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2016 Vol.36 Issue.10,Published 2016-10-20
2881 Evaluation of the improvement of the air quality during the parade in Beijing
ZHAO Hui, ZHENG You-fei, XU Jing-xin, WANG Zhan-shan, YUAN Yue, HUANG Ji-qing, CHU Zhong-fang
To evaluate the effects of the implementation of emission reduction measures and the revolution of air quality during the 70th anniversary of victory parade in Beijing, the variation of characteristics of air pollutant was analyzed based on observations of air pollutants at twelve sites in Beijing City from August 1, 2015 to September 18, 2015, and compared with that in 2014. The results showed that: The average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO were 17.05μg/m3, 2.35μg/m3, 21.04μg/m3, 0.56mg/m3 respectively during emission reduction, the average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO were decreased by 71.26%, 36.49%, 37.92%, 37.78% compared to the period before emission reduction, after the emission reduction, with the cancellation of emission abatement measures, air pollutant showed an upward tendency. Compared with the same time in 2014, the average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO were decreased by 73.59%, 56.64%, 52.39%, 38.46% during emission reduction, air quality improvement was very obvious. Diurnal variation of pollutants were similar, the same time in 2014> during emission reduction> day of the event. The concentrations of pollutants was well below the same time in 2014 at each monitoring site during emission reduction, the improvement percentage of PM2.5 was big and the spatial difference was relatively small, the spatial difference of SO2 was zhengyf@nuist.edu.cnmost obvious, the concentrations of PM2.5 at different sites were decreased by 68.91%~77.63%, the concentrations of SO2 at different sites were decreased by 7.43%~74.75%, the concentrations of NO2 at different sites were decreased by 34.60%~72.28%, the concentrations of CO at different sites were decreased by 24.98%~63.73%. The average concentrations of PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO in Beijing was lower than nearly surrounding areas, this further shows that implementation measures had made a great contribution to the improvement of air quality in Beijing during emission reduction.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2881-2889 [Abstract] ( 378 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 463KB] ( 1229 )
2890 The characteristics of PM2.5 and its water soluble ions during Spring Festival in PRD in 2012
MA Ying, WU Dui, LIU jian
Particulate matter (PM) and relevant water-soluble ions were analyzed based on the hourly Marga data from China Meteorological Agency Panyu Atmospheric Components Station during Spring Festival of 2012 in PRD.During fireworks burning period, mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5 and all water-soluble ions increased rapidly, indicating an occurrence of air pollution. The ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 (PM2.5/PM10) showed a decreasing trend,and thus the increase in PM10 caused by the pollution was more significant than that of PM2.5; however, the average value of PM2.5/PM10 is 0.92, indicating PM2.5 was the absolutely dominant component of PM. The influence of fireworks burning on the concentration of K+, Cl- and SO42- was more significant than on that of NO3- and NH4+. The correlation analysis suggested that the increase of K+, Cl-, Mg2+ and Na+ resulted from the firework burning and SO42-, NO3-和NH4+ was probably from the same source. Finally, firework burning has also contributed to the increase of black carbon.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2890-2895 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 463KB] ( 1317 )
2896 Sources apportionment of volatile organic compounds VOCs in summertime Nanjing and their potential contribution to secondary organic aerosols (SOA)
YANG Xiao-xiao, TANG Li-li, HU Bing-xin, ZHOU Hong-cang, HUA Yan, QIN Wei, CHEN Wen-tai, CUI Yu-hang, JIANG Lei
In this study, VOCs were continuously measured using an online GC system in Nanjing during August 2013 and 2014, with the mean concentrations of 51.73×10-9 and 77.47×10-9. The OH radical loss rate (LOH) method were applied to assess the chemical reactivity of VOCs. The results showed that alkene and aromatics were the key active components, and dominated the LOH in summertime Nanjing. Fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) method was used to estimate the formation potentials of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in Nanjing. The calculated SOA concentrations were 1.95μg/m3 in August of 2013 and 1.01μg/m3 in August of 2014. Aromatics and alkanes contributed about 95% and 4% to the SOA formation. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) model was deployed to identify the sources of VOCs in Nanjing. In the summer of 2013, fossil fuel evaporation was identified as the largest source and accounted for 22.7% of the measured VOCs, followed by natural gas and liquid gasoline (19.5%), petroleum chemical industry (13.5%), vehicle emissions (17.7%), natural sources (13.4%) and paint/solvent usages (13.2%). In 2014, the largest VOCs source was natural gas and liquid gasoline (35.2%), followed by oil and chemical industries (20.6%), incomplete combustion (20.5%), fossil fuel evaporation (15.7%) and vehicle emissions (8.1%).
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2896-2902 [Abstract] ( 372 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 454KB] ( 2380 )
2903 Analysis of pollution characteristics of NO, NO2 and O3 at urban area of Langfang, Hebei
SONG Cong-bo, LI Rui-peng, HE Jian-jun, WU Lin, MAO Hong-jun
Continuous measurements were undertaken of NO, NO2, O3 and meteorological conditions at four monitoring stations at urban area of Langfang, Hebei province from January 2013 to December 2015. During this period, the mean concentrations (×10-9) of NO, NO2, NOx and O3 were 15.10, 23.00, 38.10 and 23.25 respectively. Peak NO concentrations often appear at about 07:00~09:00 in the morning due to increase in traffic emissions and reduction in boundary layer heights. O3 show a single peak at about 15:00~16:00. The mean NO2 photolysis rates (min-1) reach top at 14:00~16:00 and vary with seasons which are 0.128 in spring, 0.398 in summer, 0.315 in autumn and 0.117 in winter. NO-NO2, O3 were fitted well as quadratic polynomial, inverse proportional function of NOx respectively. NOx and OX concentration of mid-small towns from Jing-Jin-Ji regions were differently affected by local, regional source contribution respectively. The peak regional contribution occurs at 16:00~18:00.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2903-2912 [Abstract] ( 368 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6013KB] ( 2558 )
2913 The atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient cumulative frequency curve fitting and its application
XU Da-hai, WANG Yu, ZHU Rong
Atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient is defined in this study. In addition, its characteristics as well as the type PIII fitting of the cumulative frequency curve are investigated. It has been proved that the coefficient can be served as air-self-cleaning Index. The relationship in different return periods between the air quality and the environmental capacity coefficient is studied for several special area and periods. According to the meteorological data observed in Beijing from 1951 to 2014, the average annual A-value with hundred years return period was calculated out as 4.27 and the average daily A-value with hundred days return period as 0.23 only. The research results indicate that the frequency analysis of atmospheric environmental capacity coefficient can be an important tool in the atmospheric environment management.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2913-2922 [Abstract] ( 415 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1035KB] ( 1715 )
