Using the Moderate resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra satellite data, we retrieved the Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and Angstrom Exponent (AE) to analyse the four air pollution episodes that occurred during December 2015 and 2016. This combined with the pollutant concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ and studied their variations along with the ratios observed in Nanjing. The fine model particles represented by PM_2.5 which was caused by anthropogenic activities is a main factor resulting in the pollution over this region. Further, the MODIS fire spots and the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) aerosol model were used to observe the aerosol sub-types. The pollutant concentrations increased by two times during 12^th-16^th and 19^th-27^th December, 2015. This was mainly attributed to increased dominance of fine particles produced from anthropogenic activities; whereas, the dust and smoke particles have less effect over the study region. Added to the above, two another different air pollution episodes noticed during 6^th-10^th and 15^th-18^th December, 2016. The Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) model was used to analyse the air pollution appeared on 6^th-10^th December, 2016which was mainly caused by the transport of dust particles from the northwest of China, and smoke particles produced from biomass burning originated from the southern part of China and local anthropogenic activities. The air pollution process during 15^th-18^th December, 2016 was almost same as that happened with the 2015's which is mainly caused by frequent anthoprogenic activities. It is revealed that the dust and smoke particles aggravated the effects of air pollution during the pollution episodes over Yangtze River Delta.

To establish the road dust source profiles of PM_2.5 at typical cities of Liaoning, road dust samples were collected and analyzed for chemical compositions in Anshan and Panjin city. The main sources of road dust were identified by enrichment factor (EF) and ratio method. The similarity of the road dust profiles of Anshan and Panjin city was evaluated by coefficient of divergence (CD). The results showed that the main chemical compositions were organic carbon (OC) and crustal elements (Al, Ca, Mg, Fe and K). Except for Cu and V, the EF values for other elements in Anshan city were higher than those in Panjin city. The OC/EC values were (13.20±6.26) and (3.94±0.63) in Panjin and Anshan city, respectively, indicating the contribution from secondary organic carbon in Panjin and Anshan city; the NO₃^-/SO₄^2-ratios were (0.52±0.55) and (0.46±0.13), implying that the effects of stationary source (coal combustion) on PM_2.5 were more significant. The CD value is 0.354between Panjin and Anshan city, indicating that the two source profiles might be similar to some extent.

Online GCMS-QP2010 was utilized to monitor 56kinds of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) during the four seasons from 2015 to 2016 in Shenzhen. The annual mean concentration of total NMHCs was 23.6×10^-9, while the highest total concentration of NMHCs was found in winter, followed by autumn, and the minimal concentration occurred in summer and spring. Alkanes were the most abundant components (65.4%~74.7%) in atmospheric NMHCs in Shenzhen, followed by aromatics (13.3%~21.7%) and alkenes (7.1%~11.6%). We also found that the concentrations of propane, toluene, ethane, hexane, butane, acetylene, 2-methyl pentane, isobutane, ethene and 3-methyl pentane ranked the top ten species in the measured NMHCs. The results of correlation and diurnal variation analysis indicated that atmospheric NMHCs in Shenzhen were simultaneously influenced by vehicle emission, industrial sources (e.g., solvent evaporation) and plant emission. Toluene, 2-methyl pentane, 3-methyl pentane and hexane were predominantly affected by industrial sources, while isoprene was mainly from natural sources.

Characteristics of spatial distribution and temporal variation of aerosol optical depth (AOD, on 550nm) in 2000~2014 in Mainland China were analysed in this paper with monthly, seasonally and yearly mean data, derived from the NASA MODIS04_L2 product. Specifically, we used spearman-test method to investigate the seasonally and yearly variation trends of AOD over China from 2000~2014. The results were as follows:all-year high value of AOD occurred in the Sichuan basin, the southern Sinkiang basin, the central China region, the Yangtze river delta, the north China plain, the Guanzhong plain and the Pearl River delta; while all-year low value of AOD, in the western Sichuan, the southeast Tibet, the border of Inner Mongolia and northern Hebei Province, and part of the Hetao area, occurred. The value of AOD in Northwest China showed a decreasing trend, of which the junction of western Sichuan and southeast Tibet and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia showed a significant downward trend. The AOD value in the eastern part of China mainly showed an upward trend, and there was a marked upward trend in central China, the Yangtze River Delta, the North China Plain and the Guanzhong Plain. AOD value changes more significantly with the seasons, the specific performance is higher in spring and summer, autumn and winter lower. The high value area of AOD and the area of upward trend are basically located in the southeast of Heihe-Tengchong Line, indicating that human activities have a significant impact on the AOD value.

SO₂ is an important pollutant gas that impacts on environment and climate significantly. OMI is the main remote sensing sensorfor detecting SO₂ in the past 10 years.Based on the OMISO₂ data, the 0.125° Kriging interpolation, which is selected among different interpolating angles of 0.125°, 0.25° and 0.4° by comparing the correlation to the ground data, the spatial distribution and the sensitive factors of SO₂ in China was analyzed. The results revealed that:(1) The high SO₂ columns are clustered in China; (2) In the monsoon region of China, the summer monsoon contributes significantly to the SO₂ area reduction where SO₂ is below the moderate concentration. However it contributes less where SO₂ is above the sub-high concentration level; (3) In terms of sensitive factors, the averaged relative humidity has dramatic influence on SO₂, that is higher humidity decreases SO₂, and the average temperature is negative correlated to SO₂ significantly in monsoon region. In non-monsoon region the winter monsoon is the main factor of the escalating of SO₂ in most of areas. The winter heating emission and the inversion layer lead a high SO₂ column.

This study aerosol extinction profiles at Guangzhou were measured with three commercially available lidars which were collocated at Guangzhou Panyu site. The measurement was carried out from November 17 through November 30, 2014. The AOD (aerosol optical depth) retrieved from different instruments were highly correlated with that from AERONET (aerosol robotic network), and the retrieved and measured surface extinction coefficient provided comparable results (R > 0.7), indicating that the algorithm for the extinction coefficient profiles is reliability. Also, the retrieved MLH (mixing layer height) was compared with model results from National Centers for NCEP-GDAS (environmental prediction global data assimilation system). The results showed that the MLH from the three types of lidar were consistent with that of the NCEP-GDAS model, but the model result had no obvious response to the intermittent turbulent mixing at night, suggesting that the lidar result was more effective for the inversion of MLH. Finally, several cases were analyzed to reveal the characteristics of pollution under different weather circulation types. Results show that the three lidars can be used to monitor the transport and local accumulation of pollutants consistently. Two cases under weak cold-air weather pattern (November 21~22, 24~25, 2014) serve as examples for pollutants transport. For the first case, particulates were trapped above 0.8km and passed through the site quickly. For the second case, particulates were trapped whole layer, resulting high PM_2.5 at surface layer. Under the weather pattern of the cold High pressure gone to sea, a local accumulation pollution episode (Nove

