ZHONG Bo-wen, ZHOU Jun, WANG Yan, YUAN Bin, SHAO Min
Guangdong-Hongkong- Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
Abstract:This review synthesizes the current assessment methods and research advancements in ozone (O3) formation sensitivity in China. It examines the similarities and differences in the outcomes of various methods used to assess O3 formation sensitivity within the same region. The study reveals that O3 formation in urban areas of China is predominantly in the VOCs-limited regime, while in suburban areas, it is mostly in the NOx-limited regime or a transition regime. In recent years, the areas that are under the VOCs- limited regime have been diminishing, and those under the NOx-limited regime and transition regime have been gradually expanding. The study demonstrates that employing a combination of methods to diagnose O3 formation sensitivity in the same region can enhance the reliability of diagnostic outcomes. Finally, the review presents prospects for the development of emerging technologies and methodologies in China to more accurately determine O3 formation sensitivity.
[1] 生态环境部.2022年中国生态环境状况公报[R]. 北京:生态环境部, 2023. Ministry of Ecology and Environment. China Ecology and Environment Bulletin in 2022[R]. Beijing: Ministry of Ecology and Environment, 2023. [2] 生态环境部.国务院关于印发《空气质量持续改善行动计划》的通知[J]. 中华人民共和国国务院公报, 2023,(35):12-18. Ministry of Ecology and Environment. Circular of the State Council on Printing and Issuing the Action Plan for Continuous Improvement of Air Quality [J]. Gazette of the State Council of the People's Republic of China, 2023,(35):12-18. [3] 伏志强,戴春皓,王章玮,等.长沙市夏季大气臭氧生成对前体物的敏感性分析[J]. 环境化学, 2019,38(3):531-538. Fu Z Q, Dai C H, Wang Z W, et al. Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone formation to its precursors in summer of Changsha [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2019,38(3):531-538. [4] 姜华,常宏咪.我国臭氧污染形势分析及成因初探[J]. 环境科学研究, 2021,34(7):1576-1582. Jiang H, Chang H M. Analysis of China's ozone pollution situation, preliminary investigation of causes and prevention and control recommendations [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2021, 34(7):1576-1582. [5] Tan Z F, Lu K, Ma X F, et al. Multiple impacts of aerosols on O3production are largely compensated: a case study Shenzhen, China [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022,56(24):17569-17580. [6] 伍永康,陈伟华,颜丰华,等.不同传输通道下珠江三角洲臭氧与前体物非线性响应关系[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(1):160-169. Wu Y K, Chen W H, Yan F H et al. Nonlinear response relationship between ozone and precursor emissions in the Pearl River Delta region under different transmission channel [J]. Environmental Science, 2022, 43(1):160-169. [7] Liu C Q, Liang J, Li Y P, et al. Fractal analysis of impact of PM2.5 on surface O3sensitivity regime based on field observations [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2023,858:160136. [8] 张涵,姜华,高健,等.我国大气O3污染成因及影响因素综述[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022,35(12):2657-65. Zhang H, Jiang H, Gao J, et al. Review on causes and influencing factors of O3 pollution in China [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(12):2657-2665. [9] 侯墨,蒋小梅,赵文鹏,等.2021年夏季新乡市城区臭氧超标日污染特征及敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(5):2472-2480. Hou M, Jiang X M, Zhao W P. Ozone pollution characteristics and sensitivity during the ozone pollution days in summer 2021 of Xinxiang city [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(5):2472-2480. [10] Chameides W, Fehsenfeld F, Rodgers M, et al. Ozone precursor relationships in the ambient atmosphere [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1992,97(D5):6037-6055. [11] 欧盛菊,魏巍,王晓琦,等.华北地区典型重工业城市夏季近地面O3污染特征及敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(7):3085-3094. Ou S J, Wei W, Wang X Q, et al. Pollution characteristics and sensitivity of surface ozone in a typical heavy industry city of the North China Plain in summer [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(7): 3085-3094. [12] 唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M]. 北京:高等教育出版社, 2006:332-357. Tang X Y, Zhang Y H, Shao M. Atmospheric environmental chemistry [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2006:332-357. [13] 李磊,赵玉梅,王旭光,等.廊坊市夏季臭氧体积分数影响因素及生成敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2017,38(10):4100-4107. Li L, Zhao Y M, Wang X G, et al. Influence factors and sensitivity of ozone formation in Langfang in the summer [J]. Environmental Science, 2017,38(10):4100-4107. [14] Li Y S, Yin S S, Yu S J, et al. Characteristics of ozone pollution and the sensitivity to precursors during early summer in central plain, China [J]. journal of environmental sciences, 2021,99:354-68. [15] 程龙,董昊,王含月,等.