited by the low temperature for a long time. The inhibition of low temperature on nitrification leads to the decline of phosphorus uptaking in the anoxic phase of this system, TP concentration in the effluent of anoxic phase rise from 1to 4mg/L, however, its aerobic phase can uptake the surplus phosphorus. The retention time of nitrifying bacteria is the main reason that leads to the difference of nitrification between the AAO and AAO-BAF according to the batch experiments. At 11, 16, 21, 27, 32℃, anaerobic phosphorus release rate of the sludge in the AAO-BAF system was 6.745, 8.378, 13.218, 11.513, 9.726mgTP/(h·gMLSS) respectively; The phosphorus removal rates during the anoxic reaction was 1.668, 1.892, 2.496, 2.835, 2.976mgTP/(h·gMLSS) respectively, the NO₃^--N removal rate was 0.786, 1.112, 1.761, 2.614, 3.464mgNO₃^--N/(h·gMLSS) respectively.

The efficient removal of 4-chloro-2-nitrophenol (4C2NP) in ultraviolet (UV)/peroxymonosulfate (PMS) oxidation system was investigated. The effects of pH, PMS dosage and concentrations of 4C2NP, chloride and nitrate ions on the degradation efficiency of 4C2NP were evaluated. No significant differences in 4C2NP degradation rate were observed at pH 2.0~5.0, but a further increase in pH value would inhibit the substrate decomposition. In addition, PMS dosage positively correlated with degradation rates of 4C2NP, while 4C2NP concentration had a negative effect. A typical dual effect of chloride concentrations on the 4C2NP degradation kinetics was observed, whereas the increasing concentrations of nitrate showed an indistinctively inhibitory effect on 4C2NP degradation. Dechlorination and denitration were the dominant degradation pathways during the oxidative degradation of 4C2NP, followed by the formation of chloride and nitrate ions. The released chloride from chloro groups would be involved in re-chlorination through radical reactions. Nitro groups released would be oxidized to stable nitrate, preventing re-nitration. Degradation mechanism of 4C2NP in a UV/PMS system was proposed based on intermediates identified.

In order to explore the adsorption characters of inorganic nitrogen in aqueous solution by maize straw- and corn cob-derived biochars, the adsorption kinetics of NH₄⁺-N, NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N were studied. The adsorption processes of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich isothermal adsorption models, and the adsorption mechanisms were also elucidated. The results showed that the maize straw- and corn cob-derived biochars produced at 400℃ and 600℃ were both alkaline (400℃ < 600℃). As for the same raw material, the biochar produced at 600℃ showed relatively higher alkaline oxygen-containing functional group content and lower acidic oxygen-containing functional group content compared with the biochar produced at 400℃. The biochars produced at 400℃ had a stronger adsorption capacity to NH₄⁺-N (the equilibrium adsorption amounts of maize straw- and corn cob-derived biochars were 4.22 and 4.09mg/g, respectively). However, the biochars produced at 600℃ had a stronger adsorption capacity to NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N (for NO₃^--N: the equilibrium adsorption amounts of maize straw- and corn cob-derived biochars were 0.73 and 0.63mg/g, respectively; for NO₂^--N: 0.55and 0.35mg/g, respectively). Compared to NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N, all the four kinds of biochar showed stronger adsorption capacity to NH₄⁺-N, and the equilibrium adsorption amounts of NH₄⁺-N were 4.29~20.2 times more than NO₃^--N/NO₂^--N. The isothermal adsorption model study showed that the adsorption of NH₄⁺-N and NO₃^--N in aqueous solution by maize straw- and corn cob-derived biochars could be described by Freundlich model, and the multi-layer adsorption was the major adsorption mechanism.

A pilot-scale biological filter was constructed to removal of iron and manganese simultaneously from groundwater. The results indicated that adjusting process parameters appropriately can realize rapid enrichment of iron and manganese oxidizing microorganisms and quick start-up of biological iron and manganese removal for the water incuding high iron and manganese at low tempreture (5~6℃) in 120d; During the process, The thickness of filter layer is optimized, and the result is that effluent water may be overproof when thickness of filter bed is 1500mm, and it will be standard if thickness of mature filter bed is 800mm when the filtering speed is 6~8m/h; Under this contition, the highest filtering speed is 16.5m/h and relevant backlashing parameter is clear.

