To track the dynamic emission trajectory of an individual vehicle, a method for calculating the emission trajectory was established based on the second by second vehicle passing records from Electronic Police system. Taking the urban center of Xuancheng, Anhui Province as the study area, which has 123 road links, 44,672,343emission trajectories of 133,906 vehicles from May 10 to June 9 in 2018 were calculated using the operational parameters from the reconstructed trajectories, the technical parameters from the motor vehicle database, as well as the emission factors from International Vehicle Emission Model. The results show that, taxi contributed more to CO emissions and the emission intensity was high on the road links near points of interest. Bus and heavy-duty truck were the main sources of NO_x emissions. The total amount of NO_x emissions from bus on workday was nearly 1.3kg, which was about 7.5 times higher than that of the heavy-duty truck. For bus, the bus route was fixed and the temporal-spatial distribution of emissions showed a certain periodicity according to the bus frequency. The trajectory of light-duty truck was mainly determined by freight demand, which often travels during the day. On the other hand, the heavy-duty truck was more inclined to travel in the early morning. The commuting private car made regular travel during workdays, hence the pollutant emissions were relatively stable in the round-trip process. For the whole road network, the high emission intensity areas of CO and VOCs were concentrated in the central road network, while for NO_x and PM, they were mainly distributed in the peripheral road network.

A gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (GC/MS) system was used for in-site measurements of atmospheric hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) at the Shangdianzi Regional Background Station from January 2018 to December 2018. The background mixing ratios of HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-143a, HFC-152a, HFC-227ea, HFC-236fa, HFC-245fa, HFC-365mfc and HFC-4310mee were (31.9±0.4)×10^-12, (22.1±1.7)×10^-12, (29.3±1.3)×10^-12, (110.2±2.4)×10^-12, (24.0±0.3)×10^-12, (10.3±0.7)×10^-12, (1.59±0.04)×10^-12, (0.19±0.01)×10^-12, (3.30±0.08)×10^-12, (1.27±0.03)×10^-12, (0.28±0.01)×10^-12, respectively, while the polluted mixing ratios were (39.2±11.1)×10^-12, (47.7±21.8)×10^-12, (38.6±8.7)×10^-12, (137.3±15.7)×10^-12, (26.1±2.2)×10^-12, (15.9±7.0)×10^-12, (2.77±1.11)×10^-12, (0.25±0.06)×10^-12, (4.10±0.97)×10^-12, (1.34±0.06)×10^-12, (0.30±0.01)×10^-12. Background conditions occurred for 34.5%, 23.4%, 22.5%, 24.6%, 24.5%, 42.5%, 24.3%, 46.4%, 38.3%, 68.1%, 77.9% of all measurements for the 11HFCs. The background mixing ratios of HFC-32、HFC-125、HFC-134a、HFC-143a、HFC-227ea exhibited a linear increasing trend at 4.4×10^-12, 3.8×10^-12, 7.3×10^-12, 1.0×10^-12, 0.14×10^-12a^-1, while HFC-152a background data showed a strong seasonal variation. A tracer-radio method was applied to estimate the emissions of HFC-23, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-152a, HFC-236fa, HFC-245fa emissions using CO as a tracer. Chinese emissions of the HFCs mentioned above were 6.4,17,14,27,4.0,0.10 and 1.3kt/a in 2018.

In order to advance the understandings of the regional air pollution in the Sichuan Basin, two machine learning based models, random forests (RF), were developed to estimate the daily PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations on the 1km grid from 2013 to 2017. The datasets used for the model training included the satellite-retrieved aerosol optical depth (AOD) from the Multi-Angle Implementation of Atmospheric Correction (MAIAC) product, the ground-based observations from the state-managed air quality monitoring network, as well as the meteorological, geographical, and socioeconomic variables. The RF models showed superior performance in predicting PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ (R²=0.86 for both). The multiyear regional average PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations were 47.8 and 75.2μg/m³, respectively. The PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ levels were predicted to be higher in the western and southern basin than the other areas, exhibiting a shape of crescent. During these five years, the PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ concentrations both decreased by 27%. The particulate matter concentrations exhibited obvious seasonality with the highest in winter and the lowest in summer. The spatial distributions of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ showed high correlation (r=0.96), with stronger correlation in the lowland areas and slightly weaker correlation in the surrounding mountainous area. The correlations in spring (r=0.91) and summer (r=0.90) were relatively lower than those in fall (r=0.96) and winter (r=0.96). Ratio of PM_2.5 to PM₁₀ was higher in the southwestern basin and showed adescending order of winter > fall > summer > spring.

An air cooling tower model was developed with FLUENT tosimulate the heat transfer between air cooling tower and ambient atmospheric environment under different outlet temperature, ambient temperature, and crosswind velocity. The results showed that both outlet temperature and ambient temperature have significant effects in the heat transfer process.When the outlet temperature rose to 328K, the air temperature near the air cooling tower rose by 6.22K, its relative humidity decreased from 47.7% to 31.78%, and the degree of air dryness increased; Meanwhile, the heat transfer effect was enhanced with the increase of the temperature difference between the ambient and the exhaust gas, e.g. the air dryness in winter was the highest, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest in summer. In addition, the crosswind velocity showed a significant effect on the heat transfer area. When thecrosswind velocity was 7m/s, the heat exchange affected area can reach 11.17km, and the relative humidity of the air cooling tower was reduced from 47.7% to 39.47%.

In order to study the characteristics of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) emission from typical trees and obtain their basic emission rates for each BVOC compound, a dynamic enclosed system was used to conduct laboratory measurements on poplar, sweetgum, and pine trees. BVOC compounds including isoprene, monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alkanes, and alkenes were analyzed by TD-GC-TOFMS. The normalized species-specific BVOC emission rates of three tree species were calculated and their emission profiles were investigated. The total BVOC emission rates of Populus trichocarpa, Liquidambar styraciflua, and Pinus massoniana were 19.51, 7.19, and 0.67μg/(g·h) (2086.91, 562.35, and 104.03μg/(m²·h)), respectively. Populus trichocarpa had the highest isoprene emission rate of 18.51μg/(g·h), contributing 94.86% to the total BVOC emissions. Pinus massoniana had a lower isoprene contribution (4.03%), but the highest monoterpenes contribution (49.09%. Liquidambar styraciflua had the highest monoterpenes emission rate of 0.84μg/(g·h). Sesquiterpenes contributed less than 1.5% to the total BVOC emissions for the three plants. The emission rates of alkanes for each tree species were generally higher than those of sesquiterpenes, and some were even higher than those of isoprene and monoterpenes. Trans-β-ocimene was the predominated monoterpene for Populus trichocarpa, accounting for 99.84% of its total monoterpene emissions. The monoterpenes emitted by Liquidambar styraciflua.was mainly composed by Sabinene and β-pinene. α-Pinene, sabinene, and β-pinene were observed as the dominated monoterpenes for Pinus massoniana. Trans-caryophyllene, humulene, δ-cadinene, and β-guaiene were prominent sesquiterpenes. Alkanes emitted from the three plants were mainly C4 and C5 compounds, of which particularly were isobutane and butane. 1-Butene was the most abundant alkene for all plants.

Combined with NTP, catalysis and reverse-flow technology, the effects on the temperature rise (△T), specific energy density (SED) and energy efficiency (EE) of the system were investigated under the influence of different reaction system (grounding mode, wall thickness) and power supply (voltage and frequency). The effects of toluene removal (η) and products were also analyzed. The results showed that the reverse flow non-thermal plasma-catalytic reaction system had the best η and EE, which was 3.76g/(kW·h). The differences in △T under three grounding conditions were not significant when voltage was increased continuously. The concentrations of O₃, η, SED and EE were the highest when the aluminum foil was grounded. The △T, η, SED and EE decreased with the increase of wall thickness. When three technologies were combined, NO₂ was less generated, fewer types of organic by-products were produced, the CO₂ selectivity was high and the toluene mineralization rate were highest. When the frequency was fixed, the △T, η, SED were positively proportional to the voltage as voltage increased, while the EE showed the opposite correlation with voltage. When aluminum foil was grounded, the △T achieved 110.7℃ and the η was 74.05%. The concentration of the byproduct (O³) increased in the beginning, then decreased, and finally became 0mg/m³. When the frequency changed while the voltage was fixed, the change rules were the same.

