This study predicted the atmospheric mercury emission trends of China's nonferrous metal smelting industry under different scenarios and analyzed the contributions of main emission abatement measures.The mercury reduction potential in 2030 will reach 122.3t,which is 82.9% of the emissions in 2012.Atmospheric mercury emissions from zinc,lead,and copper smelters will be reduced by 77.8,42.7,and 1.8t,respectively.To achieve the emission reduction of atmospheric Hg,zinc smelters will mainly improve air pollution control devices.Atmospheric mercury emissions will reduce 51.0 and 23.9t through this measure by 2020 and 2030.Copper smelters will largely replace primary production with secondary production to reduce mercury emissions.The reduction proportion will reach 61.1% and 72.5% by 2020 and 2030 through this measure.For the emission control of lead smelters,the major measures are to eliminate the backward production capacity and to improve air pollution control devices before 2020,contributing to 88.8% of total emission reduction.During 2020~2030,increasing the proportion of secondary production will be the most effective measures for lead smelters and will contribute to 65.3% of total emission reduction.

Samples of dust-loaded leaves of Osmanthus,Camphor and ceder were collected around ten air quality monitoring stations in Nanjing.The magnetic parameters and heavy metal contents of leaf samples were measured.The correlations were analyzed between magnetic parameters of leaves and concentrations of airborne particulate matter obtained by the air quality monitoring stations,as well as heavy metal contents of leaves.Results showed that the contents of Fe,Mn,Cu and Pb in three kinds of leaves were all higher,whereas the contents of As,Cd and Sb were relatively lower.Contents of Pb,Cu and Sb were higher in traffic concentrated areas,whereas the contents of Ni,Cd and Mn were higher in industrial areas.Contents of V,Cr and Fe were enhanced in areas close to urban construction areas.Elements including V,Fe,As,Pb,Sb and Cr shared the similar sources with magnetic minerals on dust-loaded leaves.Among the three kinds of trees,ceder leaves enriched particulate matter more easily,resulting in higher magnetic parameter values and heavy metal contents of leaf samples.The Pearson's coefficients between most heavy metal contents and magnetic parameters of leaves were also higher for ceder than Osmanthus and Camphor.Meanwhile,good consistency was found between SIRM values of Osmanthus leaves and the airborne particulate matter concentrations at the 10 sampling sites.The magnetic parameters of dust-loaded leaves of evergreen trees have the potential to be used for evaluating urban air pollution.

By using high spatial and temporal resolution EDGAR fossil emissions (13 categories) and Carbon Tracker NEE flux,WRF-STILT model was evaluated with one year (2008) CO₂ concentration observations at a homogeneous agricultural underlying surface,which located in U.S.corn belt.The results showed that this model could capture the strong seasonal and daily variation,with RMSE be 10.6×10^-6,R=0.44(n=7784,P<0.001).The linear regression slope of growing season concentration enhancement was 1.08(R=0.52,P<0.001),indicating high consistency,while the intercept (7.26×10^-6) reflects the overestimation of fossil emission or underestimation of NEE.During this year round,observed enhancement was 4.83×10^-6,smaller than sum of the fossil enhancement contribution (6.61×10^-6) and NEE contribution (3.23×10^-6).The oil production and refineries and energy industry contributed 2.55×10^-6(38.6%) and 1.43×10^-6(21.6%) of all fossil enhancements,separately.Biomass burning only contributes 0.06×10^-6 to the total enhancement which was ignorable compared with fossil and NEE.At the end,it can be concluded that this method can be used to retrieve regional scale greenhouse gas flux in China.

By using the method of dry adiabatic curve,the daily maximum convective boundary layer height (CBL_max) in Dunhuang was calculated and the influence factors were also analyzed.Then the dust devil contribution to dust aerosols were estimated.The results showed that the CBL_max had obviously the annual variations with the single-peak distribution from a minimum in December to a maximum in May.The annual average of CBL_max was 2.2km with an extreme height of nearly 6km.Thermal factors played a dominant role in the CBL_max variation,and cloud amount could affect the variation of CB_max.More than 54.4% amount of annual dust aerosols was contributed by dust devils.

The temporal and spatial changes of aerosols over Guanzhong Plain in 15 years were climatologically analyzed in this paper,by using MODIS 3km aerosol products including AOD (aerosol optical depth) and FMF (fine mode fraction).The results showed that Guanzhong Plain was an area with high AOD and low FMF.The highest value of AOD existed in Xi'an and the surrounding areas up to 1.06 while FMF was under 0.3 there.With the decreases in atmospheric aerosol levels over Guanzhong Plain in recent years,the proportion of the PM₁ increased year by year.During 2001~2011,AOD values increased significantly and then became decreasing in most areas of Guanzhong Plain over recent 5 years.Meanwhile,FMF values showed a sustaining upward trend from 2001 to 2015,reflecting the influence of increasing anthropogenic aerosols on atmospheric environment.The relationship between 15-year averages of AOD and FMF over Guanzhong Plain presented that when atmospheric aerosol level was low (AOD<0.5),AOD decreased with the increasing FMF,and when atmospheric aerosol level was high (AOD>0.5),AOD increased with the increasing FMF,indicating that atmospheric particles PM₁ contributed greatly to atmospheric environment changes both in clean and polluted regions.

Particle sampling and measurement methods and systems in China and abroad were concluded and compared,the measurement principles,configurations and characteristics of sampling systems,applicable scopes,particle transition and loss were analysed.A reliable ultra-low concentration particle measurement solution was achieved to meet the situation at the testing spots after flue gas desulfurization systems (FGDs) and wet electrostatic precipitators (WESPs) where the flue gas is in high humidity,which guarantees accuracy and reliability of particle emission concentration analysis and flue gas purification equipment operation assessment.

Inhalableparticulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) samples were collected from four different grades of roads during the spring and summer of 2015 in Tianjin and 16kinds of inorganic elements were analyzed.The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in the spring were significantly higher than that in summer.The ratios of PM_2.5/PM₁₀ by the roadside were lower than that of non-roadside environment,and the pollution of the minor arterial and the express way were more serious in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀,respectively.Element concentration analysis showed that the crustal elements (such as Si、Al、Ca) concentrations in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were the highest.The minor arterial and the expressway were effected seriously by artificial elements,while the outer loop was effected lightly.Enrichment factor in both PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ analysis showed thatthe enrichment factor ratio of Pb,Zn,Cu,Sb,Sn and Cd were greater than 10,which were highly enriched by the roadside.Kruskal-Wallis H test proved that the enrichment factor of these elements of PM_2.5 showed significant differences among the four types of roads.And the minor arterial was effected seriously by vehicle pollution.There were differences among the factor analysis results of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀.The factor analysis in PM_2.5 indicated that open source (soil,air-born particulate,road dust and construction dust),vehicle emission (exhaust emission and non-exhaust emission),combustion source and industrial emissions were primary sources in this area during the sampling period,in which vehicle emission source accounted for the highest proportion of anthropogenic pollution.