In order to treat piggery wastewater with high ammonium density and low C/N ratio, a wood-chip-framework soil infiltrator (WFSI) was constructed and its performance in COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal was investigated, while the mechanism for denitrification was analyzed. The infiltrator was started up at a hydraulic surface loading rate of 0.2 m³/m²·d and temperature (25±1)℃, and could get steady in performance within 30 days. The results showed that COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal in the infiltrator were about 61.7%, 85.0% and 36.3%, respectively, as against a feed concentration which ranged 160~359, 253~298 and 317~374 mg/L, respectively. Heterotrophic denitrification and ANAMMOX were identified as the denitrification approaches in the WFSI, and the contribution of ANAMMOX to the TN removal was more than 42.3%. The COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal in the infiltrator were about 61.7%, 85.0% and 36.3%, respectively, as against a ranged feed concentration of 160~359, 253~298 and 317~374mg/L, respectively.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of different anaerobic time(3.5, 3, 2, 1.5h) on the nutrient removal and the intracellular carbon storage of simultaneous nitrification-denitrification and phosphorus removal (SNDPR) systems treating urban sewage. The SNDPR system was enriched with phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs) and operated under extended anaerobic (3h) and short low aerobic (2.5h, with dissolved oxygen concentration for 0.5~1.0mg/L). Experiment results showed that the system nitrogen and phosphorus removal perforamce improved with the extending anaerobic time. When the anaerobic time was 3h, the phosphorus release was best with the effluent concentration (0.35mg/L). When anaerobic time gradually increased from 1.5h to 3.5h, poly-hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) synthetic amount increased, but phosphorus release amount decreased. The results indicated that extended anaerobic time (3h) was benifical for enhacing the intracellular carbon storage, but overlong anaerobic time (above 3.5h) was inimical to the dominant PAOs. Additionally, non-filamentous bulking appeared at the anaerobic time of 1.5h and 2h after 51cycles operation, and pH could be used as the indicating parameter for phosphorus realse, phosphorus uptake and simultaneous nitrification-denitrification in the SNDPR system.

In this study, the thermally-treated calcium-rich attapulgite was used as low-cost P sorbent amendments and which was added into lake sediment with different percentage. The P sorption on the material amended sediment and the sediment P fractionation were studied. The results indicated that the P sorption capacity and sorption rate were greatly enhanced with addition of the material. Specifically, the maximum P sorption capacity and sorption rate have been increased 1.5 to 2.0 times and 1.7 to 3.7times respectively with addition of 5% to 20% of material. In addition, material addition can increase the capacity of resisting disturbance of lake sediment. The interference of pH, NO₃^- and HCO₃^- on P sorption on the amended sediment has been attenuated. However, SO₄^2- and SiO₃^2- still exert great influence on P sorption on amended sediment. The results of P fractionation indicated that material addition can transform Al-P to Ca-P in sediment, increase the percentage of inert P and therefore low the P release into overlying from the sediment. All of the results suggested that the thermally-treated calcium-rich can be used as an effective material for lake eutrophication control.

In order to investigate the relationship between operating temperature and sludge settleability, five sequencing batch reactors with automatic control equipment were adopted to explore the effect of different operating temperature (15, 20, 25, 30 and 35℃) on sludge settleability and microbial community structure. The results showed that: when inflowing time was five minutes, sludge bulking did not occurred in all systems. This was due to that effect of operating temperature on sludge settleability was much weaker than substrate concentration, and the dominating filamentous bacterium were Type 0041 and Type 0092; when five hours were adopted, five systems were occurred filamentous bulking phenomenon and SVI value increased as operating temperature (15~30℃) rising due to the interaction between temperature and low substrate concentration. While operating temperature was 35℃, SVI value was lower than that in 30℃. Moreover, the features of the intracellular storage and extracellular storage as well as the types of dominating filamentous bacteria had a great difference when operating temperature was different.

In order to acquire the current status of groundwater quality in the plain area of Yanqi Basin, Xinjiang, 42 groundwater and 10 surface water samples were collected according to the relating requirements and standards. The detection of organic pollutants in the study area was the first time and totally come to 39 testing items. The samples were analyzed by qualified laboratories. The investigation results showed that there were three organic contaminants detected in groundwater. Among these compounds, detection rate of trichloromethane, 1, 2-dichloroethane and 1, 2-dichlorobenzene were 30.95%, 2.38% and 2.38%, respectively. Content of the three compounds did not exceed the drinking water standards. The organic pollution assessment results showed that in the plain area of Yanqi Basin the organic pollutants were not to do harm to environment. Detection rate of the groundwater organic pollutants of the different land use types were grassplot > cultivated land > construction land. Most of the 14 detection points of groundwater organic pollutants distributed the unsaturated zone of the loam and the sandy loam. The others distributed the unsaturated zone of the sandy gravel. Only the B03 (Kaidu River) were detected trace amounts of trichloromethane and the organic pollutants in groundwater were not from the surface water.