滁州市臭氧污染特征及一次连续臭氧污染过程分析[J]. 中国环境监测, 2022,38(5):47-55. Cheng L, Dong H, Wang H Y, et al. Analysis of characteristics of ozone pollution and a continuous ozone pollution process in Chuzhou [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2022,38(5):47-55. [16] 秦涛,李丽明,王信梧,等.典型工业城市夏季VOCs污染特征及反应活性[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(8):3934-3943. Qin T, Li L M, Wang X W, et al. Characteristics and reactivity of VOCs in a typical industrial city in summer [J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(8):3934-3943. [17] 王德来,崔景文,李云凤,等.北京南部地区夏季末臭氧及其前体物污染特征、臭氧生成潜势及源解析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2023,43(4): 40-52. Wang D L, Cui J W, Li Y F, et al. Pollution characteristics of ozone and its precursors, ozone generation potential and source analysis in southern Beijing in late summer [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2023,43(4):40-52. [18] Liu S C, Trainer M, Fehsenfeld F, et al. Ozone production in the rural troposphere and the implications for regional and global ozone distributions [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1987, 92(D4):4191-4207. [19] Sillman S. The use of NOy, H2O2, and HNO3 as indicators for ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity in urban locations [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 1995,100(D7):14175-14188. [20] Wang J H, Ge B Z, Wang Z F. Ozone production efficiency in highly polluted environments [J]. Current Pollution Reports, 2018,4:198-207. [21] 徐晓斌,葛宝珠,林伟立.臭氧生成效率(OPE)相关研究进展[J]. 地球科学进展, 2009,24(8):845-853. Xu X B, Ge B Z, Lin W L. Progresses in the research of ozone production efficiency (OPE) [J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2009, 24(8):845-853. [22] 张晓,鲍晓磊,赵江伟,等.基于观测数据的石家庄交通干线附近臭氧光化学敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(12):5047-5054. Zhang X, Bao X L, Zhao J W. Analysis on the ozone formation sensitivity based on observation at the traffic trunk roads of Shijiazhuang [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021,41(12):5047- 5054. [23] Wang T, Nie W, Gao J, et al. Air quality during the 2008 Beijing Olympics: secondary pollutants and regional impact [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(16):7603-7615. [24] Sillman S. The relation between ozone, NOx and hydrocarbons in urban and polluted rural environments [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 1999,33(12):1821-1845. [25] Zhang Y J, Zhao Y C, Li J, et al. Modeling ozone source apportionment and performing sensitivity analysis in summer on the North China Plain [J]. Atmosphere, 2020,11(09):992. [26] Sillman S, He D, Cardelino C, et al. The use of photochemical indicators to evaluate ozone-NOx-hydrocarbon sensitivity: Case studies from Atlanta, New York, and Los Angeles [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1997,47(10):1030-1040. [27] Torres-Jardon R, Keener T C. Evaluation of ozone-nitrogen oxides-volatile organic compound sensitivity of Cincinnati, Ohio [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 2006,56(3): 22-333. [28] Lu Y, Wu Z T, Pang X B, et al. Temporal Characteristics of Ozone (O3) in the Representative City of the Yangtze River Delta: Explanatory Factors and Sensitivity Analysis [J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2022,20(1):168. [29] Ye L, Wang X M, Fan S F, et al. Photochemical indicators of ozone sensitivity: application in the Pearl River Delta, China [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2016,10:1-14. [30] 牛元,程水源,欧盛菊,等.基于光化学指标法的邯郸市臭氧生成敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(6):2691-2698. Niu Y, Cheng S Y, Ou S J, et al. Applying photochemical indicators to analyze ozone sensitivity in Handan [J]. Environmental Science, 2021, 42(6):2691-2698. [31] Du X H, Tang W, Cheng M M, et al. Modeling of spatial and temporal variations of ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity based on photochemical indicators in China [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2022,114: 454-464. [32] 沈劲,刘瑀菲,晏平仲,等.基于三维空气质量模型的广东省臭氧生成速率分析[J]. 