The impact of the air quality from thermal power industry was analyzed quantitatively based on WRF-CAMx model. The results indicated that contribution rates to the annual average concentrations of SO₂, NO₂, PM_2.5, sulfate, nitrate and primary PM_2.5 from thermal power plants were 15.6%, 19.6%, 8.5%, 11.7%, 12.0% and 5.2%, respectively. There was a general characteristic that in regions where air pollutions were more severe, the contribution rates from thermal power plants were reversely lower. Specially, in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei-Shandong-Henan, Yangtze River Delta, Wuhan and Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan city clusters located on the Plain and the Chengdu-Chongqing area where air pollutions were the most serious, the PM_2.5 contribution rates from the thermal power industry were less than 8%. Improvement to the atmospheric quality due to ultra-low emission in thermal power industry was not obvious. In view of this, policy of multi-pollutant control should be also implemented in other industries besides thermal power plants in order to improve atmospheric quality.

The objectives of this paper were: (1) to estimate the biogenic VOC (BVOCs) emissions and its temporal-spatial distributions; and (2) to develop biogenic VOCs emissions inventory of Sichuan based on the remote-sensing data regarding land use and vegetation. In 2012, the total annual biogenic VOCs emissions of Sichuan was estimated to be approximately 1470.82kt, of which isoprene, monoterpenes, and the other VOCs accounted for 429.54kt (29.2%), 445.22kt (30.3%), and 596.06kt (40.5%), respectively. The biogenic VOCs emissions exhibited strong seasonal patterns with emissions in summer being the maximum (accounting for 42.56% of the total) and in winter being the minimum (accounting for 10.43% of the total). The BVOCs emissions were mainly concentrated in the dense woodland areas where the duration of sunlight was relatively long such as Dazhou, Bazhong, Guangyuan, Mianyang , Leshan, Meishan and Panzhihua. The ozone formation potential (OFP) and the secondary organic aerosol formation potentials from the BVOCs were estimated to be 6134kt and 136kt, respectively, implying a significant impact on air quality.

The ambient VOCs were monitored in the eastern urban area of Beijing city from October 16th to November 27th, 2014. They were analyzed by an off-line analysis method of SUMMA tank sampling and GC-MS. The VOCs results during APEC showed that the 24h daily average concentrations of TVOCs were 49.12×10^-9, 25.17×10^-9 and 23.38×10^-9 respectively during Oct 16~30 (before APEC), Nov 5~11 (APEC) and Nov 12~27 (after APEC), presenting a falling trend with time; however, the daytime average concentrations (8:00~18:00) were 41.43×10^-9, 17.36×10^-9 and 20.08×10^-9 respectively, the lowest daytime concentrations happened during APEC. Meanwhile, the VOCs chemical profiles also showed obvious differences between APEC and before/after APEC, volume mixing ratio of alkenes increasing and those of alkanes and aromatics decreasing. Then the relationship between VOCs and meteorological factors was concluded, based on the VOCs data before and after APEC, the most important impact being from temperature (r = 0.74), followed by the relative humidity (r = 0.67) and no significant correlation with wind speed. Finally, the reduction emissions of the 15main compounds were calculated by using Beijing VOCs emission inventory and VOCs chemical profiles of various sources. A great well correlation between their emission abatement and their daytime average concentration change during APEC were found, with the correlation coefficient of 0.76~0.80, which verified the accuracy of Beijing VOCs emission inventory.

Results of aerosol optical properties research during a severe haze-fog episode from 2 October to 7 October 2013 in Beijing were studied. The meteorological effects on the haze-fog process were investigated, and the pollution sources were analyzed with the Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. The values of aerosol optical thickness (AOT), Ångström wavelength exponent (AE), and the peak of aerosol volume size concentration in fine mode in polluted days were much higher than that of clean days. The daily average single scattering albedo (SSA) increased with the increasing of wavelength in the earlier and later period of the intensive haze-fog episode. On October 5, the most serious haze process was happened and the AOT of wavelength 440nm was raised as much as 3.89. The SSA firstly increased and then decreased with the increasing of wavelength. The maximum SSA value was 0.965 at the wavelength of 675nm. During the haze-fog episode, fine particles with strong scattering characteristics were dominated which was mainly contributed by human factors, and was significantly influenced by meteorological parameters.

This study investigates temporal and spatial variations of haze days and the possible climatic factors in South China during recent 54years. Basic statistical methods are used here based on the observed data from 57meteorological stations, including linear regression, cluster and correlation analysis. The result shows that more haze days occur in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region of Guangdong and mid-eastern Guangxi. The haze days increase remarkably during the past 54 years and show a decline trend after 2008. Among the four seasons, the heaviest haze pollution happened in winter, follows spring and autumn, and relatively weak in summer. They are also associated with a decrease trend after 2008 except winter. In addition, all of the haze days in different varied-intensity increased obviously during the past 54 years. It is further found that haze pollution in South China increases not only in the number of days, but also the pollution intensity. The rapidly rise time periods of haze days are different in different regions over South China. It occurs in the 1990s over serious pollution and normally pollution regions, but shows after 2000 for the relatively clean regions. Number of haze days over the serious polluted and normal polluted regions has been decreased during recent 10 years, but it remains a rapid increase for the relatively clean areas. Our further analysis suggests that the decreased trends of precipitation days during recent 54 years would factor in reducing the wet-depositing capacity of atmospheric pollutants. Increase of the breeze days, which connects to the decrease of mean wind speed and strong wind days, on the other hand, would also contribute to the reduction of pollutants diffusion capacity and more haze pollution.