2923 Emission characteristics and chemical reactivity of volatile organic compounds from light-duty gasoline vehicles
YAO Sen, WEI Wei, CHENG Shui-yuan, WANG Gang, ZHANG Hang-yu, CHEN Guo-lei
The VOCs samples emitted from light-duty gasoline vehicles ranging from China II to China IV was collected by portableemission measurement system (PEMS). Alkanes, alkenes and aromatics in the exhaust were analyzed using GC-MS and GC-FID. Results demonstrated that the emission reductions of VOCs from light-duty gasoline vehicles had been achieved as the control technology become more rigorous, China II, China III and China IV vehicles were 49.62, 21.65 and 6.72mg/km, respectively. Aromatics were the dominant VOCs with weight percentages of 47.43%~60.52%. The ozone formation potentials and SOA formation potential for different emission standards were 24.64 ~ 234.14mg/km and 13.24 ~125.32mg/km. Driving speeds also influenced the VOCs emissions from the tested China III vehicles, the VOCs emission factors, ozone formation potential (OFP) and SOA formation potential from light-duty gasoline vehicles were dropped with the increase of the speed.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2923-2929 [Abstract] ( 384 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 451KB] ( 1737 )
2930 Variation characteristic and source contribution of CO concentration at the background and urban station
CHENG Si-yang, AN Xing-qin, ZHOU Ling-xi, CHENG Xing-hong
The simulation method, combining FLEXPART atmospheric diffusion model with emission inventory, has been used to study variation characteristic of CO concentration in Beijing by comparing with CO observation concentrations at Shangdianzi (SDZ) atmospheric background station and Baolian (BL) urban station in 2010. Also, source emission contribution discrepancy of CO concentration was studied with statistical analysis. The variations of simulated CO concentrations were similar to observed values at SDZ and BL, where the correlation coefficients of concentrations were greater than 0.76 and 0.52 between simulation and observation respectively. Compared with observed CO concentrations, simulated values were lower. Observed CO peaks were limited by the capacity of simulation. Using different source emissions for the same site, the simulated CO concentrations were similar, but the contributions of specific classifications (transportation, industry, resident and power) were distinctly different. Using emission inventory MEIC2010compared with emission inventory INTEX-B2006, the contribution ratios of transportation and industry were less and the contribution ratio of resident was greater at BL, and the contribution ratio of transportation was less and the contribution ratios of resident and industry were greater at SDZ. Therefore, the simulated method, combining FLEXPART model with emission inventory, was effective to CO concentration simulation, and variation characteristics of CO concentrations could be obtained at regional atmospheric background station and urban station. The contributions of emission sources were not only affected by local emissions but also determined by source emissions in the footprint area of measurement station.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2930-2937 [Abstract] ( 326 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 771KB] ( 1817 )
2938 The size distribution of airborne microbes in typical tourist city in southeast China
YAO Wen-chong, LOU Xiu-qin, FANG Zhi-guo, OUYANG Zhi-yun
The size distributions and median diameters were investigated in detail with imitated six-stage Andersen sampler at four selected sampling sites in typical tourist city in southeast China. Results showed the particle percentage of airborne bacteria decreased from stage 1to stage 6with skewed distribution at different sampling sites. The highest percentage of bacterial particle was recorded at stage 1at TJCR (Tianmushan Jiaogong Cross Road), GSUJ (Zhejiang Gongshang University Jiaogong Campus), YRBS (Yan'an Road Business Street) and BLQG (Breeze-ruffled Lotus at Quyuan Garden) with the percentage of 29.1%, 31.8%, 33.5% and 25.4%, respectively, while the lowest was observed at stage 6with the percentage of 11.7%, 11.2%, 6.5% and 11.1%, respectively. The percentage of airborne fungi increased gradually from stage 1to stage 4, and then decreased from stage 4to stage 6with normal logarithmic distribution. The highest percentage of fungi was recorded at stage 4with the percentage of 30.3%, 30.2%, 31.7% and 28.3%, respectively, while the lowest was observed at stage 6with the percentage of 5.2%, 5.1%, 3.3% and 4.5%, respectively. Moreover, Penicillium, Alternaria, Aspergillus, and Cladosporium was recorded with normal logarithmic distribution. Finally, the median diameters of airborne bacteria were larger than those of airborne fungi at different sampling sites, and the highest median diameter of airborne bacteria was found at YRBS, while the highest median diameter of airborne fungi was observed at GSUJ. The present paper suggested the great difference of microbial size distribution in the air, which could provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of microbial pollution indoors and outdoors in urban ecosystem.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2938-2943 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 385KB] ( 1350 )
2944 Temporal and spatial characteristics of PM2.5 concentration in urban street canyons and analysis on the affecting factors
ZHANG Yun-wei, WANG Qing-ru, CHEN Jia, LIU Sui-xin, HU Ta-feng, GU Zhao-lin
In the current work, temporal variations of PM2.5 concentration, traffic flux, wind speed, air temperature and humidity was measured on Heping Road, which well represents an urban the street canyon, during April 8~10, 2015, in Xi'an. Based on these measurements, diurnal and spatial variations of PM2.5 in the urban street canyon and the affecting factors were investigated. Generally, PM2.5 concentrations were found very high in the street canyon, especially in the morning and evening. The lowest PM2.5 concentrations were observed at 16:00 in the daytime. Good correlations were found between PM2.5 concentration and air temperature and/or humidity, with R2 values of 0.75 and 0.81, respectively. Under weak wind conditions, the temperature variation induced expansion and contraction was found to be the main influencing factor on pollutant dispersion in urban street canyons.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2944-2949 [Abstract] ( 309 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 1578 )
2950 Three dimensional numerical simulation of field tracer experiment for atmospheric dispersion around a domestic nuclear power plant
WANG Bo, LUAN Hai-yan, WU Han, XIONG Wen-bin, CHEN Lu, HE Wei, ZHANG Qiong, YAN Jiang-yu, HAO Hong-wei
To further analyze the characteristics of atmospheric dispersion around a domestic coastal nuclear power plant on the basis of field tracer experiments, Fluidyn-PANACHE, a Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software, was used to create a refined atmospheric dispersion simulation system that is capable of simulating field tracer experiment. More reasonable simulation for tracer's peak concentration and plume width at each downwind sampling arc, closer to real dispersion status at near field with undulate terrain, and approximate real time simulation under continuous variation of wind direction based on the steady simulation can be obtained by CFD mode compared to Gaussian mode. The statistical analysis for bias of numerical simulations indicated that both the statistical performance indices of CFD steady simulation and Gaussian simulation were within internationally accepted ranges and moreover, random bias of CFD simulation was superior to that of Gaussian simulation. It was concluded that CFD simulation can be utilized to assist and optimize field tracer experiments for other nuclear power plants so as to improve efficiency and pertinence of nuclear safety regulation.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2950-2956 [Abstract] ( 296 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1973KB] ( 1353 )