中国环境监测, 2020,36(2):157-164. Shen J, Liu Y F, Yan P Z, et al. Analysis of ozone formation rate in Guangdong based on Three-Dimensional air quality model [J]. Environmental Monitoring in China, 2020,36(2):157-164. [33] Wei W, Wang X F, Wang X Q, et al. Attenuated sensitivity of ozone to precursors in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region with the continuous NOx reduction within 2014~2018[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,813:152589. [34] Wei W, Li Y, Ren Y T, et al. Sensitivity of summer ozone to precursor emission change over Beijing during 2010~2015: A WRF-Chem modeling study [J]. Atmospheric environment, 2019,218:116984. [35] Martin R, Parrish D, Ryerson T, et al. Evaluation of GOME satellite measurements of tropospheric NO2and HCHO using regional data from aircraft campaigns in the southeastern United States [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004,109(D24). [36] Duncan B N, Yoshida Y, Olson J R, et al. Application of OMI observations to a space-based indicator of NOx and VOC controls on surface ozone formation [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2010,44(18): 2213-2223. [37] Witte J, Duncan B, Douglass A, et al. The unique OMI HCHO/ NO2 feature during the 2008Beijing Olympics: Implications for ozone production sensitivity [J]. Atmospheric environment, 2011,45(18): 3103-3111. [38] 但扬彬,于瑞莲,卞雅慧,等.基于OMI数据的新冠疫情影响下福建省臭氧敏感性变化[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(5):2056-2063. Dan Y B, Yu R L, Bian Y H, et al. The change of atmospheric ozone formation sensitivity in Fujian Province based on OMI satellite data during the period of COVID-19[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(5):2056-2063. [39] 刘蕊,冯涛,郭艳林,等.基于DOAS地空观测的典型热带地区臭氧敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(6):2262-2271. Liu R, Feng T, Guo Y L, et al. Study on ozone sensitivity in typical tropical region from DOAS ground-to-space measurements [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021,41(6):2262-2271. [40] 符传博,丹利,佟金鹤,等.海南岛臭氧污染时空变化及敏感性特征[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(9):4799-4808. Fu C B, Dan L, Tong J H, et al. Spatial and temporal variations in ozone pollution and sensitivity characteristics in Hainan Island [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(9):4799-4808. [41] Ju T Z, Pan B Y, Li B N, et al. A Characteristic analysis of various air pollutants and their correlation with O3 in the Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui Provinces of China [J]. Sustainability, 2022,14(21): 13737. [42] Xue J X, Zhao T, Luo Y F, et al. Identification of ozone sensitivity for NO2 and secondary HCHO based on MAX-DOAS measurements in northeast China [J]. Environment international, 2022,160:107048. [43] Wang W N, Van Der A R, Ding J Y, et al. Spatial and temporal changes of the ozone sensitivity in China based on satellite and ground-based observations [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021,21(9): 7253-7269. [44] 白杨,王盼,赵鹏飞,等.河南省夏季臭氧生成敏感性及其驱动因素分析[J]. 遥感学报, 2022,26(5):988-1001. Bai Y, Wang P, Zhao P F, et al. Summertime ozone formation sensitivity and driving factors in Henan Province [J]. National Remote Sensing Bulletin, 2022,26(5):988-1001. [45] 胥雯,杨皓,何敏,等. 成渝地区臭氧生成敏感性时空分布及影响因素[J/OL]. 环境科学, 1-15[2024-06-11].https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202312065. Xu W, Yang H, He M, et al. Spatial and temporal characteristics of ozone formation sensitivity and its influencing factors in Chengdu- Chongqing Area [J]. Environmental Science, 1-15[2024-06-11].https://doi.org/10.13227/j.hjkx.202312065. [46] Liu J W, Li X, Tan Z F, et al. Assessing the Ratios of Formaldehyde and Glyoxal to NO2 as Indicators of O3-NOx-VOC Sensitivity [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2021,55(16):10935-10945. [47] Zhang X, Wu Z H, He Z, et al. Spatiotemporal patterns and ozone sensitivity of gaseous carbonyls at eleven urban sites in southeastern China [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,824:153719. [48] 晏洋洋,尹沙沙,何秦,等.河南省臭氧污染趋势特征及敏感性变化[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(6):2947-2956. Yan Y Y, Yin S S, He Q, et al. Trend changes in ozone pollution and sensitivity analysis of ozone in Henan Province [J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(6):2947-2956. [49] Ren J, Guo F F, Xie S D. Diagnosing ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivity and revealing causes of ozone increases in China based on 2013~2021 satellite retrievals [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022, 22(22):15035-15047. [50] Chen Y P, Wang M Y, Yao Y J, et al. Research on the ozone formation sensitivity indicator of four urban agglomerations of China using Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite data and ground-based measurements [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2023,869: 161679. [51] Jin X M, Holloway T. Spatial and temporal variability of ozone sensitivity over China observed from the ozone monitoring instrument [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2015, 120(14):7229-7246. [52] Liu Y, Tang G Q, Liu B X, et al. Decadal changes in ozone in the lower boundary layer over Beijing, China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2022,275:119018. [53] 武卫玲,薛文博,雷宇,等.