The regional chemical transport model WRF-Chem was used to simulate the spatial and temporal characteristics of O₃ dry deposition flux in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region in October 2014. The results show obvious spatial and temporal differences of ozone dry deposition flux: the mean flux in the daytime [0.68μg/(m²·s)] was higher than that in the night time [0.21μg/(m²·s)]; the O₃ deposition flux and its diurnal variation in the urban areas are smaller than those in the sub-urban areas. Moreover, the O₃ concentrations had obvious daily single-peak distribution characteristics which influenced by the precursors such as NO_x and VOCs, as well as the meteorological conditions. The peaks generally occur during 14:00~15:00, and the high concentrations were mainly located in the Guangfo junction、Jiangmen city and east Zhongshan city. The dry deposition velocity of O₃ also present significant spatial and temporal variations. It increased rapidly from 0.27cm/s during 07:00~08:00 to a relatively stable value 0.60cm/s during 10:00~16:00; and then decreased slowly to 0.21cm/s from 17:00 to midnight. The dry deposition velocity was mainly affected by three types of resistances: the aerodynamic resistance (R_a), sublayer resistance(R_b) and canopy resistance(R_c). Our results show that the dry deposition velocity at night was mainly affected by R_a, while in the daytime R_c played a major role. These three resistances were mainly influenced by the stability、the friction velocity and the landuse type of the underlying surface.

Based on horizontal visibility, relative humidity and weather phenomena obtained from 82 meteorological stations in Jiangxi Province from 1960~2016, haze days were reconstructed and the temporal variations were analysed. Additionally, the attributions of the variation were identified according analysis of the correlation of haze days with precipitation days, high wind days and breeze days. The results showed that the haze days had an obvious peak in the 1970s, followed by an increasing trend since 1980 (0.53d/a, P<0.001). Among the four seasons, increasing haze days in autumn (0.21d/a, P<0.001) contributed most to the annual increasing rate, followed by spring (0.12d/a, P<0.001). In winter, although most haze days happened, the increasing trend was insignificant (0.10d/a, P>0.05). While summer has the least increasing amplitude (0.09d/a, P<0.001). In the past decades, the reduction of atmospheric deposition ability caused by less precipitation days (-0.26d/a, P>0.05), and the reduction of atmospheric diffusion ability caused by fewer high wind days (-0.33d/a, P<0.01) but higher breeze days (1.73d/a, P<0.01), provided advantages for haze increase. However, the main attribution varied between seasons. The major reason for haze increase in spring was the reduction in high wind days (r=-0.48, P<0.01). While in summer, it had significant correlation with both high wind days (r=-0.50, P<0.01) and breeze days (r=0.37, P<0.05). In autumn, haze increase was affected by fewer high wind days, higher breeze days and less precipitation days, leading to the highest increasing rate among four seasons. In winter, haze days has a better correlation with precipitation days (r=-0.36, P<0.05) whose trend was insignificant (-0.26d/a, P>0.05). Thus, winter haze days has an insignificant trend during.

To obtain the characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) spectrum of the color steel industry, the quantitative analysis of VOCs in the production workshop and exhaust gas treatment equipment of a typical color steel enterprise of Zhejiang Province was carried out by sorbent adsorption-thermal desorption-gas chromatography mass spectrometry method. And the maximum increment reactivity (MIR) and fractional aerosol coefficients (FAC) methods were used to estimate the ozone (O₃) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation potential of VOCs. The composition of the waste gas in the color steel industry was complex, and the proportion of esters and alcohols was more than 50%. The concentration level of VOCs in workshop tended to be affected greatly by temperature, and in summer it was almost 1.6~4.2 times of that in winter. The ozone formation potential contribution rate of the aromatic hydrocarbons and alcohols was 70.0% and 28.05%, respectively, while the SOA formation potential was totally contributed by aromatics.

A new spatial Durbin model was built to study the impact of total factor energy efficiency (TFEE) on haze pollution in China. The built model was utilized to analyze the PM_2.5 data of 29 provinces in China during 2001~2015. The results showed that the haze pollution in most of provinces presented a reverse “U” shape and the development trend of the haze pollution was decreasing. No matter the geographical neighboring weights or the economic weights were considered, there existed a significant spatial agglomeration effect in the haze pollution between the provinces of China. In addition, when controlling other factors, the TFEE was found to have a significant negative and spatial spillover effect on the haze pollution. It showed that improving the TFEE would not only reduce the haze pollution of local regions but also had a significantly negative impact on the haze pollution of their neighbors. From the results of decomposition of the TFEE, it was found that the technical progress and the technical efficiency both have significantly negative impacts on the haze pollution. It was also observed that the technological progress had greater direct effect than the technological efficiency, but the indirect effects of both were significantly greater than the direct effects of both. This revealed that technology diffusion played an important potential role for the haze pollution. In conclusion, to promote the potential effect of the TFEE in tackling the haze pollution, it would be very important to optimize industrial structure, explore new energy technology and strengthen the exchanges and cooperation in technology among regions.

A chemical enterprise in Shandong province was chosen as a research object to quantitatively analyze the emission characteristics of VOCs. To carry out the study, samples from both organized and unorganized emissions were collected under normal operating conditions using the bags method. The mass concentration of VOCs was obtained using GC-TOF-MS technology. The results showed that the mass concentration of VOCs in the organized samples and unorganized samples was 0.562~9.629mg/m³ and 0.789~1.212mg/m³, respectively. The 10 pollutants with high mass concentrations of VOCs were different between the organized and unorganized samples. Interestingly, the top 10 pollutants in unorganized samples were also determined in the organized samples from the total exhaust emissions outlet. In addition, three methods were used to evaluate the Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) of VOCs to determine the top 10 precedence-controlled VOC pollutants. According to the evaluation results, the major VOC pollutants were aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur/oxygen compounds. Chemical theoretical analysis and quantum chemistry method were used to calculate the energy difference between the lowest unoccupied orbital of the molecule and the highest occupied orbital of the free radical. It was found that VOCs preferred to react with methyl radicals to form long-chain alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. The theoretical analysis results were agreement with the experimental phenomenon that the precedence-controlled VOCs pollutants were detected in the organized emissions.

The composition of PM_2.5 was serially on-line monitored by using Monitor for Aerosols and Gases in Ambient Air (MARGA ADI 2080) at atmosphere monitoring sites of Guilin in a time span of February 17 to March 24, 2017 continuously. Composition characteristics of water-soluble inorganic matter, secondary conversion mechanism and aerosol acidity were analyzed combining with environmental monitoring data and meteorological monitoring data. The results shown that variability of 8water-soluble ions concentration was in consistent with the trend of PM_2.5 varieties in Guilin. The average mass concentration of the total water-soluble ions was 29.27μg/m³, and the average mass concentration of three secondary water soluble ions SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺and NO₃^- was 26.91μg/m³, accounting for 93.50% of PM_2.5, indicating that secondary water-soluble ions were the major components of PM_2.5 in Guilin. There was a significant positive correlation between secondary water-soluble ions, namely SO₄^2-, NH₄⁺ and NO₃^- (all the correlation coefficients were over 0.80), indicating that the mechanism of evolution and deposition of secondary water-soluble ions in the atmosphere are similar to each other. Visibility declined in terms of power function with the increase of the water-soluble ions, especially secondary water-soluble ions despite if there was rain fell or not. When the rain fell significantly (accumulated rainfall of 24hours≥10mm), the effect of wet removal was obvious. In sunny days and days of light rainy, the focal point should be the control of vehicle exhaust, biomass burning and dust pollution. SOR and NOR were 0.35 and 0.12, respectively. SO₂ was converted to SO₄^2- by homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation reactions at the same time. NO_x was mainly converted to NO₃^- by photochemical reactions during the day. A pronounced diurnal cycle was found for most ions and gaseous precursors which could be attributed to their respective sources, formation mechanisms and meteorological conditions. The mean value of CE/AE was 1.5, indicating that most aerosols in Guilin were relatively alkaline. In PM_2.5, SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and Cl^- mainly exist in the forms of (NH₄)₂SO₄, NH₄NO₃ and NH₄Cl, respectively. NH₄⁺ in PM_2.5 was related to local vehicle emissions. Regulatory actions in minimizing traffic emissions may represent the critical step in mitigating haze in Guilin.