2957 The kinetic coefficients of ammonium inhibition on the Anammox activity of SNAD biofilm
ZHENG Zhao-ming, LI Jun, MA Jing, DU Jia, ZHAO Bai-hang
The effect of ammonium concentrations on the anaerobic ammonium oxidation (Anammox) activity of simultaneous partial nitrification, anaerobic ammonium oxidization and denitrification (SNAD) biofilm was investigated in batch tests. The SNAD biofilm reactor performed stable nitrogen removal performance with the influent of domestic wastewater. The average influent NH4+-N and COD concentrations were 70mg/L and 180mg/L, respectively. As a result, the average effluent NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N concentrations were 2mg/L, 2mg/L, 7mg/L and 50mg/L, respectively. The SNAD biofilm performed good Anammox activity. The NH4+-N, NO2--N and total inorganic nitrogen (TIN) removal rates were 0.121kg N/(kg VSS·d), 0.180kg N/(kg VSS·d) and 0.267kg N/(kg VSS·d) with the initial NH4+-N and NO2--N concentrations of both 70mg/L. Moreover, Haldane model was applied to investigate the ammonium inhibition on the Anammox process. There is no obvious difference in kinetic coefficients of ammonium inhibition under high or low FA conditions. As for M1 (FA ranges of 0.7mg/L and 20.4mg/L), the rmax, Ks and KI of ammonium were 0.209kg NO2--N/(kg VSS·d), 9.5mg/L and 422mg/L. As for M2 (FA ranges of 6.3mg/L and 190.5mg/L), the rmax, Ks and KI of ammonium were 0.221kg NO2--N/(kg VSS·d), 6.1mg/L and 597mg/L. Ammonium rather than FA is the main inhibitor for Anammox process.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2957-2963 [Abstract] ( 375 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 1243 )
2964 Effect of different waste activated sludge fermentation supernatants on NOx- reduction process
HE Yue-lan, WANG Shu-ying, LI Xi-yao, MA Bin, GUO Si-yu
This research adopted the (35±1)℃ temperature and pH were acidity (pH=4.0, 5.0, 6.0) and alkaline (pH=8.0, 9.0, 10.0) conditions to conduct waste activated sludge anaerobic fermentation, using an equal volume of different fermentation liquid as carbon source researched its effect on NOx- reduction process.The results showed that: when the fermentation liquid produced in pH=8.0 condition as carbon source, the highest reaction rate appeared, NO3- and NO2- reduction rate respectively were 16.28mg/(gVSS·h) and 17.51mg/(gVSS·h). The NO2- reduction process was faster than the NO3- reduction process while the fermentation liquid as carbon source produced by acidic condition, but the NO3- reduction rate was higher when the fermentation liquid as carbon source produced by alkaline condition. Meanwhile, which produced the nitrite accumulation phenomenon among the denitrification process, the accumulation rate of nitrite during denitrification process reached 82.5% when the fermentation liquid as carbon source produced in pH=10.0condition.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2964-2971 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 544KB] ( 1069 )
2972 Bioreduction of nitrate and perchlorate from aqueous solution using hydrogen/carbon dioxide membrane aeration biofilm reactor
YANG Xiao-xiao, WANG Zuo-wei, XIA Si-qing
A hydrogen-based membrane aeration biofilm reactor (H2-MBfR) with carbon dioxide as the sole carbon source was applied for biodegradation of two typical oxidized pollutants (NO3--N and ClO4-) in simulative groundwater. In order to overcome the secondary pollution and high operation cost, CO2 was supplied through the membrane aeration as carbon source and to control the pH during denitrification. The experimental results showed that the reactor effluent pH can be controlled relatively stable through the adjustment of H2 and CO2 pressure. In first two opreation stages, the CO2 pressure was 0.05 MPa and 0.08 MPa, respectively, and the average influent concentrations of NO3--N and ClO4- were 20.73mg/L and 10.57mg/L, respectively, thus the average effluent pH was 8.45 and 8.06, respectively, and the removal rates of NO3--N and ClO4- were both higher than 95%; When the CO2 pressure increased to 0.12 MPa in the third stage, the average effluent pH was dropped to 6.93, and the average surface loadings of NO3--N and ClO4- surface have decreased significantly. And methanation was caused owing to excess CO2 under the condition of partial acid, which leads to the low reduction rates of goal pollutants. Therefore, reasonable control of the CO2 pressure was conducive to high efficiencies of NO3--N and ClO4- reduction.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2972-2980 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 742KB] ( 1323 )
2981 Preparation and dye adsorbing properties of Fe3O4@carbon/graphene oxide composites
WU Ri-liang, LIU Yun-fang, REN Sen, SHI Xiang-hui, CHI Wei-dong, HUANG Qi-gu, YU Chang-yuan, TIAN Xiao-jun
Fe3O4@carbon/graphene oxide (Fe3O4@C/GO)composites were synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometer. And their dye adsorbing properties were investigated. The results indicated that the Fe3O4 nanoparticles were uniformly anchored on GO sheets. The saturated adsorption capacities towards Rhodamine B (RhB) of the composites increased with the increase of GO content, initial RhB concentration and adsorbing temperature. And the higher GO content in the composite was, the quicker the absorbing rate was. The saturated adsorption capacity of the composite reached a maximum value when the pH value was 7. For the composite prepared at 0.8 of the mass ratio of GO to Fe3O4, the saturated adsorption capacity reached 303.4mg/g at 1000mg/L of initial RhB concentration.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2981-2987 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 583KB] ( 1684 )
2988 Process characteristics of ammonia wastewater treatment by embedded immobilized nitrifying sludge
XU Xiao-yi, ZHANG Ting-ting, YOU Xiao-lu, LÜ Chen-pei
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as a gel matrix was used to immobilize activated sludge with good nitrification performance. The mass transfer efficiency and nitrogen removal characteristics of immobilized particles were evaluated for different initial ammonium concentration of simulated wastewater in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). When the package percentage of immobilized particles, water temperature, pH, and the DO concentration were 10%, 26~30℃, 7.5~8.5, and 4~5mg/L, respectively, the maximal ammonia removal load in the stable period kept at 61.8~242.3mgN/(L-particles·h) with different influent NH4+-N concentration of 50~400mg/L. The removal kinetics of ammonia nitrogen followed the zero-order reaction model, furthermore, the maximum ammonia oxidation rate (μmax) and half-saturation constant (Ks) were estimated as 271.40mgN/(L-particles·h) and 66.69mg/L, respectively. According to the diffusion experiments, the effective diffusion coefficient (De) of ammonia and oxygen in immobilized particles were calculated as 0.467×10-9m2/s and 0.279×10-9m2/s, respectively. SEM observation and the test of specific surface area showed that the specific surface area and the average pore diameter in the interior of the particles increased greatly during the stable stage compared with the fresh particles. Comprehensive comparison of three different systems including immobilized particles reactor, activated sludge reactor, and the mixing reactor with immobilized particles and activated sludge was carried out. The sludge reactor with adding immobilized particles could enhance the nitrification and nitrogen removal process significantly. Moreover, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification also could be observed.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2988-2996 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 773KB] ( 1544 )