The nitrogen and phosphorus content in water and sediment in Taihu Lake basin river were studied, the diffusion flux of nitrogen and phosphorus at the sediment-water interface were determined by sediment core culture experiment, and the relationships between them were also discussed. The results showed that the content of nitrogen and phosphorus in water and sediment were high, the average concentrations of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in water column were 4.12mg/L and 0.16mg/L respectively, in sediment were 1658.76mg/kg and 712.25mg/kg respectively. Nitrate (NO₃^--N) was the main inorganic nitrogen form in water column. However, ammonium was the main inorganic nitrogen in the sediment. Significant differences were detected in the sediment oxygen demand (SOD), which was higher in the western and southern regions but lower in the northern region. The diffusion flux of inorganic nitrogen at the water-sediment interface were: NH₄⁺-N, -188.08~329.45mg/(m²·h) (average 13.05mg/(m²·h)); NO₃^--N, -118.68~42.86mg/(m²·h) (average -28.09mg/(m²·h)); NO₂^--N, -18.37~-4.81mg/(m²·h) (average -8.22mg/(m²·h)) respectively and the diffusion flux of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was -10.94~10.58mg/(m²·h) (average 1.34mg/(m²·h)). In general, the flux of NH₄⁺-N released from sediment to overlying water, and which was positively correlated with loss on ignition (LOI) extremely significantly. The diffusion flux of SRP was positively correlated with TP and total dissolvable phosphorus (TDP) in the sediment significantly. The results indicated that the release of NH₄⁺-N was involved with the decomposition of the organic matters in the sediment, and the release of SRP was mainly affected by TP and TDP in the sediment. On the overall view, the pollution of nitrogen and phosphorus was most serious in the water and sediment of the sampling sites in the western region, where the diffusion flux of nitrogen and phosphorus were also relatively higher. In the western region, the diffusion flux of the sites located in downstream region were higher than those of the sites located in the upstream region, which confirmed that human activities had huge effect on the loading of nitrogen and phosphorus and their migration in the typical river networks in Taihu Lake basin.

Typical urban polluted city river-Hebei Xiao River water CDOM of the source, spatial and temporal distribution characteristics were studied by fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra (EEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) combine with parallel analysis (PARAFAC), principal component analysis (PCA), and the correlation of CDOM and water chemical indicators was investigated as well. The results showed that Xiao River water CDOM was mainly microbial-derived for rencent human emission of water. The concentration of CDOM was at higher level in fall (August) and winter (November), but low in the spring (February) and summer (May). Variation characteristics of space redered on first increase and then decreases from upstream to downstream. Four florescence components were identified, and component 1 (fulvic acid), component 2 (humic) and component 3 (humic acid) originated from humic-like substance, while component 4ascribed to protein-like materials. The components had difference source and distribution was variable and changed with time. In addition to summer the protein-like and humic-like components had similar sources, especially with the humic acid components. The concentration of protein-like was higher in spring and winter, but lower in the summer and autumn. In the Xiao River fluorescent substance had greatly contribution of ammonia and nitrite, and the humic-like had an important influence of chemical oxygen demand. The results demonstrated that, EEM and UV-vis spectra coupled with PARAFAC, PCA and cluster analysis can be used to analyze the seasonal variation of the CDOM and identify the spatial distribution of pollution in the Xiao River.

In this study, wedeveloped a support vector machine-based model for rapidly assessing trophic status of coastal watersby easy-to-measure parameters (a_CDOM(255), a_CDOM(355), a_CDOM(455), turbidity (Tur), chlorophyll a (Chl a) and dissolved oxygen (DO)) with the trophic index (TRIX) serving as a reference.After the optimal penalty parameter C(45.3) and kernel parameter g (0.7) were obtained by Grid Search, the SVM model was established and its classificationaccuracy rate was 92.5% for the training data, 85.0% for the validation dataand 91.8% for the cross-validation. The results indicated that the developed technique could be useful for rapidly assessingthe eutrophication status ofcoastal waters.

In this study, 28surface sediment and 7core sediment samples were collected from the East China Sea (ECS) to determine the distribution properties of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). The concentrations of total PBDEs (excepted BDE-209) in surface sediment samples were in the range of 0.20~2.09ng/g dw. Among the detected congeners, BDE-209 was the predominant congener with the corresponding concentration ranging from 0.57~2.87ng/g dw (57.9%~76.7% of total PBDEs), followed by BDE-99 and BDE-47. Moreover, the concentrations of PBDEs decreased with the increase of distance between sampling sites and coastline and increased from the north to south. The distribution trends of PBDEs in core sediment samples from the ECS matched well with the application history and status of PBDEs products in China. The ratios of total organic carbon (TOC) in the surface and core sediment samples were ranged from 0.54%~0.88% and 0.62%~0.88% respectively. And the correlations between TOC and PBDEs in both surface (R²=0.723, P < 0.01) and core (R²=0.595, P < 0.01) sediment samples indicated that TOC might be one of the impact factors for the characteristics of PBDEs distribution in sediment.