By detecting the carbon content of street dust in Shanghai, the correlation between organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) was discussed. The feature ratio method was used to discuss the main sources of street dust. At the same time, the relationship between the magnetic parameters of street dust and the carbon content was analyzed. The results showed that OC and EC had a good correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.84, indicating that the particulate matter has the same pollution source to some extent; the ratio of OC/EC was 1.82, which indicates that there was secondary pollution in street dust in Shanghai. Combined with SEM morphology analysis to identify the main sources of particulate pollution in Shanghai; the results showed that there was a certain correlation between carbon composition and magnetic parameters, and the magnetic parameters(χ_LF、SIRM、χ_ARM) can indicate the carbon content and secondary pollution level of street dust in Shanghai to some extent.

The typical biomass fuels in Beijing (made of corn cob, corn stalks, soybean stalks, straw stalks, pine, chestnut branches, peach branches) and civil coal (bituminous coal, honeycomb coal) were selected and combustion experiments were simulated in the laboratory. After collecting particulate matters and gas samples from combustion, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) in different particle size fractions of particulate matter were measured by Model 2001A Thermal/Photocarbon Analyzer, and the VOCs in combustion flue gas were analyzed with Agilent GC-MS 5977/7890B GC-MS as well. The results showed that for honeycomb coal, the emission factor of OC and EC reached the maximum with the particle size of 2.5~10μm, for all the other 8solid fuels, the emission factor of OC and EC were maximum with the particle size of 0~2.5μm. The composition of VOCs from the combustion of these three types of fuels, firewood (chestnut branches, peach branches and pine), straw (corn cob, corn stalks, soybean stalks, straw stalks) and civil coal (honeycomb and bituminous coal), are quite different. The mass fractions of halogenated hydrocarbons and oxygenated organic matter emitted from firewood and civil coal combustion are significantly higher than that from straw type fuels. Within each fuel, VOCs composition is relatively similar. The average total VOCs emission factor was 2.02g/kg for the firewood type, 6.89g/kg for the straws, and 2.03g/kg for the civil coals. VOCs from corn cob, corn stalk, soybean and straw stem have higher ozone formation potential than that from chestnut, peach, pine, bituminous and honeycomb, nonetheless, the composition was similar among the latter group. The VOCs, such as Alkenes, alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons from solid fuel combustion, were big contributors to the ozone formation potential.

The effects of reaction temperature and flue gas composition on the denitrification and mercury removal efficiency of Ce-W/TiO₂ (Ce: W=2:1) catalysts were investigated in a fixed bed reactor. The results showed that the reaction temperature had a significant effect on the denitrification and mercury removal efficiency of Ce-W/TiO₂. In the temperature range of 280~400℃, the denitration efficiency increased as temperature increased, while the mercury removal efficiency was higher at temperature 280℃ and 360℃, with the best denitrification and mercury removal efficiency at 360℃. In the SCR atmosphere, HCl had a great effect on the oxidative removal of Hg⁰. Low concentration of HCl was also beneficial to the improvement of denitration efficiency, but excessive HCl concentration had an inhibitory effect on NO removal. The presence of SO₂ could promote the denitrification process and inhibit the oxidation of Hg⁰. The catalysts before and after the reaction were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, TPD, XRF, NH3-TPD and other analytical methods. The results showed that Ce-W/TiO₂ had no microporous structure, and the active components CeO₂ and WO₃ were distributed on the surface of the carrier in a highly dispersed form. At 280℃, part of Hg was adsorbed on the surface of the catalyst in the form of HgCl₂. As the reaction temperature increased, the adsorption of mercury on the surface of the catalyst decreased sharply. HCl and SO₂ in SCR atmosphere could affect the acidity of catalyst surface and increase the content of Cl and S, thus, affect the denitration and mercury removal efficiency of the catalyst.

The influence of sea salt aerosols on atmospheric environment in a typical sea-land-breeze circulation over Pearl River Estuary (PRE) during 9~13 September 2013 was investigated with the simulation based on the WRF-CMAQ modeling. The results indicated that the sea-breeze circulation was initiated at around 14:00 LST (local standard time) and subsequently reached its peak at around 17:00 LST, and formed a fan wind circulation along PRE. The mass concentration of Na⁺ in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) increased from 17:00 LST and reached the maximum value at around 02:00 LST the next day, then gradually decreased after 10:00 LST. The substantial chloride depletion was observed for the sea salt aerosols with more depletion being seen during daytime than nighttime, and more depletion for fine particles than coarse particles. Sensitivity experiments were respectively conducted with and without the emissions of sea salt aerosols in the model system. The results showed that the mass concentrations of HCl, SO₄^2-, and NO₃^- all increased with the emissions and more increases were seen for HCl and NO₃^- than for SO₄^2-. The peak concentration of HCl arrived earlier than that of Cl^-. The SO₄^2- concentration was mainly affected by the sulfate component in the emitted sea salt aerosols, while the NO₃^- concentration was mainly affected by both the chloride depletion and its dry deposition.

A precise simulation and measurement of the time-resolved and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon dioxide (CO₂) can help critical references to the formulation of reasonable and differential carbon emission reduction policies. Taking the DMSP/OLS nighttime light data as basic data, this paper extracted the urban built-up area in Chinese mainland on the basis of data rectification, pixel desaturation and outliers elimination. To simulate China's carbon emissions in the period of 2000 to 2013, the carbon emission panel data model was constructed according to the quantitative correlations between DMSP/OLS nighttime light image data and carbon emission statistics. Then the spatio-temporal evolving trend and spatial distribution characteristics of carbon emissions in the research period of 14 years were discussed using Theil-Sen Median trend analysis and Mann-Kendall test method. The results showed that: 1) by correcting the DMSP/OLS nighttime light image data systematically, the simulation here of long-time serial carbon emissions showed high accuracy. The determination coefficient value, R², from the multiscale regression test for the year of 2002, 2007, 2012 were 0.893, 0.955 and 0.951, respectively. 2) It indicated that the overall carbon emissions from 2000 to 2013 in China have a significant characteristic of spatial-temporal evolution. The stable-slow rise type and rapid rise type carbon emission aeras accounted for 77.6% and 19.4% respectively of the total carbon emissions areas. It also showed that most regions in China were dominated by a stable-slow rise type, while the urban centers and its extended regions show a rapid rise type. 3) By the influence of city size and urbanization level, cities of the rapid rise type showed a clear directional difference with ‘hollow structure’ or ‘centered structure’. This study proposes that, the essential transformation of economic growth pattern and the development mode, as well as the implementation of different carbon emission reduction measures adapted to local conditions and provinces-regions linked strategy are the vital approach to achieve the “targeted emission alleviation”.

Cerium doped zinc oxide nano-scale particles was prepared by precipitation method, the properties including structure, morphology and composition were characterized by BET, XRD, SEM, ICP-AES, UV-Vis DRS and FT-IR. A new type of internal immersed irradiation photocatalytic degradation mode was proposed, relationship between liquid layer thickness and light transmittance was investigated. Finally, The conditions of photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B were optimized, and the kinetics and mechanism were studied. Results showed that the optimum doped ratio and calcination temperature were 3%(n:n) and 500℃ for 2h, respectively. Catalyst particles was sphere appearance with an average diameter distribution of 80~100nm, and with BET specific surface area of 12.9m²/g, the content of doped cerium determined by ICP-AES accorded with theoretical value. The enhancement of catalytic activity was mainly due to the increase of light absorption after cerium doping. The shielding effect of suspension suggested a significant attenuation on light transmittance, light attenuation rate of UV₂₅₄ was twice more than that of homogeneous solution when the catalyst concentration was 0.1g/100mL. It was applied to rhodamine B with concentration of 1.0×10^-5mol/L, the degradation rate reached to 92.5% in 70min when UV lamp power was 15W, pH value was 7, 30℃ and catalyst dosage was 0.1g/250mL, and the degradation rate was up to 80% even after 6 recycle, it followed first-order kinetic equation and the reaction rate constant was 0.05min^-1.