Human development activities should be incorporated as integral components of Earth's ecosystems.The land use/land cover change with rapid urbanization,especially the growth and spread of impervious surface,was changing the structures,degrading the functions of the urban ecological systems and posing threats to air quality.The ISC had been recognized as a geographical indicator to reflect the intensity of human development activities.The ISC in the BTH,which were interpreted from Landsat imagery,rose from 0.7% to 1.5% during 2000 to 2014.The mean of the PM_2.5 concentration had soared from 45.7 to 77.3μg/m³.We stratified the BTH by differences in the PM_2.5 concentration between 2000 and 2014 into slight (0~9.9μg/m³),moderate (10~29.9μg/m³),heavy (30~49.9μg/m³),hazardous (50~77μg/m³),the area for slight,moderate,heavy,hazardous was 42374,90700.5,60635.1,and 20279.0km²,respectively.The result revealed that the hazardous zone (Beijing-Langfang-Tianjin-Tangshan along the highway G1 and BeijingBaoding-Shijiazhuang-Xingtai-Handan along the highway G4) were accompanied by the ISC growth rate of 208.3%.Meanwhile,the spatial distribution of PM_2.5 aggravation was consistent with the impervious surface expansion in the BTH region,such as the growth rate of the ISC in the southeast (160%) was greater than that in the northwest (50%),and the increase of the PM_2.5 concentration in the southeast (45.5μg/m³) was also greater than that in the northwest (17.0μg/m³).Moreover,at the county level,we had found that larger county,in term of the ISC,have higher PM_2.5 concentration.176counties within BTH region were stratified by ISC into unstressed (0~4.9%),lightly stressed (5%~9.9%),stressed (10%~14.9%),impacted (15%~24.9%),degraded (>25%),and the corresponding mean of the PM_2.5 are (42.7±10.5),(79.9±11.9),(95.6±15.4),(99.1±10.8),(115.3±9.2)μg/m³,respectively.The unstressed counties had 0~5% imperviousness and typically had good air quality,and the counties have 5%~25% imperviousness and showed clear signs of degradation.The degraded counties have >25% imperviousness and averaged (115.3±9.2)μg/m³ of the PM_2.5 concentration,reaching three times that of the unstressed counties.The proportion and spatial distribution of impervious surface should be considered in the National New-type Urbanization development of China,making the cities surrounded by enough greenbelt and water areas and controlling the county with ISC <25% on the basis of the existing impervious surface spatial distribution to form a remedy for the PM_2.5 pollution.

The air quality modelling system WRF-CMAQ was applied to study the sensitivity of annual PM_2.5 concentration to NH₃ emission control with the scenario analysis approach.The results showed reducing NH₃ emissions would lead to significant drop of PM_2.5,nitrate and ammonium concentration,but relatively less impact on sulfate concentration.And annual average concentrations of PM_2.5,nitrate,ammonium were estimated to decline faster when emission of NH₃ are further controlled.The sensitivity of PM_2.5 to NH₃ were 0.14,0.16,0.19,0.24 and 0.30,when NH₃ emission is cut by 20%,40%,60%,80% and 100%,respectively,and the concentration of PM_2.5 would decline by 2.7%,6.3%,11.3%,19.0% and 29.8% thereby.Strong spatial features were observed on the impact of NH₃ emissions on PM_2.5 concentration.Control of NH₃ would promote reducing PM_2.5 pollution in regions with high NH₃ emission,such as Hebei,Henan,Hubei and Hunan Province and Chengdu-Chongqing region.

Using the sun photometer (CE-318) ground observationsat the north bank of Tai Lake together with in-situ meteorological observations from September 2005 to April 2016,this paper analyzed systematically the long-term variation of aerosol optical properties at Tai Lake including annual,seasonal and monthly features as well as its influence factors.It was revealed that:1) the annual average of AOD (aerosol optical depth) from 2005 to 2016 reached 0.776,while that from 2005 to 2012 was 0.842 and 63% higher than the national average during the same time;2) the seasonal variations of AOD were obviously featured with the highest value in summer (0.920),the lowest value in winter (0.689) and similar in spring (0.788) and autumn (0.788);3) the Angstrom factor displayed an gradually increasing trend and the annual increment reached 0.013,which indicates that the average size of air pollutantparticulatesat Tai Lake was decreasing along with the increasing of non-natural source;4) the seasonal Angstrom value decreased from autumn to winter,summer and spring in order,followed by 1.320,1.232,1.164,and 1.098;5) the aerosol volume spectra showed a double-peak-structure in four seasons,and the volume concentrations of accumulation mode and coarse mode particulates were close in summer and winter,and the mainparticulatesinspring and autumn were coarse mode and accumulation mode,respectively;6) the annual seasonal variations of single scattering albedo (SSA) were similar,and the seasonal SSA value decreased from autumn to summer,springand winterin order,followed by 0.933,0.917,0.900,and 0.882,but the annual SSA averages displayed an increasing trend with annual increment being 0.006 since 2007,which indicated that the scattering ability of aerosolparticulatesat Tai Lake was increasing gradually.

Isoprene emissions from forest are important precursors of tropospheric ozone and secondary organic aerosols.To study the background concentration and variation characteristics of isoprene at a subtropical forest (Shaoguan,Nanling) in southern China,4-month online measurements of isoprene emissions and meteorological parameters were conducted in July-November 2015.The results show that the overall daily average concentration of isoprene at the forest was (0.173±0.171)×10^-9,with (0.261±0.178)×10^-9 in the wet season and (0.080±0.089)×10^-9ppbv in the dry season.Isoprene concentration is much higher during daytime (6:00-18:00) than nighttime,with an average of 0.247±0.332ppbv and (0.071±0.129)×10^-9,respectively.It began to rise steadily from 6:00,and gradually decreased after the peak at 14:00.Isoprene concentrations were positively exponential functional related to temperature,and in the wet season,the temperature had greater influence on isoprene emission.Isoprene concentrationsduring the O₃ episode days[(0.257±0.128)×10^-9]were much higher than during the non-O₃ episode days[(0.158±0.173)×10^-9],suggesting that the photochemical degradation was more active during the O₃ episode days.In addition,it was found that typhoon (e.g.Dujuan) would lead to increase in isoprene emissions due to the transportation of air pollutants to the forest.