Based on the comprehensive investigation in the Yellow Sea in 2012, Si concentrations and distributions in the water column and sediment were analyzed; and a budget model of Si in the Yellow Sea was established. The results show that both dissolved silica (DSi) and biogenic silica (BSi) in the water column are higher in Fall than in Spring. BSi accounts for 22% of total reactive Si. DSi and BSi in the water column are largely affected by terrestrial inputs, phytoplankton production and diffusion at the water-sediment interface. Si budget indicates that the major process contributed to the primary production in the water column is the benthic flux, accounting for 48% of total input loading, followed by water exchange from the East China Sea, representing for 32%. Riverine input, groundwater discharge, surface runoff (excluding riverine input) and Bohai Sea input contribute 9%, 6%, 3%, and 1.5% of total Si input, respectively, while the atmospheric deposition holds only 0.5%. The dominant removal of DSi from water column in the Yellow Sea is diatom uptake then sedimentation and export to the East China Sea, accounting for 72% and 27%, respectively, while output to Bohai Sea contributes only 1.0%. Net burial of BSi is about 55×109mol/a, representing 7.2% of primary production and accounting for 47% of exogenetic Si inputs into the Yellow Sea. This study quantifies the main processes of Si cycling, and reveals the source-sink characteristics and the influence of terrestrial loadings on the Si budget in the Yellow Sea.

The surface seawater samples in the Yellow Sea were collected to study the photochemical oxidation behaviors of dimethylsulfide (DMS) under UVB (280, 295 and 305nm) UVA (320, 345 and 395nm) and visible lights (435 and 495nm) in simulated sunlight conditions. The production ratios of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) were also discussed. The results indicated that the photooxidation reaction of DMS exhibited first-order reaction kinetic behavior equation, and the rate constants under UVB, UVA and visible lights were 2.71~5.52, 2.23~4.09 and 1.55~2.65d^-1, respectively. In the same sample, the photooxidation rates of DMS under UVB were higher than those under UVA and visible lights, with the maximum rate at 280nm. The negative correlations were found between DMS concentrations and the spectral absorption coefficients (α(355)) of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) under the 8 different wavelengths, suggesting that light absorption characteristics of CDOM might significantly affect the photochemical behaviors of DMS. In addition, the transfer ratios of DMS photooxidation into DMSO ranged from 20.0% to 31.9% under the 8 different wavelengths, with the maximum at 280nm.

This study carried out batch experiments to explore the effects of temperature at 25, 35, 45, 55℃ on acetic acid and volatile fatty acids production from food wastes with yeast and acetic acid bacteria as inoculums during micro-aerobic fermentation. The results showed that the concentration of acetic acid fermentation is the maximum of 0.59g/L at 25℃after eight days' fermentation, much higher than those at 35, 45 and 55℃, with the highest concentration of VFA up to 34.49g/L at 25℃. VFA thus produced contains acetic acid mostly, with a few amount of propionate and butyrate. The optimum temperature on acetic acid production of food wastes inoculated yeast and acetic acid bacteria during micro-aerobic fermentation is 25℃.With the temperature gradually increased, TS and VS removal rate increased at first and then decreased. At 35℃, TS and VS removal rate of fermentation substrates is the highest, about 30% and 60%, respectively.

Based on the data of the 120 layers of 6soil groups which distributed in 60 tea gardens in Wuyishan city in Fujian province, the acidic characteristics of tea garden soils in subtropical China was investigated. The results were as follows: the average soil pH of 0~20cm soil layer was 4.52, and highly acidified soil with pH lower than 4.5 accounted for 55.00% of the total samples. Meanwhile, the average soil pH of 20~40cm soil layer was 4.52, and 53.33% of the samples were lower than 4.5. The average pH of red soils, purple soils, coarse soils in tea garden were all below 4.5in 0~20cm and 20~40cm soil layers. Therefore, high acidification was a serious problem in the majority of tea garden soil in Wuyishan city. Soil exchangeable Al³⁺ and the ratio of exchangeable Al³⁺ against exchangeable acid increased proportionally to the increasing rate of exchangeable acid, while the ratio of exchangeable H⁺ against exchangeable acid has the contrary phenomena. Exchangeable Al³⁺ made up 76.67%~98.40% of exchangeable acid. The pH of tea garden soil has significantly negative correlation with exchangeable acid, exchangeable H⁺ and exchangeable Al³⁺, of which the correlation coefficients were -0.61, -0.46 and -0.59, respectively. The buffering capacity to acid and alkali decreased with the decreasing soil pH. Generally, the soil pH had significantly positive correlation with base saturation, which is mainly controlled by exchangeable Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺. However, different soil types had different characteristics in terms of their relationships. Therefore, it reflected the complexity and diversity of tea garden soil acidity.

The influence of mesotrione on soil enzyme activities and microbial community functional diversity in soils were investigated. The results showed that the activities of catalase and invertase first enhanced and then decreased with the increase of the concentration of mesotrione, while catalase and invertase activities under different treatments of mesotrione were higher than those of the control soil, resulting in from 22.6% to 41.0% and from 3.4% to 54.2%, respectively, increase when compared with CK. By contrast, urease activity was suffering from 12.0% to 18.6% reduction in comparison with the control, but there was no significantly different among the treatments of 0~100mg/kg mesotrione. The application of mesotrione inspired the activity of microbial community, and the abundance, diversity and evenness of soil microbial community were increased in soil. The values of average well color development (AWCD) and variation rate increased with increasing of mesotrione. Meanwhile, the utilization efficiency of carbohydrate, amino acid, polymer, aamine, carboxylic acid phenolic acid by soil microorganisms were increased as a whole, with the maximum of 5.3, 1.0, 4.4, 3.2, 0.2 and 6.8 times in contrast with the control group, but there were certain differences in the type of utilizing carbon by soil microbes under a serial contents of mesotrione.