In this study, feasibility of enhancing ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) activity by biological addition under the condition of temperature fluctuation and further improving the denitrification effect of Single-stage Partial Nitrification and Anammox (SPN/A) process in municipal wastewater treatment was investigated. Two sequencing batch reactors (SBR) SBR1 and SBR² were operated in intermittent aeration. The controlled temperature was reduced from 30℃ gradient to 15℃ (30, 27, 24, 21, 18, 15℃), and then gradually increased to 30℃.Shortcut nitrification sludge was regularly added to SBR² to enhance AOB activity during the cooling and heating process, and SBR1 was used as the control process. The results showed that SBR1 and SBR² started successfully and run stably without shortcut nitrification sludge, and the nitrogen removal efficiency of SBR1 and SBR² was good at 30℃. When the temperature was dropped to 15℃, the concentration of the ammonia nitrogen in effluents of of SBR1 and SBR² were 36.38mg/L and 33.10mg/L, and the total nitrogen removal efficiency was 30.72% and 35.76%, respectively. Both rectors’ efficiency become worse in low temperature settings, SBR² shown a better cold resistance performance. When temperature were increased gradient back to 30℃,the total nitrogen removal rates of SBR1 and SBR² increased back to 52.43% and 63.60% respectively. The activity of bacteria in SBR1 and SBR² decreased with the decrease of temperature, but the AOB activity of SBR² was higher than that of SBR1. During the temperature rising stage, the activity of bacteria in SBR1 and SBR² both increased, and the inhibition of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (NOB) activity in SBR² was continuously decreasing. The better denitrification performance of SBR² was suspected because when the AOB activity of SBR² was enhanced, more nitrite was produced, and the substrate of Anammox was increased, which resulted in the higher activity abundance of Anammox. Therefore, it was conclude that the AOB activity in SPN/A system can be enhanced by biological addition at low temperature, which can improve the resistance performance of the system to the temperature shocks and facilitate the recovery of denitrification capacity.

The kinetics of NDMA formation from dimethylamine hydrochlorate reacted with chloramine were studied. The correlation between the reactant concentration and reacting time was measured by the isolation method, and then the order of reaction, the reaction rate constant, and rate equation as well as the activation energy of dimethylamine hydrochlorate reacted with chloramine were obtained by the tentative method. The reaction of dimethylamine hydrochlorate with chloramine in first step to form an intermediate was second order and first order for both the salt and chloramine. The rate constants of dimethylamine hydrochlorate reacted with chloramines were 1.5361×10^-3, 1.8707×10^-3 and 7.7217×10^-3mol^-1·min^-1 at 5, 15 and 25℃, respectively. The reaction activation energy Ea was 51.27kJ/mol. The observed rate constants and the activation energy suggested that the reaction was better under high temperatures. Our results could provide experimental data for the reaction kinetics of dimethylamine and its derivatives with chloramines to form NDMA, and for the risk analysis of NDMA as disinfection by-products in the raw water treatment.

Based on monthly observations of 10 parameters at 40 monitoring sites in the basin during 2008~2016, the spatio-temporal variation characteristics were analyzed by employing water quality index method, and the main factors of water environment evolution were also identified using principal component analysis and multivariate linear regression analysis. Further, a pollution value loss model with consideration of water quality, quantity and its resource value was proposed using the improved pollution loss rate method and fuzzy mathematics method to quantitatively estimate the economic loss from water pollution in the basin. The water quality was generally excellent in Xiangjiang River Basin. Within the research period, the water quality deteriorated first from 2008 to 2011, then, gradually improved after 2011, especially in 2015 and 2016. Seasonally, the water quality was the worst in low-flow periods, and similar between moderate-flow periods and high-flow periods. The main pollutants in the basin were Hg、Pb、TP、 NH₄⁺-N and COD_Mn. Economic development was one of the main determining factors to the variation of water quality in the basin. The results of pollution value loss analysis indicated that Changsha and Chenzhou had the largest loss, followed by Xiangtan, Zhuzhou and Hengyang, and Loudi had the smallest loss. Annually, the pollution loss was the highest in 2013(29.704billion yuan) and the lowest in 2008(6.653billion yuan). In general, the pollution loss showed an increasing trend from 2008 to 2016 with annual fluctuations. Our results could provide scientific support and reference for the research of water pollution prevention and ecological compensation.

The growth and the removal efficiency of TOC, NH₄⁺-N and TN of a heterotrophic ammonia oxidizer Delftia tsuruhatensis HT01 were studied when SDS, cane molasses, sodium succinate, sodium acetate, sucrose, glucose, fructose or sodium citrate was used as sole carbon source. Furthermore, two rounds of the pilot-scale test were performed using leather sewage. The results indicated that NO₂^--N was produced in heterotrophic condition by HT01 and NH₄⁺-N, TN and SDS were removed simultaneously at the removal efficiency of 74%, 14% and 34%, respectively. Moreover, the highest growth rate and the highest removal efficiency of TOC (71%) were observed when sodium succinate and sodium was used as sole carbon source, respectively. While the highest removal efficiency of NH₄⁺-N (98%) and TN (29%) were observed when fructose was used as sole carbon source. The growth of HT01 was observed in leather sewage, and the removal efficiency of COD, NH₄⁺-N and TN was 38%, 49% and 22%, respectively, in the second round of pilot-scale test.

The objective of present study was to investigate the formation of disinfection by-products by simulated swimming pool water chlorination process under different conditions. Evaluated factors included chlorination time, chlorine dosages, pH and reaction temperature. The concentration of DCAA, TCAA and TCM increased constantly, the concentration of DCAN, TCNM and 1,1,1-TCP increased firstly and then decreased with the prolonged chlorination time. The concentration of DBPs increased significantly within 24h of chlorination reaction, and became flat after 48h. In response to increased dosage of chlorine, the concentration of DCAA, TCAA, TCM, TCNM and 1,1,1-TCP showed a tendency of increase, but the concentration of DCAN increased firstly and then decreased. The concentration of DBPs was lower when the chlorine dosage was controlled at 2mg/L; With the pH increased from 6to 8, the concentration of DCAA, TCAA, DCAN and 1,1,1-TCP initially increased and then decreased, and the concentration of TCM and TCNM increased gradually. When the pH was between 6and 7, the formation of DBPs can be effectively controlled; With the increased of reaction temperature, the concentration of DCAA, TCAA, TCM and TCNM increased continuously, while the concentration of DCAN and 1,1,1-TCP decreased gradually. Overall, the chlorination conditions of the swimming pool water should be reasonably adjusted to effectively control the generation of DBPs and ensure the comfort level of the pool.

Squid ink melanin (SIM) was used as a new biological adsorbent to investigate absorptive efficiency of SIM to Lead ions (Pb²⁺) and copper ions (Cu²⁺) from mono-component aqueous solution(Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺) and binary solution (Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺), and the isothermal adsorption model was established. The results indicated that the effects of pH, SIM addition and adsorption time on the adsorption of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ by SIM were significant, except for adsorption temperature. The adsorption comparison between single component adsorption and binary mixed system shows, Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ have competitive adsorption in binary mixed system.The single-component of Pb²⁺ and Cu²⁺ adsorption by SIM were fitted to L (Langmuir) and F (Freundlich) isotherm adsorption models, and the L model has a higher fitting degree with the experimental results. The isotherm adsorption processes of Pb²⁺-Cu²⁺ binary system was fitted by using the Non-modified Langmuir, Modified Langmuir isotherm, Extended Langmuir, Extended Freundlich and SRS model. The result showed that Extended Langmuir model was the best fitted to the experimental results. The machanism of SIM adsorption of metal ions was analysed by FTIR. It was found that the hydroxyl, -NH and unsaturated bonds on SIM were the adsorption sites of metal ions, and the adsorption capacity of SIM to Pb²⁺ was superior to that of Cu²⁺.

