A small scale, gusty aerosol pollution incident occurred from June 23 to 24, 2013 in Nanjing and its surrounding areas where the average concentration of PM_2.5 reached 242.25 μg/m³, which was uncommon in clear summer time. The WRF-chem model was used to simulate the PM_2.5 pollution incident and the results showed that the pollution incident was directly related to the weather situation and the boundary layer structure. The pollution occured in Jianghuai region during the rainy season with a Jianghuai low level shear line lay near the convergence of airflow in Nanjing and its surrounding areas. Emissions from the upstream source region in the east and the stable local wind field led to the accumulation of pollutants in Nanjing. There was a stronger gas-particle conversion and the concentration of PM_2.5 showed a decrease of 9.8% and 7.3% when SO₂ and NO_x emission was cut in half respectively. During the pollution period, the vertical temperature gradient was small over Nanjing and the temperature stratification was not conducive to the vertical diffusion of pollutants. As the boundary layer height was low and atmospheric turbulence in low layer was weak, the stable stratification was also favor of the pollutant accumulation.

A 3D-VAR assimilation system was established to assimilate the observations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀, and assimilation and forecast experiments were performed during Nanjing Youth Olympic Games (NYOG). The control variables of this assimilation system were PM_2.5 and PM_2.5~10 (that was the rest of PM₁₀ after taking out PM_2.5). The background error covariances of PM_2.5 and PM_2.5~10 were estimated by using the simulated products of WRF-Chem of August 2014 in Nanjing. The results showed that the decreases of correlation coefficients of PM_2.5 with the distance in the horizontal and vertical directions were less than those of PM_2.5~10, with the possible reason being that the particle size of PM_2.5 was smaller, the life cycle of it was longer and it spread further in the atmosphere. In addition, the WRF-Chem model was run with assimilation during NYOG (from August 16^th to August 28^th, 2014), by using the hourly data of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ observed from 134 measurement sites around Nanjing. Evaluated with the observations in the innermost of the model area, the experiment results suggested that the aerosol forecasts of the initial fields can be significantly improved by the assimilation. The correlation coefficients of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ increased by over 53%, the root-mean-square errors of the two reduced by over 55%, and the biases reduced by about 90%. The following aerosol forecasts in positive effect can be obviously improved by the assimilation and the benefit from the assimilation of aerosol can last more than 20hours. The forecast of PM₁₀ was better than that of PM_2.5 by the model.

Gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) was continuously monitored at Nanling mountain, using the high-resolution automatic atmospheric mercury vapor analyzer (Tekran 2537B) from June 2012 to May 2013. Annual average concentration of GEM was (2.56±0.93)ng/m³, higher than those reported in global background areas (1.50~1.70ng/m³). The GEM concentration exhibited seasonal variation, with the highest and lowest concentrations in autumn[(3.03±1.08)ng/m³] and spring[(2.30±0.69)ng/m³], respectively. The GEM concentration in the daytime[(2.61±0.06)ng/m³] was slightly higher than night[(2.53±0.07)ng/m³] with a peak value at 17:00. Solar radiation, temperature, wind speed, relative humidity and local sources made certain contributions to the diurnal variation of GEM. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicated that GEM of Nanling area mainly came from long-range transport of mercury, especially from Guangxi, Hunan, Guangdong and Jiangxi province. The strong coherent distribution between main source regions of GEM and the geographical locations of non-ferrous metal smelting factories, suggesting non-ferrous metal smelting was an important mercury emission source, While local coal-fired emission was also a contributor to the GEM in Nanling.

Models-3/CMAQ modeling system was used to simulate the spatial and temporal distribution of PM_2.5 pollution over Beijing during APEC, 2014(i.e. November 3 to 11, 2014). IPR, a process analysis tool embedded in CMAQ, was employed to quantify the contributions of different atmospheric processes to the PM_2.5 formation at two typical sites (i.e. Guanyuan and Dingling) during two short-time pollution processes (i.e. Nov. 4 13:00 to Nov. 5 12:00 and Nov. 10 13:00 to Nov. 11 12:00). The results showed that CMAQ reproduced the temporal variation and magnitude of PM_2.5 reasonably. Adverse synoptic system occurred on Nov. 4 and Nov. 10, resulting in two peak values of PM_2.5 (188 μg/m³ and 124 μg/m³). Elevated PM_2.5 levels didn't last long because of the pollution control measures and the cold anticyclone. During Nov. 4 13:00 to Nov. 5 12:00, horizontal transport was the primary contributor to the PM_2.5 at both Guanyuan and Dingling, with a contribution rate of 49.6% and 90.9%, respectively, indicating that Beijing was mainly affected by pollution transported from southern areas. During Nov. 10 13:00 to Nov. 11 12:00, PM_2.5 at Guanyuan site mainly came from local emission (78.8%), while PM_2.5 at Dingling site mainly came from relatively weak horizontal transport, demonstrating a local pollution characteristic. Vertical transport played a dominative role in the decrease of PM_2.5 in both pollution processes.

Filter-based PM_2.5~10 and PM_2.5 samples were collected at an urban site in Urumqi during January-December 2011, and analyzed for the organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) mass concentrations by a thermal/optical carbon analyzer. The characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols in Urumqi were preliminarily investigated with the size distribution of OC and EC, OC/EC ratios and their correlations; and the mass concentrations of secondary organic carbon (SOC) were estimated by using the OC/EC ratio or EC-tracer method. The results showed that PM_2.5 and PM_2.5~10 had annual average mass concentrations of 92.8 μg/m³ and 64.7 μg/m³, respectively; while OC and EC had annual average mass concentrations of 13.85 μg/m³ and 2.38 μg/m³ in PM_2.5, and 2.63 μg/m³ and 0.57 μg/m³ in PM_2.5~10, respectively. OC and EC in PM_2.5 and PM_2.5~10 demonstrated similar seasonal variations with the highest values observed in winter. Carbonaceous aerosols were mainly concentrated in PM_2.5. OC/EC ratios ranged from 3.67 to 11.21. Good linear correlations were found between OC and EC in summer and autumn (R²>0.65). Estimated SOC in PM_2.5 and PM_2.5~10 ranged 2.31~11.98 μg/m³ and 0.38~1.49 μg/m³, respectively.