Refinery installations, chemical installations and wastewater treatment installations of typical petrochemical facilities were selected in Pearl River Delta where the photochemistry was active. Multiple on-line and off-line monitoring instruments were used to analyze the fugitive emission characteristics of VOCs. The ratios of m, p-xylene/benzene (X/B), toluene/benzene (T/B) and ethyl benzene/benzene (E/B) were applied to analyze the aging characteristics of VOCs. The atmospheric chemical reactivity of VOCs and their Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) were evaluated by using Maximum Increment Reactivity (MIR), propy-equiv concentration and OH radical reactivity methods. The concentrations of TVOCs in refinery unit and chemical unit were both higher in the morning and night, lower at noon. However, for the wastewater treatment unit, it's bimodal. Alkanes were the most abundant species in all the three units, and VOCs emitted from different units were totally different. The ratio of X/B, T/B and E/B in petroleum refinery were higher than that in cities and suburbs, while T/B of Compression Alkali Washing area (CAW) in the chemical units was the highest. The photochemical reactivity of VOCs in the petroleum refinery was higher than that in cities and suburbs. Moreover, the average OH consumption rate of VOCs emitted from the petroleum refinery was 15.22×10^-12cm³/ (mol·s), and the largest incremental reactivity was 4.21mol (O₃)/mol (VOC). The OFP estimated from the VOCs in the chemical units accounted for the highest ratio, which is up to 84.83%. While the VOCs emitted from the wastewater treatment unit was the second, with the ratio of 12.95%. And, the contribution of refinery installation area was the lowest, with the ratio of 2.22%. The contribution of CAW in chemical installation unit to the OFP of the petroleum refinery was the highest with the ratio of 34.26%. The contribution of Flotation Tank (FT) in wastewater treatment unit was the lowest with the ratio of 0.36%.

This paper investigated the effect of engine speed and load on the emission factors, characteristics of chemical composition and size distribution of the PM_2.5 from a GDI engine. Results demonstrated that the emission factors of PM_2.5, OC and EC were(49.8±28.2), (21.6±6.9), (11.4±10.8)mg/kg. At low engine speed, with the increase of engine load, PM_2.5 firstly decreased and then gradually increased. While it showed an increasing trend with the increase of load in media and high engine speed. The major components of PM_2.5 produced from GDI engine were organic matters and element carbons, respectively, accounting for 45.6%~70.6% and 7.9%~42.7%. Particles from GDI engine were bimodal distribution including nucleation mode (10nm< Dp< 30nm) and accumulation mode (30nm< Dp< 200nm). The number concentration of GDI engine was two orders of magnitude higher than that of port fuel injection (PFI) engine. At different engine speeds, accumulation mode particles increased as the load increased.

Since it is difficult to measure BAP unorganized emissions directly from coke ovens, a large uncertainty exists in related studies. So with the observation data and production capacity of a coke plant in Shanghai from 1999 to 2003, we used an inverse model based on AERMOD (AMS/EPA REGULATORY MODEL) to estimate the BAP emission factor. The results show that annual concentration of three monitoring stations near this plant are 0.033,0.0024,0.0031μg/m³, all exceeded the standard. The unorganized emission factor from this study was 14.71mg/tcoke, The area where BAP concentration exceeded the standard was 125km² surrounding the coke plant and the atmospheric environment protection zone should be set to 6300m.

Based on the information for the vehicle traffic during 2007-2012 in Shanghai, the pollutant emissions of motor vehicles were calculated. Three scenarios for vehicle pollutant reduction control were designed by applying the co-control evaluation method, which are single measurement, structural measurement and integrated measurement, respectively. The results indicated that the vehicle pollutant emissions from 2007 to 2012 in Shanghai presented a decrease trend. Motorcycle (MC), light-duty gasoline vehicle (LDGV), heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDT) and heavy-duty diesel vehicle (HDDV) were the major pollution sources, which accounted for more than 90% of the total vehicle emission. According to the growth rate of ownership of motor vehicles in Shanghai currently, the inhalable particulate matter (PM₁₀) emission from vehicle will increase by 7%, and the growth rate of greenhouse gas emission is between 15% and 108%, of which the carbon dioxide (CO₂) will increase by 45% in 2018. The pollutants and greenhouse gases would be reduced under three control scenarios, but the effectiveness of emission reductions had obvious differences. Under the single control measurement scenario, eliminating yellow label cars and releasing stringent emission standards would be more effective to reduce vehicle pollutants and greenhouse gases. The reduction rate could be more than 20%. Moreover, under the structural control measurement scenario, vehicle pollutants and greenhouse gases would be more effectively reduced the reduction rate being more than 40%, and the co-control effect would be obviously positive.

Polyacrylonitrile nonwoven (nPAN) were chemically modified with hydroxylamine, and the obtained amidoximated polyacrylonitrile nonwoven (AO-nPAN) were coordinated with Fe (III) to prepare modified nPAN supported Fe complexes (Fe-nPAN). The complexes were characterized using Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-vis absorption spectra, and then employed as photocatalysts in the oxidative degradation of formaldehyde. The results indicated that increasing Fe (III) concentration, reaction temperature and weight gain rate of AO-nPAN led to higher Fe (III) content of Fe-nPAN. The amidoxime groups were coordinated with Fe (III) in Fe-nPAN, which gave the catalyst a remarkable absorption in the visible region. Increasing both Fe (III) content of Fe-nPAN and visible irradiation could significantly accelerate the formaldehyde degradation, and the catalyst exhibited much higher photocatalytic activity than the PAN yarn Fe complex under similar conditions.