2997 Rate-limiting of hydrogen-producing acetogenesis to anaerobic digestion compared with methanogenesis
WANG Xiang-kun, MIN Xiang-fa, LI Jian-zheng, ZHANG Yu-peng
To identify the rate-limiting degree of hydrogen-producing acetogenesis and methanogenesis in anaerobic digestion, anaerobic activated sludge sampled from an UASB was cultivated at 37℃ with a series of initial pH ranged from 5.00 to 9.00. With butyric acid, acetic acid and H2/CO2 as substrate, respectively, the ecological amplitude of pH and the substrate conversion rate of syntrophic butyrate-oxidizing bacteria (SBOB), aceticlastic methanogens (ACM) and hydrogenotrophic methanogens (HTM) were evaluated according to the Shelford's tolerance law. The results showed that the ecological amplitudes of pH for SBOB, ACM and HTM were 6.19~8.59、5.50~7.74 and 4.39~9.23, with an optimal pH of 7.39, 6.62 and 6.81 for their metabolism, respectively. With the optimal metabolic pH, the specific conversion rate of butyric acid, acetic acid and H2/CO2 by the sludge was 0.86, 1.04 and 1.09gCODequ/(gMLVSS·d), respectively. Obviously, the hydrogen-producing acetogens had narrower pH ecological amplitude and lower substrate conversion rate than the methanogens, indicating that hydrogen-producing acetogenesis in the anaerobic activated sludge had a stronger limitation on the anaerobic digestion.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 2997-3002 [Abstract] ( 469 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 395KB] ( 1877 )
3003 Preparation and characterization of Fe2O3-TiO2-MnO2/Al2O3 catalysts
ZHANG Yao-hui, TU Yong, TANG Min, XU Jun, LIU Wei-jin, WU Qian, CHEN Yong, LI Jun
The Fe2O3-TiO2-MnO2/Al2O3 oxide catalyst was prepared by the dipping-calcination method using A12O3 as a carrier. SEM, EDX, BET and XRD techniques were performed to characterize the catalyst. The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was investigated by catalytic ozonation of the effluent in sewage plant of chemical industry park at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. The results showed that the optimal preparation parameters were as follow: the molar ratio of Ti4+, Mn2+ and Fe3+ in the dipping solution was 2:2:1, calcination time and temperature 4h and 500℃ respectively. Furthermore, the degradation performance obtained for COD in wastewater showed that the catalytic activity of Fe2O3-TiO2-MnO2/Al2O3 catalyst was good when amount of ozone was 50mg·L-1 and filling ratio of catalyst was 50%, it could be removed 52.2% of COD after 60min oxidation. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectra showed that visible humus and UV humus in the wastewater were completely degraded after catalytic ozonation, and a small amount of fulvic was generated.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3003-3009 [Abstract] ( 283 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 829KB] ( 1524 )
3019 SM-nano iron/carbon filling in PRB for nitrate nitrogen removal in groundwater
GAO Yang-yang, LIU Guo, CHEN Chun-mei, XU Xiong-kun, CHEN Zheng-yang
In this study rhamnolipid was selected to modify Nano Iron, attaching to activated carbon to constitute SM-nano iron/carbon, and took it as PRB filling material. The organic glass column was used to simulate the continuous wall PRB to study on removal of nitrate nitrogen in the water. Experimental results showed that the modifying Nano Iron could effectively load on the activated carbon, and its suspension stability were greatly improved; the particle size of SM-nano iron/carbon was much larger than Nano iron, it can effectively alleviate the PRB pore spacing blocking; When nano iron and activated carbon quality ratio was 5:2, the running effect of PRB was the best; Lower pH, initial nitrate nitrogen concentration and the velocity of water were favorable of removal of nitrate nitrogen in water.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3019-3025 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 743KB] ( 973 )
3026 Study on reduction rates of nitrogen pollution in typical rivers of Taihu Basin
GUO Jia-xun, PENG Jun-xiang, ZHANG Hai-tao, HU Wei-ping, ZHAO Geng-mao, LAI Xi-jun, DENG Jian-cai
The reduction rates of nitrogen pollution in typical rivers of Taihu Basin were studied using a self - developed in-situ device. The reduction rates of total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were (280.6±180.0)~(1458.8± 725.7)mg/(m3·d) and (35.2±3.7)~(343.6±88.4)mg/(m3·d), respectively, which indicated significant spatial difference (P<0.05). The reduction rate of nitrate nitrogen had no significant difference (P>0.05) among the rivers, and the rate was (44.3±7.6)~(521.2±19.2) mg/(m3·d). The N reduction rates under the microbial and non-microbial actions were 95.0~733.1mg/(m3·d) and 180.0~996.7mg/(m3·d), accounting for 12.9%~50.2% and 49.8%~87.0% of the total N reduction rate and 2.0%~13.4% and 7.4%~25.7% of the total N load to the rivers, respectively, indicating that the contribution of microbial actions to the reduction of nitrogen pollutants was low in short-term after nitrogen into the rivers. The N reduction rates were positively correlated with the TN, NO3- and SS concentrations (P<0.05), which suggested TN, NO3- and SS might be the influencing factors for N reducing.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3026-3032 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 496KB] ( 1265 )
3033 Studies on the degradation of ofloxacin by Electron Beam irradiation in aqueous solution
FU Xing-ming, LUO Min, MA Ling-ling, YANG Guo-sheng, XU Dian-dou, LIU Zhi-ming
The influence factors and mechanism of the degradation of ofloxacin in water by electron linear accelerator was investigated. In order to study the role of radicals, ofloxacin solution with initial concentration of 20mg/L was used in degradation with the doses of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 kGy, respectively, for each of different conditions. The solution were saturated with air as a scavenger of hydrated electron, saturated with nitrogen, containing 0.005 mol/L sodium chloride, 0.05 mol/L sodium chloride, 0.05 mol/L tert-butanol as scavenger of hydroxyl radical, 0.005 mol/L sodium carbonate, and 0.005 mol/L sodium sulfate, respectively. It was found that the degradation rate was promoted under the condition of saturated air, and could reach 99% with irradiation dose of 2.0 kGy. The presence of sodium chloride, tert butyl alcohol and sodium carbonate significently inhibited the degradation rate of ofloxacin, however, sodium sulfate had little effect on the degradation. This fact indicates that hydroxyl radicals play a key role in the degradation of loxacin. Based on the product analysis in irradiation by ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS), the degradation pathway has be deduced as well.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3033-3039 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 312KB] ( 1378 )
3040 Geographical distribution of perfluorinated compounds in waters along the Grand Canal during wet season
PIAO Hai-tao, SHU Chen, JIAO Xing-chun, GAI Nan, YIN Xiao-cai, LU Guo-hui, WANG Xiao-chun, TAN Ke-yan, PAN Jing, YANG Yong-liang