基于OMI数据的京津冀及周边地区O3生成敏感性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2018,38(4):1201-1208. Wu W L, Xue W B, Lei Y, et al. Sensitivity analysis of ozone in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei(BTH) and its surrounding area using OMI satellite remote sensing data [J]. China Environmental Science, 2018, 38(4):1201-1208. [54] Kang Y Y, Tang G Q, Li Q H, et al. Problems with and improvement of HCHO/NO2 for diagnosing ozone sensitivity-A case in Beijing [J]. Remote Sensing, 2023,15(8):1982. [55] Li D R, Wang S S, Xue R B, et al. OMI-observed HCHO in Shanghai, China, during 2010~2019 and ozone sensitivity inferred by an improved HCHO/NO2 ratio [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021,21(20):15447-15460. [56] Zhao K H, Wu Y H, Yuan Z B, et al. Understanding the underlying mechanisms governing the linkage between atmospheric oxidative capacity and ozone precursor sensitivity in the Yangtze River Delta, China: a multi-tool ensemble analysis [J]. Environment International, 2022,160:107060. [57] Zhao K H, Luo H H, Yuan Z B, et al. Identification of close relationship between atmospheric oxidation and ozone formation regimes in a photochemically active region [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2021,102:373-83. [58] 李凯,刘敏,梅如波.泰安市大气臭氧污染特征及敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(8):3539-3546. Li K, Liu M, Mei R B. Pollution characteristics and sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone in Taian city [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(8):3539-3546. [59] Dodge M C. Combined use of modeling techniques and smog chamber data to derive ozone-precursor relationships [C]//International conference on photochemical oxidant pollution and its control: Proceedings. US Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Sciences Research Laboratory Research Triangle Park, NC, 1977,2: 881-889. [60] 单阳,李博,吴宝光,等.基于观测模型的长三角北部县城区域臭氧敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2023,48(3):29-34. Shan Y, Li B, Wu BG, et al. Pollution characteristics and sensitivity of ozone in northern county of Yangtze River Delta [J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2023,48(3):29-34. [61] 杜云松,黄冉,王馨陆,等.利用简化空气质量模型快速构建臭氧生成等浓度曲线及其应用[J]. 北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2021, 57(2):311-321. Du Y S, Huang R, Wang X L, et al. Implementing reduced form model to construct ozone isopleths and its application [J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2021,57(2):311-321. [62] 郝伟华,王文勇,张迎春,等.成都市臭氧生成敏感性分析及控制策略的制定[J]. 环境科学学报, 2018,38(10):3894-3899. Hao W H, Wang W Y, Zhang Y C, et al. Analysis of ozone generation sensitivity in Chengdu and establishment of control strategy [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2018,38(10):3894-3899. [63] 李泱,常莉敏,吕沛诚,等.兰州市大气臭氧生成的敏感性分析及其前体物减排对策建议[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(5):1628-1639. Li Y, Chang L M, Lv P C, et al. Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone formation and its precursors emission reduction countermeasures in Lanzhou city [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021,41(5):1628-1639. [64] Li Y, Li J X, Yang Z L, et al. The transition from a nitrogen oxides- limited regime to a volatile organic compounds-limited regime in the petrochemical industrialized Lanzhou City, China [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2022,269:106035. [65] 刘雨婷,杜展霞,张新民,等.鹤壁市臭氧及VOCs污染特征、来源与减排控制策略分析[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(7):3839-3848. Liu Y T, Du Z X, Zhang X M, et al. Sources and abatement control strategies in Hebi [J]. Environmental Science,2024,45(7):3839-3848. [66] Qu H, Wang Y H, Zhang R X, et al. Extending ozone-precursor relationships in China from peak concentration to peak time [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2020,125(22). [67] Yang L F, Yuan Z B, Luo H H, et al. Identification of long-term evolution of ozone sensitivity to precursors based on two-dimensional mutual verification [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,760: 143401. [68] Guo J, Zhang X S, Gao Y, et al. Evolution of ozone pollution in China: what track will it follow? [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2022,57(1):109-117. [69] Cardelino C, Chameides W. An observation-based model for analyzing ozone precursor relationships in the urban atmosphere [J]. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 1995,45(3): 161-180. [70] 马伟,王章玮,郭佳,等.一个沿海城市大气臭氧的本地生成过程及其对前体物的敏感性[J]. 环境科学学报, 2019,39(11):3593-3599. Ma W, Wang Z W, Guo J, et al. Sensitivity of ambient atmospheric ozone to precursor species and local formation process in a coastal city [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2019,39(11):3593-3599. [71] 吴琳,薛丽坤,王文兴.基于观测的臭氧污染研究方法[J]. 地球环境学报, 2017,8(6):479-91. Wu L, Xue L K, Wang W X, et al. Review on the observation-based methods for ozone air pollution research [J]. Journal of Earth Environment, 2017,8(6):479-491. [72] Wang X D, Yin S S, Zhang R Q, et al. Assessment of summertime O3 formation and the O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity in Zhengzhou, China using an observation-based model [J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022,813:152449. [73] 关茜妍,陆克定,张宁宁,等.西安市大气臭氧污染光化学特征与敏感性分析[J]. 科学通报, 2021,66(35):4561-4573. Guan Q Y, Lu K D, Zhang N N, et al. Analysis of the photochemical characteristics and sensitivity of ozone pollution in Xi'an [J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2021,66(35):4561-4573. [74] 于广河,林理量,夏士勇,等.深圳市工业区VOCs污染特征与臭氧生成敏感性[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022,42(5):1994-2001. Yu G H, Lin L L, Xia S Y, et al. The characteristics of VOCs and ozone formation sensitivity in a typical industrial area in Shenzhen [J]. China Environmental Science, 2022,42(5):1994-2001. [75] 郑镇森,窦建平,张国涛,等.华北工业城市夏季大气臭氧生成机制及减排策略[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(4):1821-1829. Zheng Z S, Dou J P, Zhang G T, et al. Photochemical mechanism and control strategy optimization for summertime ozone pollution in an industrial city in the North China Plain [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(4):1821-1829. [76] 吴影,莫招育,吴琴琴,等.广西柳城县VOCs组分特征、来源及其对臭氧生成的敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(1):75-84. Wu Y, Mo Z Y, Wu Q Q, et al. Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and the ozone-NOx- VOC sensitivities in Liucheng County, Guangxi [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(1):75-84. [77] Shan D Y, Du Z Y, Zhang T, et al. Variations, sources, and effects on ozone formation of VOCs during ozone episodes in 13 cities in China [J]. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 2023,10:1084592. [78] Zhao Y Y, Chen L H, Li K W, et al. Atmospheric ozone chemistry and control strategies in Hangzhou, China: Application of a 0-D box model [J]. Atmospheric Research, 2020,246:105109. [79] Lin H T, Wang M, Duan Y S, et al. O3 sensitivity and contributions of different NMHC sources in O3 formation at urban and suburban sites in Shanghai [J]. Atmosphere, 2020,11(3):295. [80] 邢怡然,牛月圆,闫雨龙,等.典型工业城市长治市夏季大气挥发性有机物来源及对臭氧生成贡献研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2024,44(8): 4202-4210. Xing Y R, Niu Y Y, Yan Y L, et al. Research on the sources of volatile organic compounds in the summer atmosphere and the contribution to ozone generation in Changzhi,a typical industrial city [J]. China Environmental Science,2024,44(8):4202-4210. [81] Niu Y Y, Yan Y L, Xing Y R, et al. Analyzing ozone formation sensitivity in a typical industrial city in China: Implications for effective source control in the chemical transition regime [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2024:170559. [82] 韩家兴,朱伟彬,吴方堃,等.呼和浩特市夏季挥发性有机物污染特征及其臭氧生成敏感性分析[J]. 气候与环境研究, 2023,28(6):630- 640. Han J X, Zhu W B, Wu F K, et al. Pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds and analysis of ozone production sensitivity in Hohhot during summertime [J]. Climatic and Environmental Research, 2023,28(6):630-640. [83] Li R, Gao Y N, Han Y, et al. Elucidating the mechanisms of rapid O3 increase in North China Plain during COVID-19 lockdown period [J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2024,906:167622. [84] 崔亚茹,索娜,王磊,等.秦皇岛市区大气臭氧生成过程及前体物敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020,40(11):4105-4112. Cui Y R, Suo N, Wang L, et al. Study of ozone generation and photochemical regimes in the urban atmosphere of Qinhuangdao [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020,40(11):4105-4112. [85] Guo J H, Xu Q X, Yu S J, et al. Investigation of atmospheric VOCs sources and ozone formation sensitivity during epidemic closure and control: A case study of Zhengzhou [J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2024,15(4):102035. [86] 任俊宇,朱宽广,谢旻,等.