Indoor dust samples (n=24) were collected from 14 locations in Anhui province, and concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured. The results showed that the sum concentrations of 16PAHs (ΣPAHs) in all the samples ranged from 0.52 to 89.3 μg/g, with a mean value of 20.7 μg/g. Five-ring PAH was the predominant PAH component in all samples, followed by 4-ring and 3-ring PAHs. PAHs with high-molecular weight (4~6rings) are the predominant PAHs in most samples, ranging from 60.5% to 97.0% in ΣPAHs. Relatively high percentages of PAHs with low-molecular weight (2~3rings) were detected in only 4samples. This indicates the significant contribution of vehicle (automobiles and ships) and high temperature combustion from chemical plant to PAHs emission in most locations. However, potential high PAHs emission from oil, fuel spills and low temperature combustion from coal or woods might present in Anqing, Wuhu, and Liu'an. Significant differences of ΣPAHs were observed in the indoor dust from urban public places, urban family housings, and rural family housings, following the order of urban public places> urban family housings> rural family housings. According to the diagnostic ratio analysis, PAHs in dust from the public places and urban family housings were derived from the mixed source, while PAHs in dust from rural family housings were mainly derived from the combustion sources. Furthermore, carcinogenic risk assessment of PAHs indicated that the BaPE values in urban family housings were slightly higher than those in rural family housings. Much higher BaPE values of the dust from the urban public places were calculated, which were two times higher than the BaPE values of the dust from the urban and rural family housings.

The generation of aqueous hydroxyl radical from the dust fall, collected from Tianshui City, Gansu province, was investigated using the high performance liquid chromatography method. The mineral composition of dust fall was quartz (57.08%), calcite (27.79%), albite (10.29%), and muscovite (4.84%). The amount of generated hydroxyl radical from dust fall, simulated dust fall (including theoretical calculation method and physical mix method), and pure minerals were in the following order:calcite (1.30×10^-10 mol)> simulated dust fall (calculation) (5.47×10^-11 mol)> dust fall (5.34×10^-11 mol)> quartz (2.90×10^-11 mol)> muscovite (1.90×10^-11 mol)> albite (1.09×10^-11 mol)> dust fall (mix) (7.16×10^-12 mol). The minerals in dust fall had the major contribution to the formation of hydroxyl radical. The discrepancy in the amount of the generated hydroxyl radical between dust fall and simulated dust fall was caused by mineral composition, the dissolution of metallic ions and organic compounds in water, the surface area of minerals, and the interactions between the mineral and the water media.

Particulate matter (PM) and particle-phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (p-PAHs) emission characteristics were studied using a China IV diesel engine equipped with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst + Particulate Oxidation Catalyst emission control device (DOC+POC) fueled with China IV diesel. The engine was tested with an engine dynamometer four times:during ESC cycle without and with emission control device, during ETC cycle without and with emission control device (marked as ESC-0, ESC-DP, ETC-0 and ETC-DP, respectively). PM was sampled using a pair of Pallflex Emfab filters, which were weighed before and after sampling to calculate the mass of PM. PAHs in PM were measured by Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). For ESC-0, ESC-DP, ETC-0 and ETC-DP, PM emission factors were 0.12, 0.05, 0.48 and 0.16g/(kW·h), respectively, and p-PAHs emission factors were 69, 35, 174 and 76 μg/(kW·h), respectively. With emission control device, PM emissions were reduced by 56%~68%, and PAHs emissions were reduced by 49%~56%. In total p-PAHs mass, three-ring PAHs accounted for 64%±9%, and PHE accounted for 54%±9%. The distribution of PAHs was influenced by physicochemical characteristics of PAHs and PAHs contents in diesel. The FA/(FA+PY) ratios were 0.37~0.51.

The adsorption performance, influence factors, regeneration method and the adsorption dynamics of the gaseous Hg0 in natural gas removed by commercial sulfur-loaded activated carbon were studied on fixed reacting device. Meanwhile, the removal mercury mechanism of S-loaded activated carbon was put forward by applying characterization methods, including BET, FTIR, XRD and etc. The result showed that the restriction effect of airspeed on removal mercury efficiency was limited. In the initial stage, removal mercury rate and adsorption capacity of element mercury can be raised by increasing mercury concentration. As temperature gets higher, the activated molecule in the system get higher and the removal mercury rate will be promoted. The best effect appeared at 80℃. But when temperature was higher than 80℃, negative effects arose. Dynamic fitting in different stages showed that chemical adsorption was the controlling step of the whole process. Besides, the thermal desorption experiment showed that the removal mercury temperature of s-loaded activated carbon ranged from 300℃ to 450℃, and the absorption capacity of regenerate activated carbon was weakened because of the loss of c-s bond in the regeneration and the surface ablation of activated carbon in the process of twicecarbonization.

Experiments of formaldehyde emission from plywood panels were conducted using the closed environment chamber at various relative humidity and temperature conditions, the influence rule of relative humidity and temperature on formaldehyde emissions of plywood panels was studied. The experiments showed that formaldehyde concentration in chamber increased rapidly during the early 3h, and reached equilibrium at 7~8 h. Concentration of formaldehyde increased between 1.1~1.3 times for a 20% rise in relative humidity. A 5℃ increase in temperature could increase the emission by 1.3~2.5 times. The key parameters of formaldehyde emission, the initial mobile concentration, C_m,0, the material-phase diffusion coefficient, D_m, and the material/air partition coefficient, K, were calculated by using variable loading degrees. The effect of relative humidity and temperature on emission parameters was discussed, and the models about them were developed. The formaldehyde emission parameters of plywood panels at different environment conditions were predicted, and the simulated results matched the experimental data well.

