Water microplastics pollution and distribution characteristics in the upper Wuding River Basin
WANG Yu-dan1, GUI Wei-zhen2, SHAO Tian-jie1,3,4, ZHU Ya-di1, WANG Yan-hua1,3,4, WANG Rui-yuan1,4, LI Dong-ze1
1. School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China; 2. School of Architecture and Surveying and Mapping Engineering, Beijing Polytechnic College, Beijing 100042, China; 3. Shaanxi International Joint Research Center on Pollution Exposure and Eco-environmental Health, Xi'an 710119, China; 4. Geography National Experimental Teaching Center, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
Abstract：In this study, We investigated the abundance and distribution of microplastics in the upper main stream of the Wuding River, a first-order tributary of the Yellow River, and the tributaries of the Nalin River, the Hailiu Rabbit River, the Yuxi River and the Lu River. The results showed that:The average abundance of microplastics in the water bodies of the upper Wuding River Basin was 15.58n/L, ranging from 2.5 to 35.63n/L. Microplastic types were abundant, with the percentages of PEG (62.96%), PE (6.17%), PPS (3.09%), 4-vinylbiphenyl (2.78%), PCTG (2.47%), PS (2.16%), PTFE (2.16%), PPSU (1.85%), PMMA (1.54%), others (14.81%). More than 96% of the microplastics were less than 1mm, which was very easy to enter the enrichment of organisms. The shape is dominated by fragments, followed by films and granules; most of them were transparent or brown, and other colors accounted for about 25%. Based on the source-specific classification system of microplastics, it was initially determined that microplastics mainly originated from agricultural mulch film and personal toiletries. The results indicate that the overall risk of microplastics in water bodies in the upper watershed of the Wuding River was at a mild pollution level. The abuse of toxic and harmful plastics was of particular concern. The study of microplastics in the upper Wuding River basin, which is located in the windy beach area in the southeastern part of the Mawusu Desert, on the one hand reveals the current status and potential pollution risk of microplastics in the windy beach area; on the other hand, it provides a typical case of scientific understanding of the impact of urban development and agricultural production on the water environment in the desert area from the perspective of microplastics.
王昱丹, 桂维振, 邵天杰, 朱娅娣, 王艳华, 王瑞媛, 李东泽. 无定河上游流域水体微塑料污染现状与分布特征[J]. 中国环境科学, 2023, 43(10): 5583-5590.
WANG Yu-dan, GUI Wei-zhen, SHAO Tian-jie, ZHU Ya-di, WANG Yan-hua, WANG Rui-yuan, LI Dong-ze. Water microplastics pollution and distribution characteristics in the upper Wuding River Basin. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2023, 43(10): 5583-5590.
Luo H W, Liu C Y, He D Q, et al. Environmental behaviors of microplastics in aquatic systems:A systematic review on degradation, adsorption, toxicity and biofilm under aging conditions[J]. Journal of Hazardous Material, 2022,423(2):126915.
[2]
Thompson R C, Olsen Y, Mitchell R, et al. Lost at sea:Where is all the plastic[J]. Science, 2004,304(5672):838.
[3]
冯天朕,陈苏,陈影,等.微塑料与Cd交互作用对小麦种子发芽的生态毒性研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(4):1892-1900. Feng T Z, Chen S, Chen Y, et al. Ecotoxicity of microplastic and Cd interaction on wheat seed germination[J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(4):1892-1900.
[4]
Wang S S,Xue N N,Li W F, et al.Selectively enrichment of antibiotics and ARGs by microplastics in river, estuary and marine waters[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020,708:134594.
[5]
Strungaru S A, Jijie R, Nicoara M, et al. Micro-(nano) plastics in freshwater ecosystems:Abundance, toxicological impact and quantification methodology[J]. TrAC:Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 2019,110(1):116-128.
[6]
Zhou A G, Zhang Y, Xie S L,et al. Microplastics and their potential effects on the aquaculture systems:a critical review[J]. Review in aquaculture, 2021,13(1):719-733.
[7]
Miloloža M, Kučić Grgić D, Bolanča T, et al. Ecotoxicological Assessment of Microplastics in Freshwater Sources-A Review[J]. Water, 2021,13(1):56.
[8]
Du J, Zhou Q, Li H, et al. Environmental distribution, transport and ecotoxicity of microplastics:A review[J]. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 2021,41(1):52-64.
[9]
He B, Wijesiri B, Ayoko G A, et al. Influential factors on microplastics occurrence in river sediments[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,738:139901.
[10]
Yan Z, Liu Y,Zhang T,et al.Analysis of microplastics in human feces reveals a correlation between fecal microplastics and inflammatory bowel disease status[J]. Environ Sci Technol, 2022,56(1):414-421.
[11]
周如月,刘俊勇,韦锃弦,等.水体及沉积物微塑料污染对近海养殖海区的生态风险[J]. 环境化学, 2023,42(8):1-10. Zhou R Y, Liu J Y, Wei L X, et al. Ecological risks of microplastic pollution of water and sediment to offshore aquaculture areas[J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2023,42(8):1-10.
[12]
Jambeck J, Geyer R,Wilcox C, et al. Plastic waste inputs from land into the ocean[J].Science, 2015,347:768-771.
[13]
Gerolin C R, Pupim N, Sawakuchi A O, et al. Microplastics in sediments from Amazon rivers, Brazil[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020,749:141604.