Effect of regeneration parameters of H₂ reduction on sulfur poisoning Cu-Ir/H-ZSM-5catalyst for catalytic reduction of NO_x with propane (C₃H₈-SCR) was investigated. The regeneration behavior was carried out by N₂ adsorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR). Deactivation of Cu-Ir/H-ZSM-5was caused by the formation of CuSO₄, resulting in the loss of the active sites, decrease of the surface area, microspore area and pore volume of catalyst. The temperature of 500℃ and regeneration gas consumption of 42.8L/g_catalyst were the best regeneration condition for H₂ reduction, because of the lowest content (0.4%) of CuSO₄ on Cu-Ir/H-ZSM-5catalyst. The activity of Cu-Ir/H-ZSM-5catalyst regenerated could be returned to 95% of the fresh catalyst. The increase of the surface area, microspore area, and pore volume of catalyst was obtained by H₂ reduction.

A two-sludge system combined anaerobic/anoxic/oxic with biological contact oxidation process (A²/O-BCO) was used to treat domestic wastewater. By adding sodium acetate to adjust influent carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N=2.44 ~ 8.85), the denitrifying phosphorus removal characteristics of the system were investigated. The results showed that nitrification performance (anoxic denitrifying loading) and poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) storage and utilization were mainly influenced by organic matter, which further effected the nitrogen and phosphorus removals. When the influent C/N ratio was 4 ~ 5, COD, TN and PO₄^3--P removals reached to 88%, 80% and 96% respectively, which achieved high-efficiency removal of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus simultaneously. The material balance analysis of carbon revealed that COD removal in the A²/O reactor was 71.86% ~ 77.28% of the total COD removal, and COD removal in the BCO reactor only accounted for 2% ~ 12%, where the efficient utilization of carbon source in the A²/O-BCO process was the main reason to achieve deep denitrification and phosphorus removal under the condition of low C/N. In addition, through the correlation analysis of C/N with aeration rate, nitrate recycling ratio and anaerobic/anoxic reaction time, the optimal operation strategy of the A²/O-BCO process was proposed.

In order to realize efficient simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in domestic wastewater, a post-anoxic SBR system was used. The results showed that the denitrifying phosphorus removal process was launched in 39days by firstly shortening the SRT to enrich phosphorus accumulating organisms (PAOs), and then extending the SRT and introducing the anoxic phase. COD, TP, NH₄⁺-N and TN removal efficiency were 92.9%, 98.4%, 100% and 98.4%, respectively. The effect of influent carbon-nitrogen ratio (C/N) was also investigated. There was no obvious change on nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiency when the decrease of C/N was below 17.65% in a short term. When it exceeded 33.3%, the system had a bad performance on both nitrogen and phosphorus removal, but in the long run, the effluent COD concentration fell, and the proportion of denitrifying phosphorus accumulating organisms (DPAOs) in PAOs increased, which supplemented the removal efficiency of decline to some extent. The cycle test indicated that pH and DO can be the real-time control parameters which decided whether the anaerobic phosphorus release and the cycle ended or not. The reaction time and energy consumption of aeration could be reduced significantly.

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was used to investigate the short effects of temperature on nitrogen removal by anaerobic ammonium oxidation and denitrification. The activation energy of the coupled reaction contained anammox and denitrification was lower than the single reactor only contained anammox process. The coupled reaction could balance the negative effects of low temperature. Decrease in temperature had more severe effects on anammox process than denitrification process. The relationship between temperature and the maximum specific nitrogen removal rate could accord with Arrhenius equation. The activation energy of coupled reaction was 49.56kJ/mol which was lower than 66.18kJ/mol calculated by anammox reaction at 25~35℃ and anammox was the dominated reaction in the reactor whose contribution rates to nitrogen removal were 61.29%. The activation energy of coupled reaction was 74.91kJ/mol which was lower than 106.40kJ/mol calculated by anammox reaction at 9~25℃. The contribution rates made by denitrification to nitrogen removal were increased with the decreasing of temperature. Denitrification became the dominated reaction when the temperature dropped to 9℃, and its contribution rate to nitrogen removal was 75.10%. The volume of nitrogen removal rate(NRR) would be influenced by temperature when temperature was lower than 25℃.

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was operated to investigate the nitrogen removal properties of ANAMMOX process treating sewage with seawater by gradually increasing seawater proportion. The results showed that ANAMMOX bacteria could remain active and maintain high nitrogen removal efficiency in any proportion of seawater through acclimation. When seawater proportion was not more than 40%, the seawater almost had no effect on the stability and the nitrogen removal efficiency of the reactor. Besides, the activity of ANAMMOX bacteria was enhanced. The maximum specific activity of ANAMMOX bacteria achieved in the reactor with 30% seawater, was 21.3% up compared with reactor containing 10% seawater. When seawater proportion was more than 40%, the nitrogen efficiency of reactor decreased. However, with sufficient time to adapt, the efficiency would recover. During this period, the reaction of the reactor could be divided into three phases: sensitive period, interim stable period and recovery period. When seawater proportion was 100%, the nitrogen removal rate of the reactor could be 0.341kgN/(m³·d), which was 73.7% of that contained 10% seawater, and the nitrogen removal capability had a further recovery trend.

An anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was operated to investigate the effects of nitrite on nitrogen removal via ANAMMOX by keeping influent ammonia nitrogen concentration as 110mg/L and increasing influent nitrite concentration at whole seawater condition. The kinetics features were also studied at the same time. ANAMMOX process began to be inhibited when the influent nitrite concentration was 170mg/L, and the ammonia nitrogen removal efficiency decreased 8.41%. The fitting of modified Logistic process kinetics model showed that influent nitrite less than 151.49mg/L would increase the nitrogen removal rate, while influent nitrite higher than 170mg/L would inhibited the nitrogen removal rate. The model of Luong suited to fit the inhibition kinetics with higher nitrite concentration which affected nitrogen removal efficiency. The maximum substrate removal rate (NRR_max) obtained by Luong model was 0.53kg N/(m³·d), and the half-saturation constant (K_S) was 0.10mg/L. The maximum allowable effluent nitrite concentration above which cells do not grow (S_m) was predicted to be 338.22mg/L and the correlation (n) was 0.97801.

