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  Current Issue
 
2021 Vol.41 Issue.8,Published 2021-08-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Air Pollution Control
3473 Study on the temporal and spatial variation of atmospheric ammonia in Beijing
LIU Xiang-xue, PU Wei-wei, MA Zhi-qiang, LIN Wei-li, HAN Ting-ting, LI Ying-ruo, ZHOU Li-yan, SHI Qing-feng
Considering the variables in meteorological characterizations including wind direction, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity, a three-year and one-year online observation of ammonia was conducted at Beijing urban sites and Shangdianzi background station separately, for analyzing the temporal and spatial changes of NH3 concentration and influencing factors in Beijing. The average annual NH3 concentration in Beijing urban was (32.5±20.8)×10-9V/V, which was significantly higher than that in background station[(11.6±10.3)×10-9V/V] and many major cities and regions both in China and foreign countries. The seasonal variation characteristics exhibited that the average concentrations of NH3 were higher in summer than those of in winter, with giving (34.1±6.8)×10-9V/V and (11.1±2.2)×10-9V/V in summer, and (19.7±9.3)×10-9V/V and (2.4±0.6)×10-9V/V in winter, in terms of Beijing urban and background area, respectively. Moreover, the effect of meteorological factors on daily variation of NH3 is significant. In spring, the peak value of NH3 concentration in urban appeared at 15:00, which was earlier than that at 20:00 in background area under the influence of southwest wind. In contrast, the time for reaching highest concentration in urban area delayed in winter and was slightly later than that of background area, with cresting at 23:00 and 20:00 respectively. During summer, the NH3 concentration in urban area peaked at 7:00, whereas dual crest value of NH3 concentration in background area occurred twice at 09:00 and 22:00. In autumn, urban and background area had presented the same diurnal variation with peaking approximately at 22:00. The southwest wind was the main reason that leads to the changes of NH3 concentration in the background area, where the concentration rise remarkably with the increase of southwest wind speed in spring and summer. However, concentration weighted trajectory analysis (CWT) drove that surrounding areas involving Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei and northern Henan contributed to the varying concentrations in Beijing urban areas, were the main sources of NH3 affecting Beijing urban areas and background stations.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3473-3483 [Abstract] ( 205 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1648KB] ( 418 )
3484 The characterization and source apportionment of VOCs in Shenzhen during ozone polluted period
LIN Li-liang, CHENG Yong, CAO Li-ming, YU Guang-he, HUANG Xiao-feng
Since volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the key precursors of O3 formation, it's important to study on the characteristic and major source of VOCs for controlling O3 pollution. The research conducted an online VOCs observation from 6th September to 31th October in 2019, accounting for 104species was monitored. During the observation, the Over-standard rate of ozone was up to 17.8%. The mixing ratio of TVOCs was about 38.9×10-9, and polluted period was much higher than non-polluted period. Alkane was the most abundant species at the observation set, followed by OVOC, halohydrocarbon, aromatic, alkene, acetylene and acetonitrile, while aromatic, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) and alkene contributed most for ozone formation potential(OFP). Based on the analysis of PMF source apportionment model, the main sources of VOCs in Shenzhen were biomass burning, gasoline volatilization, vehicle exhaust, industry process and solvent usage, while solvent usage (45.8%) and vehicle exhaust (27.3%) contributed most to the OFP. During the polluted ozone period, weak wind speed may enhance the accumulation of vehicle exhaust and gasoline volatilization source at morning traffic rush time, while the high temperature will also accelerate the evaporation of components in gasoline source and solvent source and promote the photochemical reaction.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3484-3492 [Abstract] ( 250 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 900KB] ( 435 )
3493 Urban PM2.5 compliance strategy based on air quality and mathematical planning model
YANG Dan-dan, WANG Ti-jian, LI Shu, SHU Lei, XUE Zhi-gang, CHAI Fa-he
In order to further reduce PM2.5 concentration and improve air quality, it is necessary to formulate a more scientific control strategy, while taking into account the reduction of pollutants and the cost-effectiveness of emission reduction. Based on the regional atmospheric environment model RegAEMS and mathematical planning model, this article used a multi-objective genetic algorithm to explore the optimal control strategy for urban atmospheric PM2.5 pollution. The method was applied to the PM2.5 concentration compliance plan of Linfen (14types of industry sources and 17regional sources), to achieve the largest pollutant emissions and dual-objective optimization with the least cost of abatement. The results showed that to achieve PM2.5 concentration target (75 μg/m3) under heavy pollution weather conditions where the average concentration of PM2.5 was close to 200 μg/m3, the maximum allowable emission of pollutants in Linfen was 356.7t/d, and the minimum emission reduction cost was 336million yuan. The emission reduction of NOx、SO2、NH3、VOCs and primary PM are 98.1, 49.9, 44.3, 155.7 and 105.5t/d, and the emission reduction costs were 11.7, 6.8, 6.2, 5.5 and 35million yuan. The industries with the greatest potential for reducing VOCs、NOx、PM2.5、NH3 and SO2 were coking、mobile、dust、agricultural and civil combustion sources, accounting for 21.6%、14.1%、11%、8.6% and 3.8% of the emission reduction of the 5pollutants in all industries. The steel industry had the highest emission reduction cost (39%). Xiangfen had the largest emission reduction and the highest emission reduction cost(72.18million yuan).
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3493-3501 [Abstract] ( 184 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1297KB] ( 462 )
3502 Refined spatiotemporal estimation model of PM2.5 based on deep learning method
GENG Bing, SUN Yi-bo, ZENG Qiao-lin, SHANG Hao-lv, LIU Xiao-yu, SHAN Jing-jing
The concentration distribution of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) on the surface of the atmosphere has a strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity. Due to the limited spatial coverage of traditional PM2.5 monitoring sites, it is difficult to reflect the complexity of PM2.5 concentration in time and space. This paper proposed a temporal and spatial prediction model of ground PM2.5 concentration based on deep learning methods(PM2.5-DNN). Based on the AOD data from Kuihua-8satellite and the observation data from PM2.5 monitoring and meteorological station, hourly high-precision simulations of the surface PM2.5 concentration in Beijing had been carried out. The results show that the 1km resolution hourly ground PM2.5 concentration in Beijing area estimated by the PM2.5-DNN model had good consistency with the observation data from the surface monitoring station. The model estimation accuracy could reach R2=0.88, which was better than the performance of current mainstream method. The method proposed in this paper was suitable for fine-grained modelling and estimation of the temporal and spatial distribution of PM2.5 concentration at a regional scale. The end-to-end training method is used to construct the model, which provides a simple and effective method model for fine PM2.5 concentration estimation.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3502-3510 [Abstract] ( 237 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1214KB] ( 422 )
3511 Research progress of very strong sandstorm and its future research prospects
HE Yuan-ping, ZHANG Yun-wei, GU Zhao-lin
The up-to-date research progress of very strong sandstorms was summarized in this study, including the characteristics and evolution mechanism of very strong sandstorms. Issues for further research have been also put forward. The very strong sandstorms showed a seasonal variation and appeared more often in spring, usually occurring from afternoon to evening suddenly and locally, with short duration. The triggering of very strong sandstorms is due to the coincidence of the upper weak air mass with certain vorticity and the developed convective bubbles in the near-surface unstable mixing layer, resulting in the onset of swirling bubbles from the common convective bubbles. The sand and dust are lifted due to the entrainment of swirling bubbles. The front of a very strong sandstorm would move slowly and finally disappeared quickly with the occurrence of secondary vortices in swirling bubbles. The occurrence of secondary vortices in swirling bubbles played a role in speeding up the energy dissipation of a very strong sandstorm. To further understand the characteristics of the wind-sand two-phase flow and the mechanism of energy dissipation of very strong sandstorms, and further improve the accuracy of sandstorm forecast, there is a need to strengthen the accumulation of meteorological observation data and the multi-scale numerical simulation of very strong sandstorms.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3511-3522 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 905KB] ( 485 )
3523 Improvement of planetary boundary layer height and variation of dust devil emission in desert areas
GAO Ya-wen, HAN Yong-xiang, LI Jia-xin, LU Zheng-qi, QIN Pei, LIU Wei-jia, LIANG Yun
On the basis of the YSU (Yonsei University) boundary layer parameterization scheme, an empirical revised boundary layer RYSU scheme was adopted in this paper, whose simulated boundary layer height was consistent with the observation. Meanwhile, the dust devil emission scheme was applied to obtain the spatial and temporal distribution of the summer dust devil's dust emission in Tengger Desert in 2019. The results revealed that from 08:00 to 18:00, the dust devil's instantaneous dust emission and dust range simulated by the RYSU scheme were higher than those of the YSU scheme. The time when the dust emission and the range of the former was the largest was 15:00, which was one hour later than the latter. It was closer to the occurrence frequency of the dust devil observed in the Tengger Desert. Furthermore, the total daily dust devil emission in the study area from June to August with the RYSU scheme was almost three times higher than with the YSU scheme, and the maximum instantaneous dust devil emission estimated with the RYSU scheme was closer to the value calculated with the maximum height of the observed boundary layer than with the YSU scheme.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3523-3528 [Abstract] ( 173 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1536KB] ( 323 )
3529 Study on the transport path of particles in Tianshui City based on HYSPLIT4 model
LIU Hao, WANG Ying, WANG Si-tong, LIU Yang, LI Bo