Leaching slag disposal in rotary kiln is a significant atmospheric mercury emission process according to our filed experiments in three zinc smelters.Our study found that the release rates of mercury from leaching slag and fuel in rotary kiln were in the range of 80.3%~99.3%.The mercury removal efficiencies of dust collectors for flue gas were in the range of 2.3%~7.9%.The recycle of removed dust in the multiple hearth furnace significantly reduced the net mercury removal efficiency of dust collectors.The mercury removal efficiencies of flue gas desulfurization towers were from 19.0% to 58.0%.Atmospheric mercury emissions accounted for 41.6%~87.1% of total mercury outputs.Atmospheric mercury concentrations in the emitted gas of tested zinc smelters were in the range of 171~1186μg/m³,much higher than the mercury emission limit (50μg/m³) in Emission Standard of Pollutants for Lead and Zinc Industry.The dominant mercury speciation in the emitted gas was gaseous elemental mercury,which increases the difficulty of controlling atmospheric mercury emissions from rotary kiln.

Bimetallic Pd-Ce/γ-Al₂O₃ series catalysts were prepared by impregnation method in our experiment.Effects of the catalysts performance on the low concentration methane catalytic combustion were investigated.Structures and chemical properties of the catalysts were characterized and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM),N₂ adsorption/desorption isotherms and H₂-temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR).Effects of different calcination temperature and additive dosage on catalytic activities were studied;the catalytic activity of the recycling catalysts was investigated at the same time.The results showed that the optimal calcination temperature was 550℃,the highest efficiency difference of about 40% at the same catalytic temperature.Compared with the single metal catalyst,bimetallic catalyst was benefit to improve the catalytic activity,but the catalytic effect was not obvious.However,the catalytic activity could be improved significantly when being used for many times,compared with the first experiment,the catalytic efficiency of the highest difference of about 50%.The probably reason were that the synergistic effects between PdO and CeO₂ could be strengthen,the dispersion of the PdO could be improved,and the desorption energy of the adsorption oxygen could be reduced,all of which enhanced the catalyst activity.

The feasibility of hyperthermophilic anaerobic digestion system of sewage sludge is evaluated in the study,which is conducted with biochemical methane potential experiments using thermophilic anaerobic digestate as inoculum and cow dung and dewatered sludge as substrate.The results show that:①the start-up of hyperthermophilic sludge anaerobic digestion system is practicable;②the accumulation of VFAs (particularly propionic acid) is easy to occur due to the acceleration of hydrolysis and acidification process under 65℃;③compared with mesophilic (37℃) and thermophilic (55℃) anaerobic digestion systems,the total gas production of hyperthermophilic (65℃) system is relatively lower,while the methane content is elevated significantly,even reaching 79.0%;④under hyperthermophilic (65℃) condition,the extremely thermophilic bacteria responsible for lignocellulose and protein degradation such as Coprothermobacter、Caldicoprobacter、Ruminiclostridiumwere dominant,the difference of which is due to the different substrate addition;hydrogenotrophic methanogens-Methanothermobacter accounted for nearly 96% of archaea in all the digesters.Thus,in the start-up period,the addition of cow dung can not only accelerate the accumulation of hyperthermophilic methanogens (Hydrogenotrophic methanogens),but also avoid the accumulation of VFAs,particularly the accumulation of propionic acids,ensuring successful start-up of the system.

The effect of settling time on the development and properties of algae-bacteria granular consortia,which were cultivated with aerobic granules as biological carrier,and Chlorella and Scenedesmus as seed microalgae,were investigated in this research.The results indicated that the algae-bacteria granular consortia could be successfully developed based on the aerobic granules and targeted microalgae.Although settling time could affect the start-up duration of granular system,it was not the crucial factor for the culture of granular consortia.In terms of properties of the mature granular consortia,the settling time could significantly affect the settleability,nitrogen removal ability,granular size and biodiesel yield of the consortia granules (P<0.05),while the obvious response of zeta potential,phosphate removal rate and the dominate compositions of fatty acid methyl esters in the biodiesel to the settling time was not observed in this experiment (P>0.05).The relative abundance of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae in all granules were about 5% and 95%,respectively.The targeted microalgae maintained dominance in the eukaryotic algal community (relative abundance>98%),and the comparative advantage of biomass between Chlorella and Scenedesmus in the granules was showed under the different condition of settling time in systems.

TH-ADE was treated by anaerobic ammonia oxidation (ANAMMOX) technique with no chemical agent added to remove ammonia nitrogen and total nitrogen simultaneously.Two methods including raw TH-ADE and dilution technique could achieve the purpose of start-up of the Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge Systems (IFAS) reactor,total nitrogen removal rate and efficiency were 0.25~0.3kgN/(m³·d) and 70%~80% respectively.With ozone oxidation pretreatment,total nitrogen removal rate and efficiency had a certain range of increase in the IFAS reactor.Microorganism had a spatial distribution detected by molecular biological technology,ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) mainly existed in the floc sludge,and anaerobic oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) which had low tolerance to dissolved oxygen mainly distributed in the biofilm packing.

In order to view sludge reduction and estimate the inhibitory effect of chemical uncoupler on the activity of sludge,the influence of o-aminophenol (oAP) addition on efficiency of sludge reduction.The microbial activity and variation of removal efficiency in NH₄⁺-N and COD_Cr induced by addition oAP were investigated through batch tests.Four indexes,TTC-electron transport system activity (TTC-ETS),INT-electron transport system activity (INT-ETS),ammonia uptake rate (AUR) and specific oxygen uptake rate (SOUR) were used to characterize the inhibitory effects of the metabolic uncoupler on the sludge activity.The results showed that the average apparent sludge yield of Yobs was decreased from 0.443 to 0.256MLSS/mgCOD for 42.20%,when oAP concentration was set as 12mg/L.The inhibitory effect of oAP on removing NH₄⁺-N was more significant than on decomposing organics,and nitrifying bacteria were more sensitive than heterotrophic bacteria to the inhibitory effects of oAP,which showed the toxic influence on the activity of sludge.Through comparing the inhibition rates of NH₄⁺-N removal efficiency,AUR is supposed to be the most effective index to characterize the inhibitory effects of metabolic uncoupler.Besides,TTC-ETS activity can be used as the optimum index to characterize inhibitory effects of oAP,because its median inhibitory concentration was the minimum of 35.51mg/L,as the minimum one among the four indexes.