Based on the data of statistical yearbook of Shanxi Province, the gray-water footprint theory was applied to analyzing the agricultural grey water footprint and efficiency of Fenhe River basin around 2010 (2000~2016). The results showed that the agricultural grey water footprint of Fenhe River basin generally increased, and then decreased, finally slowly increased. The maximum value was 1.30×10¹⁰m³ in 2004. The minimum value was 9.20×10⁹m³ in 2012. The agricultural grey water footprint was mainly composed of livestock raising grey water footprint; However, the percentage reduced after 2010. After 2010, the annual average of agricultural grey water footprint reduced 15%, which indicated that the water quality of Fenhe River had been significantly improved. However, relevant policies should be formulated to reduce the emission of pollutants. The crop planting grey water footprint increased 8%, which indicated that the utilization rate of fertilizers was increasing. The government should support the use of organic fertilizers and reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Among these 34 counties, Wenshui showed obvious change with an increasing of 43%, among which livestock grey water footprint increased by 52% year-on-year. Therefore, the government should focus on the treatment and resource utilization of livestock excrements in Wenshui country. The efficiency of agricultural grey water footprint kept stable at first, and then rapid increased, finally decreased; The maximum value was 1.32yuan/m³, appeared at 2012. The annual average of agricultural grey water footprint efficiency obviously enhanced after 2010. The number of backward agriculture areas was decreased by 6.

In this study, for better understanding the effect mechanism of ultrafiltration (UF) membrane materials on the combined fouling behavior of SiO₂-organic coexist foulants, two typical UF membranes—poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly (ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH) were used. For the SiO₂-humic acid (HA) and SiO₂-bovine serum albumin (BSA) combined systems, the fouling experiments with single and combined foulants were carried out with PVDF and EVOH membranes, and the interaction forces between each foulant and membrane were investigated. The results indicated that, compared with HA or BSA, the SiO₂-HA/BSA combined foulants led to two opposite fouling phenomena for PVDF and EVOH membranes, i.e. combined fouling was enhanced or mitigated. Combined with the results of interaction forces, it was easy to find that, for the SiO₂-organic combined system, when the SiO₂-membrane interaction force was stronger than the organic-membrane interaction force, the membrane fouling would be enhanced with the addition of inorganic SiO₂ particles. In contrast, when the interaction force between SiO₂ and membrane was weaker than that between organic and membrane, the membrane fouling would be mitigated with the addition of inorganic SiO₂ particles. All these suggested that membrane material was close related to the combined fouling behavior of inorganic-organic foulants.

The correlation analysis based on the physical and chemical properties of sludge, the removal efficiency of pollutants, the variation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and signal molecules during the granulation process were carried out. It was notable that the contaminants removal efficiency was significantly improved. Compared with activated sludge, the removal rates of COD, NH₄⁺-N and PO₄^3--P increased by factors of 20%, 36% and 57% in mature aerobic granular sludge. The extracellular protein (PN) and polysaccharide (PS) content increased by 116 and 31mg/gMLVSS, respectively. On the basis of laser confocal scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis, it was remarkable that the protein from EPS increased significantly, which indicated that the protein may play an important role in the granulation process. The activity of phosphodiesterase showed an upward trend, and the second messenger cyclic diguanylic (c-di-GMP) content increased during formation and decreased when AGS became mature, which was consistent with the variation of protein and polysaccharide in EPS. Moreover, according to the SPSS analysis, c-di-GMP has a significantly positive correlation with proteins in Tightly Bound-EPS (TB-EPS). It was speculated that c-di-GMP may accelerate the formation of aerobic granular sludge by regulating the biosynthesis of proteins in TB-EPS.

To further utilize carbon source and reduce aeration energy consumption, endogenous denitrification reactor (ED-SBR) coupled with the low DO nitrification reactor (LDON-SBR) were used to treat low C/N domestic wastewater without additional carbon sources. The operation mode was: anaerobic (ED-SBR)-aerobic (LDON-SBR)-anoxic (ED-SBR). The feasibility of endogenous denitrification coupled with the low DO nitrification was evaluated according to the performance of ED-SBR/ LDON-SBR system. The results showed that low DO concentration (0.3~0.5mg/L) maintained a stable nitrification performance in the LDON-SBR, and the nitrifying efficiency reached up to 90%. Meanwhile low DO concentration enhanced simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND), and the average SND rate was 29.6% in the LDON-SBR; In the ED-SBR, the organic matter of influent was stored as internal carbon source in the anaerobic period. The stored internal carbon source could be used for endogenous denitrification in the next anoxic period, which reduced NO₃^--N concentration from 27.3mg/L to 3.9mg/L in the ED-SBR with a NO₃^--N removal rate of 86.5%; In addition, the COD removal rate was about 80% in the low DO nitrification coupled with endogenous denitrification system.

The treatment performance and underlying molecular mechanisms of nitrogen transformation in a sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) with the complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process were investigated at four different low temperatures in this study. After each system achieved the stable stutus in the low temperature environment, different low temperatures resulted in different degrees of variations in the nitrogen removal performance and transformation pathways of the SBBRs, which was mainly because the original dominant bacterial communities for nitrogen removal in the system changed with the temperature during the operation. When the temperature was above 15℃, the abundances and activities of aerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anammox bacteria in the SBBR had not been significantly inhibited, the CANON process was the dominant methanism in the nitrogen removal, and the ideal average removal rates of total nitrogen were also achieved. When the temperature was below 15℃, the abundance and activitity of anammox bacteria experienced different degrees of reduction at 10 and 5℃, which led to the change of main pathway for nitrogen transformation in SBBRs, thus the various degrees of deterioration in the nitrogen removal performance. At 10℃, the proliferation and increased activities of nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) made the nitrification/denitrification process replaced CANON to become the primary route of TN removal in the SBBR with the TN removal efficiency of the system declined to (16.87±4.79)%. At 5℃, the stagnation of reduction process in the 1^st stage of denitrification and the increased capacity of denitrifiers to compete for NO₂^--N caused the removal of nitrogen in SBBR to rely on both the CANON process and the nitrification/denitrification process. The nitrogen removal rate at this status was (54.83±3.68)% in the system.

The multi-walled carbon nanotubes oxidized by mixed acids were magnetized by the co-precipitation method to form a kind of magnetic composite material of ferroferric oxide/multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MMWCNTs). The effects of acidification time on the preparation of MMWCNTs and their adsorption properties for phenanthrene in water were investigated. Experimental results indicated that the adsorption of phenanthrene was better under weak acid conditions.The adsorption of phenanthrene on MMWCNTs processed quickly within 30 minutes, and basically reached equilibrium at 60 minutes. The regression results showed that the adsorption kinetics were more accurately represented by the pseudo second-order model. The saturation adsorption capacity of phenanthrene on MMWCNTs represented a trend of increasing first and then decreasing with increasing acidification time. The maximal saturation adsorption capacity of phenanthrene on MMWCNTs was 17.56μg/mg based on MWCNTs after 7h acidification.

In order to study the pollution change law of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of Shen-Fu section of the Hun river basin during the process of urbanization, river water and sediments samples at 17points were collected from 2015 to 2017, and concentrations of 16 PAHs in the US EPA priority control list were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of ∑16PAHs in river water and sediments were in the range of 15.64~2100.58ng/L and 95.19~8444.21ng/g, respectively. The average value in river water and sediments indicated that seasonal characteristics were flat > dry > high water period and flat≈high > dry water period, separately. Based on isomer ratios and principal component analysis, PAHs in river water and sediments had similar major sources: combustion and vehicle emissions. Meanwhile, the sources of PAHs in river water were more complex as it had additional inputs from oil sources and atmospheric deposition. The risk quotient method and the incremental lifetime cancer risk model showed that there were medium and high ecological risks of river water and sediments, and the river water was at a relatively low cancer risk level.