Backward trajectories from urban Tianshui was simulated using the HYSPLIT4model for winters of 2017~2019. The influence of heights, i.e. 50, 200, 500 and 1000m, and the number of clusters at 500m on the statistical results of transport pathway clustering was analyzed. The 500m backward trajectories in spring, summer, autumn and winter were clustered, and the weighted potential source contribution analysis (WPSCF) was used to explore the potential source areas of fine particles. The results indicate that the clustered pathways starting at 500m was the most representative for the study area. The number of clusters selected based on the principle of significant increase of TSV is small and could reflect the trajectory transport characteristics in different directions. In winter, the southeast path from the south of Shaanxi Province had the highest PM2.5 concentration, reaching 78.2 μg/m3. In spring, the highest particulate concentration is found in the northwest path, and the average concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 were 127.9~129.9 μg/m3 and 40.6~41.0 μg/m3, respectively. There was no significant difference between the particulate concentrations in different paths in summer and autumn.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3529-3538 [Abstract] ( 169 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1232KB] ( 350 )
3539 Research on real driving emissions from China-VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on work-based window method
LYU Li-qun, YIN Hang, WANG Jun-fang, YU Quan-shun, GE Yun-shan, WANG Xin
Six typical China-VI heavy-duty diesel vehicles were selected for the real driving emission test with Portable Emission Measurement System (PEMS), and the CO, NOx, and PN emission characteristics of heavy-duty vehicles were evaluated by the work-based window method. The results showed that the emission aftertreatment devices of heavy-duty diesel vehicles could effectively control the CO and PN emissions under real driving conditions, but there was significant uncertainty in NOx emission. Up to 46.68% of the high specific NOx emission windows were removed from the real driving emission evaluation by the work-based window method adopted in the current China-VI emission regulation, which led to serious underestimation of real NOx emissions from heavy-duty vehicles under real driving conditions, especially in urban traffic congestion. In the subsequent revision of the emission regulations, a more scientific and reasonable evaluation method should be introduced to evaluate the real driving emissions of heavy-duty vehicles.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3539-3545 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 914KB] ( 555 )
3546 Synergistic removal of toluene and NOx on vanadium-based catalyst
ZHANG Yi-lan, XIAO Gao-fei, LI Jiang-han, DU Yue-ying, FU Ming-li, HU Yun
V2O5-WO3-MoOx/TiO2 cordierite monolithic catalyst was prepared by different synthetic methods. Using toluene and NO as probe molecules, the effects of Mo loading, coating method and binder type on the performance of monolithic catalyst were investigated. XRD, SEM-EDS, FT-IR and BET techniques were used to characterize the catalysts. The results showed that V1W6MO3/TiO2 cordierite honeycomb ceramic monolithic catalyst prepared by coating method with 1% methyl cellulose as binder had the highest activity and stability (T90=307℃, load rate=28.26%, shedding rate=6.81%), and had excellent performance of simultaneous removal of VOCs and NO in the flue gas of coal burning (toluene removal rate=99%, NO removal rate=100%, N2 selectivity=99%). XRD and SEM-EDS showed that the active components of V, W and Mo were evenly distributed and highly dispersed. FT-IR showed that the monolithic catalyst with methyl cellulose added had excellent SO2 resistance performance.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3546-3554 [Abstract] ( 195 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2474KB] ( 306 )
Water Pollution Control
3555 Adsorption treatment of industrial wastewater by magnetic nanoparticles: a review
ZHENG Huai-li, JIANG Jun-yi, WAN Xin-yuan, LI Hong, SUN Yong-jun, LIU Shuang, JIANG Xin-Cheng
Several common magnetic nanoparticles, such as magnetite, magnetic hematite and MFe2O4 ferrites, as well as their preparation and functionalization methods were introduced. The latest research progress of magnetic nano-adsorbents in heavy metal wastewater, dye wastewater, oily wastewater and phenolic wastewater was reviewed. And according to the problems existing in the research process, the future development trend of magnetic nanomaterials was summarized and prospected. In the future, the preparation process, adsorption mechanism, regeneration and reuse of magnetic nano-adsorbents can be further explore, in order to give full play to its application potential in practical industrial wastewater treatment.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3555-3566 [Abstract] ( 199 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 628KB] ( 479 )
3567 Removal of low concentration methylene blue by anionic block magnetic coagulant
ZHENG Huai-li, YU Zhi-shuang, ZHAO Rui, LI Hong, SUN Qiang, HU Ya-dan, JIANG Jun-yi
Template anionic polyacrylamide (TAPAM) with anionic block structure was synthesized by template method, then modified with polydopamine (PDA) and grafted with Fe3O4 nanoparticles by chelation, named TAPAM-PDA-Fe3O4. Compared with PDA and APAM-Fe3O4 in the removal of methylene blue, the results illustrated that TAPAM-PDA-Fe3O4 showed the highest removal rate and the dominant effect of π-π stacking under neutral/alkaline conditions(7.03O4 could effectively remove methylene blue at low concentrations.When the initial concentration of methylene blue was 4mg/L and the pH value was 9, the maximum removal efficiency reached 97.5%.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3567-3575 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2941KB] ( 286 )
3576 Selection of optimal dosing point for partial nitrification of municipal wastewater by hydroxylamine
XU Hao-tian, ZHANG Shu-jun, DURui, PENG Yong-zhen
In this study, a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment system operating in anoxic/aerobic (A/O) mode was established, and the optimization of hydroxylamine dosing point on partial nitrification of municipal wastewater was explored. Results of batch experiments showed that the presence of dissolved oxygen could reduce the inhibitory effect of hydroxylamine on NOB by (20±0.5)%. In addition, compared with the treatment without anoxic condition and extended anoxic duration (>15min), the activity inhibited ratio of NOB increased by 13%~25% with anoxic duration of 1~5min. The long-term experiments showed that the NO2--N accumulation rate of the partial nitrification system with hydroxylamine addition at the end of anoxic stage maintained above 92%, while it decreased gradually with hydroxylamine at aerobic stage. QPCR analysis showed that the inhibition on ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) could be reduced with sufficient inhibition on NOB when the hydroxylamine was added at the end of anoxic period, facilitating the dominance of AOB in microbial community structure. This study provides a theoretical basis for optimizing hydroxylamine dosing point and maintaining stable partial nitrification process.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3576-3583 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 333 )
3584 Influencing factors of induced crystallization kinetics of calcium carbonate
HU Rui-zhu, HUANG Ting-lin, LIU Ze-nan
The induced crystallization rate of calcium carbonate is affected by various factors in water. The effects of the pH, supersaturation, calcium and magnesium ions activity, and metal ions, such as iron and manganese ions, on the induced crystallization rate of calcium carbonate were studied using the pH-stat method. The results showed that when the pH and supersaturation ranged from 8.0~10.0 and 1.4~4.03, respectively, the induced crystallization rate of calcium carbonate increased with the pH or supersaturation. When the activity of the calcium and magnesium ions was between 0~1.18, the induced crystallization rate of calcium carbonate decreased as the magnesium ions increased. The crystallization rate of calcium carbonate was between 1.0×10-10~5.0×10-10m/s. The presence of iron and manganese ions can increase the induced crystallization process of calcium carbonate. In the presence of iron and manganese, the crystallization rate of calcium carbonate was higher than when only iron and manganese were present. Various factors affecting the induced crystallization kinetics of calcium carbonate were studied to provide data support for the crystallization and granulation process.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3584-3589 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1381KB] ( 479 )
3590 Start-up and optimization of SNAD process based on modified ASM1
WANG Zhao-zhao, GAO Peng, YAN Li-na, YIN Yao-bin, ZHANG Huan, WU Xin-juan, YIN Chun-yu, MA Jun, LI Si-min
An up-flow micro-oxygen membrane bioreactor (UMSB-MBR) was utilized to start up the simultaneous nitrification, anaerobic ammonia oxidation coupling with heterotrophic denitrification (SNAD) process, and a mathematical model was planned to be built to realize the start-up process analysis and the optimization process prediction. The results showed that the SNAD process (the total nitrogen removal rate of 87.66%) started up successfully by inducing the carbon source (C/N ratio of 0.5) after anammox and completely autotrophic nitrogen removal (CANON) processes in the bioreactor, and the start-up model of the SNAD process was successfully built using the ASM1model and experimental data; the model analysis revealed that the increase in the nitrogen loading rate (NLR) (from 0.24kg/(m3·d) to 1.88kg/(m3·d)) and the suitable dissolved oxygen(DO) (0.2~0.4mg/L) accelerated the start-up of the SNAD process; the model prediction revealed that the inhibition of anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) from denitrifying bacteria (DNB) was strengthened with the increase in the C/N ratio (from 0.5 to 3.0), and shifted the major nitrogen removal pathway from anammox to heterotrophic denitrification process. From the comprehensive consideration, the appropriate C/N ratio should be chosen at 1.5under which the process performance and distribution of the microbial flora could be at the best state of the SNAD process.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3590-3600 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1236KB] ( 348 )
3601 Removal of small-sized microplastics from aqueous solution with Fe3O4 nanoparticles by magnetic separation
JIANG Wei-nan, SUI Qian, Lü Shu-guang