The mature landfill leachate was adopted to cultivated anaerobic ammonia oxidation bacteria in the UASB reactor which fed with inorganic wastewater, the running performance of the system was explored in different substrate concentration and hydraulic retention time, the activity inhibition of anaerobic ammonia oxidation by substrate and landfill leachate and the inhibition kinetics were analyzed. The system adapted to the landfill leachate gradually and implement efficient denitrification when the system run 75d. The removal amount of substrate was increased at first and then decreased with the increasement of the substrate concentration. As the extension of HRT, the concentrations of substrate and landfill leachate was increased, the effect of denitrification was decline in system. The thresholds of substrate inhibition were that NH₄⁺-N concentration was 489.03mg/L and NO₂^--N concentration of 192.36mg/L. when NH₄⁺-N was inhibitor, V_{max(NH4⁺-N)} was 0.1893mg/(mg·d), the half-saturation constant was 39.39mg/L, the inhibiting kinetic constant was 3482.27mg/L; when NO₂^--N was inhibitor, V_max(NO2^--N) was 0.246mg/(mg·d), the half-saturation constant was 43.19mg/L, the inhibiting kinetic constant was 701.15mg/L. Anaerobic ammonia oxidation is very susceptible especially by the landfill leachate, the activity of anammox was inhibited completely when the landfill leachate concentration was 1450.69mg/L (which calculated in COD).

A sequencing batch reactor operated under anoxic /aerobic condition was used to investigate the activity of hydroxylamine oxidase (HAO) and the production/emission of nitrous oxide during nitrification and denitrification under three different carbon to nitrogen ratios of influent．The results show that when the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 3.5 and 9.5, the HAO activity was averagely 283.77~19.64U/g MLSS and 348.87~17.94U/g, respectively. When the carbon to nitrogen ratio was 6.5, the HAO activity was only averagely 246.45~23.30U/g MLSS. On the whole, the HAO activity in the anoxic period was higher than that in the aerobic period under the three conditions. The trend of variation of the HAO activity was positively correlated with the emission of N₂O, dissolution of N₂O and accumulation of nitrite nitrogen. They were highly consistent in variation in the aerobic period when the carbon nitrogen ratio was 9.5.The results imply: (1) N₂O is mainly produced in the aerobic period during nitrification and aerobic oxidation of hydroxylamine is the major step of N₂O formation; (2) In case of relatively insufficiency of carbon source (eg., C/N=3.5), the release of N₂O depends on the activity of HAO. When the carbon source is relatively sufficient, there was no significant correlation between the N₂O emission and the HAO activity in the anoxic period. This is considered due to the lack of electron acceptors nitrite that hinders the HAO to participate in the reaction. The activity of HAO is relatively higher when N₂O is produced.

Poly-β-hydroxyalkanoates (PHA) are vital intracellular storage generated by granular sludge in enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) reactor, served as carbon and energy source. The rapid determination of PHA is of great significance to the further researches on mechanism of EBPR. Savitzky-Golay smoothing (SG) and Multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) method were jointly used to preprocess the near infrared (NIR) spectra of the sludge samples, the quantitative analysis models between the NIR spectra and the PHA contents were established with modified PLS methods such as interval partial least squares (iPLS), backward interval partial least squares (biPLS) and synergy interval partial least squares (siPLS). SG-MSC pretreatment could effectively diminish the effect of spectrum interference factors. The optimal model was established by four sub-intervals [13,21,24,29] with siPLS method, divided the preprocessed spectrum into 30sub-intervals. The root mean square errors of cross validation (RMSECV) and the root mean square errors of prediction (RMSEP) were 0.2018 and 0.3120 respectively. The correlation coefficients of the calibration and prediction sets were 0.9925 and 0.9391 respectively. The best analysis spectrum band are closely related to the C—H bending vibration and C=O stretching vibration of PHA molecular. The modified PLS could not only optimize the spectra region, enhance the predictive ability of the models, but also realize the rapid and quantitative determination of intracellular PHA content in the granular sludge.

Different types of granule-based anaerobic biofilm (with and without carriers; conductive and non-conductive carriers) were adopted to alleviate the inhibition of propionic acid degradation under high H₂ partial pressure. And their performance was monitored and compared, at the beginning and end of biofilm cultivation. Moreover, microbial SEM images and community composition were investigated to analyze mechanisms involved in propionic acid degradation. The results showed that both conductive carbon-felt based biofilm and anaerobic granules were effective at promoting propionic acid degradation under high H₂ partial pressure, with maximum rate of 2.2 and 1.2mmol/h respectively. Propionic acid seemed to be degraded mainly via direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) between acidogenic bacteria (Thermovirga, Levilinea, Syntrophomonas) and methanogens (Methanosaeta) for carbon-felt based biofilm. Nevertheless, degradation of propionic acid by anaerobic granules was possibly attributed to syntrophic operation of acidogenic bacteria (syntrophobacter) and methanogens (Methanolinea, Methanobacterium).