Concentrations of available Cu and Cd, soil microbial community structure were investigated with one-time application of charcoal, lime, and apatite after four years in a heavy metal contaminated soil. Results showed that incorporation of amendments significantly increased soil pH, and decreased the concentrations of exchangeable acidity and aluminum. Lime and apatite were more effective than charcoal on transforming Cu and Cd from active to inactive fractions. The Biolog analysis showed that AWCD (average well color development) of charcoal (0.61), lime (0.76), and apatite (0.70) were 1.33, 1.65 and 1.52 times higher than that in the untreated soil at 192h. Moreover, the Shannon index, McIntosh index of soil microbes were higher in the amended soils compared with the control, and followed the order of lime > apatite > charcoal. The results indicated amendments treated soils all increased the abilities of the microbes to use carbon sources. Polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) analysis showed that the amounts of dominant bacterial were significantly increased with the application of amendments. The Shannon index of soil microbes were increased 0.22, 0.39 and 0.24 in charcoal, lime and apatite compared with the control, respectively. Correlation analysis indicated that soil acidity and availability of Cu and Cd may be the main factors affecting the community structure of soil microbes in the soils.

To reduce the contents of Cd and As in brown rice, meeting requirements of the National Food Standards (GB 2762~2012), a pot experiment was conducted to study the synergistic controlling effects of combined amendment QFJ (hydroxyapatite + zeolite + biochar) on the bioavailability of Cd and As in contaminated paddy soil collected from a mining area in southern Hunan and on the accumulation of Cd and As in the various organs of rice plants. The results showed that application of QFJ could reduce the contents of Cd and As in brown rice. When QFJ applying at a 0.2%, the contents of Cd and As in brown rice were 0.19mg/kg and 0.14mg/kg, respectively, lower than those of 0.49mg/kg and 0.27mg/kg in the control group, and also lower than 0.2mg/kg, meeting the requirements of the GB 2762~2012. Application of QFJ increased soil pH values (ranging 0.19~0.79), soil CEC, and soil OM. Meanwhile, compared with the control, the contents of acid extractable, exchangeable and TCLP extractable soil Cd were decreased by 7.3%~32.5%, 12.6%~39.8% and 40.7%~60.1%, respectively, resulting in a reduction in the bioavailability of soil Cd. However, the contents of exchangeable and TCLP extractable soil As were declined firstly and then increased. The Cd contents in brown rice showed significant positive correlations with the contents of acid extractable, exchangeable and TCLP extractable soil Cd. The same correlation was only found for the As contents in brown rice and the contents of TCLP extractable soil As. These explained that the bioavailability of soil Cd and As could be synergistic controlled at 0.2% of QFJ application, resulting in reducing the accumulation of Cd and As in brown rice simultaneously. In addition, application of QFJ significantly increased Cd contents in the iron plaque outside roots of rice plants, and decreased Cd contents in the other rice organs; meanwhile, As contents were decreased in the rice hulls, and decreased in the other rice organs firstly and then increased. Most Cd and As in rice plants were accumulated in the roots and stem-leaves. The sequence of Cd accumulation in the rice organs was root > stem-leaf > brown rice > hull, and that of As accumulation was stem-leaf > root > brown rice > hull. For the safe production of rice, 0.2%~0.4% of QFJ was supposed to apply to paddy soils dependent on the Cd-As pollution level of the soils.

There was a total of 94 pairs of soil and rice samples were collected from Shengzhou, Zhejiang Province. The results indicated that the mean soil concentrations of five heavy metals including Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were 0.20, 28.64, 27.03, 38.51 and 98.74mg/kg, respectively. Compared with the National Guidelines, the heavy metals were enriched in paddy soils of the study area. Part of paddy farmland was seriously contaminated by heavy metals in Shengzhou city. However, the heavy metals in rice still remained at a safe level. The Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn concentrations in paddy soil had a moderate variability coefficients of 45.00%, 46.65%, 81.54%, 18.07%, 32.47%, respectively. Kriging interpolation and the Local Moran's I were used to identify the contaminated hotspots of these five metals. It was found out that the soil Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn had a very similar spatial pattern-higher concentrations located in the middle part of the study area while relatively lower levels in the eastern and western regions, which could be attributed to industrialization and other anthropogenic activities. The accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in the soil-rice system may be influenced by both soil heavy metal concentrations and soil physico-chemical properties. It may pose a potential threat to local ecosystem and human health as a long-term effect.