In this study, we developed a fluorescence quantitative analysis method to detect the concentration of Microplastics (MPs), and studied the removal of polystyrene MPs with Fe3O4 nanoparticles by magnetic separation in water. Results showed that the concentration of MPs (0.2~10.0mg/L) had a good linear relationship with fluorescence intensity and the correlation coefficients were all greater than 0.9990, indicating its feasibility to accurately determine MPs concentrations with different particle sizes (100~1000nm). The initial concentration of MPs and the dose of Fe3O4 nanoparticles had influence on the removal of MPs. Increasing the dose of Fe3O4 nanoparticles could obviously improve the removal efficiency of MPs in water. When the dose of Fe3O4 was 12mg/L, the removal efficiency could reach 90.8%. When the dose of Fe3O4 was low, the removal efficiency of MPs increased significantly with the increase of the initial concentration of MPs and the significance level was 0.015. However, when the dose of Fe3O4 was medium or high, the initial concentration had little influence on the removal effect, and the significance level was 0.073 and 0.060, respectively. The adhesion process of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to the MPs tended to equilibrium within 180 min, and the dynamics could be fitted using a quasi-first-order or quasi-second-order kinetic model.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3601-3606 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 535 )
3607 Research on CANON process startup based on intermittent starvation of different sludge amount
LI Dong, LIU Ming-yang, REN Ji-yuan, ZHANG Jie, ZENG Hui-ping
In order to explore the influence of intermittent starvation of different amounts of sludge on the start of CANON process, the R1, R2 and R3 reactors used three different methods to start CANON process by hydraulic screening intermittent starvation, partial sludge intermittent starvation and all sludge intermittent starvation. The experimental results showed that the R1, R2, and R3 reactors were successfully started on the 44, 66, and 58d, respectively. On the 70th day, the total nitrogen removal rate reached 73.63%, 71.56%, and 67.40%, and the particle size reached 404, 359 and 306μm, respectively. Analysis showed that the hydraulic screening intermittent starvation method could selectively starve the flocculent sludge, avoid the negative impact of intermittent starvation on the EPS and particle size of the sludge, and can effectively inhibit the activity of NOB bacteria while easily maintaining the activity of related functional bacteria. The intermittent starvation method of some sludge avoided the attenuation of AOB and ANAMMOX activity to a certain extent, but at the same time the inhibition effect of NOB was also poor; the overall intermittent starvation strategy had the best inhibitory effect on NOB, but it was also not conducive to the CANON process. The activity of related functional bacteria was maintained.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3607-3614 [Abstract] ( 164 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1028KB] ( 407 )
3615 Mechanism of pollutant transformation in sewage pipe network under multi-point confluence
SHI Xuan, GAO Ge, REN Bo, TIAN Jia-meng, JIN Xin, WANG Xiao-chang, JIN Peng-kang
To study the changing laws of pollutants under the condition of multi-point confluence of urban sewage pipe network and the mechanism of their influence on microbial reproduction, a set of sewage pipeline pilot system with multiple confluent points was established to explore the migration and transformation characteristics of the three main pollutants of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur in the sewage transportation process. The results showed that the concentration of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and sulfate (SO42-) before the confluence point decreased, the concentration of NH4+-N increased, and the confluence of branch pipes significantly increased the concentration of three types of pollutants at the confluence point. In the later stage, the water quality reached stability. Under the condition that the increase of various pollutants was basically unchanged due to the inlet of branch sewage, the concentration of SCOD decreased from about 320mg/L at the inlet to about 280mg/L at the outlet. The total increase of NH4+-N under the action of ammonification was about 15mg/L, which was higher than the total increase of 12.5mg/L due to the confluences. The results showed that the consumption and metabolism of microorganisms in the confluent pipe network was the dominant factor for the change of carbon and nitrogen pollutants. The concentration of SO42- at the inlet and outlet of the confluent pipe was about 20mg/L, indicating that the confluent pipe and biochemical metabolism maintained the content of SO42- in a state of dynamic equilibrium. In addition, the analysis of the microbial reproduction process in the biological phase of the pipe network pilot system showed that the content of fermenting bacteria (FB), hydrogen-producing acetogen (HPA) and sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) increased significantly with the propagation time, and the abundance increased at different confluence points along the process. To sum up, the multi-point confluence caused the fluctuation of sewage water quality, which promoted the multiplication and proliferation of microorganisms in the biological phase of the pipe network, and enhanced the dominant position of its metabolism in the transformation of pollutants in the sewage pipe network, making the transformation of pollutants in the pipe network more significant.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3615-3625 [Abstract] ( 193 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 946KB] ( 495 )
3626 Adsorption/desorption characteristics of sludge-based activated carbon and methanol
GONG Xu-jin, DONG Yu-qi, LI Wei-guang
Interdisciplinary research was conducted between sewage sludge reclamation and adsorption refrigeration. Pore structure regulation was investigated using sewage sludge as the main carbon precursor, and effects of KOH-catalytic carbonization and phosphoric-acid catalytic activation were clarified. And four new types of sludge-based activated carbons (WNC-4/3/2/1) were prepared by innovative procedure. Performances in terms of adsorption/desorption capacities, refrigerating capacities and refrigerating power were conducted, based on WNC-methanol adsorption refrigeration working pair. Results suggested that the impregnation process of KOH and phosphoric acid resulted in increasing of microporous and mesoporous structures, respectively. Especially, total-, micro- and meso-porous volumes of the new carbon WNC-4 researched to 0.6960, 0.1641 and 0.5319cm3/g, respectively, which was prepared by combined catalysis of KOH and phosphoric acid. The correlation analysis between the specific surface area/pore structure distribution and QL* showed that degree of mesoporous volumes have the most significant correlation with methanol adsorption capacity (R2> 0.90). The maximum adsorption capacity (QL*) calculated by Langmuir adsorption isotherm model (R2=0.9939) reached to 552.67±23.83mg/g. The equilibrium adsorption and desorption capacities within 40min obtained by Sokoda-Suzuki equation were (372.94±9.504) and (412.55±8.309) mg/g, respectively. The desorption capacity, refrigerating capacity and power reached to (327.95±10.56)mg/g, (299.55±7.87)kJ/kg and (599.10±8.15) kJ/(kg·h), respectively, under 100℃ of desorption temperature.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3626-3634 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 820KB] ( 323 )
3635 Chemically reduced graphene oxide modified PbO2 electrodes and the degradation of acidic red G
LU Si-jia, ZHENG Xing, LI Xiao-liang
It is important to improve the stability and catalytic capacity of Ti/PbO2 electrode for long term running of electrochemical process. In the present work chemically reduced graphene oxide (RGO) was included into β-PbO2 layer by using codeposition method to improve the performance of the electrode. The modified electrode was characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffractometry (XRD), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical alternating impedance (EIS). Its capacity in producing hydroxyl radical (·OH) and lifetime was also checked. The catalytic effect of the PbO2-RGO electrode was evaluated using acidic red G (ARG) as the target degradant. The results showed that the modified PbO2-RGO electrode was β-PbO2 in nature. After modification the oxygenation overpotential increased from 1.60V to 1.83V, While the membrane impedance decreased from 144 Ω/cm2 to 16.2 Ω/cm2 with an increment of lifespan by 43.6%. The ARG degradation experiments demonstrated significant improvement on catalytic performance after electrode modification. Under optimized condition PbO2-RGO (0.05) electrode achieved decolorization of ARG for 98.5% and COD removal of 76.89% within 120min.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3635-3641 [Abstract] ( 147 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 939KB] ( 339 )
3642 Adsorption of sulfathiazole from aqueous solution by lignin-based activated carbon supported metallic oxide
QIU Shi-jie, LIANG Zu-xue, HUA Jie, LIU Yi-fan, YE Xiao-xia, LIU Ming-hua
Alkali lignin was used as raw material to prepare alkali lignin-based activated carbon (LAC). And then, lignin-based activated carbon-supported with nickel-zinc oxides (NiZn-DO/LAC) was fabricated by hydrothermal synthesis after adding nickel nitrate and zinc nitrate onto LAC. The structure of NiZn-DO/LAC was characterized by BET, SEM and XRD, and the adsorption behavior of sulfathiazole (ST) in aqueous solution was also studied. The results showed that the NiZn-DO/LAC had evident obvious three-dimensional porous structure and stable crystal structure with a large specific surface area of 759.1m2/g. In the process of ST adsorption, the NiZn-Do/Lac showed excellent adsorption performance, with the maximum adsorption capacity up to 328.2mg/g, which was better than other reported adsorbents. Additionally, the ST was easily desorbed from NiZn-DO/LAC with NaOH solution and the analytical rate of NiZn-DO/LAC was still reach up to 79.43% after 4times of recycles. Furthermore, it showed that the adsorption behavior of ST over NiZn-DO/LAC was mainly through the synergistic effect of electrostatic interaction, π-π interaction, complexation, hydrophobic effects and hydrophobicity, resulting in a great improvement of adsorption performance.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3642-3652 [Abstract] ( 150 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1156KB] ( 298 )
3653 Performance of sludge thermal hydrolyzed liquor as carbon source for sewage denitrification
HAN Lu, HAN Yun, DAI Yang, ZHANG Jin, ZHONG Chen, ZHUO Yang
The denitrification performance of sludge thermal hydrolyzed (TH) liquor, as an external carbon source, was investigated by analyzing the nitrogen removal efficiency of a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR), the nitrogen and carbon mass balance, and the variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) of activated sludge, along with the comparison of the results with sodium acetate, as a traditional carbon source. The results showed that the total nitrogen (TN) concentrations of effluent were reduced from 27.64mg/L to 12.05mg/L with the dosage of TH liquor and 7.98mg/L with the dosage of sodium acetate, respectively, indicating that the nitrogen removal ability could be improved by them. The nitrogen and carbon mass balance analysis results revealed that the TN removal efficiency was increased from 47.83% to 81.30% due to the dosage of TH liquor. Meanwhile, the nitrogen removal amount improved by TH liquor significantly exceeded the nitrogen added into the system. The introducing of TH liquor and sodium acetate could increase the EPS concentrations of activated sludge, especially the sodium acetate, which could lead a higher sludge volume index (SVI).