In order to investigate indoor airborne microbial contamination in school classrooms, air samples were collected with six-stage Andersen samplers in classrooms at a kindergarten, a primary school, a middle school and a university in Nanjing, Jiangsu. Ten classrooms in each school were randomly selected. Among the four types of school surveyed, the kindergarten classrooms were found to have the maximum concentration of airborne bacteria and fungi. The mean concentrations of bacteria and fungi were 605CFU/m³ and 648CFU/m³, respectively, which were much higher than that in the other three schools. The size distributions of indoor airborne bacteria and fungi were similar cross all four types of school, with the peak at the stage 5 (1.1~2.1μm). The correlation between indoor environmental parameters and airborne microorganisms was only found to be significant in university classrooms. The daily inhalation doses of airborne bacteria and fungi for kindergarten students were highest at 150.2CFU/kg and 160.9CFU/kg respectively. The study provided some evidence data to evaluate the risk of airborne microbial contamination in schools.

The Hg speciation in atmospheric particulates is an important issue to be elucidated in the field of atmospheric Hg. Carbon analytic (OC/EC), ion chromatography (IC), temperature-programmed desorption analysis (TPD), imaging analysis methods were used to analyze the specific existence and spatial distribution of Hg in PM_2.5 at Wuda-Wusitai industrial park, Inner Mongolia. The results showed that the correlation coefficients(r) between Hg content and organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), Cl^- and NO₃^- content in PM_2.5 were < 0.1, < 0.1, 0.854 and 0.745, respectively. Hg in the atmospheric particulates mainly existed in the forms of HgCl₂, HgS, HgO and Hg (NO₃)₂·H₂O. The particulate Hg content was more concentrated in the high Hg⁰ concentration, high chlorine and high acid (nitric acid) regions. The results indicated that industrial activities such as chlorine and acid discharge might play an important role in the enrichment of mercury in atmospheric particulates.

From January to December 2016, atmospheric wet deposition samples were collected at six sampling sites, among which five sites were located in the Pengxi River Basin and the other was in the urban area of Wanzhou. The spatio-temporal variation and sources of the atmospheric wet deposition of nitrogen were analyzed, and its contribution to nitrogen in water bodies in the basin were estimated. The spatial variations of nitrogen wet deposition in Pengxi River Basin was insignificant, i.e., an even distribution in general in the region. On the other hand, the seasonal difference was substantial, with larger deposition in spring and summer. The averaged concentration in deposition samples and the depositional flux of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) were 1.1mg N/L and 11.8kg N/(hm²·a), respectively. The nitrogen in wet deposition was mainly originated from secondary sources, crustal, transportation, and aquaculture, accounting for 47.4%, 23.5%, 14.3%, 10.9%, respectively. The contribution from industry and fossil fuel combustion was only 2.8%, and 1.1%, respectively. The nitrogen transported directly into the water body via wet deposition was 76.9 tons per year in the study area, accounting for 1.8% of total input. This depositional flux of nitrogen exceeded the critical load of eutrophication. The ammonium (NH₄⁺-N), nitrate (NO₃^--N), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) accounted for 63.3%, 25.9%, and 10.7% in nitrogen depositional fluxes in the basin, respectively. Therefore, it was critical to reduce ammonia emission in the region for the effective control of nitrogen deposition in Pengxi River Basin.

A continuous observation of air pollution was made in Chengdu using single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) and a variety of online devices in spring of 2017. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ were (62±25) and (90±40)μg/m³, respectively. Single particles in the atmosphere can be divided into eight classes. Due to the differences in emission sources and aging process, there were obvious differences in mass spectrum characteristics and particle size distribution among all particle classes. The comparative analysis of the selected fine particle pollution, mixed pollution of fine and coarse particles (mixed pollution) and clean periods showed that:(1) the contribution of potassium-elemental carbon (KEC) particles was the highest in the fine particle pollution periods (42.8%~46.3%). Compared with the clean period, the contribution of carbonaceous particles from combustion process decreased in the mixed pollution period, but the contribution of DUST particles reached the highest of all periods. (2) Compared with the clean period, the mixing degree of most particles with secondary inorganic components in other two types of periods enhanced. (3) The air masses from the southwest of Chengdu dominated in fine particle pollution periods, the heavily polluted areas in southern Sichuan contributed greatly to the pollution process in Chengdu.

The vehicle portable emission measurement system (PEMS) was used to study the pollutant emission from harbor machinery in Qingdao Port. The emission characteristics of different types of harbor machinery were summarized under different conditions, and the emission factors of harbor machinery were calculated. The results showed that emission rate of harbor machinery under working condition was 1.34~2.66 times higher than that under idle condition. When the harbor machinery power was higher than 130kW, the emission rates climbed to 4.18~41.56 times. For high-power harbor machinery, emission status under idle condition could hardly reflect the actual emissions rates under working condition. Based on the analysis of fuel-based emission factors, the trend of CO, THC and NO_x emission factors were consistent under three conditions. The PM emission factors reflected different characteristics. PM emission factors under working conditions were 10 times higher than that under idle conditions. When the service time exceeded 4500 hours, the pollutant emission significantly increased, especially for forklift trucks, which was 1.64~8.25 times higher than before. The actual emission level of harbor machinery was 1.5~2 times higher than the average level of non-road machinery. It could be found that the difference of CO, THC and PM emission levels among different emission standards was 1.73~5.38 times using two-idle speed method, but the level of NO_x emission was too close and undistinguishable.

In this study, desilication treatment using alkali etching was applied to ZSM5 molecular sieves with four different silicon-aluminum ratios to investigate the difference of their ammonia nitrogen adsorption. Their changes in crystal structure, surface morphology, internal element composition and connection mode after desilication were examined with scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The mechanism of the desilication effect on improving the adsorption of ammonia nitrogen by molecular sieves was then analyzed. The results indicated that after desilication treatment, the mesoporous specific surface area and specific pore volume of the molecular increased, and the pore size distribution was broaded, the structure of the molecular sieve remained intact and the grain morphology became clear and regular, associated with enhanced ion exchange capacity and Si/AlO₄ structure. The molecular sieve desilication by alkali etching had multiple effects such as desilication of skeleton, the aluminum supplementation of skeleton, and the tunnel dredging. These led to decreased silicon-aluminum ratio and increased number of active sites in the molecular sieve, meanwhile, decreased the diffusion resistance of ammonia ion, which then resulted in improved ammonia nitrogen adsorption performance. After desilication, the ammonia nitrogen adsorption by molecular sieve was greatly enhanced, while more significant improvement was observed for molecular sieve with originally higher silicon-aluminum ratio. while its equilibrium adsorption capacity of ammonia and nitrogen increased from 5.81mg/g to 10.44mg/g, with an increase of 79.7% being reached. In summary, the desilication treatment could provide an effective technical alternative to use molecular sieve for the deep denitrification of wastewater treatment plant effluent.