Terrestrial ecosystems are not only the major sink for ozone, but also a critical control of surface-level ozone budget. However, due to its deleterious effects, plant functioning is affected by the ozone absorbed. It is thus very necessary to predict total ozone deposition to ecosystems and partition the different deposition pathways (stomatal pathway and non-stomatal pathway). Based on observations of the ozone dry deposition of winter wheat and bare-soil field in Nanjing by the eddy-correlation system, the Surfatm-O₃ dry deposition model were added in order to modify and validate parameters of the leaf stomatal resistance (R_s^leaf), soil resistance (R_soil) and cuticular resistance (R_cut). Then the simulations of the total ozone flux (F_O3) of main growth stages in Winter Wheat, dry deposition velocity (V_d) and their distributions of different deposition pathways were carried out, and the impacts of chemical reactions between NO from the soil and ozone on the ozone dry deposition process were also analyzed indirectly. The results showed the simulations and measurements of F_O3 and V_d had the similar trend, and the average values of measured V_d and modelled V_d were 0.39 and 0.37cm/s, respectively. Compared with measurements, the simulations underestimated by 5.3%. The average non-stomatal deposition pathway (cuticular deposition and soil deposition) is the main pathway of ozone dry deposition, accounting for 68.8% of the total ozone flux, in which cuticular deposition was accounted for 46.7% of non-stomatal deposition. The average green and yellow leaf stomatal deposition accounted for 28.6% and 2.6% of the total ozone flux respectively. During the daytime, the proportion of non-stomatal deposition decreased to 58.8%, and the ratios of green and yellow leaf stomatal deposition increased, accounting for 37.7% and 3.5% of the total ozone flux, respectively. During the nighttime, cuticular deposition and soil deposition accounted for 64.3% and 35.7% of total ozone flux, respectively. The soil NO emission affected the dry ozone deposition process by ozone chemical reaction, which should be considered in the future ozone dry deposition model.

Based on the remote sensing data of NASA Landsat satellite, an algorithm was designed to provide insights into the bare soil erosion over the plain area in Beijing. The PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emission factors as well as the annual bareness wind erosion dust emissions were estimated for different districts in Beijing. As a result, the bare soil area of Beijing plain had reduced by about 600km² between 1987 and 2016. Induced PM₁₀ emissions by the wind erosion in Beijing plain were estimated of about 7591.7 tons in 2016, similar to the results reported by previous studies, with critical wind erosion in Daxing and Tongzhou Districts. However, significant seasonal variation of the bare soil erosion was indicated by further analysis of monthly and seasonal trends of meteorological parameters and bare soil area. The bare soil area data was derived from Landsat image, with a maximum of 4500km² in February, and a minimum of 500km² in August. With the improvement of the model, the monthly and quarterly cumulative emissions of PM₁₀ was estimated to be 55175 tons and 39294 tons respectively. It's suggested that existing bare soil dust estimation method, consisting of analysis of annual variation of meteorological parameters, seemed to neglect the seasonal discrepancies of wind erosion process, leading to a great underestimation of wind erosion dust emissions of bare soil.

The individual particle analysis with SEM/EDX showing the morphology and chemical composition were conducted on 1600 individual particles within 16 aerosol samples collected in Wuda-Wusitai Industrial Park, Inner Mongolia, during the summer of 2015. The results suggest that the major particle types included mineral particles, combustion-originated particles, and sulfur-containing particles. Specifically, the mineral particles included common aluminosilicates and carbonates as well as weathered coal gangue and dust particles, while the combustion-originated particles contained not only the usual fly ash, soot aggregates and floccule carbon particles, but also the raw coal dust. Statistically the soot aggregates, aluminosilicates and dust particles accounted for 64% of total particles. The weathered coal gangue and raw coal dust were mainly presented as inhalable particles (2.5~10μm), while soot aggregates and dust particles were mainly ultrafine particles (<1.0μm). In all, the individual particle analysis suggested that the main sources of atmospheric particulates in the typical coal industrial park were coal combustion and traffic inside the park, as well as the upwind coal production and the natural desert influences.

To characterize the carbonyl emission from biomass-fired boilers, air samples collected from six typical biomass-fired boilers were analyzed by a PFPH-GC/MS method to determine 21carbonyl species. The results showed that distinctive emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds for each boiler. In general, hexanaldehyde and propionaldehyde were the most abundant carbonyl compounds with a percentage of 29%~47% and 19%~31% in the total carbonyls, respectively, followed by formaldehyde and acetone; otherwise, acetaldehyde and nonanal. The emission factors of carbonyl compounds were calculated with the total amount of emission and the mass ration of consumed fuels. It found that the emission factors of carbonyl compounds ranged from 3.06 to 18.29mg/kg (with an average of 9.45±6.05mg/kg). The calculated Maximum Increment Reactivity (MIR) was utilized to assess the atmospheric chemical reactivity and the Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) of emissions from the biomass-fired boilers. The average of OFP (in O₃) was 5.97gO₃/gVOCs, and the three largest contributors among the measured carbonyl compounds were hexanaldehyde, propionaldehyde and formaldehyde. Although acetone had a high mass concentration, it only gave a relatively low contribution to ozone formation.

In this study, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) in stack gas of waste incinerators were monitored by using high resolution gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS) with isotope internal standard dilution method. Emissions characteristics and correlation of the two groups' pollutants were also discussed, which could provide helpful theoretical foundation for controlling PCDD/Fs and PCNs emissions from organized sources. The results showed that, (1) no obvious PCDD/Fs or PCNs contamination was found in blank experiments; (2) the recoveries of the added internal standard for sampling and extracting satisfied the requirements of US EPA23 and CHN HJ77.2-2008, which were 74.0%~90.1% and 53.3%~120.0%, respectively; (3)for PCDD/Fs, the concentration of homologues were increased with the increase of the chloride numbers, while for PCNs, the homologues firstly increased then decreased with the increase of the chloride numbers. In addition, the Pearson correlation coefficients of the adjacent homologues of both PCDD/Fs and PCNs were higher than that of the non-adjacent ones, which may reveal that the chlorination of low chlorinated homologues was an important pathway of the formation of higher chlorinated ones. High linear correlation were found from some PCNs (i.e., PeCN, HxCN, HpCN and OCN) and some PCDD/Fs (i.e., OCDD, PeCDF, HxCDF and HpCDF) (R²=0.55~0.78), which may suggest similar formation mechanism of these homologues during the process of waste incineration.