A set of pot experiments was conducted to assess the effect of application of flue gas desulfurization gypsum (FGD-gypsum) with different rates of (0, 5, 10, 25 and 50g/kg) on chemical properties of saline-sodic soil in Shanghai tidal flats and plant growth. The results showed that soil salinity can be decreased by appropriate rates of FGD-gypsum addition, promoting plant growth. Compared with the blank treatment, at FGD-gypsum addition rate of 25g/kg, the soil pH and alkalization degree (ESP) were reduced by 5.45% and 61.5%,contents of soluble Cl^- and CO₃^2-+HCO₃-reduced by 33.0% and 22.7%, and soluble Ca²⁺ and SO₄^2- increased by 85.1% and 96.3% respectively at significantly level of P < 0.05. The treatment also found that the content of soil organic matter and available phosphorus were reduced by 17.5% and 54.0%, and available potassium increased by 39.5% respectively. Fruit fresh weight, root fresh weight and plant stem of tomato were increased up to 144%, 54.3% and 9.53%, and plant fresh weight and root fresh weight of ryegrass were increased up to 46.6% and 17.0% by increasing rates of FGD-gypsum addition, while the excessive application of FGD-gypsum (50g/kg) seriously harmed to plant growth. FGD-gypsum application rate of 25g/kg is recommended as the optimal and safe application rate of FGD-gypsum for saline-sodic soil amendment.

A novel anaerobic strain, which could digest cellulose during butyric acid production, was isolated from an enrichment culture of cow dung, pig manure, corn soil and rotten wood. The strain was a bacillus with a length of 7.1~9.1 μm and a diameter of about 1.2 μm. It belonged to Clostridium butyricum and named C. Butyricum DCB. Strain DCB had a specific growth rate of 0.6536h^-1 in cellobiose medium at 35℃. In addition to this, the generation time, degradation rate and butyric acid production rate of Strain DCB were 1.06h, 0.1g/(L·h) and 0.06g/(L·h), respectively. In cellulose medium at 35℃, the highest butyric acid convertion ratio was 0.23g/g.

In order to isolate the aerobic denitrifiers from oligotrophic reservoir system, and study the taxonomic status and nitrogen removal characteristics for providing evidence to remediate the micro-polluted source water. The oligotrophic aerobic denitrifiers were obtained, through enrichment, domestication, and screening processes, and taxonomic statuses were determined by 16S rRNA, and the nitrogen removal characteristics was detected in the pure culture and source water experiment. As a result, 196 strains were isolated, and 14 strains (ZHF2, ZHF3, ZHF5, ZHF6, ZHF8, ZMF2, ZMF5, ZMF6, N299, G107, 81Y, SF9, SF18, and SXF14) demonstrated the perfect nitrogen removal performances. Based on morphological, physiological, and phylogenetic analysis, ZHF3, ZHF5, ZHF6, ZMF2, G107, 81Y, SF18, and SXF14 were identified as Acinetobacter sp.; ZHF2, and ZHF8 were identified as Novosphingobium sp.; ZMF5 was identified as Aquabacterium sp.; ZMF6 was identified as Sphingomonas sp.; N299 was identified as Zoogloea sp.; SF9 was identified as Delftia sp.. The nitrate removal rates of G107 and 81Y reached 98.88% and 99.44%, in 72h. Meanwhile, the oligotrophic aerobic denitrification bacteria G107 and 81Y demonstrated the obvious nitrogen removal performances in nitrite medium, ammonia medium and source water medium. From all the results, the isolations of oligotrophic aerobic denitrifiers enriched the species of aerobic denitrification bacteria, and the perfect nitrogen removal performances provided a significant parameter to remediate the micro-polluted reservoir water system.

Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) based on analyzing V3~V6 variable regions of bacterial 16S rDNA, were used to examine the microbial community structure and diversity in different saline-alkaline soils (saline soil, strongly salinized soil and slight salinized soil) and soil depths (0~20cm, 20~30cm) in the Hetao Area of Inner Mongolia. Their physical and chemical properties were measured, respectively. Experimental results showed that bacterial community structure and diversity decreased with the different saline-alkaline soil (slight salinized soil > strongly salinized soil > saline soil)and declined with soil depths (0~20cm > 20~30cm). Shannon-Wiener index of bacterial community in slight salinized soil was the highest value (3.36), while it was only 3.05 and 2.49 in strongly salinized soil and saline soil. The cluster analysis of DGGE bands showed that the bacterial community structure and diversity formed two distinct clusters 0~20cm and 20~30cm. Shannon-Wiener index of bacterial community in 0~20cm layer (saline soil 3.04, strongly salinized soil 3.29, slight salinized soil 3.36) were higher than 20~30cm layer (saline soil2.49, strongly salinized soil 3.05, slight salinized soil 3.14). Analyses of Pearson correlation and CCA revealed that variations of bacterial community structure were mainly affected by contents of w(EC), pH, w(SOC), w(TP). The soil bacteria diversification index has a negative correlation with the w(EC)(r=-0.542,P < 0.05)、pH(r=-0.526,P < 0.05), and bacterial community diversity exhibited very significant positive correlation with w(SOC)(r=0.700,P < 0.01) and w(TP)(r=0.805,P < 0.01). w(EC) and pH were the the greatest influence in saline-alkaline soils. Twenty bands were excised from the DGGE gel and re-amplified for 16S rDNA sequencing. Based on the sequencing results, eleven bands can be identified as related to Proteobacteria. These results provide evidence that Proteobacteria are the domain bacterial communities in different saline-alkaline soils of Hetao Area of Inner Mongolia. Saline-alkali soils were mostly bacterial strains belonging to tolerant salty.