In this study, online N₂O and NO analyzer were used to monitor N₂O and NO emissions in different zones of the aeration tank of a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Parameters such as ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were also measured to reveal their influence on N₂O and NO emissions. The results showed that the DO concentration of the aeration tank was between 0.24 mg/L and 1.12 mg/L, and mostly at approximately 0.6 mg/L. The low DO concentration led to the nitrite accumulation along the aeration tank. The N₂O and NO emission rose along the aerobic tank and ultimately reached the maximum value at the end of the aeration tank. Besides, NO emission was significantly and positively correlated with the nitrite concentration, while the N₂O emission was less significant. The N₂O and NO emission factors of the wastewater treatment plant were 6.3~8.83% and 0.033~0.034% of influent ammonia.

In order to improve the quality of reclaimed water, a comparative study was conducted under different C/N and HRT conditions to examine the effect on advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal by using sponge iron/sulfur composite fillers and low electrical current. The results indicated that both the sponge iron/sulfur composite fillers and low electrical current treatment can strengthen the removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus, and their combination can further stabilize the pH value of 7.2~8.5 in the denitrification system. It was found that the removal of total nitrogen (TN) was mainly depended on the process of heterotrophic denitrification, hydrogen autotrophic denitrification and sulfur autotrophic denitrification, while 94.04% of the total phosphorus (TP) were removed in the form of iron-phosphate precipitation. Furthermore, biofilm was taken from the fillers to build the bacterial 16S rRNA gene clone library by adopting the high-throughput sequencing technologies. The results showed that the bacteria which can use both organic carbon and elemental hydrogen as its electron donor for denitrification accounted for 29.47% of the bacterial community in the sponge iron fillers system. The proportion of Thiobacillus bacteria which can use elemental sulfur as its electron donor reached 60.47% and 40.62% of the bacterial community in the system of sponge iron/sulfur composite fillers and the combined system of composite fillers with low electrical current, respectively.Therefore, there are obvious advantages of employing sponge iron/sulfur composite fillers and low electrical current to enhance the effect of advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from reclaimed water.

Biodegradation of pyridine and phenol was carried out in batch-scale experiment. The kinetics of short-cut denitrification process was studied using a mixture of pyridine and phenol as electron donor and NO₂^--N as electron acceptor. Experimental results showed that pyridine degradation was inhibited in the presence of phenol. Further investigation revealed that the pyridine degradation, no matter whether co-metabolized with phenol, fitted the zero-order kinetics model. However, the COD and NO₂^--N concentrations fitted the double-substrate Monod model, with the predicted and measured values showed a good correlation. The maximum specific degradation rate was 0.0067mg NO₂^--N/(mg MLVSS·h), and the half saturation coefficient for organic substance and nitrite nitrogen were 76.35 mg/L and 0.66 mg/L, respectively.

The performance of nitritation were investigated in continuous flow MBR fed with old landfill leachate, the inhibition of substrate, product and toxicant on nitritation process and the inhibition kinetics were analyzed. The results show that:the nitritation process was started up in MBR which controlled the NH₄⁺-N concentration of inflow was (280±20) mg/L, the DO was 0.5~1.0 mg/L, pH was 7.8~8.2 and temperature was (30±1)℃; and at 32d, the nitrite accumulation rate was 84.27%. Influent load was increase gradually and improved the DO to 2~3 mg/L in the next period, nitritation process was realized gradually in MBR system which the inflow was the old landfill leachate completely, the ρ (NO₂^--N) of effluent from system was 889 mg/L and the nitrite accumulation rate was 97.23% at 112d. The inhibition experiments of substrate, product and toxicant showed that, the inhibition of toxicant surpass substrate and product, when the concentration of toxicant (calculated by COD) was 1600.2 mg/L, the ammonia oxidation rate declined by 22.15%, and if inhibition factor was FA only in corresponding conditions, ammonia oxidation rate decreased by 4.74%~6.49%, and if inhibition factor was FNA only in corresponding conditions, ammonia oxidation rate decreased by 14.46%~15.86%. Haldane model, Aiba model and the revised toxicant inhibiting model were adopted for nonlinear fitting on the experimental data respectively, the correlation coefficient R² were 0.9821, 0.9961 and 0.9924 respectively, and the inhibition kinetics models of substrate, product and toxicant were obtained.

In order to study the influences of organic carbon source on the microbial community structure in partial nitrification system, the microbial diversity was investigated in two partial nitrification reactors by the construction of bacterial clone library. The influents of two reactors were artificial wastewater with and without organic carbon source, respectively. The results indicated that Proteobacteria and uncultured bacterium were the dominant bacteria of the two studied systems. The differences existed in the structure of the bacterial community of the two systems. Nonetheless, the dominant bacteria and their proportions were similar to each other in the total clones. In addition, the main denitrifer groups were also similar in the two systems. Due to the different concentrations of organic carbon source, the denitrifer genera and their proportions were distinct. The main denitrifer genera of partial nitrification reactor with inorganic wastewater were Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira and Denitratisoma. The proportion of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in partial nitrification reactor with inorganic wastewater was higher than that with organic wastewater. But in the reactor with inorganic wastewater, the proportion of autotrophic bacteria was lower than heterotrophic bacteria. The main denitrifer genera of partial nitrification reactor with organic wastewater were some denitrifying bacteria of β-Proteobacteria and Nitrosomonas. Additionally, the proportion of the latter in this reactor was relatively low.