In order to find an appropriate permeability upscaling method which can greatly improve the computational efficiency of surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR) model while ensuring the accuracy of the simulation, two coarse-scale models based on Laplacian with skin method and the arithmetic mean upscaling method were applied in this study, and their performance was also compared with fine-scale models. The results indicated that the maximum calculation error of the residual mass of aquifer pollutants by the model based on Laplacian with skin was better than the model built by the arithmetic mean upscaling method in all cases. The superiority of Laplacian with skin became more significant when the aquifer heterogeneity was stronger. In addition, Laplacian with skin achieved a better simulation effect on the centroid location and the shape of the pollutant. Particularly, the use of coarse-scale model can greatly reduce the computational cost of SEAR, leading to the significant computational cost-savings, e.g., about 6.5% of the original runtime by using the arithmetic mean upscaling method and 4.5% by Laplacian with skin.

The UASB continuous flow reactor was used to study the long-term effects of different organic concentrations on the anammox nitrogen removal and microbial community structure. The results showed that the 40mg/L of COD concentration provided the most promotion to anammox reaction among the COD concentration levels with 0, 20, 40, 60 and 80mg/L. At this concentration, the TN and COD removal rates were stabilized at 88.5% and 75.3%, respectively. Under a lower level (20mg/L), the anammox reaction was not affected significantly. However, the nitrogen removal performance was inhibited when the COD concentrations were higher at 60 and 80mg/L. The microbial community structure under different COD concentrations was analyzed by high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicated that the Chloroflexi, Planctomycetes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria were always dominated under different COD concentrations, their relative abundance varied in different scenarios. The relative abundance of Planctomycetes was decreased from 24.60% to 7.70% with the increase of COD concentration (0 to 80mg/L). Among them, Candidatus Brocadia declined fastest, and the abundance was decreased from 12.14% to 3.63%. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria was increased from 15.40% to 36.30%, among which Bdelloribrio had the biggest increase from 0.01% to 8.39%.

In this study, a moving-bed Biofilm reactor (MBBR) was used to immobilize ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) on carriers. Two MBBR-AOB reactors were operated under continuous aeration (RC) and intermittent aeration (RI) in parallel. The variationsin the nitritation performance and nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emission characteristics were analyzed under different aeration regimes. The results showed that both aeration methods can achieve partial nitrification, but the average effluent concentration of NO₂^--N was approximately 20% higher in the RI than that in the RC; also, the degree of fluctuation of effluent NO₂^--N and NO₃^--Nwere smaller in the RI than that in the RC. Therefore, intermittent aeration mode had better nitritation performance, and it was easier to achieve a stable nitritation system. Online measurement of gaseous N₂O and NO showed that RC reduced the release of NO by about 87.3% and increased the release of N₂O by about 57.5%. The 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing revealed that Nitrosomonas was the main AOB genus, and its highest relative abundance in the RC and RI modes was 8% and 10.06% respectively,and the lowest was 2.19% and 2.26% respectively. Our findings suggest running MBBR nitritation reactor with intermittent aeration mode couldachievea higher AOB relative abundance.

A simulated one-dimensional column system was established with seawater and natural sea sand to investigate the cotransport of 1μm polystyrene microplastics (PS) and fullerene (C₆₀) in seawater-saturated marine media. The results showed that, in single suspension, the mass percentage recovered from the effluent (M_eff) and maximum effluent concentration (MEC) of the well-dispersed PS (15mg/L) were 36.8%, and 0.42, respectively, while the aggregation (agglomeration) of C₆₀ at 15mg/L was obviously presented with 16.8% of M_eff and 0.22 of MEC, respectively. When 15mg/L PS and 15mg/L C₆₀ were coexisted, PS might form stable co-aggregates with part of C₆₀ thereby promote the transport of C₆₀. Conversely, C₆₀ inhibited the transport of PS. If the concentration of PS in binary suspension increased from 15mg/L to 45mg/L, the enhancing effect of PS on transport of C₆₀ was eventually transformed into the inhibition of C₆₀ transport, which was mainly due to the increase in the volume and number of PS-C₆₀ co-aggregates.

Based on the monthly water quality and hydrology data from 2003 to 2017, the variation characteristics of total phosphorus (TP) was investigated in the four periods which were divided by the different impoundment feature of the Three Gorges Reservoir after 2003. In the initial water impoundment process, the phosphorus retention effect of the Three Gorges Dam began at 2005. During the trial impoundment period, a marked decrease was observed in annual mean TP concentration along the main stream of the reservoir in 2008. Since then, the TP concentration in Qingxichang section was affected due to the inflow of Wu River with the high TP concentration. At the water level of 175m, there was a dramatic decrease in annual mean TP concentration from Tongguanyi sections to Guandukou section except Qingxichang section. After the operation of cascade hydropower stations upstream, a marked reduction of annual mean TP concentration happened along the main river channel sections except Guandukou section. A higher annual mean concentration of TP in Guandukou section than that in Tuokou section was observed for the first time in 2016. Meanwhile, the average concentration of TP in the flood season was no longer significantly higher than that in the dry season. In this period, no significant correlation was found between the concentration of TP and the water flow discharge in almost sections. In addition, no significant correlation was found between the concentration of TP and suspended volatile matters (SS) in Zhutuo, Tongguanyi and Guandukou section.

Loading on clay mineral can improve the agglomeration behavior of zero-valent iron particles and enhance their reactivity. Particle agglomeration and reactivity are related to the mass ratio of iron to clay. In this study, CTMAB/A-nZVI-3 and CTMAB/A-nZVI-5 were prepared using organic attapulgite (CTMAB/A) as carrier by liquid phase reduction method when the mass ratio of iron to clay were set to 1:3 and 1:5, respectively. The loaded sample and the unloaded nZVI sample were characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The product of the sample after reaction with Cr(VI) was analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that with the ratio of iron to clay decreasing, the agglomeration of nZVI particles were improved and the particle size distributions of nZVI were changed. The nZVI particles with particle size less than 10nm accounted for 3.60% in CTMAB/A-nZVI-3, 7.60% in CTMAB/A-nZVI-5, and zero in unloaded nZVI samples. When the amount of iron in supported samples was 0.75g/L, the Cr(VI) removal rateresulting from iron was 86.20% in CTMAB/A-nZVI-5samples and 78.00% in CTMAB/A-nZVI-3samples.

The influence of KMnO₄ peroxidation combined with PAC (poly aluminum chloride) coagulation (KMnO₄-PAC) on controlling disinfection byproducts formation potential (DBPsFP) and speciation variation in a representative Karst plateau reservoir (Hongfeng Lake) was investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum (3D-EEM) were applied to conjecture DBP formation pathways. Results indicated that, DBPsFP decreased by 17.5% to 73% under the dosage of 0.1,0.2 and 0.4mg/L KMnO₄ compared to untreated water,which might be attributed to the partial deactivation of halogen-active chemical structures and functional groups. In addition, the capture and sweep effect of PAC can further decrease DBPsFP by 27.9% to 86.1% compared to pre-oxidized DOM. The impact of KMnO₄-PAC on DBPsFP was in the order of:trihalomethanes (THM₄)>haloacetic acids (HAA₉)>haloacetonitriles (HAN₄)/haloketones (HK₂)/trichloronitromethane (TCNM). FTIR results showed the increase of peak frequency in fingerprint zone (1000~1300cm^-1) and the decrease of transmittance of main peak at 3300cm^-1, which was mainly attributed to accumulation of hydroxyl/carboxyl/C-O groups and the cleavage of conjugated carbon bonds. Results from 3D-EEM analysis indicated that allochthonous organic matter (humic acid like substances) were reduced as the increase of KMnO₄ dosage. Simultaneously, the peak intensity of protein-like substances increased, which implied that DBPsFP were possibly resulted from protein (amino acid) in untreated DOM.

