路边微环境PM2.5化学组分特征及来源解析

高雪倩; 吴建会; 张会涛; 张文慧; 戴启立; 宫攀

PDF(545 KB)

中国环境科学 ›› 2021, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (11) : 5086-5093.

大气污染与控制

路边微环境PM_2.5化学组分特征及来源解析

高雪倩¹, 吴建会¹, 张会涛¹, 张文慧¹, 戴启立¹, 宫攀²

作者信息 +

Contributions of vehicle emissions to PM_2.5 in roadside microenvironments

GAO Xue-qian¹, WU Jian-hui¹, ZHANG Hui-tao¹, ZHANG Wen-hui¹, DAI Qi-li¹, GONG Pan²

Author information +

文章历史 +

摘要

采集并分析了武汉市机动车尾气源PM_2.5样品，并于2019年10月18~27日采集了武汉市不同路边微环境（市区路边、环线路边、环境背景点）PM_2.5样品并分析其化学组分特征，利用化学质量平衡模型（CMB）解析评估了机动车尾气对城市不同路边微环境PM_2.5的贡献.结果表明，机动车尾气成分谱以OC和EC为主，汽油车OC质量分数约为柴油车的1.14倍，柴油车EC质量分数是汽油车的1.08倍.路边碳组分主要来源于机动车尾气，其中OC浓度在市区路边最高，EC浓度在环线路边最高；市区路边NO₃^-和NH₄⁺浓度较高，与二次转化有关；环线路边Fe、Si、Al质量浓度高于市区路边.CMB来源解析结果显示，机动车尾气源是环线路边、市区路边微环境的主要来源，分担率为35.20%和38.89%，是环境背景点的2倍左右.不同路边微环境污染源贡献差异明显，与环线路边相比，市区路边机动车尾气源与二次来源均相对较高，而扬尘源贡献低于环线路边.

Abstract

To investigate the contribution of vehicle emissions to PM_2.5 in roadside micro-environments in Wuhan, daily PM_2.5 filter samples were collected from different roadside microenvironments (urban roadside, ring roadside) and background site from October 18^th to October 27^th, 2019 in Wuhan. Chemical components of the PM_2.5 samples include elements, carbonaceous materials, and ions were determined. The motor vehicle exhausted PM_2.5 were also collected and analyzed to provide localized source profile for the fitting of chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results showed that the vehicle exhausted PM_2.5 was dominated by OC and EC. Mass fraction of OC in PM_2.5 from gasoline vehicles was 1.14 times that from diesel vehicles, while the EC from diesel vehicles was 1.08 times that from gasoline vehicles. The fine organic aerosol concentration in roadside was higher than the other sites and largely originated from vehicle exhausts. Concentrations of Fe, Si, and Al at the outer loop line roadside were higher than those at inner-loop urban roadsides. CMB source appointment results showed that the contribution of vehicle emissions to PM_2.5 at the outer loop and inner-loop urban roadsides was 35.20% and 38.89%, respectively, nearly twice that at background site. The sources of PM_2.5 varied with different roadside microenvironments, with vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol had a higher contribution at the inner-loop urban roadside than the outer loop roadside, while dust increased in importance at the outer loop roadside.

导出引用

高雪倩, 吴建会, 张会涛, 张文慧, 戴启立, 宫攀. 路边微环境PM_2.5化学组分特征及来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学. 2021, 41(11): 5086-5093

GAO Xue-qian, WU Jian-hui, ZHANG Hui-tao, ZHANG Wen-hui, DAI Qi-li, GONG Pan. Contributions of vehicle emissions to PM_2.5 in roadside microenvironments[J]. China Environmental Science. 2021, 41(11): 5086-5093