The contamination status and spatial distributions of perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) were investigated in waters of the Grand Canal in eastern China during 2014. A total of 41samples of surface waters were collected. High performance liquid chromatography/negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI-MS/MS) was used to identify and quantify PFCs. The total concentrations of PFCs (∑PFCs) ranged from 7.4~153.5ng/L, generally showing a trend of deceasing from south to north. ∑PFCs were greater in Hangzhou-Jiaxing section than those in other sections. For the northern Canal, the highest ∑PFCs occurred in Dezhou section. PFOA was the prevalent PFC in the southern part of the Canal and its prevalence decreased in general in the northern part. Comparisons are made between the population density and the gross domestic product (GDP) of cities or prefectures located in the Grand Canal sampling areas in 2014 and the corresponding average ∑PFCs in waters.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3040-3047 [Abstract] ( 419 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 492KB] ( 1945 )
3048 Spectral characteristics of DOM in sediment interstitial water of the main reservoir area during the initial stage of isothermal mixing:A case study of Zhoucun Reservoir
ZHANG Chun-hua, HUANG Ting-lin, FANG Kai-kai, ZHOU Shi-lei, WANG Ya-ping, CONG Hai-bing, WEN Gang
Spectral characteristics of DOM in sediment interstitial water during the initial stage of isothermal mixing in Zhoucun reservoir was explored based on Uv-Vis spectra and EEM-PARAFAC technology. Results showed that there was no obvious Uv-Vis of the DOM in sediment interstitial water, and the variation coefficient of absorption was between 50% and 330%, indicating that the DOM at different sediment depths was different. The E2/E3 and E3/E4 value increased with sediment depths, indicating that the proportion of fulvic acid in DOM increased with sediment depths. Two kinds of fulvic-like acid (C1 and C2), one kind of protein-like (C3) and one kind of humic-like (C4) were identified by PARAFAC technology, and C3 showed a significant correlation with C4(P<0.01, R=0.905). The fluorescence intensity of total, C1, C2, C3 and C4 decreased with the increase of sedment depths, while the proportion of humic acid in DOM increased gradually, and the fluorescence intensity and fluorescence abundance were different at different sampling points; The high FI(1.8~2.0) and BIX(> 1.0), and low HIX(<4.0) of sediment interstitial water indicated that the DOM exhibited lower aromaticity and are mainly derived from aquatic bacterial input.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3048-3055 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1081KB] ( 1024 )
3056 The forms, bioavailability of Cd in soils of typical sewage irrigation fields in northern China and its control factors
HE Jun, WANG Xue-dong,CHEN Shi-bao, LIU Bin, LI Ning, ZHENG Han
Five typical sewage irrigated soils (i.e. from the sewage irrigated soil sites of Beijing, Shandong, Tianjin, Hebei and Liaoning) were collected. The soils were added with 1.20mg/kg Cd with CdCl2 solution and incubated for 30d aging period. A pot experiment was conducted to study the bioconcentration factors (BCF), root to shoot translocation coefficient (TF) of Cd by wheat in different sewage irrigation field soils. The soil solution properties of sewage irrigation soil and the forms of Cd in solution (free Cd2+) were determined using ion chromatography and WHAM6.0 model. The results showed that significant differences (P<0.05) were observed for the bioconcentration factors (BCF) and root to shoot translocation coefficient (TF) of Cd by wheat in different sewage irrigation soils, the BCFs of Cd in plant shoots ranged from 0.064~0.465, with a maximum variation of 626.5%. Among the tested sewage irrigation soils, the largest BCF of Cd was observed with the brown soil from Liaoning site and the smallest with the brown soil from Shandong site; the variation of root to shoot transfer coefficient (TF) of Cd followed the order of cinnamon soil from Hebei> brown soil from Liaoning> alluvial soil from Beijing> alluvial soil from Tianjin> brown soil from Shandong. Significant (P<0.05) positive correlation were observed between the free Cd2+ in soil solutions and the phyto-availability of Cd in different sewage irrigation soils, a significant negative correlation (P<0.001) was observed between the Cd concentrations of plant roots/shoots and the negative logarithm of free Cd2+[p(Cd2+)] in soil solutions, with the equations of y = -3.3106x+ 17.681(R2=0.929) and y = -0.3389x+1.7743(R2=0.916) for roots and shoots respectively. The changes of free Cd2+ in soil solutions [△p(Cd2+)] varied significantly among the soils and were affected by soil properties greatly, in general, positive chenshibao@caas.cncorrelations were observed between the △p(Cd2+) and pH and EC of the soils, while negative correlation were found between the △p(Cd2+) and Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ concentration in soil solutions, it can be inferred that the increment of Cl-, Na+, Ca2+ content in field soils induced by sewage irrigation will lead to increased environmental risk of Cd in the field soils.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3056-3063 [Abstract] ( 391 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 392KB] ( 1507 )
3064 Effect of biochar and biochar based fertilizer on growth of Lactuca sativa L. and absorption of heavy metals
LIU Chong, LIU Xiao-wen, WU Wen-cheng,CAI Xin-de, LIANG Xiao, LI Yun-biao, NAN Zhong-ren
A pot experiment was conducted out for paddy soil and lettuceto study the effects of amendment of biochar and biochar based fertilizer on growth of lettuce and absorption of heavy metals. The results indicated that rice straw biochar and biochar based fertilizer could promote the growth of lettuceand improved soil physical and chemical properties except NH4+-N. Heavy metals content of various parts of lettucedecreased with treatment and the order of heavy metals content in different plant tissues was root> shoot. There was a distinct reduce of heavy metals after the application of high dose of biochar based fertilizer and Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn content of lettuce leaf could be reduced by 34.78%, 29.37%, 46.59% and 40.95%, respectively. Bioaccumulation factors of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in different plant tissues of lettuce showed a decreasing trend while transfer coefficient of Cd, Cu and Zn in shoot increased with treatment. Biochar and biochar based fertilizer could significantly inhibit the absorption and accumulation of heavy metals in lettucein paddy soil.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3064-3070 [Abstract] ( 418 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 376KB] ( 1437 )
3071 Influence on water quality and microbial diversity in fish pond by Ipomoea aquatica floating-bed
LI Jian-zhu, HOU Jie, ZHANG Peng-fei, LIU Yao-quan, XIA Run-hong, MA Xu-fa
In order to investigate the influence on water quality and microbial diversity in intensive fish pond by Ipomoea aquatica floating-bed, and the composition and diversity of microbial communities in the samples were researched based on high throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene. The results revealed that the dominant bacteria were phyla Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes, the dominant bacteria were genera Synechococcus, hgcI_clade, CL500-29_marine_group, Bacillus and Mycobacterium in the Aquaponics System, and the most dominant bacteria of rhizosphere microorganisms were phyla Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria, the dominant bacteria were genera Rhodobacter, Hydrogenophaga and Synechococcus. Moreover, the results also showed that low coverage (3.5%) of Ipomoea aquatica floating-bed increased the dissolved oxygen content and reduced the concentration of nitrogen compounds, and improved micro-ecological balance and increased the content of the beneficial bacteria and nitrogen cycle bacteria in aquaculture water body.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3071-3080 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 2309 )