Petroleum coke, a waste by-product of petroleum refining, brominated by chemical-mechanical bromination process, was used to remove trace Hg⁰ from flue gas. Specific surface area and pore size analyzer (BET), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the inherent organic sulfur enhanced bromine chemisorption on petroleum coke surface. Four kinetic models were conducted to study the brominated petroleum coke for elemental mercury capture in a fixed bed system simulation test. The results show that the adsorption rate and mercury accumulating quantity are increasing when the temperature set at 150℃ and the inlet mercury concentration increased; The model fitting correlation coefficient of Elovich model which based on chemisorption reaches above 0.9999, indicating the mercury adsorption process of brominated petroleum coke is controlled dominantly by chemisorption.

The perovskite catalyst La_0.9Sr_0.1Mn_0.03Pd_0.97O₃ doped with noble metal Pd was prepared by citrate method. The effects of noble metal Pd dopant on the morphology structure of perovskite and the NO_{x conversion, and the mechanism of SO2 on the NOx removal performance of La0.9Sr0.1Mn0.97Pd0.03O3 catalyst was investigated in this paper using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the transient response method. Results show that incorporating the noble metal Pd into the catalyst increased the specific surface area of the original catalyst, created a suitable place for NO contact, and improved the NO conversion of the catalyst effectively. The catalyst La0.9Sr0.1Mn0.97Pd0.03O3 has a weak sulfate phase after reacting in an SO2 atmosphere, indicating that sulfur resulted in a certain degree deactivation to the catalyst. The conversion efficiency of NOx was maintained above 80% and the temperatures of soot combustion is 353℃ in the presence of a lower concentration of SO2. When the concentration of SO2 increased, the temperatures of soot combustion increased to 368℃ and the conversion efficiency of NOx was only at 67%.}

Mo/Mn-TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by impregnation method, the effects of reaction temperature, HCl and SO₂ on denitrification and mercury removal from simulated flue gas being studied. The studies showed that, too high reaction temperature was not conducive to the removal of mercury, and too low temperature inhibited the denitrification reaction, but the best efficiency of denitrification and mercury removal can be obtained at 200℃. The addition of HCl can promote the oxidation of mercury, but significantly decrease the rate of NO conversion. The presence of SO₂ in the flue gas played an inhibitory role in the process of denitrification and mercury removal. The catalysts, which before and after the reaction of sulfur poisoning, were studied by XRD, H₂-TPR and XPS. The results showed that the continuous deposition of sulfate on the catalyst surface and the consumption of active component Mn⁴⁺ and chemical oxygen O_α were the main reasons for the deactivation of the catalyst. In addition, the competitive adsorption of SO₂ with NH₃ and Hg⁰ on the surface active sites of the catalyst also severely inhibited the denitration and mercury removal. The denitration process of Mo-Mn/TiO₂ was accomplished by the conversion of Mn valence states, among which both Mo and O₂ were the assistant for the conversion. The removal of mercury by Mo-Mn/TiO₂ was mainly catalytic oxidation, the lattice oxygen in the metal oxide transforms Hg⁰ into HgO and was removed.

A typical setback of ANAMMOX granules was their flotation when the reactor was run at high loading rates. The effects of Acylated Homoserine Lactones (AHLs) on the characteristics of ANAMMOX granules in high-loaded UASB reactors were investigated. The results showed that the exogenous addition of 30mg/LN-octanoyl-PL-homoserine lactone (C8-HSL) had long-term effects on the settleability of ANAMMOX granules and was able to control the sludge floating effectively. At the beginning of the experiment (0~20d), C8-HSL was added to the reactor R2. While compared with the control group R1, the content of B-EPS in the granular sludge in R2was decreased by 15% and the granular sludge's value of PN/PS dropped from 4.22 to 2.14 on the 100^th day. In addition, the hydrophobicity of the granular sludge in R2 was increased by 26% on the 100^th day. Therefore, the settleability of sludge granules in R2 was improved significantly (the density of the granules was increased by 24%, and the settling velocity of the granules was increased by 90%). During the 100days, no obvious granule floatation was observed in R2. On the 100^th day, the NLR was 12.9kg-TN/(m³·d) and the NRR was up to 11.3kg-TN/(m³·d) in R2. At the same time, the nitrogen removal efficiency was up to 88% in R2. C6-HSL improved the activity of the granular sludge, while C12-HSL had no effects on the characteristics of the granules in the high-loaded reactors.

Inthis research, a new system that combination of the ion exchangemembrane and ultrafiltration membrane (IEM-UF) nitrogen enrichment with shortcut nitrification and denitrification was proposed for low carbon nitrogen ratio of domestic sewage. The performance of nitrogen and COD removalin the system were studiedunder the three stage operating condition. Meanwhile, the characteristicsof the microbial community in the system were analyzed by high throughput technology, andthe effect of the flora changes on the nitrogen removal was investigated. The rate of nitrite accumulation in the shortcut nitrification reactor reached above 90%only 19d when C/N was 3and DO=0.5mg/L.When the ratio of denitrifying influent was 2:1, the average removal rates of COD and NO_x^--Nreached above 80% and 89%, respectively. The maximum removal rate of TN was above 64.8%. Besides, the change of bacterial community structure in the three stage was consistent with the change of nitrogen removal efficiency. Under the three operatingconditions, the proportion of Nitrosomonas accounted for the proportion of the genus in the shortcut nitrification reactor was about 3.69%, 5.48% and 0.53% respectively. As well asthe sum of denitrifying bacteria Dechloromonas and Thauera in the denitrification reactor accounted for 33.35%, 25.62% and 20.52%, respectivelyunder the three stage.

In order to analyze the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) removal characteristics of simultaneous partial nitrification-endogenous denitrification and phosphorus removal (SPNED-PR) systems and to elucidate the contribution and competitive relationships between phosphorus and glycogen accumulating organisms (PAOs and GAOs) in the nutrient removal, an extended anaerobic (150min)/low aerobic (180min, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration for 0.5~0.7mg/L) operated sequencing batch reactor (SBR) fed with domestic wastewater (C/N:around 4) was studied by investigating the effects of different DO (0.5~2.0mg/L), nitrite (4.7~39.9mg/L) and nitrate (5.0~40.0mg/L) concentrations on the nutrient removal and intracellular carbons transformation. Results showed that DO had barely effects on the aerobic metabolisms of both PAOs and GAOs, and almost no PAOs-GAOs competition was detected at various DO concentrations. GAOs had a competitive advantage over PAOs at the presence of nitrite, and nitrite was mainly removed by GAOs (about 58%); GAOs had a greater tolerance to nitrite than PAOs, which alleviated the nitrite inhibition on PAOs at high nitrite concentrations (26.2~39.9mg/L) and assured the nutrient removal in the SPNED-PR system. PAOs had a competitive advantage over GAOs when nitrate was present, and it contributed to about 61.2% of total nitrate removal. Additionally, PAOs preferred to utilize DO over nitrite and nitrate for P uptake (PUR_DO > PUR_nitrate > PUR_nitrite), which assured the efficient P removal at low aerobic conditions. Highly active GAOs ensured the efficient N removal in the SPNED-PR system via endogenous nitrite denitrification.