中图分类号： X513

参考文献

[1] 宋娜,徐虹,毕晓辉,等.海口市PM_2.5和PM₁₀来源解析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2015,28(10):1501-1509.Song N, Xu H, Bi X H, et al. Source apportionment of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in Haikou[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2015,28(10):1501-1509.
[2] Kheirbek I, Haney J, Douglas S, et al. The contribution of motor vehicle emissions to ambient fine particulate matter public health impacts in New York City:a health burden assessment[J]. Environmental Health, 2016,15(1):23-81.
[3] 罗干,王体健,赵明,等.基于在线监测的南京仙林PM_2.5组分特征与来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2020,40(5):1857-1868.Luo G, Wang T J, Zhao M, et al. Chemical composition and source apportionment of fine particulate matter in Xianlin area of Nanjing basing on-line measurement[J]. China Environmental Science, 2020, 40(5):1857-1868.
[4] 中华人民共和国生态环境部.中国机动车环境管理年报[R]. 2018.Ministry of Ecological and Environment of the People's Republic of China. Annual report on environmental management of motor vehicles in China[R]. 2018.
[5] Lindgren A, Stroh E, Montnémery P, et al. Traffic-related air pollution associated with prevalence of asthma and COPD/chronic bronchitis. A cross-sectional study in Southern Sweden[J]. International Journal of Health Geographics, 2009,8(1):2-17.
[6] Chen G, Xia W, Yang G, et al. Traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer:A meta-analysis[J]. Thoracic Cancer, 2015,6(3):307-318.
[7] Hieu V V, Le X Q, Ho P N, et al. Health risk assessment of mobility-related air pollution in Ha Noi, Vietnam[J]. Journal of Environmental Protection, 2013,4(10):1165-1172.
[8] Zheng T, Wang H-W, Li X-B, et al. Impacts of traffic on roadside particle variations in varied temporal scales[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,253:118354.
[9] 沈俊秀,肖珊,余琦,等.上海市道路环境PM₁、PM_2.5和PM₁₀污染水平[J]. 环境化学, 2011,30(6):1206-1207.Sheng J X, Xiao S, Yu Q, et al. The pollution levels of PM₁, PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at roadside in Shanghai[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2011,30(6):1206-1207.
[10] Hitchins J, Morawska L, Wolff R, et al. Concentrations of submicrometre particles from vehicle emissions near a major road[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2000,34(1):51-59.
[11] 陈建华,王玮,刘红杰,等.北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅰ)——大气颗粒物污染特征及其影响因素[J]. 环境科学研究, 2005,(2):34-38.Cheng J H, Wang W, Liu H J, et al. Pollution property of particulates in the air at the traffic crossing in Beijing Part Ⅰ:Pollution property of particulates in the air and its affecting factors[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2005,(2):34-38.
[12] 李凤华,吴琳,张静,等.典型道路路边空气颗粒物及无机元素特征分析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(7):2460-2469.Li F H, Wu L, Zhang J, et al. Characteristic analysis of inorganic elements in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at urban roadside environment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(7):2460-2469.
[13] Cheng Y, Lee S C, Ho K F, et al. Chemically-speciated on-road PM_2.5 motor vehicle emission factors in Hong Kong[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2010,408(7):1621-1627.
[14] 李佳琦,吴烨,宋少洁,等.北京道路交通环境亚微米颗粒物元素组成特征及来源分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2015,(1):49-55.Li J, Wu Y, Song S, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of elements in submicron particulate matter near an urban freeway in Beijing[J]. Acta entiae Circumstantiae, 2015,(1):49-55.
[15] 王占永,蔡铭,彭仲仁,等.基于移动观测的路边PM_2.5和CO浓度的时空分布[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(12):4428-4434.Wang Z Y, Cai M, Peng Z R, et al. Spatiotemporal distributions of roadside PM_2.5 and CO concentrations based on mobile observations[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(12):4428-4434.