Effects of four different metal oxide nanoparticles (nMgO,nAl₂O₃,nTiO₂ and nFe₂O₃) on phosphate adsorption were compared in the batch experiment.The influences of solution pH,contact time and coexist ions on phosphate adsorbed by nMgO were examined.Further,the phosphate adsorption mechanism onto nMgO was evaluated by XRD and XPS analysis.And the potential of recovered phosphate by nMgO from pig breeding wastewater on fertilzer was assessed by pot experiment.The results showed that nMgO had higher phosphate adsorption ability than nAl₂O₃,nTiO₂ and nFe₂O₃.The phosphate amount reached 40、31.77、15.93 and 13.08mg/g in the range of pH 3.0 to 8.0 for nMgO,nAl₂O₃,nTiO₂ and nFe₂O₃,respectively.The phosphate adsorption was a inreversible process.The phosphate sorption onto nMgO could reach equilibrium within 0.5h,the adsorption process fitted the pseudo-second order kinetic model.The equal content of coexisted F^-,Cl^-,NO₃^-,SO₄^2-,Na⁺,K⁺ and NH₄⁺ ions had no negative influence on phosphate adsorbed onto nMgO,while the existence of Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ ions could promote the phosphate adsorption.Langmuir model could be used to describe the adsorption isotherm,by which the maximum phosphate adsorption capacity was around 139.3mg/g.Based on the results of XRD and XPS analysis,it can be concluded that phosphate adsorption was dominated by chemical precipitation reaction combined with electrostatic attraction process.nMgO particles effectively recovered phosphate from piggery wastewater,in turn the phosphate loaded nMgO nanoparticle could be used as a potential substitute for phosphate-based fertilizer,which significantly improved the cabbage dry biomass from 0.31 to 0.96g/kg soil.

In order to assess the feasibility of achieving nitritation in the anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²O) system through the strategy of free nitrous acid (FNA) sludge treament,the activities of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activities was studied.Besides,the variations of nutrient removal performance and microorganism community structures in the A²O reactor after long-term FNA sludge treatment were investigated.Results showed that the activities of AOB and NOB decreased by 60% and 86% respectively after the sludge subjectd to FNA treatment at 1.12mg HNO₂-N/L for 3h.The average effluent concentrations of NH₄⁺-N,NO₂^--N and NO₃^--N in the A²O system were 12.76,1.56 and 7.82mg/L respectively.The nitrite accumulation rate (NAR) was around 20%,indicating that nitritation in the A²O system was not achieved by the FNA sludge treament.Furthermore,High-throughput sequencing and qPCR results showed that AOB abundance was greatly decreased from 2.05×10⁸copies/gVSS to 3.96×10⁵copies/gVSS and the ammonia oxidation process was negatively affected.In addition,Nitrobacter and Nitrospira were also inhibited,while Nitrotoga accounted for 1.66% of total sequences,for which the nitritation in the A²O system was not achieved by FNA sludge treatment strategy.

In order to investigate the low temperature start-up characteristics of biological aerated filter (BAF) for simulated marine seawater aquaculture wastewater treatment,two zeolite media BAFs,which inoculated with marine sediment and activated sludge respectively,were operated under the conditions of hydraulic retention time 1h,water temperature 12~16℃,the ratio of gas to water 2:1(dissolved oxygen in 3~5mg/L),as well as the influent pH value of 7.38~8.23,permanganate index of 5.11~9.46mg/L,ammonia nitrogen 3.27~4.88mg/L.The results showed that the start-up time,average concentration of effluent ammonia nitrogen,removal rate of average ammonia nitrogen,average concentration of effluent permanganate index and removal rate of permanganate index of BAF inoculated with marine sediment were 39d,0.36mg/L,91%,4.96mg/L,31.9%,respectively,while the BAF inoculated with activated sludge were 35d,0.17mg/L,95.7%,4.63mg/L,36.5%,respectively.It was observed by DGGE and 16SrDNA gene sequencing analysis that the microbial population structure of two reactors had gone through a tremendous change.The Shannon index of original activated sludge,the marine sediment and the corresponding backwashing sludge the reactor stable operation after one month was 2.41,2.63,2.88 and 2.65,respectively.With the increase of running time,the deference of quantity and abundance microbial population in two BAFs decreased gradually,and the dominant population became more and more similar and consistent.Several salt-tolerant ammonia-oxidizing bacteria became dominant species,and the mainly population in stable operated BAF belonged to γ-proteobacteria class.

Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotube (N-CNT) was used as an activator to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade azo dye,Acid orange 7(AO7) in aqueous solution.The results indicated that N-CNT exhibited a much better performance on activating PMS to decolorize AO7 than activated carbon (GAC),the removal of AO7 could reach 99% after 60min with 400mg/L of N-CNT dosage,40/1of PMS/AO7 molar ratio.The degradation mechanism of AO7 in N-CNT activated PMS system was explored,and SO₄^-· was found to be dominantly responsible for AO7 degradation,which mainly took place on the surface of N-CNT.The The initial pH had a significant effect on the AO7 degradation,and pH 3.0 was most favorable for its degradation.In addition,the degradation of AO7 was accelerated after addition of Cl^-、SO₄^2- and CO₃^2-;From the analysis of UV-vis spectra and TOC analysis indicated that the azo band and naphthaline ring of AO7 that were destructed and then mineralized into CO₂ and H₂O.

A novel Ti/PbO₂ electrode was synthesized through electro-codeposition technology by using dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (DTAC) as an additive.Its characteristics were examined by scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffraction,cyclic voltammetry,electrochemical impedance spectroscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and accelerated life test etc.Electro-catalytic oxidation experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of DTAC on the electorde's electrochemical activity.Acid red G (ARG,C₁₈H₁₃N₃Na₂O₈S₂,CAS number:3734-67-6) was chosen as the model contaminant due to its extensive industrial usage.After DTAC modification,the predominant phase of the electrode was still pure β-PbO₂.However,DTAC could refine the electrode surface leading to a high electrode specific surface area and oxygen evolution potential (OEP,1.886V) and a low electrode film impedance (55.7 ?/cm²).The ARG electrocatalytic degradation and accelerated life tests revealed that the electrocatalytic ability and stability of the modified electrode were much higher compared to that of PbO₂electrode.Among these novel electrodes,the PbO₂-DTAC (0.5) exhibited the highest electrocatalytic ability for ARG degradation with a decolorization percentage of 86.8% within 60 min.Moreover,its stability was the highest with a long accelerated service life of 232.5 h,which was more than 2 times longer than that of PbO₂ electrode (96 h).

A ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterium strain was isolated from secondary treated effluent,and effects of light irradiation for disinfection of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterium strain were investigated.The ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterium strain presented resistance to penicillin,ampilicillin,sulfamethoxazole,tetracyline and rifampicin.In the presence of ciprofloxacin,the maximum specific growth rate of the strain decreased from 0.63h^-1 to 0.51h^-1.The inactivation ratio of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterium strain raised with increasing of light intensity and irradiation time,and the inactivated reaction followed either the zero order or first order kinetics.By irradiation of visible light (100/300/500W mercury lamp and 1000W xenon lamp (>400nm)) for 60min,the inactivation ratio of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacterium strain reached 0.25~0.39log.The inactivated reaction by 100/300W mercury lamp and 1000W xenon lamp (>400nm) irradiation fited in with zero order kinetics,and the reaction rate constant was 10196.43~11345.24CFU/(mL·min).The inactivated reaction by 500W mercury lamp (>400nm) followed first order kinetics,and the reaction rate constant was 0.01min^-1.By irradiation of visible light with UVA (100/300/500W mercury lamp and 1000W xenon lamp (>300nm)) for 60min,the inactivation ratio of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria reached 0.30~5.63log.The inactivated reaction by 100W mercury lamp (>300nm) followed first order kinetics,and the reaction rate constant was 0.01min^-1.The inactivated reaction by 300W mercury lamp (>300nm) irradiation fited in with zero order kinetics,and the reaction rate constant was 2572.02CFU/(mL·min).Both of photo reactivation and dark repair took place when ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria were not completely inactivated.The reactivation ratio reached-3.9~123.4% after photo reactivation of 48h and dark repair.During light irradiation,the ciprofloxacin resistance of the strain was only affected by 1000W visible light with UVA irradiation.By irradiation for 60min,its inhibition diameter decreased from 11.0mm to 8.0mm.