This paper studied the energy transformity of water in complex rivers with both hydraulic engineering and tributary inflows. A mathematical model of energy transformity of reservoir water was established by considering the renewable resources, non-renewable resources, economic and social feedback and negative output input-energy value. A mathematical model of energy transformity of main stream water after tributary inflow was established by considering the water and energy balance. The calculation method of energy transformity of complex river water was presented. The Jiayan Reservoir located at Liuchong River and the Baifu River (i.e., a branch of Liuchong River) were taken as examples to verify the method. The results showed the average chemical emergy transformity of Jiayan Reservoir was increased from 4.85×10⁴ sej/J in the inflow to 1.15×10⁵ sej/J in the outflow. With this case study, it was illustrated that:due to the effect of hydraulic engineering and the influx of tributaries, there were spatial differences in the energy transformity of the main stream. With the hydraulic engineering, the energy transformity of the main stream improved significantly. With the influx of tributaries, the energy transformity of the main stream was between that of the tributary and that of the main stream before the junction point.

Thirteen types of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in snow water in the urban and suburban areas of Nanjing were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS. The concentrations, pollution characteristics and health risk were also studied along with the source analysis of OPEs. The results showed that 11 types of OPEs were detected in snow water. The total concentration of these 11 OPEs (∑₁₁OPEs) ranged from 229.1ng/L to 1175.0ng/L, with the average concentration of 746.0ng/L. The samples with highest concentration of OPEs were collected at Maqun, a dense commercial and residential district, and the samples with minimum concentration were collected at the chemical park in the suburbs. TDCPP and TBEP were the dominated OPEs congeners in snow water, and their contribution rates were 26.6% and 20.4%, respectively. Principal component analysis indicated that there might be a common source shared by TBEP and TCPP, TMP and TEP in snow. The attachment of OPEs in snow water might be caused by the long-distance migration and atmospheric dry and wet. The daily exposure of ∑₁₁OPEs for different populations via drinking water was 26.6 to 39.0ng/(kg·d). The associated the non-cancer risk and carcinogenic risk of OPEs were lower than the theoretical risk values, which suggested that the human health risk caused by exposure to OPEs in snow water in the study area was at a low level.

To explore the different effects of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on settleability of bulking sludge, the influent conditions changed with shortage of elements P and N for culture different bulking sludges, the EPS in different layers and their components in bulking sludges were analyzed. The results showed that no matter in the non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge or in the filamentous bulking sludge, the contents of Total-PS, of EPS in the outer layer(S-PS、S-PN), and of EPS in the middle layer(L-PS) were higher than those in the normal activated sludge. Polysaccharide content in EPS of all layers in non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge was more than that in filamentous bulking sludge, while the contents of PN of all layers in non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge were lower than those in filamentous bulking sludge. Total-EPS ((229±94) mg/g MLSS) in non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge was higher than that in normal activated sludge ((86±16) mg/g MLSS) and filamentous bulking sludge ((108±30) mg/g MLSS). The higher the contents of Total-P, Total-PN in non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge were, the bigger SVI value was and the worse sludge settleability was. Protein had more great effect on the sludge settleability than polysaccharide did. In the view of EPS in layers, the EPS in incompact outer layer(layer S) was the key to the formation of non-filamentous viscous bulking sludge(value of S-PN and SVI had the greatest correlation, r=0.881, P<0.05). Total contents of EPS components, the EPS contents in the different layers but tightly bond T-PN were all weak-negative correlated with SVI.

The porous TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄ composite photocatalyst was successfully prepared by combining ultrasonic with hydrothermal treatment. XRD, SEM, TEM, UV-Vis DRS and PL were applied to analyze its morphology, structure and optical properties. The photocatalytic activities of the as-prepared samples were evaluated by degradating the simulated pollutants (RhB, MO) in aqueous solution under simulated sunlighti llumination. The result showed that the TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄ (5:100) exhibited the best photocatalytic degradation performance among all photocatalists with different compositions. The photocatalytic degradation pathway of RhB was chromophore cleavage caused by O₂^- and h⁺. The improved photocatalytic performance of TiO₂/pg-C₃N₄ (5:100) was attributed to the fact that the active sites of the photocatalytic reaction were increased due to the porous structure, on the one hand, and a Z-scheme type heterojunction was formed between TiO₂ and pg-C₃N₄ on the other hand, which not only can increase the separation efficiency of electron-hole pairs, but also can retain the stronger reducibility of photo-generated electrons on the more negative CB of pg-C₃N₄ and higher oxidationability of photo-generated holes on the more positive VB of TiO₂, compared with the conventional type II heterojunction.

The effect of dissolved oxygen (DO) on single-stage granular sludge autotrophic denitrification in a sequencing batch reactor system was evaluated through coupling of mass transfer process of granule sludge, vegetation processes of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB), aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AAOB), nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) and denitrifying bacteria, and endogenous respiration processes of aerobic and anoxic bacteria. A kinetic model of autotrophic denitrification granular sludge was developed based on activated sludge model 3 (ASM3) and the shortcut nitrification-nitrification-denitrification model, and subsequently the substrate concentration distribution within granular sludge was predicted. The results showed the ratio of aerobic zone to anoxic zone in granular sludge decreased from 3:1 to 0.4:1 when DO concentration decreased from 0.6mg/L to 0.4mg/L. Based on the matrix reaction rate equation, a system kinetic model of granular sludge single-stage autotrophic nitrogen removal was developed to predict system performance. The predicted result of total nitrogen removal rate (89%) was slightly lower than the actual measured removal rate (95%).

This experiment studied the influence of some environmental factors, including various concentration of sulfadiazine (SDZ), paddy soil humic acid (SDHA), and peat soil humic acid (NTHA), different pH values, photosensitive ions (NO₃^- and Fe³⁺), ionic strength, and metal ions (Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and K⁺) on the photodegradation of SDZ in pure water and two separate sources of HA solution. The results showed that under the condition of pH=7.1, the photodegradation of SDZ has been promoted in both systems and had the best effect. The photolysis rate of SDZ was speeded up under the condition of low SDZ (2mg/L) and low HA concentration (15mg/L). Photosensitive ions NO₃^- promoted the photolysis of SDZ in pure water by light producing·OH, but in HA systems, HA could inhibit OH and cause the photolysis rate of SDZ to be lower than that in pure water; Fe³⁺ exhibited inhibition in HA systems, and the intensity was NTHA>SDHA. The photolysis rate of SDZ in pure water increased when the concentrations of NaCl became higher, under HA systems, the inhibition effect was stronger under the lower concentration of NaCl (C_NaCl=50mmol/L). The metal ions (K⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) in pure water had a weak inhibition effect on the photolysis of SDZ, but K⁺ clearly showed inhibition in HA systems. The inhibition intensity was K⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺. The effect of monovalent cation on SDZ photodegradation was more significant.

Four kinds of resistant bacterium Enterococcus, Brevibacillus, Pseudomonas, and Escherichia coli were isolated from the secondary effluent of a sewage treatment plant. The reduction effect of three disinfection methods of UV, O₃ and UV/O₃ on ARB and ARGs was evaluated by colony counting method and qPCR. The study showed that the three methods had obvious inactivation of ARB, and the effect on inactivation of Gram-positive bacteria was worse than that of Gram-negative bacteria. The reduction of ARGs varied by the means of disinfection and the types of ARGs, and the result indicated that Brevibacillus showed stronger resistance during the reduction process of ARB and ARGs. In addition, combined with photoreactivation experiments and scanning electron microscopy, it was found that the photoreactivation rate of ARB after UV disinfection for 72h was between 6.93% and 11.60%. There was no photoreactivation phenomenon by O₃ due to the destruction of cell structure, which might lead intracellular ARGs to be released into the environment. Meanwhile, the ARB damage caused by UV/O₃ was also irreversible.