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3653-3659 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 478KB] ( 369 )
3660 The degradation of 4-fluorophenol wastewater by intimately coupling photocatalysis and biofilm syestem
ZHONG Lan-lan, YUAN Ji-lin, LUO Hong-yang, XIANG Wen-hao, LI Lin-yang, XIAO Chuan-bao, ZHONG Nian-bing
In this study, a novel intimately coupling photocatalysis and biodegradation (ICPB) system composed of N-doped TiO2- coated photocatalytic optical fibers, biofilm, nuclear pore membrane and UV-Visible LED light source was successfully demonstrated for rapid and continuous degradation of 4-fluorophenol (4-FP). We investigated the performance of isolated photocatalysis, separated microalgae biofilm and ICPB systems for the degradation of 4-FP. The results highlighted that the isolated photocatalytic system exposed low degradation (94.3% removal of 4-FP) and defluorination (24.7% defluorinated) in 12h. The isolated microalgae system exhibited better degradation performance than those of the photocatalysis in the first cycle, the removal of 4-FP and defluorinated reached to 98.9% and 90.9% in 10h; however, they decreased to 75.5% and 69.5% after three cycles, respectively. In the ICPB system, the biofilm, which enriched Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas and Achromobacter, led to synergism among photocatalysis, biodegradation and photosynthesis. This synergism provided rapid and continuous degradation of 4-FP, exhibited 100% removal of 4-FP after cycle 12, in 5h, accompanied with 89.4% removal of dissolved organic carbon and 78.3% defluorination.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3660-3666 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 701KB] ( 349 )
3667 The impact of organic load on the micro-pressure swirl bioreactor and its control strategy
WANG Fan, YAO Xing-rong, LIU Song-lin, JIANG Wei-qing, AI Sheng-shu, WANG Xi-chao, BIAN De-jun
Through a single-cycle instantaneous organic load rate (OLR) shock test, the influence of OLR shock on the micro-pressure swirl bioreactor (MPR) removal efficiency was explored. And adopt the method of increasing the aeration rate to deal with the shock, and determine the optimal aeration rate under different OLR shock conditions. The results showed that with the increase of OLR, the effluent COD was less than 50mg/L and the effluent TN was less than 10mg/L, but the removal efficiency of NH4+-N and TP decreased as the load increased. OLR increased to 0.26gCOD/(gMLSS·d), the effluent TP was higher than 0.5mg/L, and when it was increased to 0.46gCOD/(gMLSS·d), the effluent NH4+-N was higher than 5mg/L. When OLR is 0.26, 0.34, 0.46gCOD/(gMLSS·d), the corresponding optimal aeration volume is 1.95, 2.25, 2.45L/min, respectively. Under a single-cycle OLR shock, the influence could be effectively dealt with by adjusting the amount of aeration to ensure the removal of pollutants.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3667-3675 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 527KB] ( 263 )
Solid Waste
3676 The research on anaerobic digestion conditions of biomethanation using low-temperature pyrolysis oil
DING Chao, ZHANG Zhen-wen, WANG Lu-yang, ZHANG Wen-nan, YU Chun-jiang
This article focused on the research of anaerobic digestion conditions using low-temperature pyrolysis oil, including the fresh inoculum acclimatization, the operation conditions of pyrolysis oil (PO) digestion and the influence of biomass pyrolysis parameters. The coupling process was studied by controlling different pyrolysis parameters and anaerobic digestion parameters. It can be concluded that the fresh sludge inoculum acclimatization can significantly improve the tolerance to the inhibitors contained in the PO, thus, the methane production from the PO digestion to a great degree. The mesophilic condition was favorable to the biooil biomethanation for the low POs under 4% as used in the experiment, whereas the thermophilic condition was favorable for the high PO concentration of 10%. Besides, more methane production can be given by 0.85mm biomass particle size, 300℃ pyrolysis temperature in the downstream step of PO digestion.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3676-3683 [Abstract] ( 167 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 576KB] ( 303 )
3684 Emission characteristics of shoreline plastics during low-temperature pyrolysis process
WANG Qian, CHEN Qin-dong, ZHANG Jia-wen, WU Hua-nan, XU Qi-yong
This study investigated the characteristics of low-temperature pyrolysis of shoreline plastics under different salinity conditions, including 10mg/g, 35mg/g, and 500mg/g NaCl. The composition of pyrolysis products was analyzed. Results showed that CO and CH4 were the main gas products of the plastics collected from sandy and rocky shorelines at 550℃. Moreover, NaCl could improve the gas yield, and the increase was most obvious at 35mg/g. The pyrolysis gas yield of sandy and rocky shoreline plastics increased from 18.97% to 26.07%, and from 19.27% to 30.12%, respectively. However, NaCl decreased the gas release rate. Most NaCl remained in the solid residue, while few chlorine-containing substances were detected in other products. In addition, NaCl could also reduce the generation of particulate matter of rocky shoreline plastics. These findings indicated that the discharge of chlorine pollutants from shoreline plastics can be effectively controlled via low-temperature pyrolysis.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3684-3692 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1322KB] ( 341 )
Soil Pollution Control
3693 Source identification and spatial distribution of soil heavy metals in Western Yunnan
WANG Qiao-lin, SONG Yun-tao, WANG Cheng-wen, XU Ren-ting, PENG Min, ZHOU Ya-long, HAN Wei
A total of 4193 samples of surface soils were collected in the high background area of heavy metals in Western Yunnan, and the contents of eight heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed. The sources of soil heavy metals and the relationship between soil parent materials and land use patterns were discussed by using correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Moreover, the spatial distribution characteristics of soil heavy metals were analyzed by geostatistics. -The average contents of eight heavy metals in study area were higher than the national soil background value, but lower than the pollution risk screening value. The average As, Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn contents were equivalent to the background value of soils in Yunnan Province, and the average contents of Hg and Cr were 2.35 and 1.60 times greater than the background value, indicating heavy metals have been accumulated in different degrees in surface soils. The Cr, Cu and Ni in surface soils are mainly controlled by parent materials. However, Cd, Zn and Pb are mainly affected by human activities, including mining activities, transportation and coal combustion, and Cd and Zn are affected by parent materials to a certain extent. The As and Hg are predominantly anthropogenic sources, which include mining activities, agricultural activities and coal combustion. The average Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Ni concentrations were the highest in the soils derived from sedimentary rocks, and the average As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni and Zn concentrations were the highest in grassland. High-Cu, Ni and Cr concentrations occur in the western and southern part of study area, and are spatially associated with the occurrence of sedimentary rocks and copper, iron and mercury deposits in the area. The areas with high Pb, Cd and Zn contents are largely consistent with the distribution of Pb, Zn and Hg ore deposits in study area. High-As and Hg concentrations in surface soils has a high spatial consistency with the distribution of hydrothermal metal deposits such as lead-zinc deposits and mercury deposits, and also shows a high background characteristic in areas with intensive human activities.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3693-3703 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3369KB] ( 417 )
3704 Lead sources, accumulation and historical deposition in typical glacial retreat area: A case study of Hailuogou glacial retreat area, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
CHEN Pei-jia, WANG Xun, WANG Ding-yong
Given the advantage of the timing of glacial retreated regions, we systematically studied centennial trends of lead (Pb) to demonstrate the sources, accumulation, distribution, and atmospheric deposition in the terrestrial ecosystem of glacial retreated regions, eastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. We comprehensively determined the concentration of lead and other trace elements in soil and vegetation of glacier retreated regions by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), and quantified the temporal patterns of lead concentration and storage, and then analyzed the potential sources by principal component analysis (PCA), and finally estimated the accumulation rate of historical lead deposition in soils. The results showed that the atmospheric deposition of lead mainly accumulated in O-horizon, and both lead concentration and storage in O-horizon increased with the time of glacier retreated. This suggests that forest soils act as an important atmospheric lead sink in the terrestrial ecosystems. For the aboveground component of vegetations, the lead concentration in branches and barks were the highest, while the lead concentration in trunk was the lowest. The Pb pool size of vegetation showed a positive correlation with the vegetation biomass production. More in detail, the vegetation had the higher uptake rate of lead during the growth period, while decreased distinctly during the old period time. Briefly, the Pb mass in the whole ecosystems increased with the increasing retreated time, and reached the plateau in 1936spruce top community sampling site. The PCA results displayed that 57% of lead in organic soil was derived from the atmospheric deposition of anthropogenic Pb. Further back trajectories analysis suggested that Southwest China and South Asia (India, Bangladesh, etc.) are the main potential sources of lead in Gongga Mountain. Finally, we estimated the centennial average of accumulative rate of lead deposition from atmospheric sources in the glacial retreat area was (8.87±3.55) mg/(m2·a), significantly lower than values in the economically developed regions of China. Overall, our study provides a typical example and data basis for exploring the source, distribution, and accumulation of lead in terrestrial ecosystems, and contributes to understand the impact of future global changes on Pb biogeochemical cycling.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3704-3713 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 769KB] ( 299 )