Rhodococcus erythropolis was selected to produce bioflocculant by using slaughter wastewater and the bioflocculant was applied to improve the sludge dewaterability by compared with chemical conditioners.And then,response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the process of sludge dewatering by the complex of PAC and bioflocculant.Results showed that the bioflocculant showed good performances in sludge dewatering,after conditioned by this bioflocculant with its optimal dose of 12g/(kg DS) and pH value of 7.5,DS and SRF reached 19.8% and 4.6×10¹²m/kg,respectively,which were much better than the ones obtained with Al₃(SO₄)₂ and FeCl₃,but poorer than PAC and PAM.When PAC was used as conditioner,DS and SRF was appeared as 20.1% and 4.5×10¹²m/kg,respectively.DS and SRF were settled as the target responses in the experiments designed by RSM.As the determination coefficients (R²) of 0.9545 and 0.9776,the two quadratic models could agree with experimental data well.Results showed that the optimal conditions for sludge dewatering were bioflocculant dose of 10.5g/(kg DS),PAC dose of 12.4g/(kg DS),and pH value of 7.5,under this optimal condition,DS and SRF appeared as 24.1% and 3.0×10¹²m/kg,respectively.From a practical standpoint,without pH adjustment,DS and SRF were 23.6% and 3.2×10¹²m/kg,respectively.The above results were better than the alone using of bioflocculant or PAC in sludge dewatering.

The removal mechanism of ammonia nitrogen (NH₄⁺-N) was analyzed about "two-stage aeration and two-stage filtration" process that was used to remove high iron (Fe²⁺>8.0mg/L),manganese (Mn²⁺>3.0mg/L) and NH₄⁺-N (>3.0mg/L) from low temperature (5~7.8℃) groundwater in a drinkingwater plant.The experiments showed that there was 45.22% and 35.97% nitrogen losses (TN_loss) in the primary and secondary filter columns,respectively,and the actual DO consumption was 24.67% and 22.27% lower than the theoretical DO consumption.Moreover,the TN_loss process was proved to be accompanied with DO consumption by DO measurement relationship.There was a good linear relationship between TN_loss and its DO consumption,R²>0.970.The analysis demonstrated that autotrophic nitrogen removal (N-removal) was the cause of TN_loss,which was independent on the adsorption,biological assimilation,heterotrophic denitrification and manganese oxidative coupling denitrification.The calculation based on quantitative relationship between nitrogen conservation and DO measurement indicated that the contribution of autotrophic N-removal to NH₄⁺-N removal was 51.40% and 40.93% in the primary and secondary filter columns,respectively.Both the nitrification reaction and the autotrophic N-removal process were the significant removal mechanism of NH₄⁺-N.Moreover,with the higher concentration of NH₄⁺-N,the contribution of autotrophic N-removal was also higher.

Algae blooming in water sources breaks out increasingly and seriously threatened the water supply safety.Bench scale tests were conducted to study the effects of ·OH generated from strong ionization discharge and high pressure water jet cavitation on cell density,cell integrity and photosynthetic capacity of 3kinds of typical freshwater algae.Algae species including Microcystis aeruginosa,Synedra sp.,and Scenedesmus quadricuauda were respectively prepared at concentrations of 19.5×10⁴,21.8×10⁴ and 4.90×10⁴ cells/mL,and the cell integrity was assessed by flow cytometry.Results suggested that the ·OH lethal threshold of the algae was 1.07mg/L within the exposure time of 4.5s.The cell morphological observation results showed that all the cells were integral and no cytoplasm composition spilled.Hence,large-scale production of ·OH is a novel method to inactive typical algae species efficiently and to protect drinking water safety simultaneously.

In this study,the photoreactivation and dark repair of Escherichia coli (E.coli) was investigated.The effects of ultraviolet (UV) disinfection on membrane integrity,adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nucleic acid (DNA,RNA) were further analyzed.The aim of our study was to explore the response pattern of E.coli to UV disinfection by combination of SOS response mechanism of recA gene.The results showed that the inactivation efficiency of E.coli reached 5.63-log at a UV dose of 20mJ/cm².When the light exposure time and dark repair time was prolonged to 24h after a UV dose of 20mJ/cm²,the percentages of photoreactivation and dark repair observed for E.coli were 0.018% and 0.00042%,respectively.The ability of photoreactivation of E.coli was higher than that of dark repair.The DNA damage depended on the fragment length of genes during UV disinfection.The longer the 16s rRNA gene was,the more seriously damage occurred.Conventional UV doses in wastewater treatment did not affect the amount of total ATP and membrane integrity,which provided basic guarantee for the reactivation of E.coli after UV disinfection.UV disinfection caused serious damage in recA RNA.When UV dose reached 50mJ/cm²,E.coli lost the SOS response mechanism.Hence,little reactivation was observed using the culture method at a UV dose of 80mJ/cm².The lost of recA RNA could be used as an indicator for the occurrence of the irreversible injury to microorganism.

This paper analyzed the composition of toner cartridges and ink cartridges,which are the key components of the waste office equipment.Evaluations of the toner cartridges and ink cartridges treatment technologies were conducted by adopting Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP),which included evaluation model construction,experts scoring,and evaluation.The results showed that manual dismantling was the most suitable technology for the waste treatment of toner cartridges and ink cartridges.Additionally,the environmental factor and economic benefit presented higher weights during the evaluation process.The environmental impact of the toner cartridges and ink cartridges disposal processes were assessed through the life cycle assessment (LCA) method,employing the SimPro software and Eco-indicator 99method.It was observed that an environmental benefit of 535.2mPt could be obtained during the manual dismantling process of toner cartridges,which was higher than their environmental impact (27.3mPt).The environmental benefits mainly came from the recycling of plastics,metals and magnetic materials in toner cartridges,and the heat recovery from toner incineration.The toner cartridge dismantling process and the disposal of hazardous waste generated,could have synergistic environmental impacts.Ink cartridge manual dismantling process resulted in environmental benefits of 271.0mPt and environmental impacts of 10.8mPt.Environmental benefits mainly came from plastics recycling.The environmental impacts were caused by the consumption of water and washing reagents for ink cartridges cleaning,and electricity for housing plastics crushing.From the point of view of these three indicators-human health,ecosystem quality and resources,the most significant environmental benefit brought by the toner cartridge manual dismantling process was due to reduction in the threats to human health by 68.4%.Meanwhile,the most significant environmental benefit by ink cartridges manual dismantling was 84.1% conservation resources.

