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2020 Vol.40 Issue.10,Published 2020-10-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology
Air Pollution Control
4177 The light absorption enhancement characteristics of black carbon aerosols in urban Guangzhou
SUN Jia-yin, WU Cheng, WU Dui, LI Mei, DENG Tao, YANG Wen-Da, CHENG Peng, LIANG Yue, TAN Jian, HE Guo-Wen, CHENG Chun-Lei, LI Lei, ZHOU Zhen
In this study, Minimum R squared method (MRS), was used to calculate the primary mass absorption efficiency of the primary emissions (MAEp) using elemental carbon (EC) as the tracer. The mass absorption efficiency of the ambient aerosols (MAEt) was determined by co-located measurements of an Aethalometer and a carbon analyzer. The absorption enhancement factor at wavelength 520nm, Eabs520, was determined by the ratio of MAEp/MAEt. The sampling site was located at Jinan University Supersite. The sampling period covered both dry season (January 26~March 31, 2019) and wet season (May 1~July 31, 2018). The optical properties of BC were characterized in the urban area. The average EC concentration in the dry season was (1.93±1.38) μgC/m3, which was significantly higher than that in the wet season (1.46±0.75) μgC/m3. Eabs520 in the dry season (1.26±0.34) was lower than that in the wet season (1.63 ±0.55). The diurnal variations of Eabs520 behaved differently in the dry and wet seasons. OC, EC, OC/EC, and AAE470-660 were higher in the dry season than in the wet season. The aerosol loading compensation parameter k and AAE470-660 correlated well with Eabs520 on the diurnal scale in the wet season. No correlation was observed in the dry season, which might be related to the impact of biomass burning. The effects of O3, NO2 and SOC/OC on Eabs520 were discussed. The correlation between O3 and Eabs520 was poor in the dry season (R2=0.21), and stronger in the wet season (R2=0.46), but SOC/OC showed the opposite relationship with Eabs520. Poor correlation between NO2 and Eabs520 was observed in both wet and dry season (R2=0.01). Temperature dependence was observed on Eabs520 to a certain degree. The back-trajectory cluster analysis revealed that long-range transport air masses exhibited high Eabs520 values.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4177-4189 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2492KB] ( 1225 )
4190 Validation and analyzation of MODIS aerosol optical depth products over China
LI Zhong-bin, WANG Nan, ZHANG Zi-li, WANG Tian-tain, TAO Jin-hua, WANG Ping, MA Shuang-liang, XU Ben-ben, FAN Meng
A new multi-angle atmospheric correction (MAIAC) algorithm was applied for the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to provide global aerosol optical thickness (AOD) product with 1km resolution. The dark target (DT), the dark blue (DB) and the combined DT and DB (DTB) algorithms have also been optimized and updated. In this paper, the accuracy and applicability of 5MODIS AOD products with different resolutions over China were verified and analyzed in terms of season, region and landcover type. Moreover, the resampled MAIAC AOD data was compared with other AOD products on the pixel scales. Our results showed that compared with DT, DB and DTB AOD products, 1km MAIAC AOD product had a best agreement with the ground-based AERONET measurements with overall R2 of 0.891, Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) of 0.126 and=Expected Error (EE) larger than 75%, and its accuracy was least impacted by season, region and landcover type. Especially, the R2 of 1km MAIAC AOD reached to 0.917 and the RMSE was only 0.111, and there was 80.11% of 1 km MAIAC AOD falling in the expected error envelops. The reliability of 3km DT AOD was higher than that of 1km MAIAC AOD over the regions larger fraction of vegetation cover (e.g. forest and cropland), while it was lower than that of 1km MAIAC AOD for grassland and urban regions with smaller fraction of vegetation cover. 3km DT AOD was always overestimated, especially, the most overestimation of 3km DT AOD by 62.2% (RMB=1.622) was in the summer. Although the DB algorithm was more applicable for the regions with bright surface (e.g. urban regions), the DB AOD product showed a significant underestimation over Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and Pearl River Delta (PRD) regions. The DTB AOD product combined the advantages of DT and DB AOD products. The correlation between the DTB AOD and the AERONET was always higher than that between the DB AOD and the AERONET AOD, and the overestimation of DTB AOD retrievals was lower than that of DT ones. With the same resolutions, the accuracy of the MAIAC AOD was better than DT, DB and DTB AOD products. Therefore, the MAIAC algorithm was more suitable to the air monitoring of urban agglomerations.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4190-4204 [Abstract] ( 448 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 8620KB] ( 897 )
4205 Aerosol lidar observation of typical pollution process in Shijiazhuang in Winter
ZHANG Yan-pin, CHEN Jing, QIAN Wei-miao, ZHANG Xiao, MA Gui-dong
Based on the aerosol observations of the micropulse lidar in Shijiazhuang City in winter 2016, the normalized gradient method and the gradient method were used to invert the atmospheric pollution boundary layer height, and the results were compared with the boundary layer height determined by sounding data in the same period. Typical cases were selected to analyze the process evolution characteristics of the height of the polluted boundary layer, and investigate the structure of the polluted boundary layer at different air quality levels. The results indicate that, the retrievals of these two approaches were consistent with the boundary layer height determined by sounding data and the correlation coefficients were 0.62 and 0.55, which passed the significance test of 0.05. However, the relative error were 19% and 34% indicating that the normalized gradient method was better than the gradient method. When the air quality were Moderate and Good, the accuracy of results was reduced with a maximum deviation of nearly 1000m. As the degree of pollution increases, the difference decreases. During the period of pollution, the height of the pollution boundary layer was generally less than 1000m, and the lowest height was about 400m at the heaviest pollution. The aerosol extinction coefficients of different air quality levels and heights had different vertical decline rates. Maximum vertical decline rate was at 400m height in polluted weather. It indicated that the heavy pollution accumulation layer was below 400m, and then the extinction coefficient decreased significantly with height increased. It was clean air above 700m.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4205-4215 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1263KB] ( 726 )
4216 Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of VOCs in the Pearl River Delta region using HYSPLIT model
ZHANG Tao, WANG Xin-ming, ZHOU Yan, YUE Ding-li, CHEN Duo-hong, OU Yu-bo
Based on the long time observation of VOCs at Guangdong Atmospheric Supersite (GAS) in the four seasons of 2016, 2142 sets of valid data were obtained. Using HYSPLIT model, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of VOCs in the Pearl River Delta region were analyzed. Mixing ratios and chemical reactivities of VOCs had obvious seasonal variation characteristics. The average concentration of VOCs was (18.523±20.978)×10-9 during the observation period. Though the mixing ratios of C2~C5 alkenes and BTEX accounted for only 46%, they contributed 85% of·OH loss rate (LOH)、82% of Ozone Formation Potential (OFP) and 97% of Secondary Oragnic Aerosol Formation Potential (SOAFP). The observation sites were mainly affected by the air masses from the northern inland areas (1#), the western inland areas (2#), the southern tip of the Taiwan Strait (3#) and the southern marine areas (4#). The mixing ratios of alkynes and BTEX of 1# air masses were both the highest, respectively, 10% and 37%, and the concentration of C2~C5 alkanes of 3# air masses was the highest, reaching (8.437±5.561)×10-9. By estimating the chemical reactivities of VOCs of air masses, it was found that the chemical reactivities of VOCs of 1# air masses were the strongest, and their contributions to O3 and SOA production were the highest. The chemical reactivities of VOCs of air masses of 1#, 2#, 3# and 4# were mainly contributed by BTEX and C2~C5 alkenes.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4216-4223 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 917KB] ( 1047 )
4224 Progress in measurements of semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds in ambient air
TAN Xin, YUAN Bin, WANG Chao-min, YE Chen-shuo, ZHANG Shen-yang, SHAO Min
This review summarizes the most important measurement techniques and their applications for semi-/intermediate-volatile organic compounds (S/IVOCs) in ambient air, focusing on techniques based on gas chromatography and chemical ionization mass spectrometry methods. S/IVOCs were initially measured by gas chromatography technologies, and the detection capability has been advanced along with developments of mass spectrometry technologies. Both offline and online gas chromatography methods can directly measure numerous non-polar S/IVOC compounds. However, it is still a challenge in traditional one-dimensional chromatography to separate and quantify myriads of organic compounds in ambient air, as the result of insufficient peak capacity and seriously overlapping of chromatographic peaks. Multi-dimensional separation systems, e.g. comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography, have been applied more widely for S/IVOCs measurements, which can achieve accurate and rapid separation of chemical components in complex chemical systems through orthogonal separation systems. On-line measurement techniques based on chemical ionization mass spectrometry have been developed and applied to S/IVOCs measurements in different atmospheric environments in recent years. These online chemical ionization mass spectrometers can provide high time resolution data for many S/IVOCs species, and facilitate to characterize rapid changes of S/IVOCs concentrations in the atmosphere, although there are still huge difficulties in identification of the species contributing to measured signals. Accurate measurements of more S/IVOCs components with high time resolution remain as the main goal for S/IVOCs measurements in ambient air.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4224-4236 [Abstract] ( 581 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1673KB] ( 1310 )
4237 Numerical simulations of PM2.5 pollution source in the Yangtze River Delta region in fall and winter in 2018
YU Zhong-qi, QU Yuan-hao, ZHOU Guang-qiang, XU Jian-ming