Traditional Fenton system has the disadvantages of low H₂O₂ utilization efficiency, high remediation cost and great environmental side effect. A new type of advanced oxidation system Fe(Ⅱ)/O₂/sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) was proposed to ease these disadvantages. Oxygen gas was used,as the oxidant to replace H₂O₂.STPP, an inorganic ligand, has the ability to form complexation with Fe(Ⅱ), which could greatly activates O₂ to form reactive oxygen species. This studyinvestigated the degradation rhodamine B decreased by > 70%at pH between 5~9. No remarkable effect was observed on the degradation of rhodamine B by common metal ions. The results of scavenger experiments show that×OH was the main reactive oxygen species for contaminant degradation. This new reaction system is more green sustainable, and has a wide application prospect in refractory wastewater treatment.

The effects of influent ammonium loading rate (ALR) on the species abundance of microbial communities and dominant bacterial in the ABR-MBR combined process were investigated by Miseq high-throughput sequencing. The results indicated that the numbers of ammonium oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can be significantly increased and the bio-activities of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) can be inhibited at the temperature of 28~32℃, pH of 7.1~7.4 and DO of 0.5~1mg/L by gradually increasing the influent ALR in the MBR. So that the shortcut nitrification will be achieved efficiently and stably. When influent ALR was 0.94kg/(m³·d), the average nitrite accumulation rate was above 60%, and NH₄⁺-N removal rate was 90%. Proteobacteria were the dominant bacterial. The relative abundance of Nitrosomonas was increased from 4.97% to 22.56%, the relative abundance of Nitrospira was increased from 0.06% to 2.12% during the operation. Therefore, the nitrite accumulation rates were closely related to the bio-activities and abundance of AOB of shortcut nitrification the process. Its showed that shortcut nitrification can be efficiently achieved by a large number of AOB growth. Still, a slight increase of NOB abundance had little effect on the realization of shortcut nitrification. The microbial diversity and its functional structure stability were the guarantee of a stable and high removal efficiency in the ABR-MBR combined process.

Acid mine drainage (AMD) is characterized typically by high acidity, soluble Fe, sulfate, and toxic metals. Thus, it is of practical significance to promote the transformation of soluble Fe and sulfate into secondary iron hydroxysulfate minerals by biomineralization of A. ferrooxidans, which is helpful in enhancing subsequent lime neutralization efficiency of AMD due to reducing the production of ferric hydroxide and waste gypsum. In the study, we investigated that the influence of three anions (Cl^-、NO₃^-、PO₄^3-) on the pH value, bio-oxidation rate of Fe²⁺, total Fe deposition efficiency, and phases of secondary iron minerals in simulated AMD containing A. ferrooxidans. The results indicated that a higher concentration of monovalent cations inhibited the biological oxidation of Fe²⁺. The tolerance ability of A. ferrooxidans to the three anions varied significantly (PO₄^3- > NO₃^- > Cl^-). In addition, for anion concentrations lower than those tolerated by A. ferrooxidans, Fe²⁺ oxidation was not affected. However, high concentration of anion can inhibited the hydrolysis and mineralization of Fe³⁺ indirectly by inhibiting the oxidation activity of A. ferrooxidans, resulting in a decrease in the total Fe precipitation rate and a reduction in the secondary iron minerals production. Influenced by the decrease of Fe³⁺ supply rate, the synthetic pathway of secondary iron minerals was biased towards the schwertmannite.

Experiment object was Escherichia coli. The objective of present study is to investigate the removal characteristics of Escherichia coli, as the disinfection by-products precursors during chlorination process by potassium permanganate preoxidation process under different conditions. Evaluated factors included potassium permanganate concentrations, chlorination time, pH value, preoxidation time, reaction temperature. Results showed that the concentration of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN), trichloroacetonitrile (TCAN), 1,1,1-trichloropropanone (1,1,1-TCP) and trichloroacetaldehyde (CH) initially decreased and then increased, and 1,1-dichloropropanone (1,1-DCP) initially increased and then decreased, trichloromethane (TCM) decreased gradually with increased potassium permanganate concentrations. In this study, the concentration of DCAN, TCAN and 1,1,1-TCP decreased to the lowest and achieved optimized removal efficiency with the potassium permanganate concentration reached 2mg/L; With the prolonged chloration time, the concentration of TCAN, 1,1-DCP increased gradually. The concentration of DCAN, CH, 1, 1, 1-TCP initially increased and then decreased. The concentration of TCM initially increased and tend to be stable; With the increased of pH from 5 to 9, the concentration of 1,1,1-TCP、TCAN decreased gradually. The concentration of DCAN initially decreased and then increased. The concentration of 1,1-DCP、CH initially increased and then decreased; With the prolonged pre-oxidation time, the concentration of TCAN, DCAN, TCM decreased gradually. The concentration of 1,1-DCP, 1,1,1-TCP initially increased and then decreased. The concentration of CH initially increased and tend to be stable; With the increased of temperature, the concentration of 1,1-DCP、DCAN increased gradually. The concentration of 1,1,1-TCP decreased gradually. The concentration of TCAN、TCM initially increased and then decreased. The concentration of CH initially decreased and then increased. In conclusion, to attain optimized removal efficiency for the disinfection by-products precursors of Escherichia coli. It is suggested from this study that the potassium permanganate concentration should reach 2mg/L, under chloration time of 48h, alkaline condition (pH > 8), and pre-oxidation time of 30min.