Silicon is the most abundant element in coal fly ash (CFA).In this study,silicon was extracted from CFA by hydrothermal-alkaline technique and the enhancement effects of ultrasonic techniques was also discussed.Raising temperature from 70 to 110,the extraction efficiency was increased by 41.7% after 90℃℃ min reaction,while at 110℃ the extraction efficiency was elevated by 20.0% after reaction time was extended from 10min to 90 min.Under the condition of 90 min reaction at 110,the extraction efficiency reached 49.5%.At high temperature (>100),ultrasound℃℃ pre-treatment could shorten the reaction time.When the extraction efficiency was higher than 45.0%,the hydrothermal reaction time was shortened from 60 min to 20 min by 10 min pretreatment of ultrasound.At lower temperatures (<100),℃ the silicon extraction efficiency was upregulated with simultaneous hydrothermal and ultrasonic treatment.When the ultrasonic treatment power was raised from 0 to 600W,the extraction efficiency was increased from 1.9% to 20.0% after 10 min reaction at 70.The surface area and pore volume of coal fly ash were markedly increased after silicon extraction,℃ which would be benefit for its potential utilization as cheap adsorbents.

Three wetland sites,restored for 6,10 and 12 years respectively,at Waterlands Resort in Shenzhen were designated for the evaluation of wetland eco-restoration.A comprehensive index system was built for quantitative assessments on the efficiency of restoration,including environmental factors,mangrove community structure and physiological status of mangrove plants.Concentrations of macronutrients and heavy metals in both water and sediment of restored areas had been effectively decreased,though still found to be under the acceptable values suggested by the aquaculture criteria.Although the community structure and physiological status of mangrove plant had been significantly improved with the increasing restoration duration,great discrepancies remained between the restored and the natural mangroves.The ecological restoration score for three sites are 1.61,1.69 and 2.07,respectively.Their integrated restoration levels were all ranked as "Medium",indicted that the full restoration for the retrogressive wetland ecosystem will require decades or longer time for development.

Based on ecological surveys of 65sites within the Luan River watershed,we analyzed multiple pathways about how land use patterns affect biological indices of macroinvertebrates by using statistical analysis and Structural Equation Model (SEM).The results showed that conductivity,concentration of total nitrogen and percentage of fine sediments were the mostly dominant variables of water quality and habitat environment,those which affected the biological indices of macroinvertebrates in the reach scale.Based on key factors selection,SEM models explained 47%,33% and 47% of variations of indices of biological integrity,Shannon-Winner diversity,taxa richness of macroinvertebrates,respectively.The path coefficient (Pc) indicated that percentages of cropland and grassland in the watershed scale directly and significantly affected the ammonia nitrogen,total phosphorus and conductivity in the river reach scale.Then those water quality variables directly and significantly affected the community structure and ecological function of macroinvertebrates.This study confirmed that the SEM models could be used effectively to explore pathways through complex and multiple land uses scales,and provide important reference and recommendations for river protection and restoration.

62 water samples were collected in wet and dry seasons in 2015 at Duliu River at Guizhou Province in southwest China.The water parameters and major ions were determined.The results showed that river water of Duliu River was alkaline,and the dominant cations and anions were Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^-、SO₄^2-,respectively.The hydrochemical type was HCO₃^--Ca²⁺-Mg²⁺.Gibbs diagram,triangle diagrams and correlation analysis showed that the water chemistry was mainly controlled by the chemical weathering of carbonate at the upper reaches,while the silicates have an increasing influence at the lower reaches.The TDS decreased gradually in the mainstream of Duliu Basin due to lithology and geological landforms changes.Analyses of SO₄^2-/Ca²⁺ and NO₃^-/Ca²⁺ show that Upper Duliu river was mainly affected by mining industries,while the downstream area was controlled by multifarious human activities such as agriculture and sewage.

Data obtained biannually from 1998 to 2014 were used for analyzing and studying temporal and spatial distributions of the biogeochemical parameters,including the total carbon (TC),total organic carbon (TOC),total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP),in the surface sediments of the Shenzhen Bay and coastal southeastern Pearl River Estuary.Also sources of the organic matter in the sediments were identified on the basis of the C:N atomic ratio.The results showed that the TC,TOC,TN and TP concentrations were (13200±3600),(12200±3200),(910±352) and (594±288) mg/kg respectively in the bay,and were (12000±3900),(8700±2300),(601±259) and (334±119) mg/kg respectively in the estuary.Both the TC and TN concentrations had witnessed an increase trend,while the TOC concentration had witnessed a decrease one in the sediments studied from 1998 to 2014.However,the TP concentration changed with a decrease trend in the bay and an increase one in the estuary during the period studied.The TOC:TN atomic ratio was about 17.7 in the bay and 19.5 in the estuary,and had undergone a decrease trend in both the bay and estuary from 1998 to 2014.The sedimentary organic matter (SOM) was a mixture from both of the terrestrial and aquatic sources,dominating with the aquatic one in the bay and with the terrestrial one in the estuary.A shift from the terrestrial dominance to the aquatic one of the surface SOM sources had been found in the area studied from 1998 to 2014.

The temporospatial variations and factors influencing the water quality of Nanxi and Taoge river systems in the Taihu Upper-River Basin were evaluated.The results showed that Nanxi and Taoge river systems were characterized by TN pollution.The average concentrations of TN and NH₄-N in the Taoge river system were higher than that in the Nanxi river system.Moreover,the seasonal variations were significant for bioavailable pollutants (DO,BOD₅,TN and NH₄-N),the concentrations of which were significantly higher in spring and winter than that in summer and autumn.Spatially,the water quality parameters (except TN) in the mountainous area was prominently superior to other areas.However,the water quality was the worst in large-scale aquaculture areas.The rain sewage diversion and greenbelt in urban areas are beneficial for the reduction of TN pollution.By contrast,agriculture runoff and domestic and livestock wastewater from the villages and towns exacerbate the TN pollution.Furthermore,the aquaculture wastewater aggravates the BOD₅ and NH₄-N pollution.Therefore,the management of aquaculture wastewater,agricultural runoff,as well as domestic and livestock wastewater from villages and towns are effective approaches to the control of pollution in the river systems of the Taihu Upper-River Basin.