Phosphite (HPO₃^2-, H₂PO₃^-, +3valence) is a reduced form of phosphorus in the biogeochemical phosphorus cycle. Its photooxidation process can be an important path of its transformation in water environment. The photooxidation process of 1μmol/L phosphite in nitrate solution was studied using 300W mercury lamp as light source. Experiments were carried out to study the influences of NO₃^- concentration, pH value and common ions in water (such as Cl^-, SO₄^2-, HCO₃^-, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺) and humic acid, on the photooxidation of phosphite in NO₃^- solutions. The results demonstrate that the photooxidation of phosphite followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics and the photooxidation rate increased rapidly with increasing initial NO₃^- concentration. The kinetics constant changed from 0.020h^-1 to 0.271h^-1 with the concentration of NO₃^- increased from 0 to 120μmol/L. The kinetics constant decreased with the increase of pH and the addition of HCO₃^-. The addition of Cl^- and SO₄^2- slightly inhibited the photooxidation process. The addition of Fe³⁺ accelerated the photooxidation of phosphite in NO₃^- solution while Mn²⁺ inhibited the photooxidation. The addition of humic acid inhibited the photooxidation process. ROS (reactive oxygen species) were found to play an important role in the phosphite photooxidation reaction by using isopropanol and sodium azide (NaN₃) as ROS quenchers. In the simulated Taihu Lake water experiment, the increased amount of phosphate coincided with the decreased amount of phosphite, which indicated that the photooxidation product of phosphite is phosphate.

Ethylbenzene (EB) degradation performance in Fe (II) activated sodium percarbonate (SPC) system was investigated in this study. The effects of various factors, such as the initial SPC and Fe (II) concentrations, anions (Cl^-, HCO₃^-, SO₄^2-, and NO₃^-) concentration, natural organic matters (NOM), and initial solution pH were evaluated. The results showed that EB (1mmol/L) could be degraded completely in 20min with both SPC and Fe (II) dosages of 12mmol/L. Both Cl^- and HCO₃^- anions and NOM had significant inhibitive effect on EB degradation, while the influence of SO₄^2- and NO₃^- was negligible at the tested ionic strength ranges. The EB removal was still significant at the initial solution pH of 9 even though the degradation of EB decreased with the increasing of initial solution pH (from 3.0 to 11.0), suggesting that Fe(II) activated SPC process was an effective technique for EB degradation at a wider pH range. In addition, the results of free radical probe tests and free radical scavenger tests indicated that ×OH was the predominant species responsible for EB degradation even though both ×OH and O₂^·- were generated in the SPC-Fe(II) system.

The impacts of different nitrogen forms (NO₃^-, NO₂^- and NH₄⁺) on the photodegradation of KET were investigated under Xe lamp irradiation. The direct photolysis solar quantum yield of KET was observed to be 0.14. Increasing the concentration of NO₃^- from 0.01mmol/L to 1.0mmol/L, the apparent rate constants of KET were decreased from 0.0109 to 0.0085. The apparent rate constants of KET decreased from 0.0095 to 0.0069when the concentration of NO₂^- increased from 0.01mmol/L to 1.0mmol/L. NH₄⁺ had no influence on KET photolysis. The screening effect of NO₃^- was the major factor on KET photolysis while NO₂^- inhibited photolysis via both attenuating light and quenching ×OH. Photodegradation of KET was also investigated under different pE values. The photodegradation rate of KET decreased at first, then it increased with the increasing pE values. The antagonistic effect existed on the photodegradation of KET when NO₂^- coexisted with NH₄⁺. And it also existed when NO₂^- coexisted with NO₃^- on the photodegradation of KET.

The disinfection for the municipal secondary effluents was carried out with a self-made microwave induced electrodeless UV continuous disinfection reactor. The self-made cylindrical electrodeless lamp was used as UV photosource. When the electrodeless lamp was filled with Hg of 10mg and Ar of 666.61Pa inside, the light intensity at wavelength of 253.7nm was the strongest. Then the microwave induced electrodeless UV continuous disinfection process was established. The optimal values of operating parameters were found at a microwave power of 600W and a HRT of 30s, the UV light intensity, the influent flow, the total coliform count and total bacterial count of the effluent were 5.07mW/cm², 0.072L/s, 0CFU/L and 2CFU/mL, respectively. During the process of microwave induced electrodeless UV disinfection, microwave destroyed the cell wall and cell membrane of bacterial, resulting in the leakage of intracellular substances such as protein and K⁺. This irreversible destruction could effectively inhibit the photoreactivation in UV disinfection.

Two kinds of mediators, namely syringaldehyde (SA) and1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT), were investigated in laccase oxidation system, regarding the degradation of five kinds of typical sulfonamide antibiotics. The influences of factors, such as the initial concentrations of mediators, pH, temperature and the concentration of laccase, were studied. The results showed that SA was more effective in mediating laccase oxidation of all five kinds of sulfonamide antibiotics. In laccase+SA reaction system, the optimum conditions for the degrading the sulfonamide antibiotics by laccase were: at pH5~6 and 30℃, and with initial concentrations of SA and laccase respectively 0.5mmol/L and 0.5mg/mL. The degradation rates reached around 75% in 15minutes and more than 97% within 1hour for all five kinds of sulfonamide antibiotics. This study showed that the appropriate mediator can greatly improve laccase oxidation. Laccase oxidation assisted by mediators has a good application potential for the ecological purification of antibiotic pollutants.

The aggregation and stability of fullerene (C₆₀) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) nanoparticle suspensions in aqueous systems were investigated using time-resolved dynamic light scattering, in presence of several electrolytes and natural organic matters. Electrolytes induced carbon nanomaterials aggregation by the mechanism of compressing the double electrode layer, which conformed to the classic colloidal stability theory (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek, DLVO). In comparison to C₆₀, MWNTs were easier to aggregate and showed weaker stability because of their morphology. In Na⁺ and Mg²⁺ solutions, humic acid (HA) could restrain the aggregation of nanoparticles by steric repulsion effect, which was more significant for C₆₀. HA could enhanced the aggregation of nanoparticles by complexing with Ca²⁺, and this effect was more pronounced on MWNTs. The results of this study elucidated different carbon nanomaterials had various interaction relationship with environmental factors, which would influence their stabilities in water.