Along with the granulation process of floc sludge, signal molecules can lead to the variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS). In order to investigate the variations and effects of cyclic diguanylate (c-di-GMP) in the formation of aerobic granular sludge at low temperatures, the correlation analysis was carried out based on EPS, relative hydrophobicity (RH), zeta potential and community succession. The experimental results showed that EPS content increased from 48 to 139mg/g MLVSS during granulation, among which the significant increase was attributed to tightly bound-EPS (TB-EPS). The c-di-GMP content increased from 62 to 600μg/g MLVSS, which resulted in microbial succession and biofilm formation, and further improved the secretion of EPS and the formation of aerobic granular sludge. In addition, notable discrepancies were discovered in the microbial population, and the communities associated with the biosynthesis of c-di-GMP prevailed during the formation of aerobic granular sludge. The community succession was obvious and stable microbial community was eventually formed at low temperature, which was conducive to good performance of nitrogen and phosphorus removal.

Coupling Bayes’ Theorem with a two-dimensional (2D) groundwater solute advection-diffusion transport equation, it is possible to establish an inverse model based on monitoring well data to identify a set of contamination source parameters including source intensity (M), release location (X₀,Y₀) and release time (T₀). To address the issues of insufficient monitoring data from the wells or weak correlation between monitoring data and model parameters, a monitoring well design optimization approach was developed based on the Bayesian formula and information entropy. To demonstrate how the model works, an example with an instantaneous release of a contaminant in a confined groundwater aquifer was employed. Under the condition of single well monitoring and determined monitoring counts, with the target of optimization of monitoring location D and monitoring frequency Dt, both the single-objective monitoring scheme with the minimum information entropy of the model parameter posterior distribution and the multi-objective monitoring scheme with the smallest information entropy and the shortest monitoring time were optimized respectively. According to the optimized monitoring scheme, the delayed rejection adaptive Metropolis algorithm was used to identify the pollution source parameters. The case study results showed that under the condition of pre-set single well monitoring and 5monitoring times, the single-objective optimized monitoring scheme was D=(830.2,199.8),△t=2.7. Under this monitoring scheme, the mean errors of inverse 4pollution source parameters M,X₀,Y₀,T₀ were 19.5%, 13.2%, 3.4%, and 1.3%, respectively. The multi-objective optimization monitoring scheme was D=(807.9,199.4),△t=1.2. Under the monitoring scheme, the mean errors of inverse 4parameters M,X₀,Y₀,T₀ were 19.9%, 13.4%, 3.7%, and 4.2%, respectively. Compared with the monitoring scheme based on the single-objective optimization, while the inversion mean error of the pollution source parameters based on the multi-objective optimization monitoring scheme increased by 0.4%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 2.9% respectively, the monitoring time has been significantly reduced by 55.6%.

Based on nutrients and hydrological data collected in the center of the Bohai Sea in July 2013, November 2013 and May 2014, nutrient spatial distributions and seasonal variations were examined in this study, and the nutrient limitation conditions for phytoplankton growth were also analyzed according to the minimum threshold of nutrients required by phytoplankton and their stoichiometric compositions. Results showed that nutrient concentrations and compositions varied significantly with a seasonal cycling. Nutrient concentrations were high in the autumn but relatively low in the summer and spring. In the summer, influenced by diluted water influx, seawater stratification was formed. Concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), reactive phosphate (PO₄^3--P) and reactive silicate (SiO₃^2--Si) were (10.33±7.75), (0.05±0.03) and (3.94±3.19) μmol/L, respectively. And DIN/P ratios were high and Si/DIN ratios were far below 1. In the surface and 10-m layers, stations with P limitation accounted for 93% of all stations, stations with Si limitation accounted for 40% and 20%, respectively, revealing serious limitation status of P and Si for phytoplankton growth. Due to the sediment resuspension and organic matter decomposition in the autumn, concentrations of DIN, PO₄^3--P and SiO₃^2--Si increased dramatically by 1.6, 10.8 and 4.3times, relative to the summer, to be (16.44±6.51), (0.54±0.20) and (16.94±6.37)μmol/L, respectively. The vertical variations of nutrients were small and only PO₄^3--P showed potential limitation to phytoplankton growth. In the spring, concentrations of DIN, PO₄^3--P and SiO₃^2--Si decreased by 45%, 89% and 85%, compared to those in the autumn, to be (9.04±8.06), (0.06±0.04) and (2.47±1.90)μmol/L, respectively, because of the decreasing of riverine outflow and increasing phytoplankton uptake. At some stations, concentrations of PO₄^3--P and SiO₃^2--Si were below the nutrient threshold of 0.03μmol/L and 2μmol/L for phytoplankton growth, respectively. In the surface and 10m layers, 70% and 65% of surveyed stations were in the status of P limitation, meanwhile 55% and 50% of stations were in the status of Si limitation, therefore, the primary production and diatom-dominant phytoplankton structure might be affected in the study area.

One submerged macrophyte (Ruppia maritima) and two algae (Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa) were selected to test the allelopathic effect of submerged macrophyte on algae. The parameters including optical density, chlorophyll a, maximum photochemical quantum yield, relative electron transport rate, soluble sugar, malondialdehyde, and superoxide dismutase activity were measured for three co-culture treatments of Ruppia maritima + Chlorella vulgaris, Ruppia maritima + Microcystis aeruginosa, and Ruppia maritima + mixture of Chlorella vulgaris and Microcystis aeruginosa (V:V=1:1). The growth of Chlorella vulgaris, Microcystis aeruginosa and mixed algae were rapidly and greatly inhibited with the presence of Ruppia maritima. The inhibition rates in the three treatments reached the maximums on the 6th day, which were 80.95%, 94.18% and 94.01%, respectively. The values of optical density, chlorophyll a, soluble sugar and maximum photochemical quantum yield for the three treatments were lower than those for the corresponding controls, and showed a significantly downward trend with time, indicating that the photosynthetic capacity of the treatments became weakening gradually. However, the values of malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase of the treatments were higher than those of the corresponding controls for the first six days, indicating the possible occurrence of the membrane peroxidation of the algae.

A high loaded bioflocculation membrane reactor (HLB-MR) was constructed using a hollow fiber ultrafiltration membrane module, and its performance for direct treatment and organics recovery of municipal wastewater was investigated. When the HLB-MR operated at the solid retention time (SRT) of 0.2d and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 1.0h, this process could recover 60.8% of influent total COD (CODTO). It was estimated that about 39% of influent CODTO could be converted to methane for energy recovery by mesophilic anerobic digestion of concentrate, and the methane conversion rate of organics was twice more than that of the residual sludge in the activated sludge process. Thus, HLB-MR could achieve efficient organics recovery and utilization from municipal wastewater. The COD of permeate water from HLB-MR was stable at around 30mg/L, while phosphorus and nitrogen were largely conserved. Since the permeate water was free from solids and pathogens, which could be used as an excellent source of irrigation water for reuse. When HLB-MR operated under short SRTs of 0.2, 0.6 and 1.0d, the flocculation efficiency of colloidal COD could reach 81.9%, 95.1% and 96.8%, respectively. The higher flocculation efficiency will lead to the lesser membrane fouling, so that the significant bioflocculation can effectively reduce membrane fouling and ensure stable operation of HLB-MR.

The degradation kinetics, intermediates formation and degradation pathway of diazinon at different dosages of H₂O₂ under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (253.7nm) was investigated. The results showed that H₂O₂ significantly affected on the photo-degradation rate of diazinon in UV irradiation treatment processes. The rate was lower under sole UV treatment (the pseudo-first-order rate constant (k) was 0.0234min^-1) than UV/H₂O₂ treatment with H₂O₂ dose of 5 and 10mg/L (k=0.0301min^-1 and k=0.0341min^-1, respectively). More than 94% of diazinon was degraded within 120 min of UV irradiation during sole UV and UV/H₂O₂ treatment processes. In addition, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in diazinon aqueous solution decreased with the dosage of H₂O₂ increased from 0 to 10mg/L under the UV irradiation treatment. However, the removal efficiency of DOC was relatively low, which was less than 20% within 120 min of UV irradiation during all treatment conditions in this study. The degradation intermediates of diazinon varied significantly under different H₂O₂ dosages. Eight major species of degradation intermediates were detected after 60 minutes of sole UV irradiation, while only six species were detected after 60 minutes of the UV/H₂O₂ oxidation treatment. A systematic qualitative and semiquantitative analyses of the intermediates of diazinon under different H₂O₂ dosages were conducted, the degradation pathways of diazinon during the sole UV and UV/H₂O₂ treatment processes were discussed as well.