This paper used WRF-Chem and WRF-FLEXPART to quantify the source contribution to PM2.5 of the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region during fall and winter in 2018, especially during the cold air processes. The results showed that the contribution to PM2.5 of the YRD region from inter-regional transport accounted for 15.9%, while the contribution from local emission and intra-regional transport accounted for 84.1%, which indicated that the influence of local emission and intra-regional pollution transport was much more significant than that of inter-regional transport. During cold air processes, the contribution to PM2.5 in the YRD region from intra-regional transport increased to around 33.1%, approximately twice of the average contribution during the whole fall and winter in 2018. The contribution to each provincial region in the YRD region from both intra-and inter-regional transport ranged from 46.2% to 56.2%, among which the inter-regional transport ranged between 10.2% and 38.6%. They were significantly above the averages in the fall and winter. During cold air processes, the potential pollution transport pathways affecting the 4 major cities (Shanghai, Hefei, Nanjing and Hangzhou) was along the "mid-and-east pathway". The potential pollution contribution from external YRD regions to Shanghai and Nanjing were more than 30%, while that to Hangzhou was smallest at around 16.1%.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4237-4246 [Abstract] ( 236 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2123KB] ( 721 )
4247 The pollution characteristics and source analysis of inorganic elements in PM2.5 during autumn and winter in Fuxin
ZHAO Xiao-liang, YUE Yang-xia, XU Duan-ping, JI Ya-qin, LI Li, LÜ Mei-ting
PM2.5 samples were collected at four sites of Fuxin city in October and December 2017 to study the pollution characteristics and sources of inorganic elements in PM2.5 during the autumn-winter alternation period. The pollution characteristics of PM2.5 were then analyzed by combining the monitoring data with meteorological parameters. The contents of eighteen elements in PM2.5 were determined by ICP-MS, AFS-8900 and ICP-AES, and the source apportionment was conducted using enrichment factor (EF) analysis, principal component analysis and cluster analysis. The mass concentration of PM2.5 in winter (56.5μg/m3) was 1.5 times that in autumn, and the mean concentration of PM2.5 was 47.5μg/m3 during the sampling period. Meanwhile, PM2.5 shared similar sources with SO2 and NO2 to a high degree in winter as compared to the situation in autumn. In winter, the total mass percentage (8.78%) of 12 typical marker elements for anthropogenic sources (V, Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Cd, Hg, Mg, Ti) in PM2.5 was 1.45times that in autumn, indicating that PM2.5 in urban areas was significantly affected by human activities in winter. EF analysis results showed that Cd, Hg and Zn were heavily enriched, with EF values greater than 100. In winter, EF (Cd) reached as high as 532.34, which might be related to the smoke exhaust from the spontaneous combustion of large amounts of residual coal in the open pit 3km south of the city. Moreover, the EF (Cr) in winter was 7.9 times higher than that in autumn. According to the results of source analysis, coal burning, industrial soot, vehicle exhaust, biomass combustion, and soil dust were the main sources of inorganic elements in PM2.5. In autumn, PM2.5 had composite sources. The first principal factor accounted for 77.013% of the total variation, and category 1identified in cluster analysis contained 12elements, i.e., Cd, Hg, Mn, Ni, As, V, Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, Ti and Mg. By contrast, PM2.5 had a wide range of sources in winter, showing the complexity of sources. Therefore, comprehensive measures should be considered to prevent and control PM2.5 pollution in winter.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4247-4258 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 590KB] ( 661 )
4259 Variation of NO2 column concentration over Henan province in 2005~2018
YAN Li, HE Jin-yu, YANG Xiao-yue, WANG Yan-chao, LEI Yu
The temporal-spatial characteristics of NO2 column concentration over Henan province in 2005~2018 were analyzed using OMI remote sensing data. The change characteristics of NO2 column concentration after 2013 were analyzed according to the implementation time of the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control. NO2 column concentration over Henan province was high in northeast and low in southwest. The large values appeared over the area of Anyang-Xinxiang-Jiaozuo (>18.0×1015molec/cm2), while the low values appeared over the border of Luoyang, Sanmenxia and Nanyang cities. As to seasons, NO2 column concentration in winter was significantly higher than that in spring and summer. The concentration of high value center in winter was 50%~70% higher than that in spring and summer. Before 2011, the concentration of NO2 had an increasing trend over Henan province, and the concentration was growing faster over north. The concentration of NO2 was decreasing over the whole province in 2011~2018, with the fastest deceleration over the area of Jiaozuo-Xinxiang-Anyang. The reduction of the total pollutants emission and implementation of the Action Plan of Air Pollution Prevention and Control promoted the reduction of concentrations effectively. Compared with the cities located in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei transmission channel of air pollution, the NO2 column concentration of other cities decreased slowly or even increased after 2013. Therefore, the prevention and control of air pollution should be strengthened outside the transmission channel.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4259-4264 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1105KB] ( 518 )
4265 Characterizing the near-surface vertical variations of summertime O3 in Jiaxing
HE Guo-wen, WU Dui, WU Cheng, LI Mei, DENG Tao, WU Wei-chao, LI Li, CHENG Peng, YUAN Qian, ZHANG Ying-long, SONG Lang, SUN Jia-yin, TAO Li-ping, LIANG Yue, TAN Jian, ZHOU Zhen
Based on O3 surface data in 2018 from 14 monitor stations and meteorological factors of Jiaxing city, Zhejiang Province, this study analyzed the relationship between O3 and meteorological factors. The vertical profile of O3 was characterized by a differential absorption O3 lidar. Temperature and relative humidity were the dominating factors for high concentration O3 pollution, with the range of 24~36℃ and 36%~77%, respectively. The temperature above 24℃ and the relative humidity below 77% can be used as the meteorological threshold for early warning of O3 pollution. The O3 lidar results showed that the vertical O3profiles were similar between episodic and clean days, which exhibited an O3 peak between 600~800m, while the O3 concentrations decreased beyond this range. During the O3 episodic period, O3 was transported downward to the ground~level from noon to afternoon. This superposition of near-surface ozone and ground-level ozone aggravates ground-level O3 pollution, leading to an exceedance of air quality standard for O3 at both near-surface and ground-level. The O3 below 800m was relatively constant at night and in the early morning. Ground-level O3 increased rapidly after sunrise until reaching a peak in the afternoon. O3 decreased gradually in the later afternoon. The backward trajectories clustering analysis showed that there was a similarity in the clusters of air masses at 10m, 500m, and 1000m. Air masses that traveled along the coastline of Fujian and Zhejiang provinces at 500m exhibited higher O3 than the air masses from the ocean at 10m. That was related to the transport accumulation of the precursors and the stronger ultraviolet radiation at 500m. During the episodic events, the near-surface air masses exhibited an unchanged height. The downdraft in the middle and upper boundary layer led to the accumulation of O3 precursor near 500m. That was one of the reasons for the high O3 near 500m observed in two typical pollution episodes.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4265-4274 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1921KB] ( 992 )
4275 Analysis of dust weather pollution characteristics and transmission paths in Changzhi, China
DENG Meng-jie, YAN Yu-long, HU Dong-mei, DUAN Xiao-lin, LIU Zhuo-cheng, PENG Lin
Three dust pollution processes in Changzhi were investigated. Typical pollution characteristics and transmission paths of dust weather in Changzhi were studied through analyzing the PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations, water-soluble ion components, meteorological conditions and aerosol optical characteristics. There were 8 days of dust weather in Changzhi in 2018. April was the most serious polluted month with 5days of dust weather and this was related to the adjustment of atmospheric circulation in spring and the frequent activities of warm and cold air. Before the occurrence of dust weather, atmosphere in Changzhi was affected by the cold air from west or northwest. The atmospheric stratification was unstable and the atmospheric circulation turned into meridional circulation, with an average wind speed of more than 4m/s. During the dust pollution process, the ratio of PM2.5/PM10 was lower than 0.3. The coarse particles made up a large part in the ambient air. The proportion of total water-soluble ions in PM2.5 was decreased, and the concentration of Ca2+ was 4times higher than that before dust pollution. The dust was transported near the ground in winter, while transported at high altitude in spring and summer. The important potential sources of dust in Changzhi city were desert areas in Mongolia, central Kazakhstan and central and northern Xinjiang. The transmission paths were generally northwest path and northern path. There were two routes in the northwest path:Kazakhstan-north central Xinjiang-west Inner Mongolia-Changzhi and north central Xinjiang-west Inner Mongolia-Changzhi. The northern route was Mongolia-central Inner Mongolia-northern Shanxi-Changzhi.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4275-4283 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6367KB] ( 1009 )
4284 Boundary layer characteristics of an air pollution event in China during a cold front
ZHANG Chen, ZHU Bin, LIU Xiao-hui, HOU Xue-wei, MU Nan-nan, KANG Han-qing, WANG Li-juan
Using radiosonde and weather station data, reanalysis data of ERA-interim, and national PM2.5 concentration data, a cold front process during March 7 to 11, 2015 and its impact on air pollution were discussed. Our research focused on the circulation features at different levels of air, the vertical structure of the meteorological factors in the boundary layer and its spatiotemporal evolution characteristics from the north to south at six sites (Beijing, Zhangqiu, Zhengzhou, Nanyang, Wuhan, Changsha) during the southward moving process of the cold front. The results showed that in the first stage of the air pollution event (7~8March), the zonal circulation at 500hPa and the surface pressure field were even, and generated favorable conditions for the accumulation of air pollutants. In the second stage of the event (8~10March), the regions with heavy pollution were generally located in front of the cold high with weak pressure gradient, and moving southward accompanying the southward movement of the cold front. With the passing of the weather system, the boundary layer characteristics at six sites showed a similar feature of multi-level inversion occurring sequentially in time, and from north to south in space. The wind speed was low, and the relative humidity was high within the inversion layer. The formation of this multi-level inversions was due to the near-surface radiation cooling at night, frontal inversion of the moving cold front, and air sinking above the boundary layer. This study revealed that in a moving weather system, the boundary layer structures in the same part of the weather system had common characteristics, which were related closely to the occurring of air pollution.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4284-4291 [Abstract] ( 211 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2573KB] ( 610 )