Influences of environmental factors on the measurement of dissolved arsenic (As) using Zr-oxide diffusive gradient in thin films technique (Zr-oxide DGT) were systematically investigated in the laboratory, and this technique was applied for in situ determination of dissolved As in natural water. After 16-d exposure of numerous inorganic anions, the presence of SO₄^2- had no influence on the measurement of As using Zr-oxide DGT, while HCO₃^-, Cl^-, SiO₃^2- and humic acid had negative effects, with the largest tolerant concentrations of 360mg/L, 45g/L, 100mg/L and 36mg/L, respectively. The dynamical uptake showed that there were no influences of HCO₃^-(37~148mg/L), SO₄^2-(1.44~2.88g/L), Cl^-(12~24g/L), SiO₃^2-(8~24mg/L) and humic acid (3~9mg/L) with the exposure time span from 1 to 4d, while the uptake of As to Zr-oxide DGT, particularly As (III), were inhibited by high concentrations of HCO₃^-(370mg/L), SO₄^2-(8.64g/L), Cl^-(72g/L) and humic acid (27mg/L) at the exposure time of 3~4d, and SiO₃^2-(72mg/L) at the exposure time of 2~4d. The Zr-oxide DGT sampling technique was applied to water in Nanjing City in comparison with the conventional monitoring technique. The DGT-measured concentrations of dissolved As were in line with those by the conventional monitoring technique.

This paper investigated the effects of aged refuse on the hydrolysis and acidification processes of waste activated sludge (WAS) anaerobic fermentation by adding different dosages of aged refuse. Experimental results showed that significant improvements of hydrolysis and acidification of WAS anaerobic fermentation were achieved within the dosage of 1/3g/g TSS (total suspended solid) and the optimum dosage of aged refuse was 1/3g/g TSS. The ratio of SCOD/TCOD and the short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) production (183.45mg COD/g VSS, 6d) in the presence of aged refuse were largely higher than those in the blank (79.45mg COD/g VSS, 10d). Mechanism study showed that the appropriate inoculation quantity of aged refuse could enhance sludge solubilization, hydrolysis of protein and polysaccharide, acidification of glucose and amino acid. In addition, the key enzymes relevant to hydrolysis and acidification in the presence of aged refuse were much higher than those in blank, which further confirmed that aged refuse could improve hydrolysis and acidification of WAS anaerobic fermentation.

Chitosan and activated carbon, with different quality ratio, was added into the tested soil, then toxicity leaching experiments were conducted to study the stabilizing effect of adsorption materials on V and Cr from the tested soil. Besides, FTIR (Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy) and XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy) were performed to explore the stabilization mechanism of the adsorption materials. Chitosan could significantly reduce the leaching concentration of V and Cr from the contaminated soil. The stabilizing effect of activated carbon on Cr was better than that on V from the tested soil, while the stabilizing effect was not affected significantly by the dosage of adsorption materials. The stabilization rate of V and Cr from the tested soil was 74.04% and 46.77%, respectively, by chitosan with the dosage of 0.5% after 30d stabilization; while 1.86% of V and 87.75% of Cr could be stabilized, respectively, when 0.5% of active carbon was used. FTIR and XPS results on the adsorption materials showed that there were numerous of amino and hydroxyl groups in the chitosan, while amino and oxygen-containing groups were limited in activated carbon. Thus, chitosan and activated carbon were promising stabilizers available to remediate the contaminated soil.

Benzonitrile was selected as the target pollutant to investigate the effect of biochar produced from wheat residue at different temperatures on the adsorption of benzonitrile onto loess soil. The results showed that the adsorption equilibrium of benzonitrile onto loess was about 8h without biochar, and after the addition of biochar into loess soil, the adsorption equilibrium time of benzonitrile was shortened, meanwhile, with the increase of pyrolysis temperature of biochar added into soil, the adsorption equilibrium time was obviously reduced, while the saturation adsorption amount of benzonitrile onto loess soil was also significantly increased. The kinetic data showed that the adsorption of benzonitrile onto loess soil could be better described by a pseudo-second-order kinetic model, the boundary layer control and intraparticle diffusion were both involved in the adsorption process. Besides, the adsorption equilibrium data were well described by the Freundlich isothermal model. The saturated adsorption capacity was improved as temperature increased with or without the biochar, suggesting a spontaneous endothermic process. The average adsorption free energy E was between 1.865and 3.171kJ/mol, which indicated that adsorption of benzonitrile onto loess was physical adsorption with or without biochar. Thermodynamic parameter analysis showed that Gibbs free energy was less than zero, while Entropy (ΔH^θ) and Enthalpy (ΔS^θ) were greater than zero, indicating an endothermic process for adsorption of benzonitrile onto loess soil. The results indicated that the adsorption process of benzonitrile onto loess with the addition of biochar involved a surface adsorption, diffusion within the particles, and external film diffusion mechanism.

Diethylstilbestrol (DES)-degrading bacteria S (Serratia sp.) was immobilized using sodium alginate as the embedding agent. The optimum immobilization conditions, determined through orthogonal test, were as follows: 4% sodium alginate, bacteria: sodium alginate 1:2, 4% CaCl₂ and 6h crosslinking time. The DES degradation performance of immobilized strain S was apparently superior to that of free strain. The degradation ratio of DES by immobilized strain S was 83.84%, which was 22.84% higher than that by free strain S under laboratory culture conditions. The optimum inoculation of immobilized strain S was 300g/L, and the optimum initial DES concentration was 20~40mg/L. Three water samples were collected from sewage outfalls with DES concentrations of 40.01, 37.90 and 33.52μg/L, respectively. Immobilized strain S was added to these water samples, and 90.0%, 96.0% and 96.7% of DES were removed by immobilized strain S after 7d. Results of this investigation provide a new available technique for estrogen removal from polluted water systems.