The effects of EDTA on phosphorus release from excess sludge during anaerobic digestion, and on the phosphorus recovery by magnesium ammonium phosphate (MAP) precipitation were investigated. The pretreatment condition was optimized by the variety of total phosphorus (TP), protein, polysaccharide, DNA and SCOD in sludge supernatant under different EDTA concentrations during anaerobic digestion process. Furthermore, the prediction model of MAP phosphorus recovery rate and MAP purity was set up by utilizing the response surface methodology (RSM). The results indicated that the optimum additive dosage of EDTA was 5mmol/L, and optimal anaerobic reaction time was 5d; DD had significant association with TP, DNA, protein and polysaccharide, in which the maximum correlation coefficients 0.866was between DD and TP; The optimal process parameters of MAP phosphorus recovery was: pH=9.5, n(Mg):n(P)=1.6, stirring time =22min, under this circumstance MAP phosphorus recovery rate was 95.68% and purity was 79.19%.

By combining conventional ozonation with in situ electro-generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to enhance ozone (O₃) transformation to hydroxyl radicals (·OH), the electro-peroxone (E-peroxone) treatment can significantly enhance the oxidation of ozone-refractory pollutants. A flow-through E-peroxone system was established using a reticulated vitreous carbon (RVC) as the cathode. The effects of main operational parameters (e.g., current and flow rate) on ibuprofen abatement were evaluated systematically. The results showed that the E-peroxone process could completely abate ibuprofen (initial concentration 2.5mg/L) in a synthetic solution in 30min, whereas conventional ozonation and electrolysis could only abated 64% and 59% of ibuprofen, respectively. The electrical energy consumption per log-order removal (EEO, kWh/m³-log) of ibuprofen by ozonation was 5.30kWh/m³-log, but was only 0.76kWh/m³-log by the E-peroxone process under the conditions of 100mA, 250mL/min gas flow rate, 8mg/L ozone and 300mL/min solution flow rate. Increasing the solution flow rate to increase the kinetics of electrode mass transfer, the rate of ibuprofen abatement could be further enhanced in the flow-through E-peroxone process. These results suggest that flow-through E-peroxone process may provide an effective and energy-efficient alternative for the abatement of refractory pollutants in water treatment.

The physicochemical properties of the second fly ash and its speciation of Pb and Cu were analyzed by using XRF, EDX, XRD on samples of second fly ashes collected under temperature of 1000, 1150 and 1250℃ from high temperature rube furnaces. The results show that second fly ash was mainly composed of heavy metal chloride, and the mass percentages of heavy metals of Pb and Cu were 8.92%~10.11% and 3.74%~5.73%, respectively. The microscopic morphology of second fly ash was irregular shaped polymer and porous cluster flocculation. The second fly ash could absorb moisture easily. The dry second fly ash was brownish-yellow originally, gradually became yellow after absorbing moisture, and finally turned into a paste of blue slurry.

An innovative approach was proposed, in which integrated the improved material tracking method, R-based algorithms with data-mining techniques to overcome the problem of rough and subjective data-obtaining in traditional methods. Then, an empirical analysis on the OSW data was collected from new residential buildings located at multiple regions cross China. The results showed that for the common wastes: concreate, steel, and masonry, the typical waste generation rates were 3.28%, 2.88%, and 3.33%, and the representative intervals were from 0.6144% to 5.9456%, 0.622% to 5.138%, 0.6103% to 6.02%, respectively. Comparing with the previous data, the rate of OSW’s generation was higher than that of normal loss in new constructions. Furthermore, the regional differences in solid waste management in which the management performance in coastal cities was better than that in inland cities.

Changes of Cu and Zn species and the distribution of functional groups during composting of pig manure biogas residue and rice straw were studied by using the community bureau of reference (BCR) extraction and synchrotron radiation based infrared spectromicroscopy (SR-FTIR). The results showed that compared to raw biogas residues, the content of Cu and Zn in the biogas residues increased 28% and 38%, respectively, after composting treatment. After composting, the exchangeable fractions decreased in both Cu and Zn, whereas their reducible fractions increased markedly. Micro-FTIR (μ-FTIR) showed a decrease of peak intensity at 3400cm^-1but an increase of peak intensity at 1430cm^-1during composting, suggesting the degradation of polysaccharides and the formation of aromatic substances. In summary, SR-FTIR has a potential to explore changes of organic matters and fractions of heavy metals during composting.

The migration and release of heavy metals during thermal treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW) is an environmental issue of great concern. Chlorine-containing compounds present in MSW could convert heavy metals into smaller particles and volatile chlorides during thermal treatment, thus cause serious environmental pollution. In this study, thermogravimetric analysis and tube furnace were used to investigate the effect of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) on the transformation and migration of Pb under different atmosphere. The results showed that PVC decomposed at 250℃, and then the released HCl reacted with PbO to form PbCl₂ (melting point: 501℃), which promoted the migration of Pb into the flue gas. The concentration of PVC (at the molar ratios of Cl:Pb = 2, 3, 5, and 10) had no significant effect on the volatilization of Pb under air atmosphere. While under N₂ atmosphere, the highest volatility of Pb could reach 88.19% at the molar ratio of Cl:Pb=3; the lowest volatility of Pb was 68.60% at the molar ratio of Cl:Pb=2.

The combination of technologies including ultrasonic disintegration, aerobic composting and earthworm treatment was used to dispose the residual sludge of wastewater treatment plant in order to evaluate the effect of ultrasonic pretreatment on the degradation of organic matter and heavy metals. The results showed that the ultrasonic pretreatment technology had synergistic effect on the degree of sludge humification. The optimal TOC value of kinetic constant was 0.0084d-1, which was 2.1times higher than that of the control group. The average growth rates of humic acid and HA/FA were 97.4% and 191.5%, respectively, which were 1.26and 1.37 times higher than that of the control group. Meanwhile, it has a mitigating effect on the heavy metals accumulation in earthworm treatment stage and no significant effect on the heavy metals speciation in other stages. At the end of vermicomposting, the average proportion of non-steady state of heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr, Hg, As) decreased by 28.3%, 29.5%, 29.1%, 35.2%, 3.3%, 25.3%, 36.4%, 21.9% compared with at the end of the aerobic composting stage, respectively.

In this study, the composition and distribution characteristics of physiochemical proxies, sulfur species and sulfur isotope of sulfate in S and SP profiles collected from a copper tailing of Shuimuchong were analyzed and discussed. The results showed that profiles of S and SP were general acidic, with a pH value of 2.59~6.12 and 3.50~6.27, respectively. The oxidation-reduction potential (Eh) of S and SP increased obviously from the bottom up, with an Eh value of 66~457mV and -37~307mV, respectively. The content of acid volatile sulfur (AVS) in S and SP profiles was 0~62.36mg/g and 0~3.44mg/g; while the pyrite sulfur (CRS) was 0.70~32.30mg/g and 0.17~5.39mg/g, respectively. The content of AVS and CRS in these two profiles showed a similar decrease trend from the bottom up, and AVS was oxidized earlier than CRS. The content of elemental sulfur (ES) in S and SP profiles was 0~8.83mg/g and 0~3.62mg/g, without clear trend in depths. The content of sulfate was 8.44~66.34mg/g and 8.48~29.87mg/g, respectively; they decreased from bottom-up in these two profiles. The hardpan (iron hydroxide) at 11.5~16.5cm and 18~54cm in S and SP blocked the transport of oxygen and water from the top down, slowed the oxidation of sulfide in down layers, and formed a sulfate-rich zone. The total sulfur (TS) of these two profiles was 9.18~109.69mg/g and 12.38~37.72mg/g, respectively, and the lower values in up layers were likely due to the surface leaching. Generally, the content of TS and sulfur species in SP profile was lower than those in S, suggested more intense leaching. The δ³⁴S of sulfate in S and SP was -3.32‰~13.43‰ and -3.08‰ ~1.80‰, respectively. An exceptional δ³⁴S of 13.43‰ in S-9layer suggested a source of anhydrite, while others indicated a source of sulfide.