[16] 盛涛,潘骏,段玉森,等.上海市典型交通环境空气污染特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2019,39(8):3193-3200.Sheng T, Pan J, Duan Y S, et al. Study on characteristics of typical traffic environment air pollution in shanghai[J]. China Environmental Science, 2019,39(8):3193-3200.
[17] Srimuruganandam B, Nagendra S. Application of positive matrix factorization in characterization of PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emission sources at urban roadside[J]. Chemosphere, 2012,88(1):120-130.
[18] 刘大锰,黄杰,高少鹏,等.北京市区春季交通源大气颗粒物污染水平及其影响因素[J]. 地学前缘, 2006,(2):228-233.Liu D M, Huang J, Gao S P, et al. The pollution level and influencing factors of atmospheric particulates from traffic in Beijing city during spring[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2006,(2):228-233.
[19] Gunawardena J, Egodawatta P, Ayoko G A, et al. Role of traffic in atmospheric accumulation of heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012,54:502-510.
[20] 姚琳,焦荔,于志勇.杭州市道路空气细颗粒物PM_2.5元素组成特征[J]. 中国粉体技术, 2015,21(2):16-20.Yao L, Jiao L, Zhiyong Y U. Element component and characteristics in fine particulate matter PM_2.5 around urban traffic roads in Hangzhou[J]. China Powder Science and Technology, 2015,21(2):16-20.
[21] 张静,吴琳,杨志文,等.典型道路路边空气颗粒物中碳组分的组成特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2016,36(9):2561-2566.Zhang J, Wu L, Yang Z W, et al. Characterization of carbonaceous in PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at urban roadside environment[J]. China Environmental Science, 2016,36(9):2561-2566.
[22] Wu H, Zhang Y-f, Han S-q, et al. Vertical characteristics of PM_2.5 during the heating season in Tianjin, China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,523:152-160.
[23] Li T, Liu B, Bi X, et al. Size and chemical characteristics of particles emitted from typical rural biomass cookstoves in North China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2021,249:105295.
[24] Liu B, Wu J, Wang J, et al. Chemical characteristics and sources of ambient PM_2.5 in a harbor area:Quantification of health risks to workers from source-specific selected toxic elements[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,268:115926.
[25] Wongphatarakul V, Friedlander S K, Pinto J P. A comparative study of PM_2.5 ambient aerosol chemical databases[J]. Journal of Aerosol Science, 1998,29:S115-S116.
[26] Wang S, Ji Y, Zhao J, et al. Source apportionment and toxicity assessment of PM_2.5-bound PAHs in a typical iron-steel industry city in northeast China by PMF-ILCR[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2020,713:136428.
[27] Dai Q, Bi X, Huangfu Y, et al. A size-resolved chemical mass balance (SR-CMB) approach for source apportionment of ambient particulate matter by single element analysis[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2019,197:45-52.
[28] 冯银厂,白志鹏,朱坦.大气颗粒物二重源解析技术原理与应用[J]. 环境科学, 2002,(S1):106-108.Feng Y C, Bai Z, Zhu T. The Principle and Application of Improved-Source-Apportionment Technique of Atmospheric Particulate Matter[J]. Chinese Journal of Enviromental ence, 2002,(S1):106-108.
[29] Chiang H L, Lai Y M, Chang S Y. Pollutant constituents of exhaust emitted from light-duty diesel vehicles[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2012,47:399-406.
[30] Lowenthal D H, Zielinska B, Chow J C, et al. Characterization of heavy-duty diesel vehicle emissions[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1994,28(4):731-743.
[31] Cadle S H, Mulawa P A, Ball J, et al. Particulate emission rates from in-use high-emitting vehicles recruited in Orange County, California[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 1997,31(12):3405-3412.
[32] Agarwal A K, Gupta T, Bothra P, et al. Emission profiling of diesel and gasoline cars at a city traffic junction[J]. Particuology, 2015.
[33] Jaiprakash, Habib G. Chemical and optical properties of PM_2.5 from on-road operation of light duty vehicles in Delhi city[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2017,586:900-916.