3081 Degradation of bisphenol A by the epiphytic bacteria of submerged macrophytes Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle
ZHANG Guo-sen, WANG Yu, ZHUANG Xiao-jin, YANG Shao, JIANG Jin-hui
Epiphytic bacteria of submerged macrophytes may have the capability in biodegradation and/or biotransformation of bisphenol A (BPA) in water column, therefore affect the fate of such environmental pollutant. In this research, Hydrilla verticillata (L. f.) Royle was selected and their attached BPA degrading epiphytic bacteria attached were isolated. Among the 22bacteria strains, the BPA removal rates were from 11.46% to 25.06% with the inoculum density at 1×10-8cell/mL and culture at 37℃ for 72h. The most effective bacteria strains, B12, B14and B23 were identified as Lysinibacillus sp., Brevibacterium sp. and Ochrobactrum sp., respectively, according to the results of 16S rDNA sequencing and morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. But aseptic seedlings of H. verticillata significantly decreased their BPA removal rates after the addition with B12, B14and B23 (P<0.05). Natural seedlings of such species surprisingly increased about 5% in BPA removal after partially removing their epiphyte with physical methods. All the results indicated that epiphytic bacteria of submerged plant can remove BPA, although their contributions (about 23%) are less than the host plants in the submerged macrophytes-epiphyte associations.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3081-3088 [Abstract] ( 290 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 720KB] ( 1141 )
3089 Distribution characteristics and influencing factors of organophosphorus pesticides in Jianghan plain groundwater
WANG Jian-wei, ZHANG Cai-xiang, PAN Zhen-zhen, LIAO Xiao-ping, LIU Yuan, LÜ You, TANG Mi
To investigate the distribution characteristics of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) in groundwater, 38groundwatersamples on the established monitoring field site with 13monitoring points and 4surface water samples were sampled in June, 2015, in Jianghan plain. According to the determination of some main chemical parameters and OPPs contents, the distribution characteristics and influencing factors of OPPs in Jianghan plain groundwater were studied. Groundwater in this area presents mainly HCO3-Ca×Mg type with strong reducibility. OPPs were ubiquitous in our studied area ranged from 31.5 to 264.5ng/L,with the averageof 86.5ng/L.Three of higher OPPs concentrations were omethoate, methamidophos and diazinon, with the average of 54.3, 32.1 and 27.8ng/L, respectively. Not only single one but the sum of OPPs concentrations were below the MAC standard in “Groundwater Pesticide Residues in Water” (EEC80/778) andthe threshold of drinking water“Hygienic Standard for Drinking Water”(GB 5749-2006) to prove less effect on the local ecological environment. The vertical distribution of OPPs concentration followed as: 50m> 25m> 10m, while the horizontal distributionfollowing:nearby river farm area> farm area> nearby riverarea. The distribution characteristics of OPPs were also influenced by many factors, such as application amount of OPPs、the interaction between the surface water and groundwater、the fluctuation of hydrochemical parameters in groundwater and the biological and non-biological degradation.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3089-3098 [Abstract] ( 414 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 653KB] ( 1969 )
3099 Influence of rainfall intensity and slope gradient on suspended substance and phosphorus losses in runoff
YUAN Xi, PAN Zhong-cheng, LI Min, LIU Feng
Artificial simulated rainfall experiments were conducted in this study to investigate the effects of rainfall intensity (30~100mm/h) and slope gradient (0~10°) on suspended substance (SS), total phosphorus (TP) and particulate phosphorus (PP) losses in runoff from bare land in north China. The relationships between SS, TP and PP losses were also studied. The results showed that SS and TP losses increased greatly with the increase of rainfall intensity and slope gradient. There was a significant linear relationship between SS and TP losses, as well as TP and PP losses (R2> 0.946). Rainfall intensity had more intensive influence on SS and P losses than slope gradient in the range of our experimental conditions. There were clear linear relationships between SS, P losses and the rainfall intensity, slope gradient and the total amount of runoff (R2> 0.911). The linear equations of SS, P losses from bare land with and without an incline should be separately simulated because the rainwater infiltration and the runoff generation pathway on 0degree and other slopes were distinctly different. The results provided a calculation method for estimating SS and P losses in runoff from sandy loam soil in north China.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3099-3106 [Abstract] ( 238 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 504KB] ( 1438 )
3107 The ion mobility in root hair cells of Malus hupehensis in response to stress from PAHs
XU Jin, HUANG Cui-xiang, LiU Qing, MAO Yun-fei, NI Wei, YU Wen-zhang, SHEN Xiang
Apple stock-Pingyitiancha (Malus hupehensis Rehd) was selected as experimental materials, hydroponic experiments were conducted with or without fluoranthene and benzo (b) fluoranthene. Non-invasive Micro-test Technique was used to detect the effects of Ca2+, K+, H+ fluxes in response to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) treatments. Our results showed that: (1) fluoranthene and benzo (b) fluoranthene treatments resulted in the liquidity of Ca2+increased from(-63.53±9.30)pmol/(cm2×s) to (+62.85±10.00)pmol/(cm2×s)、(91.33±19.72) pmol/(cm2×s); the liquidity of K+ increased from(-60.56±14.56)pmol/(cm2×s) to(+32.60±5.44)pmol/(cm2×s)、(+36.76±5.23)pmol/(cm2×s); the liquidity of H+reduced from(+44.38±5.19)pmol/(cm2×s) to(-0.72±0.055)pmol/(cm2×s)、(-6.34±0.79)pmol/(cm2×s). fluoranthene and benzo (b) fluoranthene treatments resulted in the liquidity of Ca2+, K+, H+ in root epidermis obvious reversal. A dramatic Ca2+, K+ efflux was observed in root epidermis under stress, and gradually reduced to a stable level. Meanwhile, H+ showed influx and did not affect the PAHs treatments. (2) Benzo[b]fluoranthene Stress showed more toxic effects on ion mobility in root hair cells than that of fluoranthene. The results indicated that PAHs stress could damage the ion mobility of root hair cells, interfere plants growth and development, providing a theoretical basis for further study on the response of plants to PAHs stress.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3107-3111 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 473KB] ( 1193 )
3112 Screening of endogenous volatile organic compounds in human exhaled breath
LIU Chang, ZHENG Yun-hao, LIU Zhao-rong, YAO Mao-sheng
Exhaled breath contains thousands of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and relevant composition could vary with their health status. A cohort of healthy volunteers (73 students without respiratory disease) was recruited in this work. The breath samples were collected using gas-bag and further analyzed by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection and flame ionization detector. Five halides in human exhaled breath were found to have higher concentration levels than those of both indoor and outdoor environments. Among them, 1,1-dichloroethylene concentration in human exhaled breath was detected nearly 20times higher than its indoor air concentration, and about 300 times higher than the outdoor one, which suggests that human breath is an important source of 1,1-dichloroethylene in the environment. By quantitative analysis of exhaled breath of recruited healthy people with parallel comparison with indoor counterparts, eleven endogenous VOCs were detected and can be attributed primarily to humans, including 1,1-Dichloroethene, acetone, 1-hexene, methylcyclohexane, 2-pentanone, trans-2-pentene, 2, 4-dimethylpentane, 3-pentanone, C2Cl4, m-dichlorobenzene and p-dichlorobenzene.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3112-3117 [Abstract] ( 331 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 323KB] ( 2689 )