A new granular sludge synthesized with the sludge from water supply plants and clay mass at the ratio of 1:2 was developed, and its adsorption behavior towards copper (Ⅱ) was investigated. The granular sludge had favorable adsorption properties towards copper (Ⅱ), and the adsorption amounts increased with the increase of reaction time. At the reaction time of 180min, the adsorption capacity could reach 85% of the maximum adsorption capacity. The kinetic data could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetics models. The Langmuir isotherm model performed better in fitting the adsorption data at different temperatures. The equilibrium adsorption amounts increased with the increase of the reaction temperature. The granular sludge preferred to adsorb copper (Ⅱ) in the solution mixed with other heavy metal ions. Additionally, pH (the acidity level) can significantly influence the adsorption of copper ions. The removal efficiency of copper ions increased with the increase of pH when pH lower than 5and reached the maximum value at pH 5. SEM and FTIR characterization showed that the granular sludge exhibited a rough surface and porous structure with abundant surface functional groups. Copper ions adsorption of granular sludge was achieved by electrostatic attraction, hydroxyl substituents and surface complexation.

In order to understand the environmental impact of dioxin pollutants under complex terrain-weather conditions, a representative mountainous area in southwestern China was selected to predict the environmental impact of dioxin pollutants in regional waste incineration, medical waste and hazardous waste disposal projects using CALPUFF, and the modeling was analyzed and verified by soil measured data. The results showed that under the condition of complex terrain-weather field, the wind direction and wind speed in different spaces in the same region were significantly different. The CALMET module can be combined with relevant data to simulate a meteorological field file close to reality. The model prediction showed that under the complex terrain-weather field, the settlement position and direction of dioxins from the project were not completely consistent with the prevailing wind direction throughout the year. The annual average concentration contribution of dioxins to the soil sedimentation of dioxins was 0.86×10^-3~9.84×10-1ngTEQ/m². The correlation between the monitoring data and model-simulated settlement data of medical waste and municipal waste incineration, hazardous waste projects was 0.854 and 0.287, respectively, indicating that the CALPUFF model has a certain degree of confidence in simulating the spatial distribution of dioxin in the surrounding soil under complex terrain-weather conditions.

In order to evaluate the pollution risk and estimate the bearing capacity, the coastal rice-wheat rotated farmland in Jiangsu Province was studied to investigate the effects of biogas slurry application for 0, 3, and 5years on heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd) contents in soil and crop grains. Cu, Zn, Pb, and Cd contents in soil and crop grains did not exceed the national standard limits after 3 and 5years of biogas slurry application, and the degree of heavy metal pollution in farmland met the requirements of cleaning according to Nemerow index and the Influence Index of Comprehensive Quality. The Cu and Zn contents in soil enriched significantly after 5years of application of biogas slurry and the contents of Cu and Zn in wheat and rice season were 22.59 and 63.08mg/kg (26.12 and 78.74mg/kg), which were 19.52% and 28.89% (27.73% and 31.80%) higher than those grains without application. As the increasing of application age of biogas slurry, the content of Zn in crop grains increased significantly (P<0.05) and the Zn contents in wheat and rice grains reached up to 25.07 and 30.98mg/kg after 5years of biogas slurry application, which was 23.50% and 16.29% higher than those grains without application. The accumulation rate of Cu and Zn in soil (0~15cm depth) was 0.74mg/(kg·a), 2.83mg/(kg·a) and 1.13mg/(kg·a), 3.80mg/(kg·a) for wheat and rice season, respectively. Based on the accumulation rate of heavy metals in soil, the safe application period of biogas slurry in coastal rice-wheat rotated farmland was 63years.

The BP artificial neural network model was used to conduct comprehensive evaluations and spatio-temporal evolution analyses of land ecosystem vulnerability in the efficiency eco-economic zone of the Yellow River Delta, then the grey correlation degree model was applied to explore the influencing factors. The results showed that the land ecosystem vulnerability decreased to 1.113 in 2016 from 1.244 in 2005 in the study area, and improved gradually. The vulnerability gradually increased from the west to the east and from the inland to the coastal, which showed two evolutionary characteristics: steady vulnerability type and lower vulnerability type. Average industrial wastewater discharge, proportion of saline-alkali wasteland, the degree of land use, the green coverage of built-up areas, and the proportion of energy-saving and environmental protection expenditures to fiscal expenditures were the main influencing factors of systemic vulnerability. Therefore, the policy focus of reducing the vulnerability of land ecosystems should be on ecological restoration, land utilization structure optimization, energy conservation and emission reduction.

This study aimed to: (i) characterize the runoff pollution before and after urbanization; (ii) analyze the cost-effectiveness of different GI strategies and their combinations (CGIs); and (iii) provide the scientific basis for Multi-Objective Decision-Making for the Sponge City planning. Using the rapidly developing Western New City of Zhuhai as the case study, we analyzed the characteristics of the current urban rainfall-runoff pollution and the changes of pollution load before and after planning through field monitoring. To evaluate the performance and cost-effectiveness, six GI and CGI scenarios were considered with the use of SWMM modeling. The results indicated that: (1) under the current condition, heavy runoff pollution (inferior to water quality class V) was identified for roads and paved ground in the developed areas; (2) there existed obvious initial flush effect from roofs and ground; (3) after development, the runoff pollutant loads were 2.9~3.2 times as those under current conditions; (4) the CGI (source/source-terminal controls) yielded better overall performance than the single GIs, however its cost per unit of pollutant reduction was higher; (5) among the single GIs, the detention basin yielded the lowest cost per unit of reduction, and it also effectively reduced TN and TP; (6) bio-retention and vegetated swale also yielded low reduction cost, but they could not effectively reduce the pollutant load; and (7) the reduction cost per unit of permeable pavement is the most expensive among all considered single GI strategies. Overall, the cost-effectiveness performance of single GI was superior to the CGI in pollution control. The single GI strategies were more cost-effective compared to CGI strategies; however it was necessary to invest more to adopt the CGI strategies in order to achieve better pollution control results.

Total concentrations and forms of tungsten in surface sediments from Taojiang river were determined and the methods of enrichment coefficient (EF) and risk index coding (RAC) were applied to assess the accumulative degree and environmental risks. The results showed that the tungsten concentrations ranged from 1.21 to 39.73mg/kg, with an average of 18.21mg/kg, while 58% of sampling sites were greater than the background values of the soil in Jiangxi Province. The species of tungsten were presented dominantly in the residual fraction, followed by the oxidizable, reducible and weak acid extraction fraction. Spatially, the effective tungsten in tributary is maximal with a mean value of 22.44%, followed by downstream (21.03%), upstream (14.45%) and midstream (10.91%). Correlation analysis showed that total concentrations and species of tungsten were positively correlated with the pH and cation exchange, respectively. The EF analysis suggested that the tungsten enrichment was seriously accumulated in the upper reaches and tributaries of the Taojiang River. The RAC analysis demonstrated the ecological risk in different sampling sites was low, medium and high, with a proportion of 33.33%, 46.67% and 17.78%, respectively. Altogether, this study indicated that the tungsten were accumulated in sediments of Taojiang River with seriously environmental risks, which deserve to be additional more extensive researches.

A water/sediment interface was roughly simulated in laboratory, and a central composite design was applied to investigate the influence of temperature, pH, organic content, and velocity on the sorption proprotion of five selected PPCPs (caffeine, chloramphenicol, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole and triclosan). Based on the experimental data, multiple regression equations were fitted and calibrated to establish favorable sorption models for PPCPs in the river systems. The results showed that the sorption process of caffeine and carbamazepine were exothermic reaction, and the sorption of sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol and triclosan were endothermic reaction. The increase of pH inhibited the sorption capacity of sulfamethoxazole and triclosan, but it could promote the sorption of caffeine, while it had little effect on the sorption of chloramphenicol and carbamazepine. The organic content, velocity and initial concentration had consistent effect on the sorption ratio of PPCPs. With the increase of the values of the factors, the sorption ratio of the five PPCPs increased with different degrees. The fitting and calibration results showed that the correlation coefficients between fitted and measured values of PPCPs sorption proportions were both above 0.8. Therefore, within the ranges of concentration of the investigated factors, the multiple regression equations were able to reasonably model and predict the sorption of PPCPs onto rivers sediment.