4292 Emission estimation and component characteristics of volatile organic compounds in typical iron and steel enterprise
LIU Zheng, XU Chen-xi, CHEN Jun-hui, HAN Li, WANG Bo, XIONG Wen-peng, MEI Lin-de
This research was performed in a typical steelmaking enterprise, which contained entire process of steel refining. Different methods were applied to estimate the VOCs emission account and the VOCs exhaust concentrations derived from sintering, coking, hot rolling and cold rolling processes were detected by using Teflon/SUMMA canister+GC-FID/MS. The annual VOC emissions from this enterprise were 430.82t in total, 66.0% from controlled emission, and 18.5% from storage tanks. The VOCs concentrations from sintering head and coke pushing outlet were higher than other places. The aromatic hydrocarbons in each process account for a relatively high proportion, which contributed more than 90% in the controlled emission of coking process. The CS2 exhaust in sintering process was the highest (36.6%), followed by benzene and toluene. The main VOC species in the coking process were 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, o-ethylbenzene, 1,4-diethylbenzene, 1,2,3-trimethylbenzene and 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene. There were some differences between the hot rolling process and other processes. Aromatics and alkanes emitted from the workshop uncontrolled sources accounted for around 35% respectively. Except the aromatics, high-carbon alkanes such as undecane, dodecane and n-butane were also high emission species. The main VOC species emitted from cold rolling process were similar in controlled and uncontrolled sources, much of them were aromatics, such as ethylbenzene, m-xylene, toluene, benzene and o-xylene. Although, there were some different VOC species detected from different processes, but the main emissions were though coking (aromatic hydrocarbons) and sintering (CS2). Therefore, we suggested that the high concentration, high activity and high toxicity VOCs should be well controlled in steel manufacturing industry.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4292-4303 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 596KB] ( 997 )
4304 Spatio-temporal heterogeneity of transportation carbon emissions and its influencing factors in China
ZENG Xiao-ying, QIU Rong-zu, LIN Dan-ting, HOU Xiu-ying, ZHANG Lan-yi, HU Xi-sheng
Taking the 30 provinces in Mainland China as spatial analysis unit, the exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) method was employed to explore the spatio-temporal pattern of the transportation carbon emissions. Moreover, considering the spatial non-stationary, the geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was applied to analyze the spatio-temporal heterogeneity in the influencing factors of the transportation carbon emissions. The results indicated a significant spatial agglomeration in the transportation carbon emissions, and showing a gradual upward trend across time during the studied period 2000~2015. The Moran's I indices of the Bivariate spatial autocorrelation were 0.165~0.274 and the statistical significance levels were 0.016~0.045, indicating that there was a significant spatial positive correlation between the transportation carbon emissions and the variables, such as motor vehicle population, GDP, freight turnover and passenger turnover. The R2 of the GWR models were between 0.783 and 0.865, while the R2 of the OLS models were between 0.675 and 0.844; moreover, the AICc values of the GWR model were lower than those of the OLS models', demonstrating the goodness of the GWR models compared to the OLS models. This indicates that we can use the outcomes of the GWR models to better explain the impact mechanism of the transportation carbon emissions. The analysis of the GWR revealed that the influencing factors of the transportation carbon emissions had obvious spatio-temporal heterogeneity. GDP was among the major driving factors, with regression coefficient as high as 0.91 in some areas. The impact of GDP decreased from east to west in 2000, while decreasing from north to south in 2005, 2010, and 2015. The passenger turnover played a key inhibitory role, with its influence decreasing from northeast to southwest in all of the study years. In this context, the spatio-temporal heterogeneity of carbon emission influencing factors should be fully understood to formulate differentiated carbon emission reduction policies.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4304-4313 [Abstract] ( 404 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1214KB] ( 1258 )
4314 Study on the preparation and catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene over La-M-Co-O/cordierite catalysts
SI Han, HUANG Qiong, TAO Tao, YANG Bo, ZHAO Yun-xia, CHEN Min-dong
La-M-Co-O (M=Mn, Cr, Fe, Ni and Cu)/cordierite catalysts were prepared by complexation method with citric acid. BET, XRD, SEM, H2-TPR and XPS technologies were used to characterize and analyze the performance and microstructure of these catalysts. Meanwhile, the influences of the types of transition metal, the amount transition metal and calcination temperature were studied. The results show that when the calcination temperature was 650℃, the active oxide particles supported on the surface of the catalysts were the most dispersed and displayed the best activity for chlorobenzene oxidation. And when the reaction temperature was 350℃, the conversion rate is as high as 96.4%. The main reason was that the catalysts displayed the structure of LaCoO3 perovskite composite oxides attribute to the high calcination temperature, which was beneficial for improving the performance of catalytic oxidation of chlorobenzene over composite catalysts.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4314-4322 [Abstract] ( 170 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2151KB] ( 601 )
Water Pollution Control
4323 Synthesis of Pt loaded Bi2WO6 photocatalysis with exposed (001) facets and its photocatalytic performance
FANG Sheng-qiong, ZHOU Zhi-yong, CHEN Yue-ling, NIU Qing, GAO Sheng-jie, CHEN Qiao-shan, BI Jin-hong
Bi2WO6 nanosheets with exposed (001) facets were synthesized via a hydrothermal process, and then Pt nanoparticles were loaded on the surface of the as-synthesized Bi2WO6 through photo-reduction method. The photocatalytic performance of the as-prepared photocatalysts was probed by the photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol and decomposition of rhodamine B (RhB). In terms of the oxidation of benzyl alcohol, the conversion rate over Pt loaded Bi2WO6 samples could attain 20.7%, which was about twice that of Bi2WO6 without Pt loading. Additionally, the mineralization rate of RhB over the Pt loaded samples (~81.1%) was remarkably higher than that of the photocatalysts without Pt loading (~55.8%) after 40min irradiation. These results collectively demonstrated the superior degradation and mineralization ability of the Pt loaded Bi2WO6 nanosheets under irradiation. The boosting photocatalytic activity of the Pt loaded photocatalysts could be attributed to the synergistic effect of Pt loading and the exposure of high energy facets. The loading of Pt nanoparticles, as a cocatalyst, increases the active sites on the surface of the photocatalysts and thereby promotes the separation and migration efficiency of photo-induced electron-hole pairs on the facets.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4323-4329 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 900KB] ( 755 )
4330 Effect of morphology on the performance of CeO2 for catalytic wet air oxidation of phenol
ZHANG Xuan-jiao, SUN Yu, LIU Ming, HAO Shu-min, YANG Tao, ZHANG Lei, BAI Jin, HAN Jiao
Three CeO2 catalytic materials with different morphologies were prepared with hydrothermal method, precipitation method and sol-gel method, and then used in Catalytic Wet Air Oxidation (CWAO) of phenol aqueous solution. The effect of CeO2 morphology and structure on the performance of CWAO of phenol aqueous solution was investigated. The CeO2 catalytic materials were characterized via SEM, TEM, XRD and TPR. The results indicated that the CeO2 catalytic material synthesized with the hydrothermal method exhibited the best catalytic activity mainly due to the nanorod morphology, which exposed (220) crystal surface, growing along (220) crystal direction. Under the reaction conditions of temperature of 200℃, the air pressure of 2MPa, and the initial concentration of phenol at 500mg/L, the final COD removal rate (240min) could reach as high as 95.5%.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4330-4334 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 832KB] ( 694 )
4335 Study on operation efficiency and microbial community structure of sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification system
MA Xiao-ran, ZHENG Zhao-ming, BIAN Wei, LI Jun, ZHOU Rong-xuan, YANG Jing-yue
The sulfur-based autotrophic denitrification reactor was set up and its denitrification performance was evaluated in this study. The denitrification activity of the sludge was determined by batch tests, and the microbial community structure was revealed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and high-throughput sequencing. The influent NO3--N concentration of the reactor operated with sequencing batch mode was 80mg/L. The autotrophic denitrification performance increased with the hydraulic retention time (HRT) gradually shortened from 12h to 6h, the total inorganic nitrogen(TIN) removal efficiency and the average TIN removal loading rate of the reactor during the stable period were 99.1% and 0.158kg N/(m3·d), respectively. The maximum NO2--N concentration during the SBR cycle was 13.3mg/L, the pH value decreased from 7.38 to 6.94 during the reduction process from NO3--N to NO2--N, and the pH value remained stable during the process of reducing NO2--N to N2. The batch test results showed that the NO3--N removal rate of sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria and heterotrophic denitrifying bacteria were 0.515and 0.196kg N/(kg VSS·d), respectively, and the NO2--N removal rate of sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria was 0.117kg N/(kg VSS·d), the sludge had both autotrophic denitrification activity and heterotrophic denitrification activity. SEM images showed that both rod-shaped bacteria and spherical bacteria were observed in the sludge. The dominant sulfur autotrophic denitrifying bacteria in the sludge were Thiobacillus, Sulfurimonas and Thermomonas, with relative abundance of 14.5%, 7.6% and 6.0%, respectively.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4335-4341 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 868KB] ( 1093 )
4342 Inhibition and process mechanism of ammonia nitrogen and sulfate on anaerobic degradation of glutamate
CHEN Hong, HU Ying-bing, CHEN Chen, WEI Yan-xiao, WANG Hong, HUANG Rong, YU Guan-long, YANG Min