Once entering into the water supply system, Cyclops, which breed in the source water due to eutrophication, will led to the contamination of drinking water. To effectively control the risk of Cyclops, the inactivation kinetics of Cyclops by NaClO was investigated systematically by appropriately increasing the range of CT values (the product of concentration of NaClO and reaction time) during the inactivation by NaClO. Meanwhile, the intensification of inactivation effect by UV irradiation was discussed. The results showed that the inactivation kinetics of Cyclops by NaClO satisfied the two phase delayed pseudo first-order kinetics process, and the activation energy of inactivated reaction was 3774 J/mol. The influence of pH values on the inactivation kinetics process of Cyclops by NaClO was realized through the changing of both the amount and the chemical stability of HOCl and ClO^- in the solution. When CT value exceeded 70 mg×min/L, NaClO possessed the highest inactivation effectiveness under the neutral conditions, and less effectiveness under alkaline condition and the least effectiveness under acidic condition. The inactivation effectiveness of Cyclops by NaClO was decreased by the turbidity substances because of their blocking effects on the transport of NaClO from bulk liquid to the boundary layer on the surface of Cyclops. Furthermore, the turbidity substances adsorbed on the surface of Cyclops delayed the permeation process of NaClO from the surface to inside of Cyclops, and eventually reduced the inactivation effectiveness. Inactivation effectiveness of Cyclops by NaClO was enhanced by the UV irradiation, despite that the UV irradiation itself could not kill the Cyclop. After the UV irradiation, the lag phase of cyclop inactivation disappeared or decreased, and the rate constant of inactivation reaction increased. For the pH values 6, 7 and 8, after the UV irradiation, the rate constant of inactivation reaction increased from 0.0093 to 0.0105, 0.02185 to 0.02673 and 0.0206 to 0.0286, respectively.

Aiming at the reuse of discarded rice straw and its treatment of Cd²⁺ pollution in wastewater, rice straw was modified with KMnO₄,KOH, H₂O₂, KOH+H₂O₂, tartaric acid, citric acid, and TiO₂,and made as different types of rice straw sorbentsto adsorb Cd²⁺ in solution. These adsorbents were analyzed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR spectrometer, specific surface area and aperture analyzer, and Zeta potentiometer. The adsorption kinetic data were fitted with pseudo-first-order, modified pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. The results showed that, under the condition of initial Cd²⁺ concentration of 100mg/L, pH 7, adsorbent dosage of 10g/Lrice straw and adsorption temperature of 25℃, rice straw modified with KMnO₄ had thebest Cd²⁺ adsorption in the aqueous solution, and the adsorption capacity was 10.024mg/g Cd²⁺. Its percentage of removal of Cd²⁺ reached 99.24% and had an increase of 99.44% compared with unmodified rice straw. Followed by rice straw was modified with KOH and KOH+H₂O₂,their adsorption capacity for Cd²⁺ were 9.302mg/g and 9.189mg/g, percentage of removal of Cd²⁺ reached 92.62% and 90.82%, respectively. Compared with unmodified rice straw treatment, Cd²⁺ removal of rice straw modified with KOH and KOH+H₂O₂ had increases of by 85.07% and 82.83%, respectively. The adsorption order of modified rice straw treatments was:KMnO₄ > KOH > KOH+H₂O₂ > TiO₂ > H₂O₂ > citric acid > tartaric acid. It was found that quasi first order rate equation only described the initial stage of Cd²⁺ adsorption suitably, however, apseudo-second order kinetic model was the proper approach for describling the whole process of adsorption. Sum up, the rice straw modified by KMnO₄, KOH and KOH+H₂O₂ could be the potentially valuable adsorbents for absorbing Cd²⁺ in the wastewater solution.

Performance of calcium peroxide (CaO₂) in removing glucocorticoid (GC) contamination was investigated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) as the representative target compound. An experimental design based on the response surface methodology (RSM) was applied to assess the individual and interaction effects of several operating parameters (CaO₂ dosage, initial pH value, reaction time, and TA concentration) on TAremoval. Based on the results of RSM, the optimal conditions were obtained as follows:CaO₂ dosage at 4g/L, initial pH=5.7, reaction time=15.7 min, and initial TA concentration=0.06 mmol/L. Moreover, additional experimental result obtained under optimal conditions (82.8%) was found to be very close to the predicted value (88.6%). These results indicated that the response model could be an effective method to describe the removal of GC by CaO₂. Finally, the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GC degradation was tested by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). This study contributes significantly to the improvement and better understanding of CaO₂ oxidation and GC treatment processes.

The quantile regression method has been applied to examine the relationship between different concentrations of Fe²⁺ and S^2- with velocity and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) in the black bloom region on the Nanfei River estuary of Chaohu Lake. Unlike linear regression, quantile regression can quantitatively analyze the effect of flow velocity and DO on different concentrations of Fe²⁺ and S^2-. Analysis showed that the flow of water reduces the concentration of Fe²⁺ and S^2- by dispersion. The effect of increasing velocity significantly reduced the concentration of Fe²⁺ and S^2- in the Nanfei River estuary and the edge of the black bloom where the concentration gradient was high. However, there was hardly any effect on the reduction of Fe²⁺ and S^2- pollution in the middle of the black bloom region where the concentration gradient was low. Increasing the DO concentration reduced the S^2- pollution if the concentration was above 0.043mg/L. It also decreased the Fe²⁺concentration when it was above 0.80mg/L. Conversely, the treatment of low concentrations of Fe²⁺ and S^2- were little. These results provide a theoretical basis for the management of black blooms in shallow lakes.

In order to treat sewage sludge pyrolysis liquid (SS-PL) and recover its energy, the anaerobic digestion of SS-PL produced in the temperature range of 250~550℃ and co-digestion of SS-PL with cow dung (CD) were studied. Firstly, SS-PL produced at 250℃~550℃ were inoculated to verify whether they can be digested. The results showed that SS-PL would produce some biogas; and the SS-PL produced at 350℃ (PL350) had the highest biogas yield; but for all of the SS-PLs their biogas yields are very little. Therefore, SS-PL produced at 250℃(PL250) was adopted as an example to mix with CD by different mass ratio (5/80, 10/80, 15/80; g/g) for co-digestion at (55±1)℃; and it has been found that PL250 inhibited the anaerobic digestion of CD; the higher the PL250/CD mass ratio, the more serious the inhibitory effect was. Then in the next step, SS-PLs produced at four different pyrolysis temperatures (PL250, PL350, PL450 and PL550) were mixed with CD respectively by ratio of 5/80 and subjected to anaerobic digestion under 55±1℃ to check the influence of pyrolysis temperature. The results showed that the biogas generation from the mixture of PL350 and CD was the highest (116.42mL/g VS), it was even higher than that of the controlled group (CD alone), which was 110.36mL/g VS, the followed sequences are mixtures added with PL550, PL450 and PL250 respectively. In addition, the total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) in the mixture group of PL550/CD was the highest in the beginning (1528mg/L), but reduced to 254mg/L after digestion, proving that the organic matter in SS-PLs was effectively decomposed. Generally SS-PL produced at an appropriate temperature can be co-digested with CD at a suitable blending ratio, providing a new alternative for its disposal and energy recovery.