3118 Pollution characteristics and health risk assessment of VOCs from vehicle exhaust in Nanjing, China
In order to study volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from vehicle emissions impact on the environment and people health, a tunnel test was conducted the Fu Gui Mountain tunnel in Nanjing, China. The ambient level and composition characteristics, temporal variation characteristics, and chemical reactivity of VOCs were studied. The health risk of VOCs in the tunnel in the study area was assessed by using the international recognized health risk assessment method (US EPA). A total of 97VOC species were quantified in the samples collected at the entrance and exit of tunnel. The total concentrations of VOCs at the entrance and the exit were (87.28±7.08)μg/m3 and (225.63±59.19)μg/m3, respectively. The alkanes and aromatics concentration were the most abundant VOCs in the exit. The ozone formation potentials at the entrance and exit of tunnel were 101.48μg O3/m3 and 402.01μg O3/m3. Health Risk assessment showed that the hazard quotient (HQ) of 14major VOCs were between 8.07×10-5 ~ 2.66×10-1 in the entrance, but the HQ in the exit was in the range of 3.18×10-4 ~ 2.92×10-1. The non-carcinogenic hazard risk index (HI) at the tunnel entrance and exit were both less than 1, which were non-carcinogenic to human body. However, 5VOCs are carcinogenic to human body, such as 1,3-butadiene, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, benzene and 1,1,2-trichloroethane which have a significant impact on human health.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3118-3125 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1005KB] ( 1751 )
3126 Evaluation of land ecological security in Chongqing based on the matter-element analysis-DPSIR model
ZHANG Feng-tai, WANG La-chun, SU Wei-ci
This paper builded evaluation index system of land ecological security based on driving force-pressure-state- impact-response (DPSIR) conceptual framework, using grey correlation model of empowerment, and introduced matter-element analysis method to evaluate land ecological security in Chongqing, the results showed that: ①In 1997and 2005, land ecological security of Chongqing belonged to unsafe level; In 2001, at a safer level; In 2009 and 2012, at a safe level, in 1997~2012 showed a trend of turned for the better, but as a result of correlation degree less than zero, the land ecological security level was not stable. ② Fragile land ecological system in Chongqing, weak bearing interference ability; ③After Municipalities directly under the central government in 1997, the development of society and economy, the environmental protection consciousness promoting, government efforts in ecological environment construction and Environmental protection investment increasing were guarantee of effective promotion of land ecological security in Chongqing. Population growth, the rapid development of economic society and urbanization, agricultural non-point source pollution were limiting factors of land ecological security. ④The applicability of the evaluation model and index system was stronger, the evaluation results more objective, provides a reference for land ecological security evaluation method.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3126-3134 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 644KB] ( 3005 )
3135 Method for supervising and assessing of human activities in nature reserve based on sky and earth
LIU Xiao-man, LI Jing, LIU Yu-ping, LIU Hui-ming, WEN Rui-hong
It built themethod for supervising and assessing human activitiesinnature reserve based on sky and earth, including the target, content, index, process and so on. On the basis of this, the evaluation methods and models are built accordingly. Lastly, in order to verify the reliability of the method, a case study was carried out in Henan Dong Zhainational nature reserve. The results show that there are tourism land, quarry, agricultural land, residential, road and other artificial facilities in the nature reserve. The area of human activities accounts for 16.60% of the total area of the nature reserve. From the area, the main human activity type is agricultural land, which area is 89.41% of the total area of human activity in the nature reserve. The human activities mainly distribute in the experimentation area. The total area is 5554.9hm2 and the total numberis 231 of the human activities in the experimentation area, accounting for 58.93% and 68.65% of the total area and total number of the reserve. The human disturbance index of this nature reserve is 0.000697, which means that interference intensity is obvious. It is not conducive to the protection of species and ecosystems.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3135-3142 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1720KB] ( 1310 )
3143 Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for SO2emissions in Jiangsu Province: A semi- parametric panel data analysis
WANG Yuan, WANG Chun-chun, ZHAO Jing, QIAN Yi-xiao, KUBOTA Jumpei, HE Yan-min, ZHU Xiao-dong
The paper concentrated on a Jiangsu Province context and attempted to explicitly investigate the impacts of economic growth and urbanization on sulfur dioxide emissions through examination on the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve. Within the Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence and Technology framework, this was first study to simultaneously explore the income/urbanization and sulfur dioxide emission nexus, using panel data together with semi-parametric panel fixed effects regression. The dataset was referred to a city-level panel of Jiangsu Province spanning the period 1991~2013. With this information, the study found evidence in support of an inverted U-shaped curve relationship between economic growth and sulfur dioxide emissions, but little evidence supporting a similar inference for urbanization and those emissions. Existence of the income-sulfur dioxide emission environmental Kuznets curve implied that the economic growth vs. sulfur dioxide emissions dilemma can be resolved while income continues to increase. Also, these findings contributed to advancing the emerging literature on the development-pollution nexus.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3143-3149 [Abstract] ( 420 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 594KB] ( 1826 )
3150 Study on estimation method of non-point source pollution load on Island
MA De-ming, PENG Wen, CHI Yuan, SHI Hong-hua, LI Zheng-guang, LIU Xiao-huan
An estimation method of non-point source (NPS) pollution load based on watershed unit ideas was discussed in this study. Firstly, extracting the river network data, identifying the watershed boundaries, anddividing the catchment and sub basin using GIS were finished. And then, the data from first step weresuperposed with the thematic maps of land use and used to calculate the area of different land use types in each sub basin. Third, the NPS pollutant load system was constructed using the emissionfactor, the coefficient of the sea and years of rainfall. Also, the slope factor was introduced as the limiting condition. At last, the total amount of pollution load was estimated. The results indicated that the total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) loads of Nanchangshan Island from NPS were respectively 11539kg and 2025kg. For TN loads, the magnitude order of the contribution of NPS was as follows: resident life> atmospheric precipitation> land use> livestock. For TP loads, the magnitude order was as follows: resident life> land use> atmospheric precipitation> livestock. Based on this, the characteristics of NPS and its impact on water environment quality in the island area were discussed. And, it could provide a technique method for the total amount of pollutants controland the healthy development of the island environment.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3150-3158 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1050KB] ( 1362 )