The field monitoring data was used to analyze the distribution and its influencing factors of bloom-forming cyanobacteria and explore the source of bloom-forming cyanobacteria in Poyang Lake. It resulted that diatoms was dominant in Poyang Lake, cyanobacteria was sub-dominant, and there is a rising trend of the proportion of cyanobacteria in the composition of phytoplankton. The dominant species of cyanobacteria were Anabaena Sp., Microcystis Sp. and Planktonic Lansi. The basic law of the formation of cyanobacterial blooms at the initial stage was that cyanobacteria grow and distributed in the lentic regions with relatively high nutrient concentrations and slow flow, and then transported and gathered in the main channel under stress of flow and wind in summer and autumn in Poyang Lake. Combined with hydrologic characteristics, cyanobacteria aggregates floating in the surface of main channel in Poyang Lake was the combined effects of other four upstream regions. It can provide the basic data and information for the prevention and control of cyanobacteria blooms.

In order to understand the characteristics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the anaerobic and aerobic treatment processes of two tetracycline production wastewater, the abundances and distribution of six frequently reported tetracycline resistance genes (tet(A), tet(C), tet(G), tet(Q), tet(W), and tet(X)) and two types of mobile elements (intI1 and ISCR3) were determined by PCR and quantitative PCR (qPCR). tet(C) was detected in none of the samples, while the others were discovered in all of the samples. In the systems of the tetracycline production wastewater, the relative abundances (normalized to 16S rRNA genes) of tet(A), tet(G), tet(X) in the anaerobic sludge((1.25±0.16)×10^-4~(4.52±0.002)×10^-2) were lower than those in the aerobic sludge ((9.88±0.67)×10^-5~(2.70±0.29)×10^-1), while the relative abundances of tet(Q) and tet(W) in the anaerobic sludge ((1.66±0.03)×10^-2~(7.48±1.22)×10^-2) were significantly higher than those in the aerobic sludge (1.94±0.12)×10^-3~(2.85±0.16)×10^-2). Besides, the relative abundances of intI1 and ISCR3 in the anaerobic sludge ((1.48±0.01)×10^-3~(2.61±0.31)×10^-2) were significantly lower than those in the aerobic sludge ((1.18±0.15)×10^-1~(8.99±0.75)×10^-1), showing that the potential of horizontal gene transfer mediated by the mobile elements is lower in the anaerobic treatment process. It is indicated that aerobic treatment may facilitate the spread of tet(A), tet(G) and tet(X) but control the spread of tet(Q) and tet(W) in tetracycline production wastewater, with the opposite situation in the anaerobic treatment. The different distribution of tet genes was related to mobile genetic elements, resistance mechanism, and community structure.

In this study, predicted aquatic life criteria using biological effect ratio (BER) method based on the difference of species sensitivity between China and the USA was investigated. First, pollutants with acute toxicity data from 3Phyla and 8Families that both in China and the USA were selected. Second, the different biological groups were developed for BER method based on the sensitivity and representation of species of the two countries. Third, effective BER method was selected based on the comparison of predicted criteria maximum concentration (CMC) and the measured CMC. Results showed that: 9pollutants of As(III), Cr(VI), Hg, Cu, Zn, Pb, parathion, chlorpyrifos and TBT both in China and the USA were selected, and the measured CMCs for protecting the Chinese native aquatic species were derived to be 201.72, 2.64, 0.74, 1.32, 55.83, 92.25, 0.12, 0.36 and 0.38μg/L, respectively. Moreover, comparison of predicted criteria and the measured criteria of 7different biological groups for BER method showed that BER method of biological groups based on the same genera or family could predict the CMCs of 9pollutants in China well. The result of this study could provide useful information for predicting CMC making full use of the existed toxicity data or just carrying out less toxicity test when toxicity data of native species is lacking.

To study the effects of heavy metal Cd and Cu in freshwater sediment on the freshwater benthic organism, the burrowing behavior of Corbicula fluminea within 12 hours and survival rate during 10days were analyzed. The results showed that Corbicula fluminea exhibited a significant avoidance behavior to the spiked Cd and Cu in freshwater sediment. Within 12 hours, the response of Corbicula fluminea to Cd in sediment is more sensitive than Cu. Under exposure to Cd and Cu at 10mg/kg, the burrowing rate of Corbicula fluminea were 0.39 and 0.43, respectively. In the survival test during 10 days, the survival rate of Corbicula fluminea decreased corresponding to the increase of Cd and Cu concentrations. At 10mg/kg of spiked Cd in sediments, the survival rate of Corbicula fluminea was 93.3%. However, the survival rate dropped to 43.3% at 300mg/kg. For spiked Cu in sediment, the survival rate of Corbicula fluminea was 96.3% at 10mg/kg and decreased to 34.3% at 500mg/kg. The LC₅₀ of Corbicula fluminea were 285mg/kg for spiked Cd and 690mg/kg for spiked Cu, respectively. All these data revealed that Corbicula fluminea was more sensitive to the toxicity of Cd. By comparing the indicative features of burrowing behavior and survival rate of Corbicula fluminea when exposed to heavy metal Cd and Cu, burrowing behavior was found to be more quickly and more obviously than survival rate., indicating that a high priority should be given to burrowing behavior in heavy metal contamination monitoring.