3714 DOM spectral characteristics of straw biochar and its interaction with Cu2+
LI Wan-qiu, SHI Nuan-nuan, Marios Drosos, LI Lian-qing, PAN Gen-xing
Fluorescence quenching titration was used to explore the spectral characteristics of DOM in maize straw biochar (MSB), rice straw biochar (RSB) and peanut straw biochar (PSB), and their complexation mechanism with Cu2+. The results showed that the DOM in biochar had higher hydrophilicity and lower aromatability. RSB-DOM had relatively strong aromatability, higher molecular weight and lower DOM content. DOM of PSB had more oxygen-containing functional groups in the aromatic structure. Fulvic acid-like component C1and humic acid-like component C3 and C4 were found in MSB-DOM and RSB-DOM, and tryptophan-like component C5 in RSB-DOM. PSB-DOM was composed of two kinds of fulvic acid-like components C1 and C2 and humic acid-like component C4 with longer wavelength. DOM were dominated by fulvic acid-like components, accounting for 54.93~86.29%. The stability constant (logKM) of Cu2+ and humic acid-like component was higher than that of fulvic acid-like component, and the complexation capacity (f) of C4 was the strongest. The logKM and f values of humic acid-like component were as follows:PSB-DOM2+, and Cu2+ preferred to bind to the humic acid component. This study are helpful to further reveal the influence mechanism of DOM of biochar on the environmental behavior of Cu2+.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3714-3722 [Abstract] ( 190 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2239KB] ( 424 )
Environmental Microbiology
3723 Denitrifying characteristics of low C/N ferrous oxidation nitrate reducing bacteria flora
ZHOU Jia-min, HUANG Ting-lin, LIU Qian, YANG Shang-ye, KOU Li-qing
In order to reduce the nitrogen pollution load in micro-polluted reservoirs, a mixture of ferrite nitrate reduction bacteria was isolated from sediments of Lijiahe and Heihe reservoirs in Xi'an and named as Z13, which can remove nitrogen efficiently under low C/N conditions. Using nitrate nitrogen as the only nitrogen source and iron and acetic acid as the common electron donor, the metabolic characteristics of mixed bacteria Z13 with iron nitrate reduction on nitrogen, iron and organic matter were studied. The effects of different temperatures, initial pH, C/N, and Fe2+concentrations on the denitrification performance and ferrous oxidation of mixed bacteria Z13 were investigated. The results showed that under low C/N condition, the ferrous oxidizing nitrate-reducing mixed bacterial group Z13 had a nitrate nitrogen removal rate of 99.85%, a total nitrogen removal rate of 89.91%, a total removal rate of Fe2+ of 99.86%, and the oxidation rate was 82.70% at 78hours. And there was no accumulation of nitrite nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. The single factor experiment showed that when the temperature was 30℃, pH 6.5,C/N 1.821, and the concentration of Fe2+ was 30mg/L, the reduction of mixed bacteria Z13 by ferrous nitrate had the best removal effect on ferrous oxidation and nitrogen. The mixed bacteria Z13 reduced by ferrous oxide nitrate had great application potential in the field of biological nitrogen removal in slightly polluted water.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3723-3732 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 639KB] ( 291 )
3733 Mutation breeding of microalgae by atmospheric and room temperature plasma based on improving ethanol yield
SUN Zhe, SUN Xin, LI Peng-fei, LIU Ming-wen, LI Meng, ZHANG Qing-yu
Chlorella vulgaris FACHB-25 was mutated by atmospheric and room temperature plasma under different power conditions. Three dominant strains were screened out under the power of 100W and 120W, and they were numbered S100-7, S120-4 and S120-9 in turn. Among them, the biomass of the S120-9 algae strain increased significantly at the end of the period, and the polysaccharide production was 1.34times that of the original algae strain, reaching 237.98mg/L; the carbohydrate content of S120-4 accounted for 37.55%, which was 43.48% higher than the original algae strain. The differences of photosynthetic performance, cell composition and cell morphology among different strains were compared. Through simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), the ethanol yield of S120-4 strain with the highest carbohydrate content reached 1.58g/10g, but its biomass accumulation was limited. Considering the biomass accumulation, the highest ethanol yield per unit volume of S120-9 was 0.1033g/L.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3733-3739 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 330 )
3740 Effects of the multi-composite amendment on soil microbial community structure in Cd and As-contaminated paddy soil
ZENG Peng, JIANG Yi, GU Jiao-feng, ZHOU Hang, LIU Ya, LIAO Bo-han
The influence of multi-composite amendment (including limestone, iron powder, silicon fertilizer, and calcium magnesium phosphorus fertilizer, abbreviation for LISP) on soil basic physical and chemical properties, the bioavailability of Cd and As, and the microbial community structure were studied under greenhouse condition. The results showed that the LISP can change the soil basic physical and chemical properties, reduce the available content of Cd and As in soil, and change the soil microbial community structure. With the addition of 0.4% of LISP, soil pH, available phosphorus and total phosphorus were significantly (P<0.05) increased by 0.57units, 130.6%, and 18.38%, respectively, as compared with CK treatment, simultaneously soil available Cd and As content significantly (P<0.05) decreased by 21.76% and 16.39%, respectively. According to high-throughput sequencing results, LISP can maintain normal diversity and richness of the microbial community in the contaminated soil. However, LISP can significantly change the composition and structure of soil microbial community, especially increase the relative abundance of Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Planctomycetes, while decrease the relative abundance of Chloroflexi, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia in soil. Redundancy analysis and Mantel test showed that soil pH, available phosphorus, and available Cd and As were the main environmental factors to affect the soil microbial community structure. The results suggested that LISP is an effective and ecologically safe amendment for the remediation of paddy soil contaminated with Cd and As.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3740-3748 [Abstract] ( 197 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 603KB] ( 333 )
Environmental Ecology
3749 Spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of nitrogen and phosphorus in water column of Hanfeng Lake and Gaoyang Lake
LIU Shuang-shuang, YUAN Xing-zhong, WANG Xiao-feng, ZHOU Li-lei
Considering Hanfeng Lake dam running had the effect on nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient, sampling at multiple site were conducted from November in 2018 to October in 2019. Results showed that TN concentration of Hanfeng Lake ranged from 0.78 to 2.38mg/L, TP concentration ranged from 0.03 to 0.13mg/L; TN concentration of Gaoyang Lake ranged from 0.57 to 2.48mg/L, TP concentration ranged from 0.03 to 0.09mg/L, both of the lakes was on eutrophication. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in Hanfeng Lake was related to water Chla, urban sewage discharge, water entertainment projects, agricultural non-point source pollution, industrial wastewater discharge, and particulate matter carried by surface runoff scouring. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in Gaoyang Lake was not only affected by human production and life, but also cannot be separated from the joint action of soil erosion and water quality of the Yangtze River. The fluctuation of water level and water retention time may be the main influencing factors of the concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in Gaoyang Lake.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3749-3757 [Abstract] ( 226 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 622KB] ( 346 )
3758 Temporal and spatial pattern of dissolved methane concentration in the river of a small karst watershed
XU Hao-ting, CHEN Min, XIAO Shang-bin, YU Zhi-feng, LIANG Shuang, ZHENG Xiang-wang
This study focused on Xialaoxi, a karst river in Yichang, to explore the temporal and spatial pattern of dissolved methane concentration and its driving factors via biweekly measurements of flow, water quality and methane concentrations at 15sampling sites in the watershed during a year. Dissolved CH4 concentrations ranged between 0.002 and 1.492μmol/L, and the mean concentration was 0.133μmol/L, indicating a net source of methane to the atmosphere. The riverine CH4 concentrations were relatively high in summer and autumn while lower in winter and spring, which was mainly driven by temperature. In wet season, the CH4 concentration was jointly regulated by temperature and precipitation. The higher the temperature, the larger the threshold value of rainfall that could trigger the flow dilution effect. There was significant spatial heterogeneity in riverine CH4 concentration, with the highest value observed in front of small dams, while the lowest in the natural canyon reach with a large bed slope. Human activities led to varying degrees of increase in riverine CH4 concentration of relevant reaches. It was recognized as an important factor controlling the spatial pattern of dissolved CH4 concentration in the small watershed. The spatial distribution of CH4 concentration did not show significant temporal stability, which may be related to dynamics involved in processes of terrestrial inputs, horizontal and vertical outputs and so on. Accordingly, measurements across the whole watershed shall be necessary for an accurate estimation of carbon emission from a small river.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3758-3766 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 547KB] ( 271 )
3767 The change characteristics of eco-environment in the Yellow River Basin based on entropy weights
ZHANG Jin-liang, CHEN Kai, ZHANG Chao, GUO Peng-cheng