P. vittata is one of the hyperaccumulators of arsenic(As),a series of experiments were conducted in a horizontal tube furnace to investigate the influence of CaO, MgO and dolomite on the transformation behavior of As during the combustion of P. vittata. The results showed that the As retention of CaO, MgO and dolomite was efficient during 400~700℃,and the MgO performed best, followed by CaO and dolomite. The most proper temperature of As retention of CaO and MgO was 500℃, while that was 700℃ for dolomite. It was found that the low temperature would promote the formation of soluble As when the additives were used, because the physical adsorption played the important role in low temperature zone. When the temperature exceeded 800℃, the content of soluble As in solid residue decreased, due to the influence of the additives on the self-retention of ash, where the additives would suppress the formation of soluble As compound. In addition, with the use of additives, a small amount of As³⁺ was found in the solid residue when the temperature was lower than 700℃.

Aerobic granular sludge for sugar-containing wastewater treatment is a promising raw material for biodiesel production, which also could reduce the environmental contamination of wastewater discharge and convert excessive granular sludge into valuable resources. In this study, the effect of aeration rate on the biodiesel production from granular sludge was investigated. The results indicated that granules cultivated at different aeration rates had different morphologies and the microbial structures of bacteria and fungi. The biodiesel yield reached the highest level[(48.62 ±1.36)mg/g SS] when the aeration rate was 167L/(min·m³). The aeration rate with 167L/(min·m³) resulted in the dominance of the white filamentous fungi Dipodascus (8.57%) in granular sludge, thereby enhancing the lipid accumulation of granular sludge and changing the biodiesel constituent produced from the sludge. The growth of Dipodascus in granular sludge possibly led to a great increase in linoleic acid (C18:2). Obviously, the biomass and microbial community could be affected by aeration rate which determined the content and constituent of FAMEs produced from granular sludge. The yield and constituent of biodiesel produced from excessive granular sludge could be improved by controlling the aeration conditions of granulation system in actual applications.

The concentrations, distributions and compositions of DDTs in surrounding soils collected four times from a closed pesticides manufacturing plant were studied, respectively, before and after the demolition of the plant. The results showed that the concentrations of DDTs (average 334ng/g) in soils collected one month after the plant demolished were higher than those obtained (average 97.0ng/g) two months before the demolition. After that, a significant decrease was seen for the concentration of DDTs in surrounding soils. Before demolistion, p,p'-DDE (average 35.6ng/g) and p,p'-DDD (average 31.0ng/g) were the main congeners in surrounding soils, whilist p,p'-DDT(average 289ng/g) was the predominant congener in the soils after demolition, which was about 28.9tims of that detected in surrounding soils before the plant demolition. The historical production of technical DDT and usage of dicofol in surrounding agricultural soils were the main reasons for the concentrations of DDTs in surrounding soils, while the volatilization of technical DDTs was the main contribution for the concentration of DDTs in surrounding soils during the plant demolishing. The spatial distribution of DDT concentrations in surrounding soil is usually dominated by the wind, and the east wind is the prevailing wind direction in this area, which resulted in higher concentrations of DDTs in the western area than those in the eastern area both before and after the plant demolished.

The removal efficiency of sediment phosphorus (P) with the in-situ synergistic effect of modified bentonite (MB) granules and Vallisneria spiralis (V. spiralis) in West Lake, Hangzhou, China was investigated for the first time in the study. Results showed that MB could promote the growth of V. spiralis, and the residual P of the sediment not adsorbed on MB was changed through root oxygenation and nutrition allocation, and then enhanced the extra P adsorption on MB. The combination of MB and V. spiralis exhibited a synergistic removal effect higher than the summation of MB and V. spiralis applied separately. The results of microcosm experiments showed that the combination of MB and V. spiralis enhanced the function of P metabolism by increasing the special genus that belongs to the family Erysipelotrichaceae.

The CO₂ flux was measured by a portable soil flux measurement system at a bare tidal flat, where is close to Xiexing Port of Nantong. The relationship between the characteristics of carbon flux and their determinants on a non-vegetation area was explored. The results showed that the abilities of carbon fixation for different intertidal zones are the high intertidal < middle intertidal < low intertidal. It might be because of the higher contents of chlorophyll a in the low intertidal zones and higher CO₂ absorbing ability. Meanwhile, the organic carbon contents and the CO₂ emission fluxes esulting from microbial respiration in the high intertidal zone were the highest. It was a net CO₂ fixation for the whole research area. In addition, CO₂ net fixation fluxes decreased with the increase of organic carbon content in the soil and the duration of the ebb tide, closely related to the chlorophyll a content and the groundwater. Our findings highlight the importance of human activities in shaping the carbon cycling in the bare flats of the intertidal zones in Jiangsu province.

N₂O fluxes of water-gas interface and sediment-water interface and the dissolved N₂O concentration in water column were studied in grass type zones including submerged plants and emergent plants and algae type zones in Lake Taihu. In situ observation of the physicochemical properties of water and sediments and the laboratory analysis the main factors were also carried out to determine the main factors affecting the production and release of N₂O. The results showed that:both N₂O fluxes of the water-gas interface and sediment-water interface of algae type zones were highest followed by emergent plants and submerged plants type zones (123.10±11.43)μg/(m²·h), (79.19±4.90)μg/(m²·h), (53.45±4.22)μg/(m²·h) and (29.60±0.20)μmol/(m²·h), (10.89±1.66)μmol/(m²·h), (3.83±0.30)μmol/(m²·h)). The dissolved N₂O concentration in water column of the algae type zones was the highest, but with the emergent plants type zones being the lowest ((0.0247±0.0003)μmol/L,(0.0236±0.0003)μmol/L,(0.0219±0.0001)μmol/L). The experimental results of indoor micro-environment simulation showed that the production of N₂O was correlated with the temperaturewhile the high salinity had inhibitory effect in general on the formation of N₂O in all three sites. The sediments of algae and emergent plant type zone with added salinity had a higher potential than the control group, and the inhibition persisted since the Cl^- was added in submerged plant type zone. With the increase of nutrients concentrations such asNH+ 4-N and NO-3-N,the rate of N₂O formation in algae and submerged type zones increased, but emergent type zones decreased.The organic carbon sourceproviding the carbon source and energy for microbial activity inhibited the formation of N₂O. There were different characteristics of N₂O production and release in algae and grass type zones in Lake Taihu,the formation of N₂O in grass and algae type region of Taihu Lake was mainly limited by low temperature of winter, and was also affected by inorganic nitrogen forms and concentration of water column.