The start-up and main factor of stable operation of partial nitrification in a configuration of two CSTR using domestic wastewater were studied. By adding (NH₄)₂SO₄ to the domestic wastewater to improve the ammonia nitrogen concentration, and gradually controlling the two reactor DO to 1.5±0.12, 0.35±0.1 mg/L, more than 90.3% nitrite accumulation rate and 91.2% removal ammonia rate could be achieved after 45d. Under low ammonia domestic wastewater, through the comparison of the three groups of DO/ALR in the first reator, it showed that the effect of DO/ALR in 1.2~2.0mg O₂/g N·d was the best. To decrease the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and increase the ratio of HRT to ALR, the maintenance of the DO/ALR ratio can also ensure the stability of the partial nitrification.

In order to reveal the corelations of A/O ratio and sludge settleability, the effect of different volume ratio (2/6,4/4,6/2) on activated sludge settleability and community of filamentous fungus was investigated with domestic wastewater as influent during long-term operation. The resuls showed that good settleability of system was maintained when A/O ratio was 2/6, and the dominant filamentous bacteria was Type 0041.When A/O ratio was increased to 4/4 the system occurred bulking sludge with SVI up to 357mL/g, and the dominant filamentous bacteria were Type 0041,Type 1701. When A/O ratio of 6/2 was adopted, the system occurred slightly bulking sludge and realised stable shortcut nitrification and denitrification. So different A/O ratio had great influence on activated sludge settleability, at the same time the intracellular and extracellular storage characteristics of activated sludge and denitrification and phosphorus removal performance of the system were also severely affected.

Recently, the leakage risk for copepods is becoming a challenging problem for drinking water plants in China. In order to prevent drinking water distribution systems from copepods' efflux, the control of copepods with traditional drinking water treatment processes was investigated by using Harpacticoida as a research subject. More attention was paid to the relationship between the removal of Harpacticoida and morphological characteristics of flocs in a coagulation tank, and distribution of Harpacticoida in a sand filter bed. The results showed that high removal efficiency of 99% was obtained under the optimum operational conditions, which includes fast stirring of 300 r/min (1min), moderate stirring of 150 r/min (5min) and slow stirring of 75 r/min (5min), polymeric aluminium chloride dosage of 10 mg/L, sedimentation time of 0.5h, filtration rate of 9m/h, and filtration cycle of 1d. The removal efficiency of coagulation on Harpacticoida was mainly determined by the effective adsorption of Harpacticoida onto flocs, and the larger particle size and the lower fractal dimension of flocs, the higher removal efficiency of Harpacticoida. During filtration, the passive migration of Harpacticoida in a sand filter bed, primarily induced by scouring and carrying of filtration flow, was the major factor resulting in copepods' efflux eventually. Therefore, high removal efficiency would be promised by decreasing the filtration rate and shortening the filtration cycle, because such operations could limit passive migration scale of Harpacticoida.

The polyamide composite nanofiltration membrane fouling experiments were carried out by using humic acid (HA), sodium alginate (SA), bovine serum albumin (BSA) as model organic macromoleculars, sodium metasilicate as model inorganic foulant in natural water. The adhesion forces of membrane-sodium metasilicate and sodium metasilicate-sodium metasilicate under different conditions were tested by atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with self-made colloidal probe. The surface structural characteristics of the fouled membranes and flux recovery rates of the corresponding fouled membranes were analyzed. Besides, the effects of different membrane surface conditions on silicate scaling behavior were investigated. The results showed that the negative potential of the membrane surface increased after adsorption of HA or SA on membrane surface. Hence, the electrostatic repulsion between the membrane and sodium metasilicate increased. Therefore, the binding capacity between fouled membrane and sodium metasilicate was weakened and the scaling behavior was mitigated. However, compared with the membrane without organic conditioning, adsorption of BSA on the membrane surface had little influence on silicate scaling of nanofiltration membrane owing to the similar negative potentials of the two kinds of membranes.

Through elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectra and fluorescence index, the composition and structure of the humic acid with and without 15 days biological modification were analyzed, and compared the binding function of three kinds of humic acid on 17β-estradiol (E2). And the binding function between 17β-estradiol (E2) and three different kinds of humic acid that before and after bio-modification were then compared. At last, the microbial degradation influences of E2 mediated by humic acid were studied. The elemental analysis results showed that the (N+O)/C values of humic acid (OLHA, OLFA, OSHA) that before bio-modification and humic acid (BLHA, BLFA, BSHA) that after biological modification were 0.801, 1.214, 0.820 and 0.629, 1.080, 0.797, respectively. The ultraviolet-visible spectrum results showed that the values of SUVA254were 0.146, 0.023, 0.073 and 0.179, 0.036, respectively. And the fluorescence index (FI) were 0.723, 3.385, 2.757 and 0.681, 3.017, 1.702, respectively. The above three kinds of characterization analysis results showed that the polarity of humic acid were consistent, suggesting that the polarity of modified humic acid were weaker than former. Moreover, the binding efficiency of 3 mg/L E2 by 5 mgC/L three humic acid before and after the bio-modification within 30h were 31.37%, 4.96%, 25.86% and 37.78%, 6.03%, 29.92%, respectively, which showed that the binding functions of E2 were increased obviously after humic acid bio-modification treatment. The biodegradation efficiency of 3 mg/L E2 by 5 mgC/L three humic acid before and after the bio-modification within 30h were 46.28%, 15.96%, 38.76% and 51.11%, 17.30%, 44.33%, respectively. Meanwhile, the stronger binding function of the same humic acid concentrations on E2, the greater efficiency of combined humic acid mediated microbial degradation of E2.