In this paper, entropy weights of eco-environmental indicators in the Yellow River Basin from 1980 to 2019 were analyzed based on system theory and information entropy theory. It is thus verified that entropy weights of all the indicators were dynamic and structure of indicator entropy weights varies within one single year. Then importance of individual indicators in the system was proved to be variable. On this basis, EDIs (Environment Development Indexes) of the Yellow River Basin from 1980 to 2019 were calculated, valuing between 56.64~76.60. Changing trend of EDIs in the Yellow River Basin was "stable-growing" before 2003, and saw significant growth in that year and continuous increase after. The results showed that through years of protection and restoration, the ecological negative feedback was exerting profound effect and the eco-environment was gradually going well.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3767-3774 [Abstract] ( 158 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1342KB] ( 319 )
3775 Litter mixed decomposition effect of urban eutrophic streams in the Three Gorges Reservoir area
DOU Peng-peng, LIN Dun-mei, WANG Fang, HUANG Yu-yue, GAO Jie, YANG Wei, WEI Bing, LI Wei, YAO Jing-mei
The Qingshuixi stream located in Chongqing City of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region was investigated as a typical representative of the urban eutrophication stream. Three common litters in the riparian zone were selected as decomposition objects. The in situ experiment included seven combinations of litters (i.e., three single treatments and four equal-mass mixed treatments) and three mesh size litter bags (i.e., 50mm, 250mm, and 2mm). The mixed litter traits, functional diversity, decomposer groups, and their interaction on mass loss and mixing effects were explored. Among the above-mentioned mixed treatments, only 50% of the treatments showed significant non-additive effects (and all were negative), which was closely related to the characteristics of litter. As the functional dispersion of mixed litters increased, the decomposition slowed down, especially when litters containing high lignin and other difficult-to-decompose materials are combined. Microbes played a dominant role in the decomposition of mixed litter in the eutrophic streams. In addition, both meiofauna and macrofauna inhibited the decomposition process of mixed litter. These results indicate that in the process of restoration of eutrophic rivers, attention should be paid to the decomposition function of riparian litter. The arrangement of riparian plants should be adjusted and the biodiversity of benthic animals should be improved and then restore the positive effects of benthic animals in litter decomposition.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3775-3783 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 543KB] ( 275 )
3784 Quantitative identification of riverine nitrate sources and uncertainty analysis in the Nanxi River
JI Xiao-liang, SHU Lie-lin, CHEN Zheng, MEI Kun, XU Feng-ran, Baiyinbaoligao, MENDES Ana, ZHANG Ming-hua, SHANG Xu
Accurate identification of nitrate sources is the key step for effectively mitigate riverine nitrate pollution. In this study, the Nanxi River watershed located in Wenzhou city was selected as the research area. Hydrochemical analysis and nitrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in nitrate were used to identify spatio-temporal variation, migration and transformation, and pollution sources of nitrate. Then, combining the stable isotope analysis in R (SIAR) model to quantitatively identify the contributions for different pollution sources. On this basis, the probabilistic method was employed to analyze the uncertainty of modelling results. Nitrate was the main form of nitrogen in this study area; there existed significant spatio-temporal variation of riverine nitrate content, temporally, the nitrate concentration in wet season was higher than that in dry season, spatially, the nitrate concentration in tributary was higher than that in main stream. Microbial nitrification was the primary nitrogen transformation process within the Nanxi River watershed, chemical nitrogen, soil organic nitrogen and manure and sewage were the main contributors of nitrate to the river; SIAR modeling revealed that the contributions of atmospheric deposition, chemical nitrogen, soil organic nitrogen, and manure and sewage were 3.0%~12.9%, 25.5%~32.7%, 28.7%~36.2%, and 24.7%~37.5%, respectively, in the dry season, and 2.5%~14.3%, 28.5%~40.0%, 28.8%~39.7%, and 18.9%~29.9%, respectively, in the wet season. The uncertainty analysis demonstrated that uncertainties existed in some extent during nitrate source identification, the uncertainty for different sources followed:soil organic nitrogen > chemical nitrogen > manure and sewage > atmospheric deposition.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3784-3791 [Abstract] ( 183 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 906KB] ( 299 )
3792 Research progress on the carbon cycle of rivers and lakes
DUAN Wei-yan, HUANG Chang
This study focuses on the carbon cycle of rivers and lakes. It first illustrates the migration and transformation processes of various carbon components, such as particulate organic carbon (POC), particulate inorganic carbon (PIC), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), in different aquatic ecosystems, and then elucidates the key factors affecting the carbon flux of rivers and lakes. After that, it summarizes the instruments and laboratory techniques that can be used to determine the carbon content in water. In particular, this study discusses the application of remote sensing technology in carbon component inversion and estimation. At last, it systematically summarizes the research advances in recent years using remote sensing data to estimate the carbon components of rivers and lakes, such as POC, DOC, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) and chlorophyll a (Chla). A comprehensive comparison of the carbon cycle models of inland waters that had been established at home and abroad is conducted. Based on the literature review, it is found that different types of rivers and lakes at different latitudes have different influencing factors on carbon flux and carbon cycle, which is determined by local water cycle and water-atmosphere exchange. Traditional laboratory measurements can measure the carbon components of water bodies accurately, whereas satellite remote sensing is able to monitor carbon components in rivers and lakes, such as CDOM, DOC, POC and phytoplankton, at large scales. It provides an effective means to achieve regional water quality carbon cycle processes monitoring. Constructing carbon cycle model is helpful for analyzing the sources and characteristics of carbon components, and revealing the biogeochemical cycle processes. But further improvement on the applicability and robustness of existing models is required.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3792-3807 [Abstract] ( 705 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5157KB] ( 530 )
3808 Risk Assessment of PAHs in ditch pond water and its surrounding shallow groundwater
ZHANG Han, CHENG Yu, Lü Zhan-lu, CHEN Xin-yue, ZOU Tian-sen, GUO Ling-chuan, ZHANG Jin-liang
To explore the impact of ditch pond water on nearby shallow groundwater in rural resident areas, typical ditches and ponds were selected in a county of Henan province. Samples of ditch pond water and shallow groundwater were collected in both dry season and wet season respectively. The contents of 16kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected by high performance liquid chromatography. The pollution characteristics, ecological and health risks of PAHs in both water seasons were described and compared. The results showed that the contents of BaP, ∑PAHs, TEQ (BaP) and carcinogenic PAHs of ditch pond water in dry water season were 0.911ng/L, 29.3ng/L, 1.64ng/L and 28.1%, which were lower than those in wet water season. They were 5.37ng/L, 291ng/L, 12.5ng/L and 25.9% in the shallow groundwater, respectively, which was higher than those in the wet water season. The sources of PAHs in ditch pond water and shallow groundwater mainly come from the combustion of Biomass and the coal. The contents of PAHs in shallow groundwater were correlated with the water in ditch ponds. It was showed that the content of PAHs in the groundwater samples decreased with the increasing of the distance to the ditch ponds. The correlation coefficient in the dry water season was lower than that in the wet water season. In the dry water season, the cumulative non-carcinogenic risk (HQ) of PAHs through shallow drinking groundwater was 2.21×10-3 and the cumulative carcinogenic risk (R) for adults was 1.56×10-6, for 72.0% of Adults R > 1x10-6.The contribution of BaA, BbF and InP to adult carcinogenic risk was 72.1%, 9.10% and 4.80%, respectively. There was low ecological risk for the total PAHs of ditch pond water in dry water season, while there was medium risk in wet water season. The ecological risk was various in different ditch ponds. The PAHs of C5 in the wet water season suffered high ecological risk level with the greatest contribution of BaA (40.7%). The PAHs in A2 in dry water season and C3 in wet water season showed the medium risk level 2. All those suggested that there was correlation for the PAHs in ditch pond water and in the surrounding shallow groundwater. There was low ecological risk for total PAHs in dry season. The carcinogenic risk through shallow drinking groundwater was higher than 1×10-6 for 72.0% adults.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3808-3815 [Abstract] ( 134 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 422 )
3816 Content characteristics of DOM components in overlying water of Beiyun River and its influence on water quality
ZHANG Ya-nan, ZHANG Li, SUN Qing-xuan, PENG Yong-zhen