This paper investigated the interrelationship between phosphorus status, change of total alkaline phosphatase activities (TAPA), and algae bloom of the Jialing River Chongqing section from 2011 to 2016. The changes of TAPA, ALGAE and SRP were summarized through in-situ experiments. The activity parameters of alkaline phosphatase were determined, and the ecological significance of enzyme activity in algal bloom was discussed. The results showed that Soluble Reactive Phosphorus (SRP) was the main source of phosphorus for algae growth. The lowest SRP detected as 0.012~0.021mg/L was observed during the critical period of algae bloom, and the highest TAPA was 10.503~11.587nmol/L/min. The variations of characteristic parameters V_m and the Michaelis~Menten constant K_m validated that alkaline phosphatase had a higher affinity for substrate and the hydrolysis rate of the enzyme increased significantly during the critical period of algae bloom. It is also found that alkaline phosphatase significantly promoted the transformation of other forms of phosphorus into SRP, thus supplying adequate SRP to the growth of microorganisms such as algae.

The seasonal filtration, ingestion and biodeposition rates were in situ measured, and carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) budgets of Meretrix meretrix throughout the year were modeled. The results indicated that the scope for growth of M. meretrix in carbon (SFG_C), nitrogen (SFG_N), and phosphorus (SFG_P) all ranged significantly among seasons, and the peak values were detected in summer. Among them, SFG_Cwas negative in spring, SFG_N and SFG_P were always positive thorough the year. The seasonal ranges of SFG_C, SFG_N, and SFG_P were -2.11~18.59mg C/(ind·d), 0.13~5.87mg N/(ind·d), and 0.11~1.45mg P/(ind·d), respectively. Distinct seasonal patterns were shown among the net growth efficiencies in carbon (K_C2), nitrogen (K_N2), and phosphorus (K_P2), and ranked as K_N2 > K_P2 > K_C2. Furthermore, the carbon budgets in spring and autumn was in the following order:the C loss from fecal production (F_C) > the C loss from respiration (E_C) > the C loss from growth (G_C), and in summer was in the following order: G_C > E_C > F_C, in winter was in the following order: G_C > F_C > E_C. The nitrogen and phosphorus budgets were ranked as follows:the N used for growth (G_N) > the N loss from fecal production (F_N) > the N loss from excretion (E_N), The P used for growth (G_P) > the P loss from fecal production (F_P) > the P loss during excretion (E_P), respectively. The C, N, and P budgets illustrated that more N and P than C were consumed for growth and the pelagic primary production was transferred efficiently to a higher trophic level. This study suggests that M. meretrix population may play a key role in the nutrient cycle of the estuarine ecosystem, and should be considered an important component of the ecology of estuaries.

Semi-variogram model and ordinary Kriging interpolation method were used to analyse the spatial distribution and variation of the NO₃-N concentration based on 825groundwater samples collected from 2011 to 2014 in Jianghan Plain. Seven hydrological factors, including net recharge, depth to groundwater, hydraulic conductivity, vadose zone material, land use type, soil type, and soil total nitrogen, were used to predict the posteriori probability distribution of the NO₃-N concentration, where the contributions of these factors were calculated using Weights of Evidence (W of E) method. Results indicated that the NO₃-N concentration in Jianghan Plain followed the normal distribution after Box-Cox transformation. A spherical model was appropriate to evaluate the spatial distribution of NO₃-N concentration. The spatial correlation of the NO₃-N concentration existed within a range of 68.02km with the nugget/sill being 87.93%. The NO₃-N concentration showed that the higher values located in south region while the lower values located in north and west region. The area with the NO₃-N concentration exceeding 10mg/L accounted for 8.61% of the total area. In addition, the success rate curve indicated a good performance of the WofE model at a precision value of 0.91. The groundwater recharge indicated a positive relationship with the vulnerability to nitrate contamination as well as hydraulic conductivity and soil total nitrogen, while the groundwater depth indicated a negative relationship. When the lithology of vadose zone was sand and gravel, the type of land use was for the urban or construction, and soil type was alluvial, the aquifer was very easy to be polluted by nitrate.

To explore the diversity of bacterial communities in the sediment of different lake zones with varied nutrition levels in Lake Taihu in winter, the 16S rRNA gene of surficial sedimentary bacteria of 9sampling sites, including the estuary area, the lake center and the macrophyte-dominated area, was sequenced using high-throughput sequencing approach. The results showed that the species richness and evenness was the highest in the macrophyte-dominated area, moderated in the lake center, while lowest in the estuary area. The composition of bacterial communities varied among lake zones:the phyla of Nitrospirae and Acidobacteria, and the classes of Anaerolineae and Nitrospira, specifically showed significant difference among lake zones with different nutrition levels. At the phyla level, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria and Nitrospirae were dominant. unidentified_Chloroplast and Microcystis were dominant bacteria at the genus level in the surficial sediments of Lake Taihu in winter. Cyanobacteria and Microcystis were detected ubiquitously at all sampling sites with the highest average abundance appearing in the center of Lake. The redundancy analysis (RDA) for the relationship between bacterial communities and environmental factors revealed that the nutrition level, water temperature and pH could affect the bacterial community structure in sediment. The level of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃^--N) and water temperature were the major environmental factors affecting the genus of Microcystis.

Hydrogen is a promising clean energy resource. However, the biohydrogen production efficiency needs to be significantly improved to make it competitive to fossil fuels. Formate dehydrogenase, which is a catalyst in the production of 2H⁺, 2e^-, and CO₂ from formate, is a critical enzyme in hydrogen production by bacteria. In this study the formate dehydrogenase (fdhF) gene from Bacillus cereus strain XN12 was cloned. The sequencing analysis revealed that the cloned fdhF gene contained 2937base pairs, 39.3% GC content and shared 100% identity with the fdhF gene of Bacillus cereus strain Q1 (genebank No. CP000227.1). To characterize the fdhF gene product of Bacillus cereus strain XN12, the fdhF gene was then subcloned into pET32a and the resulting pET32-FDHF-His plasmid was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21 cells. Through the IPTG induction, the cloned fdhF gene was efficiently overexpressed. The recombinant FdhF protein was highly functional as demonstrated by BV reduction experiment. It was found that the hydrogen production rate of recombinant FdhF protein was greatly influenced by the presence of various metal ions, among which MoO₄^2- and SeO₃^2-increased the hydrogen production mainly by increase recombinant protein expression. The hydrogen production was also higher when glucose used as the substrate than formate used as the substrate. The results suggested that recombinant Bacillus cereus formate dehydrogenase protein was a promising solution for improving biohydrogen production.