Denitrification and anaerobic ammonia oxidation are two main processes for nitrogen removal in nitrogen cycle. The seasonal variation of community diversity and abundance, phylogenetic composition of nirS-type denitrifiers and Anammox (anaerobic ammonia oxidation) bacteria of sediments in Beiyun River were compared based on PCR (polymerase chain reaction), T-RFLP (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism), clone and sequencing. The abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers increased from summer to winter while the abundance of Anammox bacteria decreased significantly. What's more, the abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers was significantly higher than Anammox in fall and winter. Community composition of the two microbial groups varied seasonally and the community diversity of nirS-type denitrifiers was much higher than Anammox bacteria. Concentrations of nitrogens and organic carbon in the sediments increased significantly from summer to winter. Environmental temperature was significantly correlated with the seasonal changes of abundance and community distribution of the two microbial groups in sediments. Correlation analysis revealed that total nitrogen had a great effect on the abundance of nirS-type denitrifiers, while C/N was significantly correlated with abundance of Anammox bacteria. NO_x^- and pH were also the main environmental factors determining the community distribution of nirS-type denitrifiers and Anammox bacteria in sediments. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the denitrifying microbes belonged to species with relatively high pollution-resistance and efficiency of nitrogen removal. Phylogenetic diversity of nirS-type denitrifiers was much higher than that of Anammox bacteria. nirS-type denitrifiers were grouped into genera Pseudomonas and Halomonas, while Anammox was mainly bacteria belonged to Candidatus Brocadia.

The distribution and concentrations of six heavy metals (Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Zn, and Cd) in 29 surface sediment samples collected from the eastern continental shelf of Hainan Island were determined in this study. The geo-accumulation index (I_geo), the enrichment factor (EF), and the potential ecological risk index (PERI) were analyzed to assess the potential contamination and the environmental risks associated with heavy metals. Generally, the concentrations of 6 heavy metals showed a similar distribution pattern, and were slightly decreased from the coast toward offshore. It was possible that these heavy metals shared similar sources, whereas the levels of Pb and As were influenced by anthropogenic activities. There were differences in the I_geo and EF values obtained from upper continental crust and the unpolluted sediment in offshore of Hainan Island. The average individual potential risk index of heavy metals showed the order Cd> As> Cu> Pb> Cr> Zn, suggesting “low potential ecological risks” of Cu, Cr, Pb and Zn. There were only a few sites possessing “considerable potential ecological risks” of As and Cd. PERI indicated that most of the sites could be categorized as “low potential ecological risks” in the studied area. The areas with higher potential ecological risks were near Wanquanhe, Lingshuihe and Sanyahe.

The physical and chemical processes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are coupled with their ecological dynamic processes by using Delft3D model in the Hulushan Bay, Dalian. Based on in-situ monitoring data and previous references, the characteristic parameters for the ecological dynamics processes of PAHs are set and the corresponding simulated work is carried out. Here, the growth rate of phytoplankton is selected as an indicator of ecosystem health in coastal waters, and the numerical simulation results of PAHs concentrations are fitted with the dynamics response equation of the growth rate of phytoplankton to quantitatively evaluate the effect of PAHs on marine ecosystems. The result shows that when the sewage outfall is located at such a place with deep water, fast flow rate and strong hydrodynamic condition, it will benefit the diffusion of PAHs, and thus improve the water quality. On the contrary, it will result in the serious enrichment of PAHs in the Hulushan bay. In addition, the enrichment of PAHs has a significant influence on the ecological environment in the Hulushan Bay. The poor hydrodynamic conditions lead to that the reduction of 18% in the growth rate of phytoplankton. Finally, spatial GIS analysis demonstrates that the reduction in the growth rate of phytoplankton does not agree with the spatial distribution of PAHs concentrations well, reflecting the dynamic complexity and ecological stability of the ecosystem in the Hulushan bay.

To investigate the effects of thermal stratification and eutrophication on dissolved oxygen, seasonal variations and vertical distribution of water temperature, dissolved oxygen, chlorophyll a and primary production were monitored from January 2014 to December 2014 in the Zhoucun Reservoir. The results showed that water temperature and dissolved oxygen both experienced stratification from April to November. The chlorophyll a was 20~50μg/L, the primary productivity was 2.16~2.23g O₂/(m×d) and the position of light compensation point was between 1m and 3m during stratification. The hypolimnion has been in anaerobic condition since mid-May. Because of the high position of light compensation point, the oxycline's position was between 1m and 6m during stratification, higher than thermocline's. The maximum value of dissolved oxygen was usually at the surface since the position of oxycline was high and the dissolved oxygen gradient was large in the empilimnion. The vertical migration of thermocline made oxycline and anaerobic zone interface both moved down between September and November. The anaerobic zone interface' position was always the same as thermocline's, while the oxycline would move up again when the thermal structure was relatively stable. The thermal stratification and eutrophication have significant effects on dissolved oxygen concentration and distribution.

Effects of plants harvesting on PAHs removal rate of constructed wetland were studied by simulating the water quality of Qinghe river in Beijing. Plant and substrate on PAHs removal both have certain contribution. In the wetland planted and added substrate, the removal rate of naphthalene(2rings),phenanthrene(3rings), pyrene (4rings) and benzo [a] pyrene (5rings) increased by 34.82%, 47.92%, 19.70% and 47.92% on average. After harvesting of wetland plants, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and benzo [a] pyrene removal increased 11.31%, 10.42%, 21.21%, and 12.22%, respectively, and the maximum of the second cycle was achieved. After the plant harvested, the relative growth rate of first cycles was lowest (0.03~0.04cm/day), the relative growth rate of second cycles was the highest (0.47~0.51cm/day), the relative growth rate of the fourth cycle returned to normal levels (0.17~0.23cm/day); and the removal rate of PAHs in the fourth cycle returned to normal levels.