Landsat 5TM/8OLI-TIRS thermal infrared remote sensing data from 1989, 1999, 2007 and 2015 were used here to explore the spatio-temporal evolution and interrelationship between the thermal environment and landscape patterns in Haikou, China. Through the integration of remote sensing, geographic information systems, landscape ecology and statistical analysis methods, our results showed that the land surface temperature (LST) of Haikou City showed a gradual increase from 1989 to 2015. The area of urban heat island gradually expanded, the spatial center of mass shifted southwest, and the transfer rate accelerated significantly after 2007. In addition, the center of cold island mass was transferred to the eastern eco-centric area. The distribution of high land surface temperature in the city correlates with impervious surface, while the low LST correlated with the distribution of green land or water. The mean LST of green space was 4.17℃ lower than that of impervious surface. In 2015, 10% increase in percentage composition of landscape (PLAND) of green space caused a 0.57℃ loss in LST, whereas a 10% increase in PLAND of impervious surface caused a 0.78℃ increase in LST. The mean LST of green space and impervious surface in different years was consistently and highly significantly correlated with PLAND, largest patch index (LPI) and aggregation index (AI). In fact, the correlation grew stronger over the years. The correlation of LST with green space was negative, while it was positive for impervious surface. The size and degree of aggregation of landscape patches had great influence on urban LST. These results expand our understanding of the spatio-temporal evolution and interrelationship between urban thermal environment and landscape patterns, as well as provide a reference for urban planners and policy makers.

High-throughput sequencing was used to investigate the archaeal community structure and diversity, and associated influencing factors in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. The results indicated that the OTUs and Shannon index of archaeal community in the intertidal sediments were 900~1417 and 7.02~8.02, respectively, which both decreased from low to high salinity sampling sites. The specific OTUs of archaeal community structure accounted for 24.2%~57.3% of total OTUs in each sampling site, and identical OTUs only occupied for 1.2%, indicating that archaeal community structure varied highly along the sampling sites. The archaeal community was dominated by the Euryarchaeota and Thaumarchaeota. The Bathyarchaeota contributed a great parts of archaeal community, accounting for 17.7%~25.9% of total community. The principal component and cluster analysis suggested that the archaeal community structure in sites LCG and DHNC was similar, and archaeal community structure in BLG showed a similarity with LHK, while archaeal community structure showed a great difference in XP compared to others sampling sites. Canonical correlation analysis suggested that distribution of archaeal community structure in the intertidal sediments was tightly correlated with the sediment salinity. These results indicated that archaeal community structure and diversity were highly variable in the intertidal sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. In addition, sediment salinity was the crucial factor affecting the variabilities in archaeal community structure and diversity in the Yangtze Estuary.

Wetlands in Chongqing were picked up as cases to elucidate constraint relationship of ecosystem services. First, we calculated the services of water supply and conservation of water and soil at the year nodes of 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015 by using the InVEST model. Then, the constraint relationship between the service of water supply and the service of conservation of water and soil was investigated. The results indicated that from 2000 to 2015, service of water supply was first declined from 395.41×10⁴mm in 2000 to 238.89×10⁴mm in 2010 and then increased to 286.36×10⁴mm in 2015; meanwhile, the service of conservation of water and soil was increased from 85.74×10⁶t in 2000 to 364.73×10⁶t in 2015. Specifically, from 2000 to 2015, the total water supply for lake wetlands and paddy wetlands showed a first decreased and then increased trend, that for river wetlands and reservoir wetlands exhibited a converse trend, and that for swamp wetland showed a decreasing trend. Differently, from 2000 to 2015, the service of conservation of water and soil for lake wetlands, reservoir wetlands and paddy wetlands was first increased, and then decreased and again increased, that for river wetlands showed an increasing trend, and that for swamp wetland showed a first increased and then decreased trend. In addition, at the landscape level, there was a hump-shaped constraint effect between services of water supply and services of conservation of water and soil from 2000 to 2015; at the ecological level, from 2000 to 2015, there were double hump restraint, index constraint and hump-shaped constraint effect between these two kinds of services in the reservoir wetlands, the double hump restraint and hump-shaped constraint effect in the river wetland, and the hump-shaped constraint effect in the paddy wetland.

Acute toxicity test of Eisenia foetida and Zebrafish was carried out, the toxicity data of mortality, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were obtained. The BMD method was used to derive the safety threshold of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) and cadmium (Cd) for different organisms under single and combined exposure conditions. The results showed that there were significant dose-effect relationships between the exposure doses of TBBPA, Cd and the mortality, SOD and CAT indicators in the experimental dose range of this study. CAT and SOD indicators were most sensitive to single exposure, and the safety thresholds of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.95, 0.44mg/L, Cd were 71.17, 0.42mg/L, respectively. The safety threshold of combined exposure was less than single exposure. The safety threshold of TBBPA for Eisenia fetida and Zebrafish were 0.33, 0.024mg/L, and Cd were 6.45, 0.176mg/L, respectively.

The aim of this study is to investigate the levels of polycyclicaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) metabolites in the urine collected from a representative resident sample in Beijing and the relevant influencing factors. The resident sample consisted of 431 ordinary residents (average age (62.80±10.42)) recruited in three typical regions of Beijing in November and December 2016. The concentrations of 2-OHNap, 1-OHNap, 2-OHFul 1+9-OHPhe, 2-OHPhe, 3-OHPhe, 4-OHPhe and 1-OHPyr in the urine samples were studied by high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). Information of the subjects was gathered by a unified questionnaire. The median concentration of 2-OHNap, 1-OHNap, 2-OHFul, ∑OHPhe and 1-OHPyr in the urine samples was 2.99, 3.46, 4.24, 1.49, 0.35μg/g Cr, respectively. Logistics regression analysis showed that the probability of high concentration of 2-OHNap, 1-OHNap, 2-OHFul and 1-OHPyr for smokers was 9.83, 6.32, 4.51 and 1.89 times higher than that of non-smokers, respectively. The probability of high concentration of 2-OHNap, 1-OHNap, ∑OHPhe and 1-OHPyr was shown to increase by 0.48, 0.44, 0.31 and 0.46 times with each increased age level, respectively. The probability of high concentration of 2-OHFul was decreased by 0.44 times with each increased level in education attainment. The study indicated that 2-OHNap, 2-OHFul and ∑OHPhe in human urine were mainly derived from naphthalene, fluorene and phenanthrene in urban air. And the major factors influencing the increase of the concentrations of PAHs’ metabolites in human urine were smoking, age and relatively low educational level.

An indicator system for coupling coordination assessment was constructed based on indices from three aspects: economic development, social development and environmental protection, with weights determined by applying a mechanical balance model based on the information entropy theory. We applied our indicator system to evaluate coupling coordination degree of the Min River basin over the period from 2006 to 2016. The results showed that: the level of economic development, social development and environmental protection in Sanming, Nanping and Fuzhou regions all have increased during this period. Spatially, Fuzhou achieved the greatest improvement, followed by Sanming, then Nanping. The same increasing trend has been found on the coupling coordination degree at all three regions. Spatially, the degree of improvement achieved in each region followed the order of Fuzhou, Sanming, and Nanping. According to the status of the coupling coordination, we divided the research period into three stages: stage I (2006~2009), stage Ⅱ (2009~2013) and stage Ⅲ (2013~2016). Within each stage, we categorized the regional coupling coordination into three groups based on the deviation direction θ of the coupling coordination degree in each area of the Min River basin: lagging in environmental protection type (I quadrant), lagging in economic development type (Ⅱ quadrant) and lagging in social development type (Ⅲ quadrant), and we also discussed the improvement suggestions for each type in this article.