The Pd/C catalyst was synthesized by deposition-precipitation method. The effect of solvent on catalytic hydrodechlorination was studied for the disposal of 4-chlorobiphenyl over Pd/C catalyst, and biphasic n-butanol-water solvent was established for efficient hydrodechlorination of high concentration capacitor oils (mainly polychlorinated biphenyls). It was found that protic solvents more favoured liquid-phase hydrodechlorination. Moreover, the addition of water promoted Pd/C catalyzed hydrodechlorination of 4-chlorobiphenyl in isopropanol-water solvent and biphasic organic-water solvent. The results showed that complete conversion of 4-CBP could be achieved in biphasic n-butanol-water (1:3, V/V) solvent within 90min, and the catalyst could be recovered and reused at least 8 times. In the biphasic n-butanol-water (1:3, V/V) solvent, capacitor oil containing polychlorinated biphenyls (10g/L) could be completely hydrodechlorinated into biphenyl over Pd/C catalyst within 360 min.

A novel nonlinear method named E-ConvNet was proposed for ERT inversion of contaminated sites, which combined Sobel edge detection operator with deep convolutional neural network algorithm (CNN). The edge features of apparent resistivity data in contaminated sites were extracted by the Sobel operator as the prior information feed into CNN, which improved computational efficiency and identification accuracy of E-ConvNet. The performance of E-ConvNet algorithm were testedon five theoretical model data (single anomaly, double anomalies, and layered structures with double anomalies) and field data, and then compared with results from the traditional Least Squares (LS) algorithm. The results showed that E-ConvNet can accurately identify the area, location and resistance of pollution, and its accuracy and computing efficiency were better than those of LS. The single anomaly recognition accuracy of E-ConvNet and LS were 81.8%~84.9% and 9.6%~36.2%, respectively; the multiple anomalies recognition accuracy of E-ConvNet and LS were 68.6%~84.4% and 2.8%~27.6%, respectively; the computing time of E-ConvNetis about 112~190ms,and the computing time of LS was 6000~7000ms. Therefore, E-ConvNet proposed in this study can accurately and efficiently inversed the polluted areas in the investigation of contaminated sites and provide technical support for the follow-up assessment/restoration work.

In order to investigate the effect of physical additives on the fungal community structure during the composting of cattle manure, a 30-day composting experiment was carried out with cattle manure and wheat straw as raw materials, and biochar and volcanic rocks as additives. The requirements of harmless and stablilization of cattle manure composting were achieved in experiments. High-throughput sequencing results showed that Wallemia was dominant in composting raw materials, with a relative abundance of 86.85%. In the thermophilic phase, Wallemia and Aspergillus were the dominant genus in the control treatment and volcanic rocks treatment, while the relative abundance of Scedosporium and Acremonium was higher in the biochar treatment. Mycothermus and Thermomyces were dominant in the cooling phase, and the relative abundance of Thermomyces in the biochar treatment was higher than that in the other two treatments. In the maturity phase, the relative abundance of Mycothermus was the highest among all the treatments. The addition of volcanic rocks increased the abundance of Remersonia and Trichosporon. Spearman correlation analysis showed that Mycothermus was significantly correlated with GI, TN, TP, NH₄⁺-N, moisture content, pH, VS and urease (P<0.05). This study provides references for the research on mechanism and process modification of cattle manure composting.

Four commercially available chelating agents used for fly ash stabilization were collected and used to study the releasing characteristic of volatile pollutants at 20℃ and 40℃. The results showed that the released volatile pollutants were composed of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, benzene, isovaleraldehyde/isopropanol, methyl mercaptan, ethyl mercaptan and so on. Among the volatile pollutants released from three chelating agent samples, the concentration of formaldehyde was the highest; at 20℃, the concentration of formaldehyde was 748~1325 μg/L-chelating agent, accounting for 68%~96%(mass ratio) of the released volatile pollutants; at 40℃, the concentration of formaldehyde was 4282~6822 μg/L-chelating agent, accounting for 87%~95% (mass ratio) of the released volatile pollutants. With the increase of temperature, more types of volatile pollutants were released from the chelating agents, and the concentrations of some pollutants increased. At 40℃, the concentrations of the volatile pollutants released from the four chelating agent samples increased by 142% to 444% compared with those at 20℃. Elemental analysis, Raman spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis showed that these four chelating agents had similar active ingredients of dithiocarbamates. It suggested that, during the storage, dilution, and fly ash stabilization processes, the pollutants released from this type of chelating agents might be harmful to the health of the operators. Emitted air pollutants should be collected for further treatment. In addition, during the fly ash landfill process, the residual chelating agents in the fly ash may increase the concentration of ammonia and other substances in the leachate, which would increase the difficulty for leachate treatment.

Three nitrification inhibitors treatments,2.5% (DCD1), 5.0%(DCD2) and 7.5%(DCD3) of nitrogen fertilizer application, and three urease inhibitors treatments, 0.1% (HQ1), 0.3%(HQ2), 0.5%(HQ3) of nitrogen fertilizer application, and three combined nitrification and urease inhibitors treatments, 2.5%+0.1% (HH1), 5.0%+0.3%(HH2), 7.5%+0.5% (HH3), were experimented in this study to investigate the influence of inhibitors on denitrification and ammonia volatilization losses in laboratory experiment. The quantitative influence relationship among inhibitors, nitrogen losses (denitrification and ammonia volatilization) and environmental factors were further explored using path analysis method. The results showed that application of dicyandiamide alone could significantly inhibit denitrification loss, but increase NH₃ volatilization. Application of hydroquinone alone could effectively inhibit NH₃ volatilization, but had ineffective effects on denitrification loss. Combined application of dicyandiamide and hydroquinone significantly inhibited both denitrification loss and ammonia volatilization, especially at HH2 (5.0% dicyandiamide +0.3% hydroquinone. Compared to CK, HH2 decreased the denitrification and ammonia volatilization losses by 31.3% and 12.5%, respectively. Path analysis showed that dicyandiamide and hydroquinone mainly decreased the sediment NO₃^--N, sediment NH+ 4-N, overlying water NH+ 4-N and overlying water DON concentration, and thus decreased denitrification and ammonia volatilization rate.

Four coastal salt marshes invaded by Spartina alterniflora spanning 11 degrees of latitudes were selected, and soil totalmercury (THg), methylmercury (MeHg) contents and environmental factors were compared and analyzed between S.alterniflora marshes and other salt marshes (native specieswith no mutual growth of S.alterniflora). The aim was to explore the effects of S.alterniflora invasion on the characteristics of soil methylmercury in coastal salt marshes in China. First, among four study sites, the rank of THg content was Minjiang Estuary ((115.327±18.220) μg/kg) > Hangzhou Bay ((37.792±3.761) μg/kg) > Yellow River Delta ((27.690±4.359) μg/kg) > Yancheng ((8.843±1.688) μg/kg); the rank of MeHg content was Hangzhou Bay ((0.589±0.134) μg/kg) > Yellow River Delta ((0.511±0.059) μg/kg) > Minjiang Estuary ((0.361±0.065) μg/kg) > Yancheng (0.191±0.027 μg/Kg). Second, the overall effect of S.alterniflora invasionhad no significant effect on soil MeHg and%MeHg of coastal salt marshes except for the Yellow River Delta where S.alterniflora invasion increased the MeHg content(95.0%). Third, among those two types of salt marshes, the correlation between%MeHg and THg was highly negative, and there was a threshold for this relationship (20~30μg/kg):when THg was lower than the threshold, the correlation between%MeHg and environmental factors was weak; while when THg was higher than the threshold,%MeHg was significantly correlated with environmental factors. This study investigated the effects of S.alterniflora invasion on soil methylmercury of coastal salt marshes with a large spatial span. Out study provided data supports for a more comprehensive evaluation of the impacts of S.alterniflora invasion on China's coastal areas, and also provided a basis for studying the migration and transformation of mercury in coastal wetlands.