Based on different characteristics of pure-cultured Microcystis aeruginosa in different growth phases,the effect of potassium permanganate pre-oxidation,on the DOC of intracellular and extracellular,removal efficiency and changes of cells were studied,and PAC was used as coagulant for subsequent coagulation.The results showed Low concentration potassium permanganate used in pre-oxidation phase can inhibit the algal photosynthesis,and high concentration used would inactivate the algal cells and release large quantities of intracellular organic matter.When potassium permanganate dosage is 2mg/L and PAC dosage is 30mg/L,in 9d、21d、28d、36d,the removal rates of algae are 81%、99%、58.2%、35.35% respectively.In different potassium permanganate dosages,algal samples reach the best removal efficiency in 21day which is the logarithmic stage,which may be related to the content and components of Extracellular Organic Matter (EOM) in different growth phase.In early senescence phase and late senescence phase,the concentration of EOM significantly increase,which affected oxidation of potassium permanganate and thus resulted in the decrease of coagulation effectiveness.Since the concentration of EOM was low in stationary phase and logarithmic phase,oxidant could contact with algae and promoted algae to secrete EOM.The proper amount of EOM can enhance the efficiency of algae removal.The reduction product of potassium permanganate is hydrated MnO₂,which will promote coagulation and can be attached to the surface of algae to improve algal cell sedimentation.

The release characteristics of DON in the surface sediments of Erhai Lake were studied by simulation experiment combined with UV-Vis absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy.Moreover,the environmental influence factors and environment implication of sediment DON were also discussed.The obtained results indicated that:(1) The release kinetics of DON in the surface sediment could be well simulated by first-order kinetics equation.The maximal DON release amount from each area followed the pattern:northern > southern > middle,ranging from 24.387 to 46.949mg/kg.Moreover,the first (maximum within 10min) and the largest releasing components were the protein-like component P(_I+Ⅱ,n) and humic-like component P(_Ⅲ+V,n)(accounting for approximately 76%) respectively.(2) The DON release amount in sediments of Erhai Lake is relatively small under the overlying water conditions of aerobic (DO=8~10mg/L) and moderate pH (pH=8),and the obvious increase/decrease of pH/DO was considered to promote its releasing amount.(3) The compositional parameters of DON in Erhai sediments was positively correlated with its releasing amount (r=0.813~0.919,P<0.01).The more the substituent DON was contained in the sediment,the greater the molecular weight and aromaticity degree were,and the greater its release amount was.Moreover,the content ratio of protein-like to humic-like substances P(_I+Ⅱ,n)/P(_Ⅲ+V,n) can also be taken as the indirect indicator of the release amount of sediment DON.The compositional characteristic of sediment DON can reflect its releasing characteristics,that is,the DON release risk of from Erhai sediments can be reflected to some extent.

The present study focused on the investigation on the contents of organic carbon and the activities of extracellular enzymes as well as the related environmental factors in the sediments of different water level gradients in Caohai County,Guizhou Provincewere,from March to Decemberin 2015 with an interval of one month.The results showed that the organic carbon content in the sediments of the grassland ranged between 243.03~37.35g/kg.Along with the declining of water level,the wetland was degraded,organic carbon was largely reduced and the soil carbon pool was lost.Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) exhibited a low activity in the Yanzicai wetland of profundal zone,and this enzyme activity increased with the decline of water level.However,the activities of hydrolases,such as invertase,urease and phosphatase,were not elevated,which is not totally consistant with the "enzyme lock" mechanism hypothesis.Moreover,a strongly negative correlation was observed between the PPO activity and organic carbon content in sediments,and a certain negative correlation between PPO activity and phosphatase activity.No significant correlation existed between PPO activity and invertase or urease.The temporal and spatial dynamics of enzyme activity could be well explained by phytomass and soil physio-chemical indicators (TN,TP,pH,SMC).Based on the above results,it is suggested that the increase of PPO activity caused by the water level declining could be an important mechanism underlying carbon pool loss in sediments of grassland wetland.

Under the background of rapid development in nuclear power,strengthen the knowledge of ¹³⁵Cs analysis and application is extremely necessary.Therefore,based on published literatures and materials,the source term and instrumental analysis of ¹³⁵Cs were summarized and addressed.Different chemical separation methods and mass spectrometry techniques (ICP-MS,TIMS,RIMS and AMS) for radiocesium determination were compared in this review.In addition,the obtained limit of detection and chemical yield in reported papers were also compared.Finally,we discussed the potential application of ¹³⁵Cs/¹³⁷Cs isotopic ratio in the environment with emphasis on Fukushima nuclear accident and prospects in accurate determination,migration behavior and application of ¹³⁵Cs/¹³⁷Cs isotopic ratio for future research.

In order to explore the influence and the underlying mechanism of FA and PM_2.5on hepatotoxicity,we conducted systematic research from three aspects,including toxicity of blood,hematopoietic organs (bone marrow,spleen) and myeloid progenitor.Male Blab/c mice were taken as experimental object,and were randomly divided into four groups:the control group;PM_2.5-exposure group;FA-exposure group;PM_2.5+FA-exposure group.Blood samples were firstly collected from mice caudal vein to conduct the complete blood count.Then the histopathological change of bone marrow and spleen (H&E staining) were observed.Furthermore,the oxidative damage (ROS,GSH),DNA damage (DPC,8-OH-dG) and apoptosis (caspase-3) in bone marrow,spleen and myeloid progenitor were detected.Results showed different degree of pathological changes in the bone marrow,spleen;compared with control group,oxidative damage,DNA damage,cell apoptosis level all demonstrated a rising trend in PM_2.5,FA,PM_2.5+FA group.In conclusion,an exposure combined formaldehyde and PM_2.5 could cause hepatotoxicity in mice,with a possible mechanism from oxidative stress as well as its downstream DNA damage.

To study the effects of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) on hepatic tissue and cytochrome enzyme 450 in rat liver.A total of 32 male SD rats were randomly divided into 4groups (n=8per group):control group,low-dose group,medium-dose group,and high-dose group.DEHP was intragastrically administrated at the dosage of 0,300,1000 and 3000mg/kg (body weight) for 28days.The pathological changes of hepatic tissues were observed by HE staining.ELISA method was used to determine the content of CYP450,CYP2E1,CYP3A1 and PXR.Inflammatory cellular infiltration,hyperemia,vacuoles and fatty degeneration were observed in the low,middle,and high dosage groups respectively.The contents of CYP450 and CYP2E1 in the middle dosage group[(203.61±34.44) pmol/gprot,(14.57±3.03) U/gprot]and in the high dosage group[(263.73±63.78) pmol/gprot,(20.06±2.90) U/gprot]were significantly higher than that of the control group[(141.12±20.24) pmol/gprot,(10.76±2.24) U/gprot](P<0.01).CYP3A1 and PXR in all dosage groups increased significantly compared with the control group (P<0.05,P<0.01).DEHP exposure induced the levels of CYP450,CYP2E1,CYP3A1 and PXR in rat liver.