咸宁市大气臭氧敏感性和污染来源解析[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(9):4060-4068. Ren J Y, Zhu K G, Xie M, et al. Analysis of the ozone sensitivity and source appointment in Xianning, Hubei Province [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(9):4060-4068. [87] Zhu J X, Cheng H R, Peng J, et al. O3 photochemistry on O3 episode days and non-O3 episode days in Wuhan, central China [J]. Atmospheric environment, 2020,223:117236. [88] Hao S M, Du Q Y, Wei X F, et al. Composition and reactivity of volatile organic compounds and the implications for ozone formation in the North China Plain [J]. Atmosphere, 2024,15(2):213. [89] 赵敏,申恒青,陈天舒,等.黄河三角洲典型城市夏季臭氧污染特征与敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022,35(6):1351-1361. Zhao M, Shen H Q, Chen T S, et al. Characteristics and sensitivity analysis of ozone in the representative city of the Yellow River Delta in Summer [J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(6): 1351-1361. [90] Wang W, Fang H, Zhang Y, et al. Characterizing sources and ozone formations of summertime volatile organic compounds observed in a medium-sized city in Yangtze River Delta region [J]. Chemosphere, 2023,328:138609. [91] 阴世杰,刘新罡,刘亚非,等.运城市四季VOCs特征、来源及臭氧形成敏感物种[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(2):678-688. Yin S J, Liu X G, Liu Y F, et al. Characteristics, sources, and ozone-sensitive species of VOCs in four seasons in Yuncheng [J]. Environmental Science, 2024,45(2):678-688. [92] Xu C X, He X J, Sun S D, et al. Sensitivity of ozone formation in summer in Jinan using observation-based model [J]. Atmosphere, 2022,13(12):2024. [93] 陆晓波,王鸣,丁峰,等.2020年和2021年南京城区臭氧生成敏感性和VOCs来源变化分析[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(4):1943-1953. Lu X B, Wang M, Ding F, et al. Changes in O3-VOCs-NOx sensitivity and VOCs sources at an urban site of Nanjing between 2020 and 2021[J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(4):1943-1953. [94] Li L, Xie F J, Li J Y, et al. Diagnostic analysis of regional ozone pollution in Yangtze River Delta, China: A case study in summer 2020[J]. Science of The Total Environment, 2022,812:151511. [95] 孙晓艳,赵敏,申恒青,等.济南市城区夏季臭氧污染过程及来源分析[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(2):686-695. Sun X Y, Zhao M, Shen H Q, et al. Ozone formation and key VOCs of a continuous summertime O3 pollution event in Ji'nan [J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(2):686-695. [96] Liu Z Q, Hu K, Zhang K, et al. VOCs sources and roles in O3 formation in the central Yangtze River Delta region of China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2023,302:119755. [97] Yang X, Cheng X, Yan H Z, et al. Ground-Level ozone production over an industrial cluster of China: a box model analysis of a severe photochemical pollution episode [J]. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 2022,31(2). [98] 裴成磊,谢雨彤,陈希,等.广州市冬季一次典型臭氧污染过程分析[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(10):4305-15. Pei C L, Xie Y T, Chen X, et al. Analysis of a typical ozone pollution process in Guangzhou in winter [J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(10):4305-4315. [99] Song K X, Liu R, Wang Y, et al. Observation-based analysis of ozone production sensitivity for two persistent ozone episodes in Guangdong, China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022,22(12):8403-16. [100] Yu D, Tan Z F, Lu K D, et al. An explicit study of local ozone budget and NOx-VOCs sensitivity in Shenzhen China [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020,224:117304. [101] 钱骏,徐晨曦,陈军辉,等.2020年成都市典型臭氧污染过程特征及敏感性[J]. 环境科学, 2021,42(12):5736-5746. Qian J, Xu C X, Chen J H, et al. Chemical characteristics and contaminant sensitivity during the typical ozone pollution processes of Chengdu in 2020[J]. Environmental Science, 2021,42(12):5736-5746. [102] 齐国伟,邹爱华,邓雪峰,等.乐山市臭氧生成与前体物之间的关系及其敏感性和控制分析[J]. 四川环境, 2022,41(1):47-57. Qi G W, Zou A H, Deng X F, et al. The relationship between ozone generation and precursors,and their sensitivity and control analysis in Leshan city [J]. Sichuan Environment, 2022,41(1):47-57. [103] 韩丽,陈军辉,姜涛,等.基于观测模型的成都市臭氧污染敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2020,40(11):4092-4104. Han L, Chen J H, Jiang T, et al. Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone formation to its precursors in Chengdu with an observation based model [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2020,40(11):4092- 4104. [104] 杨丽蓉,许萌,徐学哲,等.银川市大气臭氧生成敏感性与VOCs来源解析[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(8):4419-4431. Yang L R, Xu M, Xu X Z, et al. Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric ozone and source apportionment of volative organic compounds in Yinchuan city [J]. Environmental Science, 2024,45(8):4419-4431. [105] 马陈熀,郭佳,纳丽,等.银川都市圈典型站点大气臭氧及前体物的污染特征分析[J]. 