The effects of different humic acids (HA), including standard humic acid (SPHA), Paddy soil humic acid (SDHA), Peat soil humic acid (NTHA) and Deciduous soil humic acid (LYHA), on the photodegradation of sulfadiazine (SDZ), and corresponding contribution of primary reactive species was investigated. The results indicated that the photodegradation process of SDZ in pure water and HA solution was consistent with the first-order photodegradation kinetic model. The photodegradation of SDZ was promoted by HA, in order of promoting effects:SPHA > SDHA > NTHA > LYHA. Based on the quenching experiment of hydroxyl radical (·OH) and singlet oxygen (¹O₂), the capacity to produce·OH and ¹O₂ of HA was been influenced by its own source. Under the same conditions, the amount of·OH produced by SPHA was relatively higher, and its contribution rate to SDZ photodegradation was the largest (26.97%), while LYHA contribution was relatively smaller at 9.33%. Meanwhile, ¹O₂ was found to play the most important role in the photodegradation of SDZ, with the contribution rate ranging from 41.33% to 51.95%.

An ecological restoration engineering project of 4.5hm² was implemented at a Mn mine tailing site by coplanting two fast-growing trees (Paulownia fortune and Koelreuteriabipinnata) as the dominant colonization species. An organicbacteri-rich manure was used to amend the rhizospheric area surrounding the coplanted seedlings. Enrichment of the site's biodiversity was counted on natural germination of native metal tolerant plant species based on the soil seed inventory capacity. The experimental data showed that the application of the manure not only enhanced the biomass growth and heavy metal uptake of the plant communities but also enriched its species composition and biodiversity. In the sixth year after the establishment of the remediation site, the total dry biomass quantity, total Mn uptake and total number of plant species of the restored plant community with manure treatment reached 33498.7kg/hm², 5532.6g/hm² and 51, respectively, which were approximately 22.8, 2.6 and 3.4 times higher than those in the control plot amended with chemical fertilizers. The total uptake of metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn and Cr) by species and the number of species and quantities of rhizospheric microbial communities were also significantly greater in the manure-treated plot. The remediation effect of the organic manure can be attributed to its interaction with plant roots, microorganisms and substrates, forming an integrated system in reduction of the metal toxicity in the rhizosphere. The transplanted Paulownia fortunei and koelreuteriabipinnata grew very fast with characteristics of high levels of biomass quantity, land coverage and metal uptake. The total number of the two coplanted tree species accounted for less than 0.2% of that of the entire plant community in the treatmentplot, however, their dry biomass quantity, Mn uptake, and land coverage contributed to 88%, 73% and 55.2% of the restored ecosystem, respectively. Paulownia fortunei and Koelreuteriabipinnata played important roles as keystone species in the ecological restoration of the manganese tailing site.

A composite electrolyte with citric acid and ferric chloride was used to study the effects of different electrolyte concentrations on U(VI) migration behavior and energy efficiency. The results revealed the optimal concentration combination was 0.1mol/L for citric acid, and 0.03mol/L for FeCl_3. The corresponding removal efficiency of uranium was about (61.55±0.41)%, the cumulative energy consumption was 0.2559kW·h, and the energy utilization ratio β was (0.24±0.02)×10³. Visual MNIETQ software was further used to simulate theaqueous U speciation in citric acid and ferric chloride solutions at pH 3.0. The results showed that a large amount of uranium-citrate complex (UO₂-Citrate^-) and a small amount of uranyl ion (UO₂²⁺) existed in the process, and uranium mainly migrated from cathode to anode. When the concentration of ferric chloride increased to 0.05mol/L, the removal rate of uranium decreased correspondingly. This phenomenon was related to the strength and direction of electroosmotic flow and the adsorption of colloidal hydroxide. Compared with single citric acid and hydrochloric acidelectrolyte, the electrolyte combined with citric acid and ferric chloride has the advantages of higher removal efficiency, lower leaching toxicity and little harm after electrokinetic (EK) remediation.

Based on the locational and environmental vairables collected at sampling points in Nanjing city, the Geostatistics and Random forest models were combined to predict the distribution of soil PAHs. Results showed that combination of these two could improve the prediction accuracy of PAHs in the research area. The model fitness achieved by the combined model was 74.8% higher than that from the traditional Kriging method. The generated map also characterized the spatial variation pattern better, and identified the high and low polluted areas. The importance of environmental variables in the output from the random forest model showed that soil carbon, soil texture and plant density were the main controlling factors for PAHS distribution. This study could provide a methodology framework for high-resolution and high-precision mapping of urban pollutants, such as PAHs.

The growth morphology, triglyceride accumulation, photosynthetic activity and other characteristics of Scenedesmus bijuga FACHB-78 were studied under the conditions of NaCl concentration ranging from 0 to 45‰, and the optimal salt stress condition was determined. The results showed that with the increase of salinity, the density of algae cells gradually decreased, the ratio of chlorophyll a content to carotenoid content gradually increased, but the accumulation of triglyceride increased first and decreased thereafter. When the salinity was 10‰, the density of algae cells was 26.30% lower than that in normal medium, and the level and content of triglyceride both achieved the maximum values of 250.88mg/L and 33.41%, respectively, which were 97.05% and 82.09% higher than those in normal medium. Additionally, the Photosynthesis was relatively active. For the production of biodiesel, under the stress of salinity of 10‰, Scenedesmus bijuga FACHB-78 cells had greater advantages over algae cells cultured under normal medium.

Taking Xilin River Basin and Balager River Basin of Inner Mongolia as typical plateau inland river basins, we analyzed the hydrometeorology mutation characteristics (e.g. air temperature, precipitation and runoff), ecological evolution pattern (e.g. normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI)), and their relationship in the past 55years. Based on methods of mathematical statistics, Mann-Kendall test, climate tendency, Kriging spatial interpolation and remote sensing interpretation, the results showed compared with Balager River Basin, Xilin River Basin has a higher degree of drought, higher air temperature, smaller precipitation and runoff depth, less precipitation days and runoff days, lower runoff coefficient. In Xilin River Basin, the air temperature showed a more dramatic increasing tendency and earlier mutation year. The warming rates in both regions were beyond 0.2℃/10a. At annual scale, there were substantial difference in the mutation time and the sequence, driving factors and change values of before and after mutation time for the runoff coefficient, precipitation, and runoff between these two regions. The spatial distributions of seasonal precipitation were different between the two places exist different. The maximum NDVI of the two places were similar to the spatial distribution characteristics of winter precipitation, i.e., concentrating in the upper river valleys.

Taking the different ages of Pinus massoniana plantation in the central Guizhou as the research object, using the space-time substitution method, 6 plots of farmland (control), forest gap, middle stage forest, near-mature forest, mature forest and over-mature forest were selected. Chosen a representative day and measure microclimate indicators at different times, and the observation indexes of different vertical heights (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5m) in the sites were compared. The results showed that:(1) Except that the wind speed varied with the measured height (1.5m > 1.0m > 0.5m), the difference was extremely significant (P<0.01), and the other observed indicators had no significant difference with the measured height (P>0.05). (2) During the observation period, there were significant differences in microclimates of Pinus massoniana forests in different forest ages (P<0.05), among which light intensity, photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed changed to farmland > forest gap > masson pine forests; relative humidity changed to masson pine forests > forest gap > farmland. (3) Compared with farmland, masson pine forests reduced light intensity, photosynthetic photon flux density, air temperature, vapor pressure deficit and wind speed by 917.36%, 837.35%, 5.33%, 30.77%, and 193.58%, respectively, increased relative humidity by 6.39%. Masson pine forests had significant effects of blocking sunlight, reducing air temperature, increasing wetness, maintaining humidity, and keeping microclimate stability under the canopy. In the early stage of succession, the effect of resisting sunlight and wind speed was obvious, while in the later stage, the effect of reducing air temperature, increasing and keeping humidity was remarkable. The comfort evaluation showed that in addition to winter, the masson pine forests in Central Guizhou played a good role in forest rehabilitation and recreation.