Synergetic effect of aeration and pile temperature on VS and water content removal and biochemical components degradation during short-term aerobic pretreatment process prior to municipal solid waste (MSW) landfilling were investigated. Simulated organic fraction of MSW (OFMSW) was used as substrate. The results showed that VS rapid degradation was obviously occurred in the initial stage (0~6d), accounting for 68%~85% of total VS degraded in the whole experimental period; simultaneously, approximate 15%~26% water was removed in the forms of leachate and vapor, and extending aeration time could evaporate more water. In the initial stage, the temperature of pile increased to thermophilic condition (50 to 55℃) by self-heating, which was more beneficial for carbohydrates degradation than the mesophilic condition (42 to 47℃) of the controlled pile, while was insignificant to crude protein degradation. Yet, crude fat and lignocellulose have higher degradation rate under mesophilic condition (42 to 47℃). As the pretreatment period extended to 14 days, different synergetic operations combined aeration and pile temperature exhibited minor difference on the removal of VS and moisture. This study showed that a 6 day aerobic process with the pile temperature between 50 to 55℃ was a cost-efficient pretreatment method prior to MSW landfilling.

In order to assess the feasibility of mild hydrothermal pretreatment for the increase biogas productivity, a bench-scale experiment was conducted using rice straw in 80℃ of hydrothermal pretreatment temperature and 60% of material water content. The changes of physico-chemical properties of rice straws and its biogas production during anaerobic digestion were analyzed to investigate the effect of pretreatment time on biogas productivity. The results indicated that mild hydrothermal pretreatment enhanced dissolution of organic matter in rice straws. After mild hydrothermal pretreatment, the value of pH with the aqueous extracts decreased drastically, while the contents of chemical oxygen demand, total volatile fatty acid and acetic acid were increased significantly (P<0.05). Compared with the control treatment, the content of COD in straw aqueous extract of T1, T2 and T3 treatments increased by 47.19%, 55.18% and 60.62%, respectively; whereas 22.34%, 33.98% and 50.12% for TVFA content and 19.52%, 34.02% and 49.37% for acetic acid concentration, respectively. Meanwhile, acetic acid ratio of TVFA was more than 85%. Statistical analysis showed that physico-chemical characteristics of aqueous extracts in T1 treatment were significantly different from those in control treatment. However, no significant difference was found between different mild hydrothermal pretreatments. The cellulose component of rice straw was decomposed obviously after mild hydrothermal pretreatment, but little difference of wood fiber was found between the mild hydrothermal pretreatments. The anaerobic digestion results showed that mild hydrothermal pretreatment significantly improved the gas productivity of rice straws. The volume of gas production rate and the cumulative biogas yield increased by 12.53% and 36.17%, respectively, after 20d anaerobic digestion of rice straws. Therefore the mild hydrothermal pretreatment is feasible in the enhancement of gas productivity. In view of the energy costs for pretreatment in engineering application, the appropriate time of mild hydrothermal pretreatment should be around 6h. In future, the functional mechanism of mild hydrothermal pretreatment, the moisture content of materials and optimization of combine pretreatments should be studied to provide technical support of pretreatment process for straw biogas project.

Water pollution is severe in Ningxia irrigation zone and water quality is classified as Inferior Category V in many of drainage ditches. The main pollutants are nitrate and ammonium. A 5-year swine manure application trial and nitrate leaching losses have been conducted. There are 3 treatments:traditional without manure (CK), traditional matched manure 4500 kg/hm²(T1) and traditional matched manure 9000 kg/hm² (T2). Nitrate nitrogen leaching losses at 30, 60, 90cm soil layers have been measured by resin core method. The results indicate that swine manure application cannot obviously increase soil nitrate leaching losses at 30cm layer. Contrasting with CK (15.96±0.41) kg/hm², T1 (16.85±0.40) kg/hm² and T2 (17.01±0.46) kg/hm² do not reach significant differences (P<0.05), the same result as at the 60cm layer. However there are significant differences between treatments and CK and no significant differences between T1 and T2 at 90cm layer. Manure application can increase soil organic matter and total nitrogen. SOM of T1 and T2 are increased 0.95 and 1.41g/kg, which are improved 7.50% and 11.13%. TN of T1 and T2 are increased 0.06 and 0.16 g/kg at 0~30cm layer, which are improved 7.72% and 22.04%. Manure application can increase crop yield, rice yield is increased 12.26%~11.55%, but also winter wheat yield is increased 9.32%~12.52%.

Fifteen wetland soil samples were collected from the Poyang Lake area and its main tributaries (Ganjiang River, Fuhe River, Xinjiang River, Xiushui River and Raohe River). Contents of carbon and nitrogen isotopes in these samples were quantified to identify the sources of organic matter and nitrogen in the wetland soil. The results showed that the total organic carbon (TOC) and the total nitrogen (TN) contents in the Poyang Lake area were in the ranges of 0.45%~1.58% and 0.06%~0.17%, respectively. The TOC and TN contents in its major tributaries were in the ranges of 0.41%~1.18% and 0.05%~0.13%, respectively. The organic carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) ranged from -28.35‰ to -18.58‰, while the nitrogen isotope composition (δ¹⁵N) was from 3.27‰ to 6.84‰ in the Poyang Lake area wetland soils. In the main tributaries wetland soils, the δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values ranged from -25.93‰ to -22.66‰ and 2.97‰ to 5.41‰, respectively. The C3 plants were the main sources of the wetland soil organic matter in Poyang Lake area and its main tributaries; however, C4 plants were the main sources in lake entrances. The sources of nitrogen in the wetland soils were mainly from domestic sewage in the Poyang Lake area, except in Wucheng, which was mainly from synthetic fertilizer there. For the major tributaries, the primary sources of nitrogen included domestic sewage, synthetic fertilizer and industrial sewage.