To investigate the effect of ammonia nitrogen and sulfate in the influent on anaerobic degradation of glutamate under the optimal organic loading rate, a lab-scale up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was continuously operated for 1119 days. The results showed that the maximal COD removal efficiency as high as (97.94±0.28)% was obtained at an organic loading rate of 8.0g COD/(L·d). When step-wise increasing the ammonia nitrogen concentration in the influent, the UASB reactor a small fluctuation on glutamate removal efficiency under low ammonia nitrogen concentrations (<1000mg/L), subsequently appeared a distinct decline in the COD removal and methane yield at 2000mg/L, and then the half-inhibitory concentration of ammonia nitrogen exhibited at 4000mg/L. When step-wise increasing sulfate concentration in the influent from 200mg/L to 4000mg/L, methane yield and free sulfide (FS) concentration in the mixture fallen into increasing and decreasing trends, respectively; but the COD removal efficiencies were generally in a high level (>90%). Both the ammonia nitrogen and sulfate in the influent could inhibit the glutamate degradation activity of methane-producing archaea (MPA) through dissociation equilibrium and biological reduction, respectively. Besides, FAN could freely diffuse into microbial cells resulting in proton imbalance and then excessive ATP consumption in the former. In contrast, substrate competitive inhibition was existed as for the reproduction of sulfate-reducing bacteria in the latter.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4342-4347 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 855KB] ( 576 )
4348 Enrichment of Anammox under conditions of ammonium, nitrate and acetic acid as substrates
Lü, Kai, WANG Kang-zhou, YAO Xue-wei, ZHAO Wen-zhao, PENG Dang-cong, LI Hui-juan, HAN Yun
In order to investigate the characteristic of anammox enrichment process with ammonium, nitrate and acetic acid as substrates, an MBBR with mediums from A2/O system treating municipal wastewater was established to start up anammox process. The results showed that the enrichment of anammox bacteria, with ammonium, nitrate and acetic acid as substrates, combined with denitrification process could be obtained rapidly. TN removal load reached to 920.79mg/(m2·d), and Anammox activity could attain to 3018.19mg/(m2·d) after 130d enrichment. Quantitative PCR results showed that after enrichment, the proportion of Ca. Brocadia increased from 0.89% to 27.80%, which is the dominated community of anammox bacteria. The proportion of Thauera increased from 0.01% to 6.75%, and the proportion of Flavobacterium increased from 0.29% to 11.72%, which are the dominated communities of partial denitrifying bacteria.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4348-4353 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 598KB] ( 428 )
4354 Study on electrochemical heterogeneous catalytic ozonation process for treatment of coking wastewater
LI Xin-yang, LI Yan-nan, QI Dan-yang, ZHANG hao, CHEN An-sheng, YU Xiao-hua, YAO hong
In this paper, a new electric-heterogeneous ozone-catalyzed (E-catazone) process was used in advanced treatment of the secondary biochemical effluent from coking wastewater, and the process's feasibility was also studied. By comparing the E-catazone process with three other processes:the O3/TiO2 nanoflowers (TiO2-NF) process, the O3/TiO2-NF/H2O2 process, and the electrochemical oxidation process (EO), the technological advantages and oxidation mechanism of E-catazone were investigated. Under the same conditions (O3 concentration of 84mg/L), the removal rates of COD and TOC (67.9%, 50.0%) in E-catazone process were significantly superior to the performance (25.8%, 20.9%) in O3/TiO2-NF process. Even with 5g/L of H2O2 added in the above O3/TiO2-NF system to promote homogeneous ozone catalytic ability, the obtained removal rates of COD and TOC had only increased to 63.6% and 43.6%, respectively. The performance of O3/TiO2-NF/H2O2 system was still not as good as the E-catazone process.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4354-4361 [Abstract] ( 268 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 734KB] ( 725 )
4362 Preparation of GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST hydrogel and adsorption properties for methylene blue
XU Ji-hong, DUAN Xian-yang, HE Meng-qi, GAN Ying, WANG Xue-ni
GA-g-PAMPS/AA/ST composite hydrogel was prepared by graft copolymerization of gum arabic (GA), 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonicacid (AMPS), acryllic acid (AA), sepiolite clay (ST) by microwave irradiation. The composite hydrogel was characterized by numerous techniques including FTIR, XRD and SEM. The adsorption propertie of the hydrogel on methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution was studied. The hydrogel with uniform three-dimensional network was synthesized. Under the conditions of dosage of 0.025g, the volume of 50mL, pH of 6.4 and the initial concentration of 600mg/L, the adsorption capacity and removal was found to be 1146mg/g and 95.5%, respectively. Hydrogel had good repetition use performance. Meanwhile, the adsorption process described by Freundlich isothermal model and quasi-second-order kinetic equation better. Furthermore, thermodynamic studies showed that hydrogel's adsorption of methylene blue was a spontaneous, endothermic and irreversible process. Therefore, it could be used as a potential candidate biomass adsorbent for cationic dyes and pollutants.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4362-4369 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 636KB] ( 409 )
4370 The photocatalytic property of g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2 photocatalyst for ammonia nitrogen degradation in simulated wastewater
CAO Ya-jie, YUE Xiu-ping, LI Hou-fen, XUE Shuai, KONG Xin, LI Hui, CAO Fang
Using self-made g-C3N4, graphene oxide (GO) and TiO2 as raw materials, the g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2 photocatalyst with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as photo-generated electron transport medium was successfully prepared through electrostatic adsorption and hydrothermal reduction processes, and the morphologies, structures and optical properties of the catalysts were characterized by SEM, X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-Vis-DRS and photocurrent density test. Ammonia nitrogen solution with nitrogen concentration of 50mg/L was used as the simulated raw water, and the pH of ammonia nitrogen solution was adjusted to 9~10. The photocatalytic property of this photocatalyst for ammonia nitrogen removal was studied under the irradiation of a xenon lamp. The SEM results showed that g-C3N4/rGO/TiO2 photocatalytic material was coated with TiO2 as the coating layer, the XRD pattern of the composite exhibited both diffraction peaks of TiO2 and g-C3N4, and the DRS spectrum showed that the optical absorption capacity of the composite photocatalyst was significantly enhanced in the visible region. Experiments on ammonia nitrogen removal showed that the composite photocatalyst with raw material GO:g-C3N4=1:10possessed best photocatalytic performance in ammonia nitrogen degradation, and the average removal rate of ammonia nitrogen was 96.80%. From the results of the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), it was speculated that the degradation mechanism was that the superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical generated by the composite catalyst oxidize the adsorbed NH3 directly on the surface of the material under light irradiation, and rGO played a conduction role as the photocatalytic material's photo-generated charges transmission medium.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4370-4377 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 699KB] ( 673 )
4378 Electricity generation of PPy/TiO2 photocatalytic microbial fuel cell and its application in the leaching of lithium cobaltate
XU Jie, LIU Wei-ping
The Polypyrrole/Titanium dioxide (PPy/TiO2) photocathode was prepared by chemical oxidation using anhydrous ferric chloride as oxidant and carbon paper as substrate. The photocatalytic materials were characterized by XRD, IR and SEM. A dual-chamber microbial fuel cell (MFC) was constructed with carbon paper as anode and carbon paper, TiO2 and PPy/TiO2 modified carbon paper as cathode, respectively. The wastewater treatment efficiency, electricity generating performance and the leaching of lithium cobaltate in the cathode chamber were investigated by using MFCs under light condition. The results showed that the maximum power density of PPy/TiO2 modified carbon paper was 10425.7mW/m2, which was 1.97 and 1.86 times the power density of carbon paper and TiO2 modified carbon paper respectively, and the cathodic Co(Ⅱ) leaching rate of PPy/TiO2 modified carbon paper was 47.8%, which was 1.87 and 1.76 times that of carbon paper and TiO2 modified carbon paper, respectively.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4378-4384 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 801KB] ( 1188 )
4385 Degradation of methyl orange by graphene three-dimensional electrode-electro Fenton system
XU Bin, ZHANG Shu-ling, GAO Yue-xiang, ZHANG Yi-min, FENG Jin-cai
Three-dimensional electrode and electric Fenton system were combined to degrade methyl orange wastewater with the method of electrocatalytic oxidation degradation. Fe3O4 loaded graphene oxide particle electrode GO@Fe3O4 (GF) and spherical gel structure SA/GO@Fe3O4 (SGF) particle electrode were made by our research group. Then, the two kinds of particle electrodes were characterized, the influence factors of electrocatalytic oxidation performance by three-dimensional electrode-electro Fenton (3D-EF) system were discussed and the reaction kinetic analysis was carried out. Based on the design of Box-Benhnken central composite response surface, the response surface quadratic multiple regression equation model was established. The degradation process of methyl orange was studied by UV-vis and GC-MS. There was three-dimensional network fold structure on the surface of SGF particle electrode. Under the reaction conditions, namely initial pH=5, particle electrode dosage 3.0g/L, reaction time 90min, current density 30mA/cm2and applied voltage 7V, the removal efficiencies of methyl orange chromaticity and COD of SGF particle electrode system were 98.8% and 87.5% respectively, which were higher than that of GF particle electrode system, which were 87.2% and 71.2% respectively. Based on the present study, the reaction conditions and the removal efficiency of methyl orange chromaticity predicted by the response surface model were consistent with the experimental results. The speculated degradation process of methyl orange can be divided into three stages:bond breaking oxidation process, ring opening process and complete oxidation process.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4385-4394 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1494KB] ( 630 )
4395 Complexation of As(III) with different molecular weight fractions of humic acid
LI Shi-feng, ZHOU Yang, YAO Shu-hua, SHI Zhong-liang, ZANG Shu-yan
Humic acid (HA) was divided into five fractions with different molecular weights by ultrafiltration. The complexation behaviours and mechanism of different HA fractions with As (III) were investigated by the method of equilibrium dialysis. The conditional distribution coefficients and apparent stability constants were calculated and analysed to evaluate the complexation process. The results showed that the molecular weight of HA had significant influences on the complexation of HA with As (III). The complexing capability of HA with molecular weight less than 10kDa was better than others. The carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl groups in HA played an important role in the complexation of HA with arsenic, and they were the main complexation sites. Based on Scatchard analysis and a two-site ligand model fitting with the complexation results, it was found that there were two types of binding sites (strong and weak) in the complexation process between different HA fractions and As (III).