In the present study,the experimental clams Meretrix meretrix were exposed to GO in artificial seawater (5mg/L) in order to comprehensively evaluate the toxicity of graphene nanomaterials to marine organisms.Mechanism of the sublethal toxicity caused by GO to clams was explored by monitoring of seven biomarkers including the reduced glutathione (GSH),oxidized glutathione (GSSG),malondialdehyde (MDA),acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and metallothioneins (MTs) in the digestive gland,as well as micronucleus frequency (MNF) and lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) of hemolymph.Results demonstrated that the oxidative stress was induced by GO in the digestive gland of clams,while the content of GSH decreased and both of GSSG and MDA increased.Weak neurotoxicity was caused by GO,which was indicated by the temporary inhibition of AChE activity at the initial and end of exposure stages.No obvious induction of MTs was observed in the whole period of exposure.However,significant genotoxicity and lysosomal membrane instability occurred after 4-d exposure.The MNF of experimental groups reached to 6.1~9.0 times of the blank control levels,but the neutral red retention time (NRRT) decrease of the positive treatments was about 24.2%~49.2% of the blank control group.Except for the biomarkers AChE and MTs,other parameters were testified as suitable and sensitive indicators to assess the sublethal toxicity of GO in this study.

Acute and chronic toxic effects of pyrene on Chironomus kiiensis and Monopylephorus limosus in sediment were studied in this paper.For Chironomus kiiensis,the median lethal concentrations (LC₅₀) in 96h and 14d tests were 189mg/kg dw and 83.6mg/kg dw,and the median effect concentration (EC₅₀) of emergence in 28d test was 26.1mg/kg dw.Pyrene could delay the emergence time of Chironomus kiiensis,while there are no significant difference in emergence time between male and female.Compared with Chironomus kiiensis,pyrene displayed lower toxicity to Monopylephorus limosus.The EC₅₀ of body-surface trauma (including white rear,depressed rear and autotomy) of pyrene on Monopylephorus limosus in 14d and 21d test were 222mg/kg dw and 106mg/kg dw,and the EC₅₀ of growth inhibition in 21d test was 81.7mg/kg dw.Comparing the Sediment quality criteria (SQC) of foreign countries with our results,we found that the existing SQC of pyrene were not suitable for China.We need much more toxicity data of pyrene on the benthic organisms in sediments to derive pyrene's SQC.The results of this study would provide a basis for deriving SQC and assessing ecological risk of pyrene.

A long-term experimental study on the characteristics of on-road emissions,fuel economy and reliability for a bus at emission standard Stage V was carried out through the emission test for 110,000kilometers.The bus was fueled with biodiesel blends B5(5% biodiesel made with used cooking oil and 95% pure China-V diesel in volume).The experimental results show that the average CO emission factor of B5 is about 13.28% lower than that of D100,the average THC emission factor of B5 is about 7.86% lower than that of D100,and the average CO₂ and NO_x emission factors of B5 are higher than those of D100 by 11.50% and 11.84% respectively.Compared with D100,the average PN emission factor of B5 increases by 13.15% while the average PM emission factor decreases by 14.74%.The recorded data of fuel consumption shows that the fuel economy of B5 is equivalent to that of D100,but the annual average fuel consumption of B5 per hundred kilometers is 1.54% higher than that of D100 based on heating value.The diesel engine endoscope test shows that there is no obvious carbon deposition on the key components of the engine,such as the piston head,the combustion chamber,the fuel injector,and the site between valve and valve seat,which indicates the reliability of the engine.

In order to assess the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on public health and the economy,Beijing city was taken into account,where negative health effects of local residents were firstly quantified via an exposure-response relationship,so as to obtain corresponding labor force losses and additional health care costs.A Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model could then be built in a closed economy to simulate exogenous shocks on the entire economic system of labor force losses and additional health care costs by the PM_2.5 pollution.According to the results,22247(95% confidence interval[CI]:6286-34705) premature deaths have been caused by the PM_2.5 pollution with more than 1million related medical cases in Beijing in 2013.The additional medical cost on that was estimated to rise to about 1.113(95% CI:0.291-1.882) billion RMB.In addition,23.969(95% CI:8.593-37.205) billion RMB have been costed on the total output of the industrial sector,as well as 901(95% CI:353-1357) million RMB loss to regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Beijing.

Based on the analysis of hazardous waste landfill (HWL)'s characteristics of construction,operation and environmental accidents,this paper identifies its maximum credible accident as the damage of linear system,and determines the safety protection objective as preventing people around the site free from the harm due to drinking groundwater contaminated by leachate leakage.Furthermore,it proposes a probabilistic-risk based method,as well as principles and procedures underlying,to determining the Safety protection distance (SPD).This method was then applied to calculate the SPD for a HWL in the central China.The result indicates that:with the consideration of different contaminants,the SPD varies from the maximum value of 620m for the protection purpose of Cr's carcinogenic effect,and the medium value of 448m and 355m for the protection purpose of Cr and inorganic fluoride's non-carcinogenic effect,to the minimum value of zero for the protection of Zn'hazardous effect.In addition,being influenced by the uncertainties of precipitation,depth of vandose and aquifer,and saturated permeability of vandose and aquifer,there is great uncertainties in the value of SPD.The corrective SPD is 990m and greater than the value of 800m regulated in the standard of GB 18598-2001.This paper finally pointed out that a specific value for each HWL with the consideration of variance in precipitation,hydrogeological condition,types and toxicities of received waste,and characteristics of linear system,rather than a uniform value for all HWL should be recommend in determining the SPD.

In this paper,we analyzed the linkage relationship between the electric supply and demand,CO₂ emission limit value and resource supply and economic target value,so that the cost optimization programming model could be built under the CCER and CDM mechanism.The balance point would be found between the optimal cost of the system and the CO₂ emissions in the inevitable risk condition.The results showed that coal-fired power plant,oil-fired power plant,biomass power plant,wind power and hydropower would increase expansion capacity of 200MW,200MW,100MW,450MW and 300MW,the total CO₂ emissions was[208.15,275.38]×10⁶t,emissions of CO₂ by coal-fired and oil-fired power plant accounted for total emissions of[82.8%,87.9%].In addition,CCER and NEM could accurately dig CO₂ reduction potential out in the multi-power areas,for example,under the CCER mechanism,CO₂ emission reduction were[5.83,6.12]×10⁶t,[8.95,9.78]×10⁶t and[11.57,14.22]×10⁶t each period,at the same time,NEM mechanism could effectively promote the clean energy development and expansion.Carbon emission reduction mechanism was conducive to realizing the goal of "high carbon" to "low carbon",so that the decision-makers could formulate a scheme of "energyeconomy-environment".