Eutrophication characteristics and variations were analyzed using four main statistical methods of box-plot analysis, cluster analysis, correlation analysis and principal component analysis, which were conducted based on natural geographic data and water quality monitoring data of 65 estuaries from 2007 to 2012 years in China. The results showed there was significant difference in eutrophication response indicators between the large-scale estuaries and small-scale estuaries. The eutrophication states of large-scale estuaries were more serious. It was also showed DIN, PO₄^3--P and COD were the first principal component of eutrophication characteristics, followed as DO and Chl-a for second, and Depth, Tidal and Area for third. In addition, there was significant positive correlation between the Chl-a and TN input (P<0.01), DIN (P<0.01), PO₄^3--P (P<0.05), inflow (P<0.01) and temperature (P<0.05), while there was significant negative correlation between chlorophyll a and tidal (P<0.05), salinity (P<0.01) and DO (P<0.01) in estuaries. It indicated the increase in nutrient input was the main factor which resulted in eutrophication symptoms. However, eutrophication state would be adjusted by typological factors and lead to different response characteristics among estuaries. The nutrient conversion efficiencies of estuarine tidal below 2.5m were higher than the ones above 2.5m. It is implied the eutrophication susceptibility to nutrient load could be regulated by changing water residence time, vertical mixing and light conditions. Furthermore, the Chl-a concentration were also influenced by water exchange with offshore area, biological predation and other nutrient forms supply in estuary. The differences and extent of eutrophication among estuaries were determined synthetically by nutrient inputs from human activities, as well as natural attributes of the estuary.

Excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMS) combined with parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) was applied to investigate the fluorescence characteristics and its source of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the water of Lihu Lake, and the relationship between the fluorescence intensity of different components and other water quality parameter was also discussed. The results indicated that two fluorescence components were identified by PARAFAC, including one tryptophan-like component and one humic-like component, namely C1 (225,280/335) and C2 (250/435). The contribution rates to the total fluorescence intensity of C1 and C2 were 75.70% and 24.30%, respectively. Spatially, fluorescence intensity of C1and C2 decreased from the east district of Lihu Lake to the west, and lakeside areas was higher than lake center. Fluorescence index (FI), the index of recent autochthonous contribution (BIX) and humification index (HIX) show that CDOM in the water mainly derived from microbes, algae and other newly autochthonous sources, appeared weak humic characteristics overall. CDOM was closely related to the transformation and migration of nitrogen and phosophorus, and had important influence on transparency.

On the basis of the meteorological observation data and remote sensing data over the Taihu Lake and its surrounding areas during 2003 to 2013, combined with the WRF3.5.1 simulations, the relationships between the cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake and surface wind speeds were analyzed. The results show that cyanobacteria blooms mainly occurred in the period of the weak wind speed about 0.5~3.4m/s, about six hours earlier than the MODIS satellite overpass time in Taihu Lake, which accounts for 94.7% of all cyanobacteria blooms events. As the area of cyanobacteria blooms decreasing with the wind speed strengthening, a large bloom of cyanobacteria bloom mainly occurred 6 hours ahead with the average wind speed less than 2m/s, accounting for 89%. In addition, the wind direction mainly affects the spatial patterns of cyanobacteria blooms in Taihu Lake. All these results suggest that the wind patterns play an important role on the formation, drifting and distribution of cyanobacteria blooms.

Coastal zone is the transitional area between marine ecosystem and terrestrial ecosystem, its ecosystem health is closely related to human activities. This paper took the coastal zone of Jiangsu Province as an example to assess the spatiotemporal variations of ecosystem health from 1995 to 2013. A multi-indices evaluation system was constructed to investigate ecosystem health based on the PSR conceptual model, and the index weight was determined with AHP and Entropy weighting method. Results showed that the ecosystem health indices of all sub-regions ranged from 3 to 6. The area with normal status accounted for 54% to 66% of the whole region, and the area in worse condition were 34 to 45%. Spatial pattern suggested that the middle part of the study area lied in better condition than those of southern and northern area. The values of pressure、state、response factors showed gentle decline of ecosystem health condition, particularly after 2002, which may need more attention for protection by the local government.

Phytoplankton community of Dianchi Lake were investigated in March, May, July and November, 2013. Totally 6 phyla, 31genera of phytoplankton were identified which were mainly composed of Chlorophyta, Cyanophyta and Bacillariophyta. The average phytoplankton abundance was 7482×10⁴ cells/L. The Chlorophyta was the primary species, and which the Scenedesmus was dominating species in March. However, the Cyanophya dominated by the Microcystis was the primary species in May, July and November. The results of canonical correspondence analysis for the relationship between 31genera of phytoplankton and 10 environmental factors showed that the conductivity, dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and permanganate indexes (COD_Mn) were found to be main environmental factors effecting the distribution characteristics of phytoplankton community. Furthermore, the Cyanophyta was found to tolerate the higher concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, and it could also be affected by the conductivity, permanganate indexes, dissolved oxygen and pH. The Chlorophyta could not only accommodate to the higher pH, water temperature and permanganate indexes, but also be affected by concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. The Bacillariophyta could adapt to higher pH and permanganate indexes, and also be affected by concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients, water temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity.