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4395-4401 [Abstract] ( 165 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 461KB] ( 627 )
4402 Spatiotemporal distribution bacterial communities in the conventional treatment process of drinking water
CAI Guang-qiang, ZHANG Jin-song, LIU Tong-zhou, YOU Zuo-liang, ZHOU Chang
In order to gain insight into the spatiotemporal distribution and dynamic variation of bacterial communities in the conventional treatment process of drinking water, bacterial communities, which were in raw water, settling basin effluent, sand filter effluent and finished water in a conventional treatment process plant in the south of China in summer and winter, were investigated using Illumina HiSeq high throughput sequencing technology. The results showed that pH, turbidity, CODMn and total plate count in finished water all met the standards for drinking water quality (GB5749-2006). Bacterial diversity was significantly higher in summer than in winter. In addition, the coagulation sedimentation and disinfection process units had a significant effect on the composition and diversity of bacterial community. Furthermore, the composition of bacterial community varied seasonally, and the dominant bacterial phyla in water samples mainly included Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria, etc, and Proteobacteria predominanted in filter sand biofilm samples. A number of potential pathogens were detected at the genus level, including Vibrio, Acinetobacte and Mycobacterium. Water temperature and dissolved oxygen were the major water characteristics that influenced bacterial community.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4402-4410 [Abstract] ( 194 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 762KB] ( 632 )
4411 Remediation of nitrobenzene contaminated groundwater by S-NZVI and persulfate gel reaction zone
ZHU Ying-yi, YE Qian, WANG Ming-xin, ZHANG Jin-yong, HAN Ying
Sulfidated-nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-NZVI) was prepared by pre-sulfide synthesis to study the degradation efficiency of nitrobenzene by S-NZVI and persulfate (PS). The degradation mechanism of reaction was investigated by detecting the change of iron ion concentration, TOC concentration and characterizing S-NZVI before and after the reaction. The S-NZVI/PS reaction zoon was established by injecting S-NZVI and gel which nano-silica solution was chosen as the binder and PS as the active components, to study the effect of in-situ remediation on simulated nitrobenzene contaminated groundwater. S-NZVI could effectively remove NB and generate a large amount of aniline (AN). The Fe2+ formed by PS oxidized S-NZVI and PS composition activate persulfate, which had a good degradation and mineralization effect on AN. When the concentration of NB was 100mg/L, the dosage of S-NZVI and PS was 0.5g/L and 2.5g/L respectively, the removal rate of NB was 91%, the effluent concentration of AN was 1.96mg/L, and the removal rate of TOC was 64.09%. The main iron oxidation products of S-NZVI after the reaction were Fe3O4 and FeO(OH). The results of reaction zone showed that the S-NZVI/PS reaction zone could effectively remove NB from groundwater and effectively remove AN produced by NB reduction. When the NB influent concentration was 100mg/L, the flow rate was 0.4mL, 1200mg/L 200mL of S-NZVI and 4.8g PS gel with 30% silica and12.5% PS was injected, the removal rate of AN was up to 97.6%and the cumulative removal rate of NB equivalent was 83.7%, within 7d.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4411-4420 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 563KB] ( 550 )
Solid Waste
4421 Experimental study on the stabilization/solidification of MSWIFA by geopolymerization based on secondary aluminum dross
WANG Kai, WU Xin, LIANG Cai, LIU Dao-jie, LI Jun-hui
A new method for stabilization/solidification of municipal solid waste incineration fly ash (MSWIFA) by geopolymerization based on secondary aluminum dross (SAD) that recycled from the production of aluminum is proposed. The effect of Si/Al molar ratio on the stabilization/solidification of solidified bodies was investigated in the study. When the molar ratio of Si/Al was less than 2.5, the leaching concentration of heavy metals such as Cr, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in SAD-SiO2-based and metakaolin-SiO2-based solidified bodies decreased significantly and the compressive strength of the cured solidified bodies increased obviously with the enhancement of the Si/Al molar ratio. When the Si/Al molar ratio exceeded 2.5, the leaching concentration of heavy metals and the compressive strength of both the solidified bodies tended to be stable. The result of XRD analysis suggested that the categories and contents of polymers in metakaolin-SiO2-based solidified bodies were slightly higher than SAD-SiO2-based solidified bodies. However, the disparity between these two sorts of solidified bodies was tiny, which proved that SAD with silica-based materials could be potential substitutes for metakaolin in order to improve the Si/Al molar ratio and thereby ameliorate the consequent of stabilization and solidification. Furthermore, the solidified wastes could be applied to be certain construction materials because the compressive strength of SAD-SiO2-based solidified bodies could be increased to be 13.65MPa.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4421-4428 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 465KB] ( 628 )
4429 A detection method of small-sized microplastics based on micro-Raman mapping
LIU Dan-tong, SONG Yang, LI Fei-fei, CHEN Lyu-jun
Due to the limitation of detection methods, there are few studies on the detection involved small-sized microplastics (<50μm). A method that can identify small-sized microplastics more accurately and efficiently without manual selection was proposed. Two kinds of suitable membranes were screened out as substrates for the separation and analysis of microplastics. The mapping mode of micro-Raman spectra was used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect five types of common microplastics. The results showed that this method can identify small-sized microplastics with the minimum particle size of 1μm from the background of the filter membrane and make pseudo color images to visualize the size, shape and type of microplastics. By simulating the impurities in the environmental samples with quartz sand particles, the method can also eliminate the influence of impurities and accurately locate the microplastics. The recovery rate of polystyrene microplastics with different particle sizes (5~50μm) was ranged from 33.3% to 79.0% under three concentration gradients.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4429-4438 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3063KB] ( 2082 )
4439 Review on research progress of anaerobic microbial chain elongation in organic waste treatment
SHI Chuan, LIU Yue, MA Jin-yuan, LI Kun, WANG Jing-yao, WANG Kai-jun
This work presents a summary of chain elongation treatment technology which has been applied in organic waste management and carbon resource recovery. The advantages and research progresses, metabolic pathways, feasibility of thermodynamic and kinetics, optimized reaction parameters and operational engineering case studies of chain elongation are reviewed. The information provided gives a theoretical basis for revealing the mechanism of cell carbon chain elongation and some suggestions for driving the application in practical engineering.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4439-4448 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 546KB] ( 832 )
Soil Pollution Control
4449 Remediation effect of bone charcoal on Cd polluted soil and its sustainability assessment under field condition
SUN Xiao-yi, WANG Dan, WANG Meng, ZHENG Can, CHEN Shi-bao
To investigate the remediation effect and its sustainability of bone charcoal on Cd polluted soil, this paper studied the remediation effect of bone charcoal application (0.25%, 0.50% and 1.0%) on Cd polluted soils, i.e. the fluvo-aquatic soil in Henan province and red earth in Hunan province, the phytoavailability of Cd in soil, the decreasing rate of Cd in crops (DR,%) and inactivation rate (IR,%) of Cd reducing defined as comparison with the first season crop, etc were used to evaluate the remediation efficiency and its sustainability after 120d and 360d application under field conditions. all bone charcoal applications could effectively promote the growth of crops and increase the yield of crops in tested soils. The application of bone charcoal improved the pH value, CEC, total P and available P content in soils to various degrees. Among the treatments, the bone charcoal application with 0.5% and 1.0% (w/w) significantly (P<0.05) improved the pH value, total P and available P content in soils when compared with the control groups. The content of available Cd as extracted with DPTA-CaCl2-TEA in fluvo-aquatic soil and red earth decreased by 32.1%~48.4% and 32.8%~56.2% respectively after 120d of bone charcoal application treatments. The content of DPTA-CaCl2-TEA-Cd in the soils was still significantly lower than that of the control groups after 360d, with a decrease of 26.9%~37.8% and 25.8%~39.5%, respectively. The uptake of Cd by three-season rotation crops showed that, as compared with the controls, the decreasing rate (DR,%) of Cd uptake by first season crop treated with different application levels (0.25%~1.0%) of bone charcoal ranged from 36.0% to 60.4% for fluvo-aquatic soil and 33.9% to 58.2% for red earth, respectively, the decreasing rate (DR,%) of Cd increased with the application level of bone charcoal. The inactivation rate (IR,%) of Cd was used to evaluate the sustainability of remediation efficiency in this study, the result indicated that the IRs of Cd for the third season crop ranged from 21.2%~34.7% in fluvo-aquatic soil and 6.2% to 21.6% in red earth, respectively, which indicated that the sustainability of remediation efficiency for acidic red earth was better than that in fluvo-aquatic soil. Taking into account all these factors of remediation effect and the sustainability of remediation efficiency, bone charcoal could be potentially used in the remediation of Cd polluted soil.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4449-4456 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 551 )
4457 Mechanism for electric field enhancing remediation of uranium and cadmium co-contaminated soil by Macleaya cordata
HU Nan, ZHU Ruo-nan, CHENG Hao, TAN Guo-chi, DONG Xue, ZHANG Hui, MA Jian-hong, WANG Yong-dong, DING De-xin
Pot experiments were conducted to investigate variations in biomass, the accumulation performance of uranium and cadmium, and the antioxidant enzyme activities of Macleaya cordata, and in organic acid content, the speciation of uranium and cadmium, the valence state of uranium of the root, and the structure of microbe community in its rhizosphere soil under the application of DC electric field at 0.3V/cm. The results showed that the total biomass of Macleaya cordata was increased by 15.33%~29.88%, the accumulation coefficients of uranium and cadmium in DC+U and DC+Cd treatment groups were increased by 90.84% and 93.33% The proportion of available uranium and cadmium in rhizosphere soil increased, respectively, and the contents of oxalic acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and lactic acid were increased by 18.36%~45.31%, 58.62%~503.22%, 15.71%~118.99%, 12.34%~123.27%, and 25.97%~36.05%, respectively, the activities of POD and GSH-PX were increased by 13.63%~34.82% and 9.70%~28.64%, respectively. The proportions of bioavailable uranium and cadmium in the rhizosphere soil were increased significantly. Moreover, the stable U(IV) in the root of Macleaya cordata was transformed to mobile U(VI), which could easily migrate from the underground part to the aboveground part of the plant, and the proportions of Acidobacteria and Ascomycota in the rhizosphere microbial community were increased, and they promoted Macleaya cordata's tolerance to and accumulation of uranium and cadmium mainly by improving enzyme activity.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4457-4467 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1257KB] ( 528 )