Surface water of 34 monitoring sections in 10inflow rivers, which were located at the 3 ribbon sections (inner, outer and middle) of the buffer zone of Erhai Lake, was sampled in July 2013. The water quality including total nitrogen, dissolved total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen was measured and the spatial variabilities of selected water quality parameters were analyzed, aiming at put forward reasonable suggestions for the lack of function and establishment and improvement of the buffer zone. The results showed that there were 9 categories of the variation of water quality in ribbon sections, i.e., rise continuously, reduce continuously, first reduce then rise emerge “V” shape, first rise then reduce emerge inverted “V” shape, gently, first rise then steady, first reduce then steady, first keep gently then reduce, first keep gently then rise. The average ρ(TN) in 10inflow rivers of Erhai Lake was 2.93mg/L. The average ρ(TN) of estuary in the inner ribbon section was 3.74mg/L, which was a threat to the lake. So improving the collection network of sewage and garbage disposal facilities was very important in the inner ribbon section. At the same time, management strengthen of rivers should be made. ρ(DTN) of Mangyongxi River, Heilongxi River and Qingbixi River in the buffer zone were changed between 0.30mg/L and 2.31mg/L, occupying 81% of ρ(TN) averagely. The nitrogen load of the 3 rivers in the middle ribbon section in the buffer zone was obviously higher than that in the inner and outer parts. Therefore, the use of fertilizer in the farmland should be controlled so that reducing nitrogen losses with the runoff. Ecological gravel bed, ecological pond and underground infiltration pond and other ecological purification engineering measures should be built in the outer ribbon section, considering the water quality began to deteriorate from the middle reaches.

Based on the MODIS-NDVI data, this study investigated the patterns of spatiotemporal variation of vegetation coverage in the Loess Plateau during 2000~2014, using the methods of linear regression, Mann-Kendall, correlation analysis and Hurst. In addition, potential factors affecting NDVI variations were identified. The results are as follows: 1) the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of this study region was significantly increased significant, with a linear tendency being 0.0693/10a during 2000~2014, and vegetation restoration was characterized by three fast-growing periods. 2) As for spatial distribution, NDVI showed a decreasing trend from southeast to the northwest. High values of NDVI were mainly found in Southeast soil stone mountain area and valley plains area. 3) The area with improved NDVI was larger than the degraded area, and accounting for 88.24% and 11.76% of the total study area, respectively. 4) Result of Hurst analyses indicated 50.07% of the study area will keep the current NDVI change tendency in the future. The area with a continuous NDVI increase was predicted to account for 43.98% of the study area. The area, in which NDVI was changed from increase during 2000~2014 to decrease in the future, was predicted to account for 44.28% of the study area. 5) The spatial variation of NDVI was affected by Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and slope. The NDVI was best in the region with the altitude around 3500m and the region with the altitude below 500m. The NDVI was increased with the increase of the slope. 6) The NDVI was mainly affected by the precipitation, and the NDVI was increased with the increase of the precipitation. 7) Human activities can induce both negative effect (through urbanization) and positive effect (through the implementation of Grain to Green).

In order to investigate the toxicity effect of atmospheric PM_2.5 and its different fractions to human pulmonary epithelial cells A549 with respect to the relationship between PM_2.5 dosage and cell response, the water-soluble, fat-soluble, pure particle fractions of PM_2.5 (designated WSP_2.5, FSP_2.5 and PPP_2.5, respectively) prepared from original PM_2.5 samples (designated OP_2.5) and OP_2.5 were to treat A549 cells at different PM concentrations (10, 50, 100, 200, 400μg/mL, respectively). The MTS method was used to test the cell viability at 6h, 10h, 24h, 48h and 72h post-treatment, while ELISA and RT-QPCR were employed to detect the production of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α and the AP-sites counting was conducted to determine the level of intracellular DNA damage at 24h post-treatment. WSP_2.5 had very limited effect to inhibit cell growth and induce inflammatory damages and DNA base deletion. FSP_2.5, PPP_2.5 and OP_2.5 at high concentrations showed the inhibitory effect to cell growth across treatment; when cells were treated with low concentrations of FSP_2.5, PPP_2.5 or OP_2.5, the inhibition of cell growth occurred within a short period and then disappeared over time. FSP_2.5, PPP_2.5 and OP_2.5 treatment significantly induced the production of IL-6at both mRNA and protein levels, while WSP_2.5, PPP_2.5 and OP_2.5 treatment significantly induced the mRNA expression of TNF-α. FSP_2.5, PPP_2.5 and OP_2.5 treatment also induced the considerable DNA base deletion. In a word, not only the complex components adsorbed on the solid core granules of PM_2.5, but also the solid core granules themselves contributed to the cytotoxicity effects.

To explore meteorological and environmental impacts on human health, distributed lag non-linear model together with generalized additive model are applied to study exposure-response relationship between ambient air factors and digestive system diseases from 2009 to 2011 in Beijing. Results show that obvious influence of high temperature on digestive system diseases is revealed. Relative risk (RR) significantly increases with Ta raise when Ta>25 ℃. The lag effects can reach more than 10 days. Condition of extremely high or low humidity (RH<10% or RH>90%) can also lead to digestive diseases increase. The effect could last a long time. High temperature combined with extremely high or low humidity forms two uncomfortable circumstance, respectively ‘hot and dry’ and ‘hot and humidity’. Wind speed 0~2m/s can increase the risk of digestive diseases in a short period (5days). The risk of wind speed between 3~4m/s is small. It indicates moderate wind has weak effect on health. High PM₁₀ and NO₂ concentrations immediately play a significant role on digestive system diseases (less in 5days). But high SO₂ concentrations act significantly in a longer lag period.