[14]
Mitchell C, Quaglino M C, Posner V M, et al. Quantification and composition analysis of plastic pollution in riverine beaches of the lower Paraná River, Argentina[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021,28(13):16140-16151.
[15]
Sekudewicz I, Dbrowska A M, Syczewski M D. Microplastic pollution in surface water and sediments in the urban section of the Vistula River (Poland)[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2020, 762:143111.
[16]
Tsering T, Sillanpää M, Sillanpää M, et al. Microplastics pollution in the Brahmaputra River and the Indus River of the Indian Himalaya[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,789:147968.
[17]
张胜,潘雄,林莉,等.长江源区水体微塑料组成及分布特征初探[J]. 长江科学院院报, 2021,38(4):12-18. Zhang S, Pan X, Lin L, et al. Discussion on the composition and distribution characteristics of microplastics in the source area of the Yangtze River[J]. News of Yangtze River Academy of Sciences, 2021, 38(4):12-18.
[18]
Yan M, Nie H, Xu K, et al. Microplastic abundance, distribution and composition in the Pearl River along Guangzhou city and Pearl River estuary, China[J]. Chemosphere, 2019,217(FEB.):879-886.
[19]
李昀东.哈尔滨城市内河中微塑料赋存特征、源解析及环境影响因素[D]. 哈尔滨:哈尔滨师范大学, 2022. Li Y D. Characteristics, source analysis and environmental influencing factors of microplastics in inland rivers of Harbin city[D]. Harbin:Harbin Normal University, 2022.
[20]
Wang T, Xu L, Hu Y, et al. Spatial and temporal changes of soil erosion in Wuding River Basin, Shaanxi Province, China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2017,30(9):1355-1364.
[21]
李宗善,杨磊,王国梁,等.黄土高原水土流失治理现状、问题及对策[J]. 生态学报, 2019,39(20):7398-7409. Li Z S, Yang L, Wang G L, et al. Status, problems and countermeasures of soil erosion control on the Loess Plateau[J]. Journal of Ecology, 2019,39(20):7398-7409.
[22]
李君薇.水体中微塑料的采集、分离及检测技术研究进展[J]. 塑料科技, 2021,49(8):113-116. Li J W. Progress on the collection, separation and detection of microplastics in water[J]. Plastics Technology, 2021,49(8):113-116.
[23]
Tomlinson D L, Wilson J G, Harris C R, et al. Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index[J] Helgol. Meeresunters, 1980,33(1-4):566-575.
[24]
Lithner D, Larsson A, Dave G. Environmental and health hazard ranking and assessment of plastic polymers based on chemical composition[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2011,409(18):3309-3324.
[25]
Ranjani M, Veerasingam S, Venkatachalapathy R, et al. Assessment of potential ecological risk of microplastics in the coastal sediments of India:A meta-analysis[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2021,163:111969.
[26]
Xu P, Peng G, Lei S, et al. Microplastic risk assessment in surface waters:A case study in the Changjiang Estuary, China[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2018,133:647-654.
[27]
毛羽丰.微塑料对蛋白核小球藻的毒理学效应及其聚集动力学研究[D]. 重庆:重庆大学, 2019. Mao Y F. Toxicological effects of microplastics on protein nuclear Chlorella species and their aggregation kinetics[D]. Chongqing:Chongqing University, 2019.
[28]
Ren S Y, Kong S F, Ni H G. Contribution of mulch film to microplastics in agricultural soil and surface water in China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021,291:118227.
[29]
陈圣盛,李卫明,张坤,等.香溪河流域微塑料的分布特征及其迁移规律分析[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(6):3077-3087. Chen S S, Li W M, Zhang K, et al. Analysis of the distribution characteristics and migration rules of microplastics in Xiangxi River Basin[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(6):3077-3087.
[30]
Li X T, Liang R F, Li Y, et al. Microplastics in inland freshwater environments with different regional functions:A case study on the Chengdu Plain[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2021,789:147938.
[31]
Ding L, Mao R F, Guo X T, et al. Microplastics in surface waters and sediments of the Wei River, in the northwest of China[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2019,667:427-434.
[32]
刘鹏,王焓钰,吴小伟,等.粒径对聚苯乙烯微塑料吸附环丙沙星的影响[J]. 环境化学, 2020,39(11):3153-3160. Liu P, Wang H Y, Wu X W, et al. Effect of particle size on the adsorption of ciprofloxacin by polystyrene microplastics[J]. Environmental chemistry, 2020,39(11):3153-3160.
[33]
刘咏雪.贵阳市南明河流域微塑料分布特征及风险评估研究[D]. 贵阳:贵州大学, 2022. Liu Y G. Study on the distribution characteristics and risk assessment of microplastics in Nanming River Basin, Guiyang City[D]. Guiyang:Guizhou University, 2022.
[34]
Wang T, Zou X, Li B, et al. Preliminary study of the source apportionment and diversity of microplastics:Taking floatingmicroplastics in the South China Sea as an example[J]. Environmental pollution, 2019,245:965-974.
[35]
Everaert G, Cauwenberghe L V, Rijcke M D, et al. Risk assessment of microplastic in the ocean:modelling approach and first conclusions[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2018,242:1930-1938.
[36]
Li R, Yu L, Chai M,et al. The distribution, characteristics and ecological risks of microplastics in the mangroves of Southern China[J]. The Science of the Total Environment, 2020,708:135025.