3159 Environmental damage assessment case study of a cooking plant contaminated site
ZHANG Hong-zhen, DONG Jing-qi, WU Shun-ze, WANG Jin-nan, ZHANG Tian-zhu
Taking a cooking plant site contaminated by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene as example, soil and groundwater contamination damage assessment was carried out using Resources equivalency analysis (REA) methods, and uncertainty of results were also analyzed. The results show that, there is significant difference between the damage assessment results, which is 2.71 billion RMB, and actual site remediation cost, which is 2.05 billion RMB. The former is evidently larger than later. Social discount rate (1%~5%) influences the soil contamination damage assessment result most, and for groundwater, the most important factors are thickness of contaminated groundwater layer (3~9m), porosity of aquifer (0.25~0.35), social discount rate (1%~5%) and remediation cost per unit groundwater (4000~5000 Yuan/m2).ERA can be practically used to assess soil and groundwater contamination damage at contaminated industrial site, with a strong theoretically and technically basis. But we need refinement of legislation and specific technical guideline to standard the EDA content, process and method.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3159-3165 [Abstract] ( 437 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 834KB] ( 2238 )
3166 Establishment of a groundwater pollution risk assessment index system and its application at a groundwater sources
LIU Shu-yuan, WANG Hong-qi
In this paper, the authors reviewed the physics process of groundwater pollution and the inter-constraint relationship between the groundwater resource and human activities. Base on the theory of the European model and pressure-state-response model, an assessment index system was established which takes consideration of the source, pathway and target. The established index system used for the assessment of groundwater pollution at a groundwater sources. The distribution maps of groundwater risk was derived and the results showed that the area with the highest risk lies in the east of the site and the area with high risk area is the Q petrochemical factory and its surrounding area.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3166-3174 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 620KB] ( 1123 )
3175 Multi-sectoral analysis of urban nitrogen metabolism and study on impacts of recycling technologies
WEN Zong-guo, ZHANG Wen-ting, HAN Jiang-xue, CHEN Chen
Based on the multi-sectoral system analysis (MSA) model, the present study firstly simulated the nitrogen metabolism flows involving the water sector, the food sector, the forestry department, the energy sector and the waste management department in Suzhou. Secondly, the key sectors and steps of urban nitrogen metabolism were recognized. Thirdly, four targeted recycle technologies of nitrogen were selected: Urine Source Separation Technology, Pyrolysis of Separated Sludge Technology, Livestock Manure Pyrolysis Technology and Algal Water Purification. The impacts of these technologies together with their combined scenarios on the urban nitrogen metabolism were discussed. The intention of this analysis is to provide decision support for the optimization control of urban nitrogen. The main conclusions are as follows: The nitrogen input of Suzhou was 1.6′106t/y, 90% of which was from coal and natural gas. The energy sector, food sector and water sector contained steps which were crucial to the recycling of nitrogen. Better effects for the optimization of nitrogen metabolism can be produced by increasing the number of combination circumstance. This could potentially lead to a 52% increase of nitrogen metabolic efficiency at most. Such an increase would be a great contribution to the construction of a low nitrogen society.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3175-3182 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 449KB] ( 1495 )
3183 Driving factors of China's household CO2 emissions in the process of urbanization
MI Hong, ZHANG Tian-tian, REN Zheng-wei, ZHOU Wei
China's direct household CO2 emissions were calculated with the method recommended by IPCC. And indirect household CO2 emissions were estimated using input-output table. Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) method was applied to decompose China's household CO2 emissions in terms of quantity effect, urbanization effect, living standard effect, lifestyle effect and intensity effect. The results are as follows: From 1995 to 2012,urban and rural average household size decreased 0.37 and 0.6respectively. Urban household CO2 emissions increased by 1,740 million tons while rural household CO2 emissions decreased by 79million tons. Income and the quantity of households contributed 2.49 and 0.464 billion tons to household CO2 emissions respectively. Household urbanization contributed 0.314 billion tons to the indirect household CO2 emissions. Urban and rural household consumption structures were carbon intensive at different levels with the accumulative contribution rate of 10.3% and 12.8respectively. Energy intensity effect reduced 2.11 billion tons of household CO2 emissions in total.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3183-3192 [Abstract] ( 365 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 662KB] ( 1271 )
3193 The coupling relationship between landscape heterogeneity and stream water quality in an agricultural catchment
XU Jian-feng, YIN Win, YAN Feng-ling, SHI Zhi-hua
This study was conducted in the Hujiashan catchment close to the Danjiangkou Reservoir. In consideration of landscape patterns at the catchment and 100m buffer scale, the relationships between landscape characteristics and spatiotemporal variations of stream water quality were explored by combining Spearman's rank correlation analysis, stepwise regression analysis and redundancy analysis. The results showed that the ranges of standardized coefficients of variation for ammonia nitrogen and total phosphorus were 69.8%~207.6% and 52.0%~146.1%, indicating the significant spatiotemporal variations. Cropland and residential land were the primary sources of stream water pollution, which explained 58.6% of variations of NH3-N at 100m buffer scale. Landscape metrics including contagion, patch densities of forest and residential land, largest patch index of forest and residential land, and aggregation intensities of forest and cropland had significant effects on stream water quality (P<0.05). Landscape metrics in the whole catchment accounted for 71.1%~81.6% of total nitrogen and 74.5%~83.8% of total phosphorus, which performed better than those at the 100m buffer scale. All landscape metrics had the combined effects on the concentration of CODMn. Furthermore, stream water quality was significantly influenced by seasonal variations of landscape pattern. The variations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the dry season and ammonia nitrogen in the wet season could be better explained by landscape metrics.
2016 Vol. 36 (10): 3193-3200 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1114KB] ( 1462 )
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