In order to explore the mechanism of the resistance of Astragalus membranaceus seedlings to stress of copper ion (Cu²⁺) and the mitigative effects of attapulgite clay on Cu²⁺ pollution, the physiological toxicity of CuSO₄ (2~20mmol/L) to Astragalus membranaceus seedlings and the alleviative effects of attapulgite clay on such physiological toxicity were investigated. The results showed that, after treatment with 2mmol/L CuSO₄, the Cu²⁺ content, H₂O₂ (hydrogen peroxide) content, and MDA (malondialdehyde) content of roots were significantly increased by 1.82, 1.04 and, 2.14 folds, respectively, compared to the controls. After treatment with 8mmol/L CuSO₄, the SOD (superoxide dismutase) activity in the roots, the degree of damages on root apical membrane, and leaf Cu²⁺ content were significantly increased by 1.13, 1.12, and 2.62 folds, respectively, compared to the controls. Under the stress of 8mmol/L CuSO₄, the Y(Ⅱ) (photochemical quantum yield of PS Ⅱ), qP (photochemical quenching coefficient), ETR (the rate of non-cyclic electron-transport through PS Ⅱ), and chlorophyll content of the leaves significantly decreased by 22.88%, 24.44%, 21.49%, and 8.31%. While the NPQ and qN (non-photochemical quenching) of the leaves was significantly increased by 2.35 and 1.58 fold, respectively, compared with controls. The POD (peroxidase) activity, CAT (catalase) activity, and soluble protein and sugar content of roots reached maximum at 8mmol/L CuSO₄ and decreased afterwards. CuSO₄ at the concentrations as high as 15~20mmol/L caused the significant decreases of the APX (ascorbate peroxidase) activity of roots, maximum photochemical efficiency of PS II under light adaptation (F_v'/F_m') of leaves, and fresh or dry weight of whole seedlings and below-ground parts. Under the condition without CuSO₄ stress, the presence of attapulgite clay in the growth substrate made the MDA content of roots significantly decreased by 15.93% but did not affect other physiological indicators. Under the stress of 20mmol/L CuSO₄, attapulgite clay made the Cu²⁺ content in roots and leaves significantly decreased by 30.78% and 23.12%, respectively. In addition, it alleviated the effects of CuSO₄ on the production of reactive oxygen species antioxidant enzyme activities, membrane lipid peroxidation, the degree of damage on root apical membrane, and the content of soluble protein and sugar of roots. The presence of attapulgite clay in the growth also effectively alleviated the inhibition of PS II photochemical activity, chlorophyll content, and growth of the seedlings under CuSO₄ stress. These results suggested that attapulgite clay in the growth medium could effectively alleviate the CuSO₄-induced physiological toxicity to Astragalus membranaceus seedlings through reducing the bioavailability of Cu²⁺ in seedlings.

Analytical and molecular biology methods were integrated together to investigate the physicochemical factors in water and sediments of Hengshi River as well as the diversity of eukaryotic microorganism community in the sediments. Spearman correlation and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) were further applied to identify the major factors affecting eukaryotic microorganism community. Results of 18S rRNA gene sequencing indicated that Eukaryotic community of Hengshi River was dominated by Fungi (4.51%~86.69%), Chlorophyta (61%~77.36%) and Ciliophora (0.81%~34.91%). Both the abundance and evenness of eukaryotic communities in sediments significantly and gradually increased along the Hengshi River with decreasing contamination, which suggested that composition of eukaryotic microorganism community partly reflected changes in physicochemical conditions. Sulfate and electric conductivity of the sediments were the major abiotic factors altering the eukaryotic communities in the sediments of AMD impacted Hengshi River, which was different from the findings of prokaryotic microbial communities.

To understand the characteristics of sulfamethazine (SMZ) biodegradation in the polluted environment where SMZ and Cu²⁺ co-existed, this study focused on the bio-treatment of SMZ-Cu²⁺ in different conditions by Sakaguchia cladiensis (named A5), a strain resistant to sulfamethazine, which was screened and isolated from the soil of a livestock and poultry farm (Guangzhou, China). The results showed that, with the presence of single SMZ or SMZ-Cu²⁺ combined pollution in the culture medium, strain A5 still maintained a good growth trend. Sakaguchia cladiensis was an effective strain to remove SMZ from pollution system. The presence of Cu²⁺ was beneficial for A5 to decompose SMZ. The degradation rates of SMZ reached 37.3% in 3d. Under the condition of 1g/L of inoculum, 1mg/L initial concentration of SMZ, and neutral pH, the removal effect of strain A5 on SMZ was the best. The transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis showed that the cells of strain A5 were severely damaged when SMZ and Cu²⁺ co-existed in solution, leading to the outflow of cytoplasm.

The effects of betaine and petroleum sulfonate surfactants on the quantity and metabolic activity of microorganisms in surface water were investigated in this study. In addition, we also analyzed the changes of microbial community structure before and after treatment with surfactants based on the high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene of the flora. The results showed that the growth activities of microorganisms under the stress of these two surfactants all present the phenomenon of promotion in low concentration and inhibition in high concentration, showing obvious concentration dependence. Compared with the control group, the microbial biomass, protein content and dehydrogenase activity were significantly decreased in the presence of 1.5g/L surfactants, and microbial community showed higher biological toxicity with betaine surfactant than petroleum sulfonate at the same concentration. The analysis of flora diversity indicated that Enterobacter (with a ratio of more than 75%) was the dominant genus in all samples. From each group, petroleum sulfonate can effectively improve the relative abundance of Enterobacter, and exert a significant inhibitory effect on Pseudomonas and Rhizobium. However, betaine can significantly increase the proportion of Pseudomonas and Stenotrophomonas, and inhibit the reproduction of Enterobacter and Rhizobium. Through the interaction between surfactant and pure bacteria, it was shown that surfactant could interfere with the normal physiological function of cells by disturbing the growth cycle of bacteria and destroying the structure of cell membrane, resulting in the reduction of its activity and even death.

In this study, we applied the generalized additive models (GAMs) including threshold and saturation effect of smooth curve analysis model to evaluate the synergistic effects of air temperature and ozoneon the numbers of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) hospitalizations in Shijiazhuang, China. After controlling the potential confounding factors, such as long-term time trends, seasonal patterns, and the effect of holidays and day of the week of time series data, we estimated the synergistic effect of temperature and ozone on COPD hospitalizations, controlling forrelative humidity, PM_2.5, SO₂, and NO₂. In addition, we also evaluated differential associations on samples stratified by sex and age. The results showed that, the thresholds of temperature and ozone in the dose-response relationship with the numbers of COPD hospitalizations were 0.3℃, 19℃, and 100μg/m³, respectively. When the concentration of ozone was above 100μg/m³, the relative risk (RR) of COPD hospitalization was 1.042 (95% confidence interval[CI]:1.020, 1.065) per1℃ increase in temperature, and achieved the maximum of 1.082 (95% CI:1.049, 1.116) when temperature was above 19℃. There were synergistic effects of high temperature and high ozone concentration on the COPD hospitalizations, to which the elderly were more sensitive. However, no significant difference was found regarding gender.