Based on three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet visible spectroscopy, the composition, source and structural characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in the overlying water of Tongzhou area of Beiyun River in flood and non-flood season were compared and analyzed, and the relationship between the content of N and P in the overlying water and the composition of DOM was established, The results indicated that the DOM content in the overlying water of Tongzhou area ranged from 9.17mg/L to 27.78mg/L, showing a general trend of non-flood season > flood season, upstream > downstream. The temporal and spatial characteristics of DOM content were significantly different. The molecular weight of DOM in flood season was smaller than that in non-flood season, and the aromatic degree of DOM in flood season was lower than that in non-flood season; the value of DOM A253/A203 in flood season was higher than that in non-flood season. DOM in flood season was affected by both land-based humus and biological sources, while that in non-flood season was mainly affected by microbial activities. The concentrations of protein and humus in flood season were significantly lower than those in non-flood season. Protein components accounted for more in non-flood season, while humus components accounted for more in flood season. The maximum fluorescence intensity of C1, C3 and C4 in DOM could indirectly reflect the potential risk of eutrophication in Beiyun River.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3816-3824 [Abstract] ( 155 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 581KB] ( 329 )
3825 Derivation of water quality criteria and ecological risk assessment for prometryn
ZHENG Lei, YANG Wen-long, DONG Liang, LI Lin-lin, ZHANG Yi-zhang
In this study, concentrations of prometryn in surface water collected from the Nansi Lake basin were analyzed, WQC of prometryn was derived, and qualitative and quantitative risk assessment methods were conducted to assess the risk of prometryn to aquatic species. Results showed that concentrations of prometryn in 28sampling sites were in the range of 0 to 667.7ng/L, with an average of 69.2ng/L. From the Chronic toxicity analysis of the 15species of collected and screened aquatic organisms, the Navicula pelliculosa appeared to be the most sensitive species, which could be used as a biological indicator for prometryn pollution in aquatic environment. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) method was applied to derive WQC for prometryn, which was 82.4ng/L. Meanwhile, the sampling site NS09 was the highest risk area based on the result of the hazard quotient method. The joint probability curve method indicated that ecological risks might exist 6.4% and 11.2% of surface water, while 5% threshold (HC5) and 1% threshold (HC1) were set up to protect aquatic species, respectively. Generally, prometryn posted a low risk to the aquatic organisms in the Nansi Lake basin. We hope that this work could provide valuable information for the management and control of prometryn pollution.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3825-3831 [Abstract] ( 160 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 670KB] ( 331 )
3832 Spatiotemporal variations of vegetation and its response to topography and climate in the source region of the Yellow River
QIN Qiao-ting, CHEN Jian-jun, YANG Yan-ping, ZHAO Xiao-yu, ZHOU Guo-qing, YOU Hao-tian, HAN Xiao-wen
Based on MODIS normalized differential vegetation index (NDVI) remote sensing data from 2000 to 2019, combined with temperature, precipitation and topographic data during the same period, this paper analyzed the spatiotemporal variation characteristics of vegetation and its response to topographic and climate change by maximum value synthesis, trend analysis and correlation analysis in the source region of the Yellow River. The results showed that:The NDVI of vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River was at a medium to high level, but the spatial difference was significant, showing a decreasing spatial distribution pattern from southeast to northwest. In the past 20years, the vegetation generally showed a trend of improvement. Vegetation had a significant response to elevation and slope. With the increase of elevation, the NDVI of vegetation first increased and then decreased, but there was no significant change in vegetation NDVI between 3500~4100m. In addition, the NDVI of vegetation first increased and then decreased with the increase of slope, and reached the maximum in the slope zone of 24 °~26°. The vegetation in the source region of the Yellow River was affected by both temperature and precipitation. Compared with precipitation, the influence of temperature on vegetation change was more significant.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3832-3841 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1547KB] ( 355 )
3842 The characteristics and driving forces of summer urban heat island in Guanzhong Plain urban agglomeration
HU Li-fa, XIE Yuan-li, CUI Si-ying, ZHOU Peng, LI Yun-mei, SUN Shao-qi
Based on the MODIS land surface temperature (LST) products and related data of the long time series of summer 2001~2017, the spatial and temporal variation trend of surface thermal environment in Guanzhong plain urban agglomeration was revealed using Mann-Kendall non-parametric test and Sen's slope analysis. The pros and cons of the regional thermal environment was characterized by using Principal component analysis to construct the urban thermal environment index (UTEI), and the driving forces affecting LST were analyzed with the help of Geodetector. From 2001 to 2017, the average LST of Guanzhong plain urban agglomeration in summer was 29.3℃ during the daytime and 18.3℃ at night. The change rates of LST in the daytime and at night were −0.053℃/a and 0.026℃/a respectively, and the cooling rate of daytime was slightly higher than the heating rate of nighttime. Surface urban heat island intensity (SUHII) showed an upward trend during 17years. The growth rate in the daytime was higher than that at night, and SUHII in the old urban area is larger than that in the new urban area. There was a significant negative correlation between UTEI and LST, which is quadratic during the day(P<0.05, R2=0.850) and at night(P<0.05, R2=0.624). The factor detection analysis showed that normalized difference built-up and soil index(NDBSI), DEM and enhanced vegetation index (EVI) were the main controlling factors of the spatial differentiation of LST during the day (q>0.6), and LST at night was more affected by night light, aerosol optical depth (AOD) and DEM (q>0.4). The results of interactive detection showed that interaction between DEM and NDBSI was the best in the daytime, and the interaction between DEM and night light was the largest at night. The interaction between any two factors is better than that of a single factor. This study has important guiding significance for strengthening the monitoring and evaluation of the surface thermal environment in Guanzhong plain urban agglomeration.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3842-3852 [Abstract] ( 189 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2626KB] ( 364 )
3853 A review on stress cultivation strategies of oleginous microalgae
NIE Yu-dong, GENG Yuan-yuan, ZHANG Xian-ming, JIANG Guang-ming
Several stress culture methods as well as their effects on the growth and lipid production of the oleaginous microalgae were firstly introduced in this paper. How the stress culture method affects the lipid synthesis and the metabolic process were then discussed. Finally, a series of suggestions in each stress culture method were given for the practical application. This review is expected to give a guideline in selection of cultivate strategy in the industrialization of microalgae biodiesel production.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3853-3866 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1355KB] ( 357 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
3867 Effects of different microplastics occurrence environment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
ZHANG Yan, DOU Ming, ZOU Lei, LI Ping, LIANG Zhi-jie, LI Gui-qiu
In order to reveal the effects of different microplastics occurrence environment on seed germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the Polypropylene (PP), High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) and Biodegradable Polylactic Acid (PLA) were selected, the pot experiments were carried out in natural environment with the particle sizes (150μm, 1000μm and 4000μm) and mass concentrations (0.1g/kg, 0.5g/kg and 1g/kg), and the germination rates, germination inhibition rates, growth characteristics and seedling growth trends of wheat were analyzed by statistical analysis and variance analysis. The results showed that the average germination level of wheat seeds was reduced under different microplastics exposure, and the average germination inhibition rates of wheat seeds showed HDPE>PLA>PP; the average germination inhibition rates of wheat seeds under medium particle size and medium mass concentration of microplastics were the highest, which were 5.65% and 4.55%, respectively, while the inhibitory effects of microplastics on wheat seed germination were weakened at low or high particle size and mass concentration under low or high particle size and mass concentration of microplastics; the particle size of microplastics had a greater effect on the germination rate of wheat seeds, followed by the type and mass concentration of microplastics. The effects of microplastics HDPE and PLA on the growth characteristics of wheat seeds (germination potential, germination index, vigor index and average germination time) were more significant than those of microplastics PP compared with the control group, and the vigor index of wheat seeds was most significantly affected by the type, particle size and mass concentration of microplastics. The average growth rates of the control group and different types of microplastics on wheat seedlings showed CK>PP>HDPE>PLA, while the inhibitory effects of different microplastics on the growth of wheat seedlings showed PLA>HDPE>PP, and the type of microplastics had the most significant effect on the growth of wheat seedlings.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3867-3877 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1320KB] ( 418 )
3878 Status of paddy soil Cd pollution and probabilistic health risk via agricultural contact in China
CUI Xiang-fen, ZHANG Qin, WANG Jin-kun, TIAN Sen-lin, HUANG Jian-hong