From September 2014 to June 2015, eight field tracer experiments were conducted in a 90-m-length stream reach of an agricultural headwater stream, which is dominant of reeds and belongs to the Ershibu River watershed in Hefei city, using a constant-rate injection of NaCl. Based on the data sets of tracer experiments, the relative deviation of the peak values (HI) of the chloride ion concentrations was calculated with the OTIS model at the condition of ignoring the impact of transient storage or not, and the efficiency for transient storage was interpreted by using multiple transient storage metrics. The results showed that all the values of transient storage exchange coefficient (α) were in the order of magnitude of 10^-4 in different seasons. The values of HI ranged from 2.60% to 12.54% without considering the interaction between the main channel and transient storage zone, with the mean value of 5.35%. There was a significant logarithm function relationship between HI and discharge (Q), which was decreased gradually with the increase of the value of Q. Moreover, HI had obvious linear relationship with the ratio of cross-sectional area of storage zones to main channel cross-sectional area (A_s/A), and which was gradually increased with the increase of the A_s/A. Significant differences were exhibited between the main channel residence time (T_c) and the transient storage residence time (T_s) in all eight tracer experiments, and the transient storage capacity in the spring and early summer was stronger than that in the autumn and winter. The values of A_s/A and F_med²⁰⁰ were respectively in the range of 1.036 to 1.627 and 8.10% to 23.03%. This suggested that the stream with a dominant plant of reeds has a higher capacity for transient storage.

Characterization of organic phosphorus (P_o) from aquatic plants and algae by solution 31P-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (³¹P-NMR) is important to understand its biogeochemical cycling in lakes. Methods of extraction and selection of parameters for NMR characterization and quantification of P_o critical. Various extractants and radio of sample to extractants were applied for ³¹P-NMR. A mixture of 0.5mol/L NaOH-25m mol/L EDTA with a ratio of sample to extractant of 1:60 was the optimal extraction of P_o from aquatic plants and algae. When the extract was analyzed by use of ³¹P-NMR, the delay time (D1) and scanning time were set to 5s and 15h, respectively, which resulted in approximately 24,000 scans. Based on how Samples were extracted and results of ³¹P-NMR analysis, P in aquatic plants and algae included orthophosphates, orthophosphate monoesters, orthophosphate diesters and pyrophosphate, of which P_o accounted for 34%~53% and 31%~73% respectively. Orthophosphate monoester was the predominant constituent of P_o, which accounted for 92 and 83% of plants and algae, respectively. The proportion of orthophosphate diesters was small in aquatic plants and algae and accounted for only 0~6.65% of the TP. The content of pyrophosphate in algae was approximately 35-fold greater than that in aquatic plants.

Water reclamation and reuse have been actively promoted in Beijing, but the potential influences of reclaimed water on the microbial community structures are still poorly understood. Therefore, bacterial community structures in cattail rhizosphere between the samples of reclaimed water outfall and far from the reclaimed water outfall in the Mayu Wetland of Yongding River, Beijing were compared. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was conducted to quantitatively detect the changes of bacterial community structures. Several statistical methods including one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), spearman's correlation analysis and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were united to find out which were the key environmental factors to drive the bacterial community structure shifts. The result showed that microbial richness, evenness and diversity decreased with the increase of the reclaimed water interference intensity. The diversity of Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Epsilonproteobacteria and Actinobacteria were decreased significantly near the reclaimed water outfall. Spearman's correlation analysis indicated that pH, DO, TDS, ORP, Sal and NH₄⁺-N play an important role in the diversity spatial variation of plant rhizosphere microbial community. CCA indicated that TN, TOC, and Cr、Ni、Cu were significantly correlated with microbial communities structures of the upstream of reclaimed water outfall. Plant rhizosphere bacterial communities near the outfall were significantly different due to the reclaimed water quality difference. Group IIa and IIb were mainly affected by pH and T、ORP、NH₄⁺-N, respectively. While the bacterial communities in the downstream were also significantly correlated with TOC and some heavy metals due to water internal impurities and human activity influence.

To quantitatively evaluate the effect of ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), and their interaction on emergency room visits (ERVs) for respiratory diseases in Beijing, a generalized additive model (GAM) was used to analyze the exposure-effect relationship between AT, RH and daily respiratory disease (ERVs) from 2009 to 2011 in Beijing, as well as their interaction effect on such visits. The model was considered with some potential confounding factors, such as long time trend, "day of week" effect, holiday effect, and air pollution. An obvious U-shaped pattern was found between temperature and daily respiratory disease (ERVs) with the optimum temperature threshold at 12℃. Below that optimum temperature threshold, a 1℃ increase was associated with a decrease of 2.26% (95%CI:-2.43,-2.09) for (ERVs). Above that temperature threshold, a 1℃ increase was associated with an increase of 0.92% (95%CI:0.72, 1.11). A U-shaped pattern was also observed between RH and daily respiratory disease (ERVs) with the optimum RH threshold at 51%. Below that RH threshold, the (ERVs) increased by 3.43% (95%CI:-3.47%,-3.38%) for a 10% decrease. Above that RH threshold, the (ERVs) increased by 1.80% (95%CI:1.76%, 1.85%) for a 10% increase. There was a synergistic effect of temperature and RH on respiratory diseases, which meant that the temperature effect differed by RH level. Below the temperature threshold, the temperature effect was stronger in lower RH levels, and the effect estimate per 1℃ decrease in temperature was an 2.71% (95%CI:-2.88,-2.53) increase for respiratory disease (ERVs). However, above the temperature threshold, the temperature effect was greater in higher humidity levels, and the effect estimate per 1℃ increase in temperature was a 1.37% (95%CI:1.13, 1.61) increase for respiratory disease (ERVs).

Mercury concentrations in the daily food (including staple food, fish, meat and vegetables) consumed in the TJU campus were investigated. Mercury levels in the hair of the volunteers were also analyzed. Total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations in foods ranged 0.57~207.50ng/g (wet weight) and 0.06~49.20ng/g (wet weight) respectively, and were lower than the previous studies. The mercury concentrations varied among foods, and higher THg and MeHg concentrations were observed in the seafood. THg and MeHg levels in the human hair ranged from 0.03~0.77 and 0.02~0.67 μg/g, respectively, and the concentrations in the males were significantly higher than the females. Dietary habits have an impact on the hair mercury concentrations. The daily mercury exposure from food consumption was 9200ng/d for males and 7500ng/d for females. Compared with the current limit of mercury exposure, the risk imposed to the campus residents were low. However, excessive consumption of seafood could still be an important source of mercury for the consumers.