[34] 张靳杰.武汉市机动车尾气VOCs和颗粒物排放特征研究[D]. 武汉:华中科技大学, 2019.Zhang J J. Study on the ch aracteristics of volatile organic com pounds and particulate matter from on-use vehicles in Wuhan[D]. Wuhan:Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2019.
[35] Zhang J, Peng J, Song C, et al. Vehicular non-exhaust particulate emissions in Chinese megacities:Source profiles, real-world emission factors, and inventories[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,266.
[36] Hao Y, Gao C, Deng S, et al. Chemical characterisation of PM_2.5 emitted from motor vehicles powered by diesel, gasoline, natural gas and methanol fuel[J]. ence of the total environment, 2019,674:128-139.
[37] Chow J C, Watson J G, Lu Z, et al. Descriptive analysis of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ at regionally representative locations during SJVAQS/AUSPEX[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1996,30(12):2079-2112.
[38] Cao J J, Lee S C, Ho K F, et al. Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric organic carbon and elemental carbon in Pearl River Delta Region, China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2004,38(27):4447-4456.
[39] 范晨璟,田莉,李经纬.城市形态对空气质量影响研究的国内外进展[J]. 城市发展研究, 2017,24(12):92-100.Fan C, Tian L, Li J W. Research progress of impacts of urban form on air quality[J]. Urban Development Studies, 2017,24(12):92-100.
[40] Vardoulakis S, Fisher B, Gonzalez-Flesca N. Model sensitivity and uncertainty analysis using roadside air quality measurements[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(13):2121-2134.
[41] 凌英,付娟,宁智,等.街道峡谷内机动车排气污染物的扩散规律[J]. 北京交通大学学报, 2006,4(30):93-97.Ling Y, Fu J, Ning Z, et al. Study on the dispersion characteristics of vehicular pollutant within street canyon[J]. Journal of Beijing Jiaotong University, 2006,4(30):93-97.
[42] Merbitz H, Fritz S, Schneider C. Mobile measurements and regression modeling of the spatial particulate matter variability in an urban area[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2012,438:389-403.
[43] 宫攀,骆颖.武汉市源成分谱特征研究[J]. 南京信息工程大学学报, 2018,10(5):579-589.Pan G, Luo Y. Study on the characteristics of source profiles in Wuhan[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2018,10(5):579-589.
[44] 周君蕊,黄宇,邱培培,等.武汉市大气污染源排放清单及分布特征研究[J]. 南京信息工程大学学报, 2018,10(5):83-89.Zhou J, Huang Y, Qiu P, et al. Air pollutant emission inventory and distribution characteristics in Wuhan city[J]. Journal of Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology (Natural Science Edition), 2018,10(5):83-89.
[45] 程渊,吴建会,毕晓辉,等.武汉市大气PM_2.5中水溶性离子污染特征及来源[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(1):191-198.Cheng Y, Wu J H, Bi X H, et al. Characteristics and source apportionment of water-soluble ions in ambient PM_2.5 in Wuhan, China[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(1):191-198.
[46] Zhang F, Wang Z w, Cheng H r, et al. Seasonal variations and chemical characteristics of PM_2.5 in Wuhan, central China[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2015,518-519:97-105.
[47] 温杰,杨佳美,李蒲,等.我国典型钢铁行业主要工艺环节排放颗粒物源成分谱特征[J]. 环境科学, 2018,39(11):4885-4891.Wen J, Yang J M, Li P, et al. Chemical Source Profiles of PM Emitted from the Main Processes of the Iron and Steel Industry in China[J]. Environmental Science, 2018,39(11):4885-4891.
[48] Manoli E, Voutsa D, Samara C. Chemical characterization and source identification/apportionment of fine and coarse air particles in Thessaloniki, Greece[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2002,36(6):949-961.
[49] 张罡,叶芝祥,杨怀金,等.高速公路大气细颗粒物污染特征研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2017,40(2):158-162.Zhang G, Ye Z X, Yang H J, et al. Characteristics of fine particulate matter pollution from highway[J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,40(2):158-162.