环境化学, 2022,41(4):1312-1323. Ma C H, Guo J, Na L, et al. Analysis of pollution characteristics of atmospheric ozone and precursors at typical sites in Yinchuan Metropolitan Area [J]. Environmental Chemistry, 2022,41(4):1312- 1323. [106] Hui L R, Ma T, Gao Z J, et al. Characteristics and sources of volatile organic compounds during high ozone episodes: A case study at a site in the eastern Guanzhong Plain, China [J]. Chemosphere, 2021,265: 129072. [107] Yin M F, Zhang X, Li Y F, et al. Ambient ozone pollution at a coal chemical industry city in the border of Loess Plateau and Mu Us Desert: characteristics, sensitivity analysis and control strategies [J]. PeerJ, 2021,9:e11322. [108] 陈天赐,潘文斌.EKMA模型中文文献统计分析研究[J]. 环境科学与管理, 2019,44(12):10-14. Chen T C, Pan W B. Statistical analysis on Chinese papers related to EKMA model [J]. Environmental Science and Management, 2019, 44(12):10-14. [109] 张英南,薛丽坤,陈天舒,等.基于观测的模型(OBM)的发展历程及其在我国大气化学研究中的应用与展望[J]. 环境科学研究, 2022, 35(3):621-32. Zhang Y N, Xue L K, Chen T S, et al. Development history of observation-based model(OBM) and its application and prospect in atmospheric chemistry studies in China[J]. Research of Environmental Sciences, 2022,35(3):621-632. [110] 陈天赐,潘文斌.基于光化学模型的臭氧生成敏感性研究进展[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2019,42(11):201-207. Chen T C, Pan W B. Research progress of ozone formation sensitivity based on photochemical model [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2019,42(11):201-207. [111] 沈劲,汪宇,曹静,等.粤东北地区秋季臭氧来源解析与生成敏感性研究[J]. 环境科学与技术, 2017,40(4):100-106. Shen J, Wang Y, Cao J, et al. Study on ozone source and its generating sensitivity in northeastern Guangdong during autumn [J]. Environmental Science & Technology, 2017,40(4):100-106. [112] 宋鹏程,张馨文,黄强,等.我国城市环境空气质量预报主要模型及应用[J]. 四川环境, 2019,38(3):70-76. Song P C, Zhang X W, Huang Q, et al. Main forecasting models and applications of urban ambient air quality in China [J]. Sichuan Environment, 2019,38(3):70-76. [113] Peng Y P, Chen K S, Wang H K, et al. Applying model simulation and photochemical indicators to evaluate ozone sensitivity in southern Taiwan [J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2011,23(5):790-797. [114] Cui M, An X Q, Xing L, et al. Simulated sensitivity of ozone generation to precursors in Beijing during a high O3 episode [J]. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences, 2021,38(7):1223-1237. [115] 朱家贤,王晓琦,欧盛菊,等.2019年7月石家庄市O3生成敏感性及控制策略解析[J]. 环境科学, 2022,43(7):3473-3482. Zhu J X, Wang X Q, Ou S J, et al. Ozone Sensitivity analysis and control strategy in Shijiazhuang city in july 2019[J]. Environmental Science, 2022,43(7):3473-3482. [116] 姚诗音,魏巍,沈泽亚,等.我国典型钢铁工业城市夏季臭氧污染来源解析研究[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(1):37-48. Yao S Y, Wei W, Shen Z Y, et al. Source apportionment of ozone pollution in the typical steel industry city of China in summer [J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(1):37-48. [117] Yu S J, Su F C, Yin S S, et al. Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds, source apportionment, and the ozone-NOx-VOC sensitivities in a heavily polluted megacity of central China: effect of sporting events and emission reductions [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2021,21(19):15239-57. [118] Sun J, Shen Z X, Wang R N, et al. A comprehensive study on ozone pollution in a megacity in North China Plain during summertime: Observations, source attributions and ozone sensitivity [J]. Environment International, 2021,146:106279. [119] 严茹莎.德州市夏季臭氧敏感性特征及减排方案[J]. 环境科学, 2020,41(9):3961-3968. Yan R S. Ozone sensitivity analysis and emission controls in Dezhou in summer [J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(9):3961-3968. [120] 洪莹莹,陈辰,保鸿燕,等.珠三角西南部春季臭氧来源与敏感性分析[J]. 生态环境学报, 2021,30(5):984-994. Hong Y Y, Chen C, Bao H Y, et al. Sources and sensitivity analysis of ozone in spring over the southwestern part of Pearl River Delta region [J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2021,30(5):984-994. [121] 曹云擎,李振亮,蒲茜,等.成渝地区典型城市O3污染对人为源前体物排放敏感性模拟研究[J]. 环境科学学报, 2021,41(8):3001-3011. Cao Y Q, Li Z L, Pu Q, et al. Sensitivity of O3 formation from anthropogenic precursor emissions in typical cities in the Chengdu-Chongqing region: A simulation study [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2021,41(8):3001-3011. [122] Du X H, Tang W, Zhang Z Z, et al. Sensitivity modeling of ozone and its precursors over the Chengdu metropolitan area [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2022,277:119071. [123] Hakami A, Odman M T, Russell A G. Nonlinearity in atmospheric response: A direct sensitivity analysis approach [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2004,109(D15). [124] Shen H Z, Sun Z, Chen Y L, et al. Novel method for ozone isopleth construction and diagnosis for the ozone control strategy of Chinese cities [J]. Environmental science & technology, 2021,55(23):15625- 36. [125] Jin J B, Zhu Y, Jang J C, et al. Enhancement of the polynomial functions response surface model for real-time analyzing ozone sensitivity [J]. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2021,15:1-14. [126] Fang T T, Zhu Y, Wang S X, et al. Source impact and contribution analysis of ambient ozone using multi-modeling approaches over the Pearl River Delta Region, China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2021, 289:117860. [127] 严茹莎,李莉,安静宇,等.夏季长三角地区臭氧非线性响应曲面模型的建立及应用[J]. 环境科学学报, 2016,36(4):1383-1392. Yan R S, Li L, An J Y, et al. Establishment and application of nonlinear response surface model of ozone in the Yangtze River Delta region during summertime [J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2016,36(4):1383-1392. [128] Fang T T, Zhu Y, Jang J C, et al. Real-time source contribution analysis of ambient ozone using an enhanced meta-modeling approach over the Pearl River Delta Region of China [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2020,268:110650. [129] 朱禹寰,陈冰,张雅铷,等.基于响应曲面法的臭氧生成敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学, 2023,44(7):3669-3675. Zhu Y H, Chen B, Zhang Y R, et al. Sensitivity analysis of ozone formation using response surface methodology [J]. Environmental Science, 2023,44(7):3669-3675. [130] Kang M J, Hu J L, Zhang H L, et al. Evaluation of a highly condensed SAPRC chemical mechanism and two emission inventories for ozone source apportionment and emission control strategy assessments in China [J]. Sci Total Environ, 2022,813:151922. [131] Wang L, Zhao Y, Shi J S, et al. Predicting ozone formation in petrochemical industrialized Lanzhou city by interpretable ensemble machine learning [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2023,318:120798. [132] Kuo C P, Fu J S. Ozone response modeling to NOx and VOC emissions: Examining machine learning models [J]. Environment International, 2023,176:107969. [133] Wang Y J, Yaluk E A, Chen H, et al. The importance of NOx control for peak ozone mitigation based on a sensitivity study using CMAQ-HDDM-3D model during a typical episode over the Yangtze River Delta Region, China [J]. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 2022,127(19):e2022JD036555. [134] Wang W J, Parrish D D, Wang S W, et al. Long-term trend of ozone pollution in China during 2014~2020: distinct seasonal and spatial characteristics and ozone sensitivity [J]. Atmospheric chemistry and physics, 2022,22(13):8935-8949. [135] 梁艳妮,王兴会,亓淑旻,等.基于OMI卫星与地面观测数据的广东省臭氧生成敏感性分析[J]. 环境科学,2024,45(11):6248-6254. Liang Y N, Wang X H, Qi S M, et al. Sensitivity analysis of ozone generation in Guangdong Province based on OMI satellite and ground observation data [J]. Environmental Science,2024,45(11):6248-6254.. [136] Fang H, Wang W J, Wang R, et al. Ozone and its precursors at an urban site in the Yangtze River Delta since clean air action plan phase II in China [J]. Environmental Pollution, 2024,347:123769. [137] Su F C, Xu Q X, Yin S S, et al. Contributions of local emissions and regional background to summertime ozone in central China [J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023,338:117778. [138] Li X, Qin M M, Li L, et al. Examining the implications of photochemical indicators for O3-NOx-VOC sensitivity and control strategies: a case study in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022,22(22):14799-811. [139] 陈柑羽,李勋,李琳,等.不同方法判定南京臭氧生成敏感区的差异[J]. 环境科学, 2024,45(2):635-644. Chen G Y, Li X, Li L, et al. Differences of three methods in determining ozone sensitivity in Nanjing [J]. Environmental Science, 2024,45(2):635-644. [140] Xu D N, Yuan Z B, Wang M, et al. Multi-factor reconciliation of discrepancies in ozone-precursor sensitivity retrieved from observation-and emission-based models [J]. Environment International, 2022,158:106952. [141] Wu S L, Lee H J, Anderson A, et al. Direct measurements of ozone response to emissions perturbations in California [J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2022,22(7):4929-49. [142] Sklaveniti S, Locoge N, Stevens P S, et al. Development of an instrument for direct ozone production rate measurements: Measurement reliability and current limitations [J]. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, 2018,11(2):741-761. [143] Morino Y, Sadanaga Y, Sato K, et al. Direct evaluation of the ozone production regime in smog chamber experiments [J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2023,309:119889.