To investigate the public health, risk perception (RP) and negative feeling (NF) effects of power frequency electromagnetic fields (PF-EMF), a survey was conducted among 615 residents near 16 operating 110~500kV high-voltage transmission lines (HVTLs). Relative exposure intensity of PF-EMF was calculated by running parameters of HVTLs. The differences of health effects between respondents inside 50m and outside 50m from the center of HVTLs were analyzed, as well as the mean difference of RP and NF of respondents near HVTLs with different exposure intensity of PF-EMF, voltage level and types of tower. Optimal regression models were established through multiple linear stepwise regression analysis to estimate RP of and NF to PF-EMF. Results showed that the health effects of PF-EMF had a relative risk of 0.87 for respondents inside 50m compared with outside 50m from the center of HVTLs. In the scope of PF-EMF of this survey, i.e., E<0.35kV/m and B<0.80 μT, the public RP and NF were slightly influenced by PF-EMF exposure intensity, while greatly influenced by size of HVTLs, types of tower, health status and etc.

The cell integrity and biomass changes of Pseudomonas putida, a MC-LR degrading bacterium, were studied by inoculating 1.0g/L bacterium into systems with different concentrations of MC-LR. The oxidative stress of MC-LR on bacterial cell and the responses of antioxidase were also investigated. The results showed that membrane permeability of P. putida increased under the influence of MC-LR, causing membrane damage, which resulted in the outflow of intracellular substances and the destruction of cell integrity. Also, MC-LR could induce the oxidative stress on the cells of P. putida. With prolonged exposure to MC-LR, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), a product of membrane lipid peroxidation, evidently accumulated in the system, and had obvious dose-effect relationship. Under the effect of MC-LR, the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) increased first and then declined, exhibiting an active response to MC-LR of low level. However, after contacting higher concentrations (2.5 mg/L) of MC-LR for 5d, ROS accumulation was so high as to cause damage to the metabolism of cells. As a result, SOD activity was suppressed and cells suffered mass mortality, and the biomass decreased by 50% compared with the control.

Ashi River Basin was selected as the study area to establish soil and water assessment tool (SWAT) model under the support of the scenario simulation technology to simulate the returning farmland to forest, terracing, fertilizer reduction,vegetation filtering belt strips,their syntaxic control measures and its comprehensive effect.Results showed that:returning farmland to forest mode could reduce 1.03%~5.35% of NPS-TN load and 0.94%~8.09% of NPS-TP load. Terracing mode could reduce 0.51%~2.77% of NPS-TN load and 0.49%~4.54% of NPS-TP load. Fertilizer reducing mode could reduce 0.65%~6.52% of NPS-TN load and 0.01%~2.95% of NPS-TP load. Filter strips mode could reduce 42.62%~69.51% of NPS-TN load and 80.09%~86.27% of NPS-TP load. Syntaxic mode could reduce 34.90%~54.36% of TN load and 35.32%~60.89% of TP load. For reaching the water quality goal of 'Environmental quality standards for surface water' (GB3838-2002), 45.87%~82.53% of PS-TN load and 35.58%~66.85% PS-TP load should be reduced yet.

A total of 10 quaternary loose rock pore water samples were collected from Suizhong County, Liaoning. The pH, Cl^-, SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺, NO₂^-, NO₃^-, F^-, total hardness, total dissolved solids, iron, manganese, zinc, cyanide and volatile phenols were considered as the water quality parameters. Rough set theory was employed for data reduction. Meanwhile, to find attribute reduction set, the attribute dependence degree and information entropy heuristic algorithms were combined. Support vector machine was employed to evaluate groundwater quality for all parameters before and after reduction, respectively. The results showed that rough set theory reduced the number of chemical parameters from 14 to 8, and assessment results with attribute reduction were the same as those without attribute reduction. The groundwater quality in the study area was mainly class II and III, which meets the permissible limits. However, iron and three nitrogen were exceeded drinking water quality standard. Although the combination of rough set and support vector machine reduced redundant indices, the accuracy of water quality classification remained effective, while the complexity of calculation was reduced and the rationality of assessment results was guaranteed.

Saltwater quality criteria were the scientific basis for the establishment of the saltwater quality standards. The assessment factor and species sensitivity distribution model were employed to deduce lead saltwater criterion. The toxicity data covered the species representing the marine biota characteristics in China. It was discovered from extensive experiments that results obtained by different methods exhibit significant difference. Based on the species sensitivity distribution model, the high saltwater quality criterion (HSWC) for lead was 275 μg/L; whereas based on the assessment factor method, low saltwater quality criterion (LSWC) for lead was 0.8 μg/L. Specifically, the study provided useful information for update of saltwater quality standards.

Because multiple sources release multiple stressors and these stressors affect multiple habitats and endpoints, the spatial information of interaction is limited and uncertain. Set pair analysis (SPA) can effectively describe and deal with the environmental risk systems with limited and uncertain spatial information and model the distribution of environmental risk of poisonous gases after accidents. In this paper, the regional atmospheric environmental risk of Nanjing Chemical Industry Park was analysed by SPA model. In order to describe the distribution of atmospheric environmental risks in different conditions, this paper classified the risks into 5 levels and discussed the value of variation uncertainty coefficient. Under i₁=0.5, i₂=-0.5, the analysis is not complex and the level of regional atmospheric environment risks is close to the actual situation. The analysis result under these variation uncertainty coefficient can guide the optimization of land use planning and improvement of environmental risk control measures.