4468 Remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil by iminodisuccinic acid and assessment of environmental risk reduction
WANG Gui-yin, ZHANG Shi-rong, WU Xiao-yu, LI Lun, GUO Qi-qi, LI Sen, XU Xiao-xun, LI Ting
Iminodisuccinic acid (ISA) was used as a washing agent to remove Cd, Pb, and Zn from polluted soil under the action of ISA concentration, pH, washing time, and soil-liquid ratio. A three-factor and three-level optimization model based on the Box-Behnken design method were established to determine the optimum washing conditions. The comprehensive environmental risk method involving the residual content, leaching concentration, and toxicity of heavy metals in soil was used to evaluate the washing remediation performance. Cd, Pb and Zn removal efficiencies increased with the increase of ISA concentration. They reached 11.83%, 34.26%, and 20.96% in mine soil and 48.89%, 57.08%, and 81.80% in polluted farmland soil, respectively, at the ISA concentration of 50mmol/L. By increasing contact time and the acidity of the washing solution, the Cd, Pb and Zn removal efficiencies were improved. They increased as the soil-liquid ratio decrease. The predicted maximum total removal rates of heavy metal in mine soil and contaminated farmland soil reached 32.58% and 93.16%, respectively, under the optimized conditions of ISA concentration of 70mmol/L, pH of 4.0, and reaction time of 120min. Under this condition, the surplus of heavy metal in the water-soluble, exchangeable, and carbonate bounding states decreased significantly, thus reducing the total environmental risks of heavy metal in mine soil and contaminated farmland soil by 50.81% and 87.13%. Iminodosuccinic acid could effectively remove heavy metals from contaminated soil and reduce the environmental risks of residual heavy metals and is a potential material for remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soil.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4468-4478 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1510KB] ( 503 )
4479 Mechanism of the two cultivars of rapes with different Pb enrichment ability
MENG Xiao-fei, GUO Jun-mei, YANG Jun-xing, HU Jian, ZHENG Guo-di, BIAN Jian-lin, LI Yu-feng, CHEN Tong-bin, LIU Jie
Hydroponic and field experiments were conducted to explore the Pb absorption and accumulation ability of two cultivars of rapes, QinYou No.1 (QY-1) and SanYueHuang (SYH). The subcellular compartmentalization of Pb and antioxidant enzyme activities were determined to clarify the differences in Pb tolerance and detoxification mechanisms between the two cultivars of rapes. The results showed that SYH was higher than QY-1 in the growth under different Pb stress concentrations. Both cultivars of rapes tend to distribute Pb in root rather than shoot under hydroponic conditions. Meanwhile, under 20mg/L Pb stress, Pb concentrations in root and shoot of SYH were significantly higher than QY-1by 17.03% and 77.07%, respectively. Moreover, the results of Pb subcellular compartmentalization in leaves of the two cultivars of rapes showed that the enrichment of Pb in biological detoxified metal factions (heat stable protein and metal-rich granule) played an important role in the detoxification of the two cultivars of rapes, which was significantly higher in SYH than QY-1. In addition, antioxidant system also played an important role in the detoxification of Pb. Peroxidase activity and catalase activity in leave of SYH were significantly higher than QY-1, which implied that SYH possess advantages to cope with Pb stresses over QY-1. In the field experiment, Pb could be translocated to aboveground part more effectively compared with hydroponic conditions. Moreover, bioconcentration factor (BCF) and Pb concentrations in both shoot and root of SYH were significantly higher than those of QY-1. Therefore, SYH has higher Pb accumulation ability and thus more suitable for the remediation of mildly and moderately Pb contaminated farmland soils.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4479-4487 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 542KB] ( 541 )
4488 Sorption characteristics and mechanism of imazethapyr by modified soybean straw biochar
WANG Liang, TIAN Wei-jun, QIAO Kai-li, ZHAO Jing, DU Zhao-yang, XIE Wen-long
Soybean straw biochar was prepared at 700℃ and modified by four methods including acid, alkali, amino modification, and iron magnetization. The sorption performance and mechanism of four modified biochar for imazethapyr were compared, and the effect of pH, temperature, and biochar dosage on the sorption amounts were discussed. In addition, the performance of modified soybean straw biochar for the sorption and fixation capacity of imazethapyr in soil was investigated. Modified soybean straw biochar had better sorption performance in the acidic environment with a pH value of 2~4. Comparing with the other three modified biochars, iron-magnetized biochar exhibited a higher sorption efficiency on imazethapyr. And its sorption behavior was better fitted by the pseudo-first-order kinetics and Langmuir model. The fitted Langmuir model indicated that the maximum sorption capacity of iron-magnetized biochar on imazethapyr reached 338.785mg/g; The sorption capacity for imazethapyr in the soil with 1% iron-magnetized biochar was 2.37 times higher than that without iron-magnetized biochar.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4488-4495 [Abstract] ( 239 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 723KB] ( 499 )
4496 Effects of carbon addition on community structure diversity of CO2-assimilating bacterial in Saline-alkali cultivated land
SU Xin, LUO Hui, YUE Zhong-hui, GUO Ying-lan, JIN Xiao-xia, LU Man
The effects of straw(S), biochar(B) and nano-carbon(N) on the structure and diversity of CO2-assimilating bacteria community in saline-alkali cultivated land were studied with the high-throughput sequencing technology, and the relationship between soil chemical properties and diversity of CO2-assimilating bacteria community were also analyzed. These three carbon addition sources all reduced the diversity of CO2-assimilating bacteria community. Chao1index, observed species, Shannon index and PD whole tree of CO2-assimilating bacteria with B and N addition were higher than those with S addition. These three carbon additions also reduced the species abundance of soil CO2-assimilating bacteria community. The species abundance of CO2-assimilating bacteria community in N addition treated samples was higher than that with S and B addition treatments. In terms of community composition and relative abundance, the dominant phylum after these three carbon treatments was Proteobacteria, and the dominant phylum was Gammaproteobacteria. Their relative abundances in N treatment were the highest at 90.38%, and 57.70%, respectively. The results from differences group communities analysis showed that there were significant differences in the community structure of CO2-assimilating bacteria after the addition of S and N. The results from redundancy analysis showed that the structure of CO2-assimilating bacteria community was influenced by soil pH, organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and phosphorus. Soil pH and active phosphorus content were the main soil chemical properties affecting the structure of soil CO2-assimilating bacteria community. Our findings suggested that the addition of S, B or N in saline-alkali cultivated land could inhibit the diversity and species abundance of soil CO2-assimilating bacteria community, but the addition of N could increase the structure difference of soil CO2-assimilating bacteria community.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4496-4503 [Abstract] ( 245 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 620 )
4504 Characteristics of microbial utilization of maize root- and straw derived carbon
XU Ying-de, SUN Liang-jie, WANG Yang, GAO Xiao-dan, LI Shuang-yi, WANG Jing-kuan
Based on the long-term fertilization experiment station established in 1987, 13C labeled maize residues (root or straw) were added into Brown Earth and then in-situ incubated for 150days. We investigated the assimilation dynamics of maize residue carbon (C) by various microbial communities in different soil aggregates with PLFA-SIP technique, as well as the SOC sequestration process. Plant residue addition significantly increased the PLFAs contents, especially fungal PLFAs, in bulk soil and all aggregate fractions. Besides, the increase of gram-negative bacterial PLFA was greater than that of gram-positive bacterial PLFA after residue incorporation. However, residue type did not affect the PLFAs contents in different microbial groups in bulk soil. The difference in the residue C mineralization rate was not significant between the treatments of straw and root additions. The contribution of root C to the total PLFAs C was 3.9 times that of straw C to the total PLFAs C, suggesting that microbial synthesis of root C was more conducive to the sequestration of SOC. Among all microbial groups, the contribution of residue C to fungal PLFA C was highest, indicating that fungi had the strongest ability to assimilate residue C. Whereas, the contribution of residue C to gram-positive PLFA C was similar to that to gram-negative bacterial PLFA C. The contents of residue C and PLFAs and the proportion of residue C in total PLFAs C were higher in the 0.25~1mm and <0.25mm aggregates, while the bacteria/fungi ratio was higher in the >2mm and 1~2mm aggregates which indicated that the 0.25~1mm and <0.25mm aggregates were the main sites for microbial assimilation for residue C. We conclude that the decomposition of plant residue in soil is closely related to residue type, soil aggregate composition and microbial community.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4504-4513 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 952KB] ( 1208 )
4514 Effects of nitrogen deposition and biochar application on soil dissolved organic matter
MA Ya-pei, LI Yu-xuan, XIE Huan, CHENG Lei, SI You-tao, CHEN Yue-min, MA Hong-liang, GAO Ren, YIN Yun-feng
A serious of pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of biochar (BC) application on the contents of soil dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and spectral properties of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) of Cunninghamia lanceolata seedling under various nitrogen (N) deposition condition. Simulated N deposition treatments were performed with 0 (control), 40 (lower N deposition) and 80kgN/(hm2·a) (higher N deposition), and biochar application rates were 0 (control), 12 (lower BC application) and 36t/hm2 (higher BC application) under each N treatment. The soil pH was significantly decreased by 0.06 to 0.09unit (P<0.05) after 3months in the treatments of lower and higher N deposition alone compared with the control, respectively, but it was significantly increased by 0.32 to 0.94unit (P<0.05) in the treatments of BC application alone or BC application combined with N deposition. Compared with the control, the DOC content was decreased significantly in the treatment of lower N deposition alone, while it was significantly increased in the treatment of higher N deposition alone, and the DOM structure became simpler. The soil DOC content did not significantly change in the treatments of lower BC application alone or lower BC application combined with N deposition, but it was significantly increased from 30.1% to 95.6% in the treatments of higher BC application alone or higher BC application combined with N deposition, and the structure of DOM tended to be more complex. Redundancy analysis showed that the pH was the most important factor in controlling the properties of soil DOM among different treatments. These results implied that the higher application of BC could alleviate soil acidification in the short period, increase soil DOC content, and make DOM more stable under N deposition conditions.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4514-4521 [Abstract] ( 249 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 986KB] ( 505 )
4522 A benchmark study on soil health risks of vegetable fields in a high-cadmium background area in eastern Yunnan
LI Yang, ZHANG Nai-ming, WEI Fu-sheng