In this study, two separated experiments about the effects of fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) on mitochondrial injury in susceptible mice were comied out. In first set of experiments, winter fine particulate matter (PM_2.5) was collected in Taiyuan City and the C57BL/6 female mice at 4 weeks, 4 months and 10 months old were exposed to 3mg/kg (body weight) PM_2.5 for 4 weeks by oropharyngeal instillation. Second, the winter PM_2.5 were collected from Taiyuan, Beijing, Hangzhou, and Guangzhou and exposed to 10 months old mice similarly. The results from the first set of experiments showed that the mRNA levels of Cytochrome c oxidase subunits I (co1), IV (co4) and ATP synthase (ATP6) and nuclear transcription factors pgc-1α, nrf1 and tfam in cardiac tissues were detected by real-time PCR. The mRNA levels of co1, co4, ATP6 and nuclear transcription factors pgc-1α, nrf1 and tfam were significantly elevated in hearts of 10-month-old but not in those of 4-week-old and 4-month-old mice after Taiyuan PM_2.5 exposure. In the second set of experiments, when 10-month-old mice were exposed to PM_2.5 from different cities, the exposure of PM_2.5 from Hangzhou could increase the mRNA expression of co1, co4, ATP6, pgc-1α and tfam in the hearts of mice. Exposure to PM_2.5 from Beijing can increase the mRNA expression of co1, ATP6 and tfam in mouse hearts. PM_2.5 from Guangzhou exposure did not cause any of the above changes in gene expression. PM_2.5 from Taiyuan has the greatest impact on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in susceptible mice, followed by from Hangzhou and Beijing, while PM_2.5 from Guangzhou has the least impact.

In order to study the pollution characteristics and toxic effects of fine particulate matters in Harbin, we analyzed the distribution characteristics of their mass and number concentration and their effects on lung injury in micewith samples of PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 in 2017. The results showed that the mass concentration of PM_2.5, PM_1.0 showed a pattern of high in winter and low in summer; The mass concentration of PM_1.0 accounted for 62%~85% of the total mass concentration of PM_2.5. The temporal pattern of PM_1.0 number was lower in the middle of the year and higher in both ends, and its number concentration was negatively correlated with the temperature, and there was no significant correlation with the relative humidity. In the study of the effects of atmospheric particulate matter on lung injury in mice, it was found that LDH, ACP, AKP, ALB in lung tissue cells of mice exposed to air particulates increased, indicating that PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 had toxic effects on lung tissue cells of mice. The level of MDA, NO, NOS in lung lavage fluid increased and the activity of SOD decreased, which indicated that both PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 caused oxidative damage in the body. With the increase of the mass concentration of PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 in the air particles, the cytotoxic effect on the lung tissue of mice was enhanced and the degree of oxidative damage was increased.

Based on the estimates of resource consumption with the adjustedraw material consumption method and the decoupling index, this study measured and decomposed the dependent relationship between provincial economic growth and resource consumption in China during the period 2005~2015. This paper also investigated the temporal and spatial pattern in decoupling level of material consumption and other relevant environmental pressure. The results showed that most provinces experienced weak decoupling between growth and resource consumption, while their decoupling performance has substantially improved from the period of 11th five-year plan (FYP) to the period of 12th FYP. Generally, the decoupling level of material consumption was lower than that of water demand, CO₂/SO₂ emission and wastewater disposal, but higher than that of solid waste emission. Based on our findings, we proposed that more stringent and comprehensive policy instruments should be considered by policy makers to improve overall material resource efficiency.

In order to study the distribution characteristics and potential health risks of typical radionuclides in water around the uranium mining area, the activity concentration of radionuclides in shallow groundwater and river water around the area was analyzed and measured. The improved Nemero comprehensive pollution index method was used to evaluate radioactive pollution level, the cancer risks for people of different ages were assessed by the health risk assessment model. The results showed that activity concentrations of²³⁸U, ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in groundwater (0.012~0.102, 0.013~0.036, 0.002~0.033Bq/L)and river water (0.001~0.066, 0.013~0.034, 0.001~0.013Bq/L) did not exceed the standards stipulated by the WHO for drinking-water quality, but far higher than the average values in Jiangxi Province. The nuclides' activity concentration in the river water continuously decreased as water flowed, while no obvious trend was observed for spatial distribution of nuclides. The comprehensive pollution index in river water was higher than that in groundwater:The peak value for river water was 9.21 which was heavy pollution, while the peak value for groundwater was 6.83 which is medium pollution. Results of health risk assessment indicated that the cancer risk for infants and children was higher than that for adults. The lifetime cancer risk for infants exceeded the maximum value of 5.0×10^-5 regulated by ICRP, and meantime the risk values for children and adults were respectively 33.3% and 16.7% higher than standards. Even if the other water samples did not exceed the standard, they were higher than the negligible risk level of 10^-6 recommended by USEPA, and therefore indicating potential cancer risk. The carcinogenic risk level of nuclides decreased in the order of ²²⁶Ra > ²³²Th > ²³⁸U. Therefore, more attention should be focused on the study of ²²⁶Ra and ²³²Th in drinking water around uranium mining area.

Based on the spectral information of remote sensing images during four periods, the remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and fractional vegetation cover (FVC) were calculated for the poverty-stricken region of the Lüliang Mountains (PSLM), the temporal and spatial variation of regional ecological environment was subsequently evaluated. The results showed that:(1) The FVC in the research area decreased from 0.65 in 1993 to 0.55 in 2018, and the RSEI decreased from 0.47 in 1993 to 0.40 in 2018. (2) The overall ecological environment of the PSLM showed a trend of degradation during the research period, with the most serious degradation happened in the north and south part of the PSLM. Except for the region of Yellow River valley, all the other river valleys experienced the significant degradation in FVC and ecological environment. (3) The RSEI value in the PSLM region was generally lower and showed substantial spatial variations. The ecological environment in the central part of the study area was the most vulnerable and the part of northern Xinzhou and southern Linfen area was deteriorated particularly significantly. (4) The variation pattern of FVC was generally consistent with that of RSEI. The improvement of FVC has a positive influence on the local ecological environment, while the rapid economic development (increasing in roads, construction land and farmland) has negative impacts on the local ecological environment. In the process of regional poverty alleviation and development, more attention should be paid to balance the needs of regional economic development and ecological environment protection in order to avoid further damage to the fragile regional ecological environment.

For purpose of promoting the construction of reclaimed water market, this paper took Xi'an city asexample by researching on its development process of reclaimed water market. From the perspective of evolutionary game theory, we studied the equilibrium and evolutionary paths for a tri-game between government, manufacturers and consumers in the reclaimed water reuse market. Our analysis showed that the evolutionary process of reclaimed water reuse market consisted of four stages and the system could evolve to different equilibriums at different stages. Support from government can significantly improve the amount of reclaimed water treatment and recycling in the initial stage. In the subsequent stages of development, the participation of manufacturers and acceptance of consumers should be improved by distributing financial subsidies, improving utility of using reclaimed water, reducing utility of tap water, increasing profit of reclaimed water manufactures and reducing cost of government management.

Xiuzhou district and Haining county in Jiaxing were chosen as the research objects in the present work,and the emission intensity of ammonia nitrogen (NH₃-N), total phosphorus (TP) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from rural sewage treatment facilities in each town were quantitatively estimated and spatially analyzed using a comprehensive source intensity estimation method based on global information system (GIS). The results showed that higher emission intensities of NH₃-N and COD were observed in Xiuzhou district, and similar intensity of TP in both areas.And in Xiuzhou district, Honghe town had the highest emission intensities in all the three pollutants. While in Haining county, the highest emission intensity of NH₃-N was fonud in Yanguan town and the highest emission intensities of TP and COD were in Xucun town. Rural sewage discharge weights were calculated via both factor analysis and weighted index methods. The priority zones for maintenance and supervision were then screened out based on the rural sewage discharge weights combining with ecological sensitivity assessment and environmental function zoning. In Xiuzhou district, Honghe, Wangjiangjing and Youchegang were selected as the priority control zones, which accounted for 27.87% of facilities and 72.42% of the pollutants discharge. By supervising 17.66% of all the facilities, 59.98% of the pollutants discharge in this district could be monitored. In Haining county, Changan, Xucun, Haizhou, Yanguan and Yuanhua were chosen as the priority control zones, which accounted for 69.10% of facilities and 71.23% of the total pollutant weight. 43.54% of the pollutants discharge in the country could be monitored by supervising 16.85% of the total facilities. The obtained research results could provide technical support to improve the efficiency of facility operation and maintenance supervision.