In order to investigate the contents of Fe、Mn、Al、Zn、Se in Panaxnotoginseng (Sanchi) and evaluate the health risk of these elements for long-term consumers of Sanchi preparations, samples of Sanchi roots were collected in traditional production region and the surrounding areas. The contents of the five trace elements in Sanchi were analyzed by ICP-MSand the non-carcinogenic health risk was evaluated by deterministic estimation and probabilistic estimation. The results show that the average contents of the five trace elements in Sanchiare 1375.84, 108.31, 1213.62, 0.16, 21.99mg/kg, decreased in the order: Al > Fe > Mn > Zn > Se and the order of the hazardous quotient (HQ) values is Fe > Al > Mn > Zn > Se. The HQ valuesare all below 1, implying no non-carcinogenic health riskof individual element for general consumers. However, daily intakes of Fe, Al and Mnare 0.09573, 0.10759, 0.00832mg/(kg·d), which are beyond the corresponding limits for tolerable oral intake from medicinal plants and should be controlled. Probabilistic distribution of hazardous index (HI) values of 5trace elements due to consumption of Sanchi preparation shows that 5.19% of theconsumers havenon-carcinogenic health risk.

This study introduces landscape structure indices into the ecological assessment system of riparian health, taking advantage of remote sensing capabilities in the derivation of riparian zone, feature extraction of ecological structure, and high-precision classification of ecological system. An overall ecological investigation and assessment of riparian health along Huaihe River was carried out from the aspects of ecological function, ecosystem structure and ecological stress. The results showed that the health of riparian ecology along Huaihe River was generally poor, with an ecological health index less than 0.3. A significant spatial characteristic was shown that the ecological environment gradually became worse from upstream to midstream and then slightly improved. Intensive human development, low vegetation coverage, low natural shoreline rate and high human disturbance were identified as the main cause of the bad ecological condition of the riparian zone along Huaihe River, according to the analysis of ecological and environmental problems.

Measures mainly based on the Coal to Gas Engineering (CTGE) for heating between 2012 and 2013 were taken to improve the air quality in Urumqi. In this paper, a comprehensive study was conducted to evaluate the effects of these measures on atmospheric environment in Urumqi by using the data of the concentrations of major air pollutants during wintertime of 2009~2014, the direct radiation, visibility, hazy days between 1993~2014. The results show that the concentrations of PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ in Urumqi during the wintertime of 2013~2014 decline by 26.1%, 80.2% and 11.6% respectively compared to those in the wintertime of 2009~2011 which represent the concentrations before CTGE. The ratio of total water-soluble matter to PM_2.5 also decreases by 20.57%. The top three ions' concentrations in PM_2.5 are SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- before and after the CTGE. However, there is 50% decrease of the mass fractions of SO₄^2- and NH₄⁺ in PM_2.5 after the CTGE, and the mass fraction of NO₃^- in PM_2.5 remains unchanged. In the view of atmospheric physics, the total direct radiations during the wintertime in Urumqi increase after the CTGE and the value of 2013~2014 reaches up to the second peak for the past 23 years. There is a 5.7km increase for the wintertime visibility of 2013~2014 which is the maximum value since 1997. At the same time, there are 15days less for the wintertime hazy days of 2012~2013 compared to that of previous year which is a decrease of 50%. The results and analysis indicate that the CTGE for heating improved the atmospheric environment in Urumqi to a certain extent.

Using the top-down energy inventory method and considering the energy consumption from industry, transportation, buildings and human metabolism, total anthropogenic heat emissions from the 68 counties of Zhejiang Province in 2010 were calculated. The DMSP/OLS nighttime light data and the thresholding method were used to extract the main emission areas of anthropogenic heat and to reduce the overglow effect. High-resolution enhanced vegetation index (EVI) data were integrated with DMSP/OLS data to generate a human settlement index (HSI). Using the significant correlation between total anthropogenic heat emissions and cumulative HIS, the model for anthropogenic heat flux estimation was developed and implemented in Zhejiang Province. A gridded anthropogenic heat flux map was generated at a resolution of 250m×250m. The results show that the mean flux in the study area was 5.5W/m² with the high values between 10W/m² and 40W/m² in most urban areas. The gridded anthropogenic heat data can be served as an input in the simulation of urban climate and environment.