This paper studied accumulation characteristics and health risk status of cadmium (Cd) in the soil and different vegetables in soil-vegetable systems in east Yunnan, China, a high Cd background area, with samples collected through the point-to-point collaborative sampling method. The cadmium health risk benchmark of vegetable soil was also derived with species sensitivity distribution curve (SSD) method. There were 60.3% of the sampling sites for the cadmium accumulation in the soil of vegetable fields exceeded the soil screening value, and higher average values of soil Cd mass fraction were found in Qujing prefecture. The adsorption and accumulation abilities of Cd were found to vary by types of vegetables. Leafy vegetables and rhizome vegetables had strong abilities to absorb and enrich Cd, and the percentage of exceeding standards was relatively high. Among 23kinds of vegetables collected in the study area, there were 11kinds of vegetables which exceeded the Cd standard, the total percentage of vegetable samples exceeding the standard was 18%. The health risk assessment showed that there were no non-cancer risk for both the adults and children, the risk levels for three vegetables were leafy vegetables > rhizomes > solanaceous fruits. Cd in the vegetables had no health risk for adults and children in the study area, although the exposure risk for children was higher than that for adults; Based on the principle of protecting 95% and 5% vegetable varieties, the vegetable health risk criteria were developed for various vegetables. When planting root vegetables, HC5=0.35mg/kg, HC95=2.8mg/kg; When planting pepper vegetables, HC5=0.15mg/kg, HC95=8.7mg/kg; when planting leafy vegetables, HC5=0.36mg/kg, HC95=13.8mg/kg.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4522-4530 [Abstract] ( 213 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 513KB] ( 564 )
4531 Effects of anionic surfactant in reclaimed water on soil structural properties and water flow characteristics
SHENG Feng, LI Zhong-run, FANG Xian-jing, WEN Ding, HU Guo-hua, SHEN Hong-wei
Irrigation experiments with three different irrigation conditions, i.e. different concentration of anionic surfactant in irrigation water (i.e. 0critical micelle concentration (CMC), 0.001CMC, 0.01CMC and 0.1CMC), irrigation frequencies (irrigated every day, once every two days, and once every three days), and reclaimed water and freshwater alternative irrigation schedules (irrigated with reclaimed water only, and irrigated with reclaimed water and freshwater alternatively) were conducted in laboratory with man-filled soil columns to study the effects of surfactant in reclaimed water on soil bulk density, porosity structure, aggregate stability, soil water repellency, surface infiltrability and preferential flow heterogeneity. Higher concentration of anionic surfactant in reclaimed water and higher irrigation frequency with lower irrigation quota both lead to smaller soil bulk density, greater non-capillary porosity ratio and normalized mean weight diameter of soil aggregate, higher soil water repellency, worse surface infiltrability, and stronger preferential flow behavior, which increased the difficulty of farmland management; higher frequency of freshwater flush in reclaimed water and freshwater alternative irrigation increased soil bulk density, decreased non-capillary porosity ratio and normalized mean weight diameter of soil aggregate, reduced soil water repellency, enhancing surface infiltrability, and decreased preferential flow heterogeneity, which decreased the time for farmland irrigation and increased irrigation efficiency.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4531-4539 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 551KB] ( 615 )
4540 Spatiotemporal dynamics of microbial communities involved in soil carbon cycling of subalpine temperate coniferous forest
LI Cui, QIAO Sha-sha, LIU Jian-xian, CHAI Bao-feng
The cbbM, amylase and cellulase genes were selected as molecular markers to analyze functional microbial groups using real-time quantitative PCR method. We investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of abundance of functional microbial groups in soils of four forests:Larix gmelinii var. principis rupprechtii, Picea meyeri, P. Wilsonii and Pinus tabulaeformis in subalpine temperate of north China. The results indicated that soil content of total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total sulfur (TS), organic matter (OM) and total organic carbon (TOC), pH, ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N), and the activities of catalase, sucrase and urease were different in the soil of four forests, and exhibited seasonal dynamics variation. The contents of TC, TN, TS, C/N, OM and TOC were the highest, but pH value was the lowest in the higher altitude L. principis forest soil. The contents of TC, TN, nitrite nitrogen (NO2--N), sucrase activity and urease activity were significantly correlated with the abundance of microbial groups involving in carbon fixation, starch degradation and cellulose degradation. The content of NO3--N in soil was significantly related to the relative abundance of carbon decomposing and carbon fixing microorganisms. Soil C/N, NO2--N, OM, TOC content, pH, catalase and urease activity were significantly correlated with the relative abundance of microbial groups involving in degradation of labile carbon and recalcitrant carbon. Vegetation type and seasonal change jointly affected the abundance of soil functional microbial groups, but seasonal change was the dominant factor. The vegetation and soil environmental factors affected the carbon source-sink balance of forest soil by regulating the structure of carbon metabolism functional groups of microbial community.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4540-4548 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 645KB] ( 516 )
4549 Comparison of fungal community structure and diversity in typical paddy fields
YANG Xiang, HUANG Xiao-ting, WANG Chun, WANG Xiao-tong, YIN Xiao-lei, LIN Shao-ying, WANG Wei-qi
To understand the differences in fungal community structure and diversity in paddy field soils developed from different parent materials in the main rice growing areas of China, five typical paddy soils, i.e., latosol, red soil, saline alkali soil, black soil and purple soil, were analyzed for the fungi species composition and community diversity by high-throughput sequencing technology. Soil water content, pH, salinity, and bulk density were significantly different (P<0.05) beween the five typical paddy soils. Chao1index indicated that the richness of the fungal community in the paddy soil types was in the order of red soil > black soil > latosol > purple soil > saline-alkali soil. The ACE index suggested that the richness of the fungal communities was in the order of black soil > red soil > latosol > purple soil > saline-alkali soil. Both Shannon index and Simpson index of community diversity were in the order of black soil > purple soil > red soil > latosol > saline-alkali soil. The phylum with the highest relative abundance was Ascomycota in all five typical paddy soils. The dominant fungi genera were Emericellopsis, (Emericellopsis, Cladorrhinum and Zopfiella), (Emericellopsis and Monographella), and Phialocephala for the paddy soils developed from latosol and red soil, purple soil, black soil and saline alkali soil, respectively. The relative abundance of Xanthoria, Cyberlindnera, Penicillium, and Westerdykella were significantly and negatively correlated with soil pH (P<0.05). Furthermore, the relative abundance of Ceroophora was significantly and negatively correlated with soil water content, and the relative abundance of Sarocladium was significantly and positively with dissolved organic carbon (P<0.01) across soil types. The fungi community structure and diversity were significantly affected by the paddy soil developed from previous reclamation types, and the fungi genera richness and dominant genera were sensitive to the changes of soil physical and chemical properties.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4549-4556 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1236KB] ( 5753 )
Environmental Ecology
4557 Source and risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of rivers, lakes and their surrounding soils in central Tibet
YANG An, XING Wen-cong, WANG Xiao-xia, HU Jian, LIU Xiao-long, LI Jun
To understand the pollution characteristics, spatial distribution, potential sources and ecological risk of heavy metals in the surface sediments of river-lake system in Tibet, the total amounts of 16heavy metals (As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, V, Zn, Al and Fe) of rivers, lakes and their surrounding soils in central Tibet were determined. The potential sources of heavy metals were preliminarily apportioned and identified by principal component analysis-absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (PCA-APCS-MLR) receptor model. Descriptive statistics showed that As, Cd, Hg and Ni accumulated and presented as severe pollutants in sediments of study area, especially for Hg and As. Enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index and pollution load index all indicated that there were moderate pollutions for Hg, followed by As, Cd and Ni. Mean sediment quality guideline quotient and comprehensive indexes of potential ecological risks showed that Hg, As, Cd and Ni exhibited the moderate potential ecological risks, among which Hg exhibited the highest risks. Spatially, the relatively serious contaminated areas were the Lake Angrenjincuo, Duilong Qu and adjacent lakes, and As displayed a widest spatial pattern. PCA-APCS-MLR revealed that the three main sources of heavy metals in sediments in the central Tibet were natural sources, traffic activities and atmospheric transport, geothermal and mining. Cobalt, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, V, Zn, Al and Fe mainly originated from natural sources, while Ba, Mo, and Pb mainly associated with traffic activities and atmospheric transport; Arsenic was almost entirely derived from geothermal and mining; sources of Cd and Sb were relatively extensive, all three potential sources contributed to Cd and Sb to some extent. High contents of Cd and Hg in soil might have been affected by traffic activities, and long-range transportation via the atmospheric dispersion of dusts from industrial activities.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4557-4567 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1079KB] ( 827 )
4568 Characteristics and bioavailability of different forms of phosphorus in sediments of rivers flowing into Hongze Lake
WAN Jie, YUAN Xu-yin, YE Hong-meng, YANG Xiao-fan, TAO Li