To establish a lower cost, rapid, higher sensitive and specifical detection method for Ag⁺, we designed a novel probe containing the aptamer region and the complementary region of molecular beacon (MBs). In the absence of target, the fluorescence of FAM was quenched by BHQ. Upon adding the target, it would specifically bind to the aptamer, leading to the complementary region being recognized by MBs. MBs were cleaved when the EXO Ⅲ was introduced, which can release Ag⁺/DNA complex for the next round of reaction and free FAM for signal amplification,simultaneously. Hence, the amount of targets were quantified by fluorescence changes. Meanwhile, the performance of this method in real sample was also investigated to evaluate its sensitivity and selectivity. It showed that there was the optimal binding result between DNA probe and MBs when separating the molecular beacon from the complementary region with two bases, and it was achieved the best single-to-noise ratio (S/N) too. It had also a good linear range from 0.5 to 200nmol/L (R²=0.994), and a lower limit of detection of 0.1nmol/L. Importantly, a good linear relationship in the range of 20~200nmol/L (R²=0.998) was also obtained when this sensor was used for real sample analysis, moreover, it can distinguish 10nmol/L Ag⁺ from the mixed sample. The method for rapid detection of Ag⁺ has a good linear quantitative ability and operational performance, and its high sensitivity and specificity can meet the real demands.

Based on the estimation of value of external environmental cost of coal in its whole life cycle including production, transportation and usage, this study applied GREAT-E model to quantify the impact of the environmental cost internalization policy of coal, including gross domestic products (GDP), residents' income, industrial structure and trade competitiveness. Results showed that the impact of environmental cost internalization for each stage (including production, transportation and usage) to Chinese macro economy was relatively limited, and negative impacts on GDP was acceptable. Even if all environmental costs in the process of coal production, transportation and consumption were internalized, real GDP loss was only 0.15%. The environmental cost internalization of coal was beneficial to optimize the industrial structure and trade structure. High energy-consuming industries would be restrained, and the developments of technology-intensive and modern service industries are accelerated. This was because labor and capital released by high energy-consuming industries are transfer into the technology-intensive and modern service industries. Levy on coal in the process of coal production, transportation and consumption could directly stimulate industries to implement more proper measures to reduce environmental pollution and ecological degradation.

In this research, with basins of Huanghe River, Haihe River and Huaihe River (the HHH basins)as a case, and make the ecological and environmental factors coupled with social economic wateractivities in water use systems as object, a multi-basin ecological network model was constructed and method of ecological network analysis was applied. Through calculations of whole system network indicators, the evolution of network structure characteristics for the HHH basins during 2003 to 2014 wasanalyzed. The results showed that, during 2003 to 2014, due to the implementation of some effective measures for sustainable water use in periods of the 11th Five-Year Plan and the 12th Five-Year Plan, the pressure and disturbance on water use networks from outside of the boundary had lessened and system became more stable. However, the shortage in requirement of environmental flow was still serious in this area. Therefore, much work need to be further studied in the future toward the sustainable development of water use systems.

Based on enterprise water risk assessment system developed by WWF and DEG, a localization of enterprise water risk assessment system in Taihu Lake basin was researched. According to the water environment situation, management mode of enterprises, relevant standards and regulations, some indexes were modified and enterprise water risk assessment system in Taihu Lake basin was established, which includes 9 physical risk indexes, 4 regulatory risk indexes and 9 reputation risk indexes. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed to calculate the weights of indexes. The indexes were graded by five-grade and five-score scale, which referred to the original assessment system. The weighted comprehensive index summation process was adopted to calculate the comprehensive assessment value. A case study was conducted at a chemical enterprise. The results showed that the comprehensive water risk assessment value of the enterprise was 2.61 in 2015, and its risk grade was Ⅲ, belonging to medium risk. After it implemented seven water risk reduction projects, its comprehensive water risk assessment value was 1.94 in 2016, and its risk grade was Ⅱ, belonging to low risk. The assessment system can provide reference for assessment and reduction of enterprise water risk in Taihu Lake basin.

With the Harbin reach of Songhua River as the studied object, the EFDC water quality dynamic model is developed, the main pollutant parameters COD, NH₃-N, combined with pollution load scenario analysis method for quantitative evaluation of the Harbin reach of the Songhua River and its tributary estuary sections under the change of water quality. The results show that the outlet COD concentration of Dadingzi Hill section meets the quality requirements of category Ⅲ and below, the Ashe estuary and Hulan estuary concentration in the dry season, flood peach, normal water period and high water period respectively, the maximum values are not more than 29.3, 22.3, 41.82, 32.13 mg/L, and 47.75, 36.27, 65.4, 41.47mg/L of Dadingzi Hill eatuary section in dry season in the category Ⅲ then, highest concentration of NH₃-N was 8.73 and 2.92mg/L at Ashe and Hulan estuary sections, which in flood peach period still remain in the category Ⅱ, with the two highest is 6.3 and 2.23mg/L respectively, in dry season, while the Dadingzi Hill estuary section is kept at category I, the Ashe and the Hulan estuaries can not exceed 7.57 and 1.79mg/L respectively.

Based on input-output data of wheat in main wheat-producing provinces of China from 2004 to 2015, the potential of chemical fertilizer reduction and carbon emission reduction in wheat production in China was analyzed and the environmental efficiency and environment of wheat production were estimated using SBM model and ML index respectively in this paper. The results showed that:under the condition of scientific fertilization, the potential of reducing chemical fertilizers and reducing carbon emissions from wheat production in major producing provinces were 51.66% and 37.41% respectively. Under the conditions of fertilizer reduction and carbon emission reduction, the efficiency of wheat production environment was not reduced, the average efficiency of wheat production environment was 0.970 from 2004 to 2015, and the efficiency of wheat production environment in the north was lower than that in the south; the MLEFFCH index, MLTECH Index, the ML index of wheat production exceeded 1, which was larger than that of the chemical fertilizers. Fertilizer reduction and carbon reduction should benefit the actual production approaching to the maximum production output, in order to achieve the optimal Pareto production.

In order to predict and control the solid waste production in city for the following few years, Chinese cities, for example, the paper was determined 8factors from 18factors that have influence in solid waste production by using multivariate feature of K-neighbor mutual information. The 8factors that have influence in solid waste production was permanent resident population, regional GDP, total retail sales of consumer goods, added value of the financial industry, added value of the industry, added value of wholesale and retail industry, added value of accommodation and catering industry, and added value of the tertiary industry. The data from 2006 to 2013 was used as the training sample. And the data from 2014 to 2015 was used as the test sample. To predict and visualize the total solid waste production in all provinces and cities from 2017 to 2018, firstly, paper was established a prediction model of radial basis function (RBF) neural network based on above-mentioned 8influence factors. Second, paper was corrected the prediction model based on the mean relative error (MRE). Third, this paper was proposed two-stage radial basis prediction model. The results showed that the MRE of the two-stage radial basis prediction model proposed in this paper was 6.43%, which was equivalent to 93.57% prediction accuracy. It was therefore obvious that the prediction accuracy of this model was high, and it was capable to predict the municipal solid waste production in real life.