The distribution and bioavailability of phosphorus (P) forms in 67 surface sediments of 7 rivers flowing into Hongze Lake were studied. The influencing factors and environmental significance of the spatial occurrence characteristics of phosphorus forms were discussed. The main content of organic phosphorus (Po) in the sediments of the Western area was the non active organic phosphorus (NLOP), which accounted for the relative contribution of Po 50.41% The relative contribution of biological available inorganic phosphorus (BAP) was the highest, accounting for 70.57%. In the southwest and Northwest area, the main source of Po was middle active organic phosphorus (MLOP), and the main source of Pi was calcium bound inorganic phosphorus (HCl-Pi). Due to the influence of local geological background, the relative content of HCl-Pi in the Northwest area was the highest (42.99%). So as to slow down the movement of phosphorus and minimize the pollution. With the increasing pollution degree of sediment, the concentration of bioavailability Po increased, but the relative contribution of Po decreased. The concentration of HCl-Pi increased, and the relative contribution of Pi decreased, which was universal in the lake sediments with different eutrophication degree in China. The western and southwest areas were mainly affected by soil erosion, non-point source pollution and algae growth. With the relatively higher organic matter environment, the organic phosphorus components that can be degraded by organic matter (OM) were higher than those that can be mineralized. Under the condition of relatively weak water exchange capacity, most of the organic phosphorus components which were difficult to degrade were easy to deposit, resulting in higher BAP concentration and eutrophication processed in the western and southwest areas high degree. There was a significant correlation between the forms of Pi and Po in the sediments. The results showed that the trace ability of all forms of phosphorus was consistent. Under certain conditions, the active Po can be converted into the BAP, while the unbioavailable Po could be converted into the BAP, which increased the ecological risk of the river sediments from Hongze Lake. It could be seen that OM was the key factor for the transformation of various forms of phosphorus, which was closely related to the biochemical cycle of endogenous phosphorus in sediments. The spatial difference of phosphorus forms in the sediment of Hongze Lake was mainly caused by the input of agricultural exogenous pollutants, which aggravated the internal phosphorus load. For the West and the southwestern of areas, the agricultural non-point source pollution should be mainly controlled, and the collection, discharge and treatment facilities of rural sewage pipe network should be accelerated. According to the characteristics of the river, the "no breeding area" and "restricted breeding area" should be defined.In order to reduce the soil and water loss of agricultural land, it was suggested to increase the exchange rate of water body by copper enclosed net cage, no tillage or shallow cross slope ridge cultivation, and to follow the principle of a few times of fertilization. For the northwest area of Hongze Lake, we should focus on the prevention of soil erosion caused by excessive urbanization and the excessive pollution load on the ecological function protection area.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4568-4579 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 844KB] ( 1042 )
4580 Spatial-temporal variations of chlorophyll-a in Qiandao lake using GF1_WFV data
XU Peng-fei, MAO Feng, JIN Ping-bin, CHENG Qian
We established a simulating model based on the GF-1spectral reflectance features and field survey results. The model was then applied to estimate the concentration and distribution of chlorophyll-a in Qiandao lake from 2013~2019. Our model could effectively estimate the chlorophyll-a concentration in clean water (R2=0.8976). Pixel level analysis revealed that over 94% of water pixels contained less than 3.65μg/L of chlorophyll-a, indicating that the chlorophyll-a concentration of Qiandao lake was quite low during the study period. Moreover, the spatial-temporal analysis showed that the chlorophyll-a concentration in most water pixels experienced a small variation. More than 67% water regions had a slight increase.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4580-4588 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3131KB] ( 555 )
4589 Growth potential and CNP sequestration of Rhodopseudomonas palustris in cyanobacterial substrate
TIAN Ying-ying, ZHAO Jing, TIAN Cui-cui, XIAO Bang-ding, WU Xing-qiang
In order to efficiently use wasted cyanobacteria and simultaneously yield vigorous phototrophic bacteria, the growth potential and transformation of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus of Rhodopseudomonas palustris in cyanobacterial substrates were determined. A cyanobacterial concentration greater than 0.87g/L can stimulate the proliferation of R. palustris PUF1under the condition of 30℃, 2000lx. Though less of OD650 in cyanobacterial substrates (3g/L) than that of the ATYP medium at 108h, the concentration of bacteriochlorophyll a (Bchl a) was in similarity showing the more active synthesis of photopigments in cyanobacterial substrates. The addition of smaller molecular organic acids significantly regrew up the PUF1cells in late log phase. Specifically, at 252h and 444h, OD650 in cyanobacterial substrates was enhanced by 191.75% and 269.24%, while Bchl a was 206.68% and 276.17%, respectively. At 444h, OD650 and Bchl a in cyanobacterial substrates were separately 130.88% and 160.62% of the ATYP medium, indicating the superiority of natural cyanobacterial substrate to the ATYP medium for grown PUF1s, especially under a long incubation period. Evaluating the dried biomaterials and dissolved nutrients in cyanobacterial substrates, it indicated the unbalanced distribution of bioavailable carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus, namely surplus nitrogen, lacked carbon and limited phosphorus. It matters of improved bioavailable carbon in cyanobacterial biomasses for the enhanced growth of PUF1and nutrient sequestration.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4589-4596 [Abstract] ( 136 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 677KB] ( 734 )
4597 Impacts of climate change on the suitable habitats and spatial migration of Xanthoceras sorbifolia
ZHANG Yin-bo, LIU Yan-lan, ZHANG Xiao-long, QIN Hao, WANG Guang-yu, WANG Wei
Based on the current geographical distribution data of Xanthoceras sorbifolia, we used species distribution modeling (SDM) to predict suitable habitats and spatial migration trends under the future climate scenarios, and identify climatic factors that may cause migration. Under the current climatic conditions, the suitable habitats of Xanthoceras sorbifolia were concentrated in the eastern Gansu, southern Ningxia, north-central Shaanxi, central and southern Shanxi, as well as the eastern edge of Qinghai, the border region of Inner Mongolia-Shaanxi, northern edge of Henan and northwest edge of Hebei. Under the future conditions of climate change, the suitable habitats will remain unchanged, however the highly suitable habitats will trend to decrease and eastward slightly, and the habitat loss rates are 3.73%~16.6% under different climate change scenarios. Under the extreme climate change scenarios, spatial migration patterns of Xanthoceras sorbifolia showed that the most suitable habitats were still persist area, in addition, the emigrant areas were mainly concentrated in the northwest and southeast of suitable habitats and present continuous distribution, while immigrant areas were only scattered in the marginal areas of suitable habitats, including the junction of Inner Mongolia and Shaanxi, northern Shanxi and other regions. Finally, based on the spatial analysis of the multivariate environmental similarity surface (MESS) and the most dissimilar variable (MoD), it was identified that the areas of climate anomaly were mainly located at the northern and southern edge of the currently habitats, which was consistent with the spatial migration patterns. The factors of main climate anomalies which may cause spatial migration were annual average temperature, seasonal precipitation and annual precipitation. The spatial migration areas considered as highly sensitive regions of climate change should be paid more attention. At the same time, reasonable and effective resource utilization and land management strategies should be developed for different spatial migration areas.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4597-4606 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2420KB] ( 574 )
Environmental Toxicology
4607 Uptake, distribution and biotransformation of 8:2 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (8: 2FTCA) in scallops (Patinopecten yessoensis)
GUO Meng-meng, GUO Jiao, LI Feng-ling, WANG Zhi, LIU Xiao-yu, ZHAI Yu-xiu, TAN Zhi-jun
The uptake, tissue distribution and biotransformation of 8:2fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (8:2FTCA) in liver, gills, sexual gland, mantle and adductor muscle tissues of the scallop Patinopecten yessoensis were investigated. The highest concentration of 8:2 FTCA was detected in the liver, and the maximum uptake rate of 8:2 FTCA in the gills. Five metabolic products, including 8:2 fluorotelomer unsaturated carboxylic acid (8:2 FTUCA), 7:3 fluorotelomer carboxylic acid (7:3 FTCA), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA) and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA) were identified in scallops. 7:3 FTCA and PFOA were major metabolites, which tended to accumulate in gills and liver. The biotransformation of parent compound 8:2 FTCA was dominantly occurred in gills, where the metabolites were present at the highest concentrations. The biotransformation pathway of 8:2 FTCA in P. yessoensis was proposed for the first time. Compared with the biotransformation behavior of 8:2 FTCA in rainbow trout, the distinct species differences were observed in the yield and half-life of metabolites in P. yessoensis. These results indicated that 8:2 FTCA can be easily transformed in P. yessoensis, and the detection of PFOA, PFNA and PFHpA indicates that exposure to 8:2 FTCA may be an indirect route of exposure to PFCAs in scallops.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4607-4616 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 636KB] ( 1193 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
4617 Research on the impact of the local government’s environmental protection constraint target on economic growth
LI Yuan, ZHANG Tong-bin, QI Peng-fei
The environmental protection constraint targets were collected from the reports on the work of 283prefecture-level governments in China from 2003to 2017, and the effects of different environmental constraint targets on economic growth were examined systematically. Both the environmental governance was strengthened by government and economic growth dividends were released, which were attributed to the direct constraints on industrial pollutants such as sulfur dioxide (SO2). The polluting enterprises were not encouraged by the indirect constraints on days of good air quality and PM2.5 to transform, and the economic growth was faced with a slowdown. A positive economic effect was made by no environmental constraint at a cost of environmental pollution however. The intermediate mechanism test reveals that industrial structure and environmental governance were the main channels through which environmental constraints affected economic growth. In terms of the characteristics of environmental protection constraints, the economic growth was restrained by the amplification of constraint targets while setting a pollutant emission reduction interval was more conducive to economic growth. In the aspect of the coordination between economy and environment, making constraints on environmental pollutants promoted economic and environment to develop coordinately, and no environmental constraint was not beneficial for economic growth and environmental protection. Local governments should adjust the environmental protection constraint targets gradually on the basis of specific pollutant emission goals.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4617-4630 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 664 )
4631 Impacts of agricultural scale operation on the environmental efficiency: An analysis based on land plots data
MA Yong-xi, MA Yu-ting
The impact of agricultural operation scale on agricultural environmental efficiency was theoretically analyzed to explore the relationship between agricultural large-scale operation and agricultural environmental sustainability. An agricultural environmental efficiency calculation model based on the material balance principle was used to estimate the environmental efficiency, and then an agricultural environmental efficiency impact model was built to investigate the impact of agricultural large-scale operation on the environmental efficiency of the grain crop production. Using plot-level panel data of rice farmers in Zhejiang Province from 2004 to 2016, the impacts of agricultural operation scale indicators such as land area, labor input, capital input, and agricultural output on agricultural environmental efficiency were empirically analyzed. Agricultural operation scale affected its environmental efficiency in a variety of ways; the land area had an inverted-U shape relations with the environmental efficiency; the labor input and capital input had negative impacts on agricultural environmental efficiency; while the increase of agricultural output promoted the improvement of agricultural environmental efficiency.
2020 Vol. 40 (10): 4631-4640 [Abstract] ( 196 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 824 )
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