Based on 205 published articles, a national-scale assessment of cadmium (Cd) contamination in paddy soil across China mainland was conducted. The Cd concentrations, spatiotemporal variations, and probabilistic health risk resulted from Cd exposure via agricultural contact were analysed. On national average, Cd concentration (0.54±1.38)mg/kg was much higher than the background value (0.097mg/kg) of Cd element in topsoil. Although no significant temporal variation(β=-0.002, 95% confidence interval[CI]:-0.025~0.022), Cd concentrations varied considerably among the different regions (South China[(0.88±1.59)mg/kg] >Southwest[(0.46±0.85)mg/kg] > East China[(0.44±1.45)mg/kg] > North China[(0.36±1.05)mg/kg] > Northwest[(0.35±0.83) mg/kg] > Northwest[(0.01±0.05)mg/kg]), as well as among areas affected by different anthropogenic activities (Mining & smelting[(1.77±2.18)mg/kg] > other industrial activities[(0.64±1.22)mg/kg] > E-waste recycling[(0.59±0.87)mg/kg] > Sewage irrigation[(0.57±1.26)mg/kg] > traffic transport[(0.56±0.86)mg/kg] > Normal fields[(0.25±0.34)mg/kg]). Except the Northwest China, partial Cd concentrations surpassed the risk screening value for Cd contamination of paddy soil, especially 34% of Cd concentration records of the south China exceeded the corresponding risk intervention value (1.5mg/kg). The non-carcinogenic risk was acceptable (HQ<<1) and dermal contact contributed more than oral ingestion. The female was more likely to be affected by Cd exposure through agricultural contact and regions including the south and southwest China were determined as the priority risk control areas.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3878-3886 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 698KB] ( 377 )
3887 Interaction effects between ambient temperature and PM2.5 and O3 on mortality in Chengdu
ZHANG Ying, XIN Jin-yuan, MA Pan, FENG Xin-yuan, ZHANG Xiao-ling, WANG Shi-gong, ZHANG Jia-xi, FENG Hong-mei, ZHENG Can-jun
Daily death data of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases during 2014~2016, meteorological data and daily average particulate matter with aerodynamic less than 2.5 (PM2.5) and daily ozone 8h maximum concentration (O3) during the same time period in Chengdu were collected. Distributed Lag Non-linear Model (DLNM) and three semi-parametric Generalized Additive Models (GAMs), including an independent model, a nonparametric bivariate response surface model, and a stratification parametric model, were adopted to explore the adverse health effects of temperature, air pollutants (PM2.5 and O3) and the synergistic effects between temperature and PM2.5(or O3) on respiratory and cardiovascular system diseases, respectively. The results of single-effect studies showed that the exposure-response relationships between ambient temperature and respiratory and cardiovascular diseases both exhibited inverse "J" type and the most comfortable temperature were 22.2℃, which corresponding to the least mortality. The health risks were strongest between the current and previous day (lag01) average concentrations of PM2.5 and O3. Per 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 and O3 were associated with 0.58% and 0.54% increase in respiratory mortality and 0.35% and 0.66% increases in cardiovascular mortality, respectively. The combined effects between the temperature and different air pollutant on human health suggested that the mortality reach the maximum when high temperature and high mass concentrations of PM2.5 (or O3) coexisted. Furthermore, the results of seasonal study showed that PM2.5 had the highest health risk on mortality in winter and O3 had the most significant health risk in autumn. Furthermore, the results of interaction study showed that there was a synergistic amplification effect between high temperature and high concentration of PM2.5 (or O3) on mortality. Under high temperature, per 10 μg/m3 increment in PM2.5 and O3 were associated with 2.30% and 1.14% increase in respiratory mortality and 1.09% and 1.03% increases in cardiovascular mortality, respectively. We should also pay more attention to the adverse effect of O3 on human health in the future.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3887-3895 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 651KB] ( 375 )
3896 Effect of cadmium intake on the structure of gut microbiota under different dietary habits
QIN Yi-shu, BAO Xin-chen, WANG Jie, YU Miao, TIAN Wen, ZHANG Meng-yan, XIANG Ping
To investigate the effects of cadmium (Cd) exposure on gut microbiota structures under different dietary habits. The C57BL/6 mice were treated with Normal Diet (ND), Normal diet+10 mg/L CdCl2(ND+Cd), High-Fat Diet (HFD), or High-Fat Diet+10 mg/L CdCl2(HFD+Cd), respectively for 20 weeks. Subsequently, the changes of composition and structure of the gut microbiota were analyzed via 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. The results indicate that HFD and Cd caused intestinal disorders. Compared with the ND group, HFD intake decreased Bacteroidetes abundance by 2.28 times, and the Bifidobacterium number increased by 14.34 times. Cd intake increased the abundance of Verrucomicrobia, dominated by Akkermansia to about 4.67% of gut microbiota. Compared with the HFD group, the abundance of Actinobacteria in the HFD+Cd group decreased by 4.57 times, RuminococcaceaeUCG-014, Alistipes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_gup, Blautia, and Desulfovibrio being the dominant flora. Studies have shown that HFD or/and Cd can disrupt the balance of gut microbiota, and the intake of Cd under different dietary habits shows a different flora structure, which is reflected in each classification level.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3896-3905 [Abstract] ( 153 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 942KB] ( 685 )
3906 Evaluation for impact on PM2.5 pollution and healthy benefits of rural scattered coal replacement-a case study of Henan Province
YU Miao, MA Qiu-hong, ZHU Ming-yue, ZHANG Jing-wang, WANG Ke, XU Qi-xiang, ZHANG Rui-qin
The emission reduction by scattered coal replacement in the January of 2025 was predicted with a noble county-level optimization model, which was based on the air pollutant emissions inventory of rural coal combustion of Henan in 2016. Two scenarios were set to evaluate the emission reduction potentials of rural scattered coal replacement, including Business As Usual (BAU) and Scattered Coal Treatment (SCT) scenarios. The resulting air quality improvement and healthy benefits to public caused by rural scattered coal replacement were quantified by air quality model (WRF-CMAQ) and the Poisson regression model. Combination of the envelope structure renovation and heating equipment was the most suitable heating technology for rural households in Henan Province. In comparison to the BAU scenario, the emission intensity of SO2, NOx, CO, PM10, PM2.5, VOCs and NH3 in January 2025 from rural residential combustion in Henan Province were decreased by 98.3%, 82.6%, 99.8%, 99.2%, and 99.2% in the SCT scenario. Compared with BAU scenario, monthly average PM2.5 concentration in January 2025 of the SCT scenario could be reduced for 4.1μg/m3, which could prevent totally 220 premature deaths and economic loss of 2.35 billion RMB.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3906-3916 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2685KB] ( 471 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
3917 The logical framework of air quality attainment planning
SONG Guo-jun, YANG Xiao, SHI Yu
The current air quality attainment planning had several shortcomings, including inconsistent aims, impracticability, and lack of cost-benefit analysis in selecting appropriate alternatives. A logical framework is designed to demonstrate the attainment planning based on public health. The system of aims is demonstrated, which consists of the aim of planning, air quality, and human health. The emission reduction plan is designed to reduce pollutants according to priorities. Cost-benefit analysis should be conducted to determine priorities, such as heavy pollution day (week, month) and heating season. The plan should be included in the pollutant emission permit to be implemented. When implementing the plan, the machine-learning models can be used to better support the emission management, and the plan should be assessed dynamically to be adjusted.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3917-3926 [Abstract] ( 207 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 381KB] ( 299 )
3927 Air quality impacts of emissions from a typical iron and steel plant in Hebei Province during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19)
CHEN Lei, WANG Peng, BO Xin, XUE Xiao-da, WANG Cheng-xin, YANG Zhao-xu, JIA Min, LIU Jian-you, YOU Qian, SANG Min-jie, DAN Mo
Based on the meteorological forecast data from the National Meteorological Bureau, this study developed an AERMOD-based pollution forecasting model for iron and steel plants, simulated air quality impacts of a typical iron and steel plant located in Hebei Province during the controlled period (from February to March in 2020) and the uncontrolled period (from April to October in 2020) of the COVID-19epidemic, and validated the model with real monitoring air quality data. In case of adverse wind direction, the results showed that the average contribution of SO2, NOx and PM10 from the plant to three state-controlled monitoring stations were 20.19~33.81%, 17.49~23.46% and 2.02~2.69% respectively during the controlled period, and 13.43~21.01%, 11.09~20.92% and 1.20~2.22% during the uncontrolled period. The correlation coefficients between the forecast values of SO2, NOx and PM10 emission of the plant and the real monitoring values of the three state-controlled monitoring stations were higher in the controlled period (the highest values are 0.43,0.48 and 0.29, respectively, at individual monitoring station) compared with the uncontrolled period (the highest values are 0.42,0.39 and 0.07, respectively) due to the less interference from other anthropogenic emission sources during the controlled period.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3927-3933 [Abstract] ( 215 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 662KB] ( 321 )
3934 The employment effects of environmental regulation based on the heterogeneity of the manufacturing industry and labor force
KUAI Peng, SHI Yu-qin, TAO Ai-ping, WU Lie
In this paper, the employment impact of environmental regulation was identified as the labor input related pollutant emission elasticity, the environmental regulation related pollutant emission elasticity, and the relative cost of environmental regulation. An empirical test based on the panel data from 2003 through 2017 revealed that environmental regulation adversely impacted the overall employment of the manufacturing industry (particularly in labor-intensive industries, research, and non-research personnel in the industries). However, it had a positive impact on technology-intensive sectors and non-research personnel's employment in the industries. However, the impact on capital-intensive industries remained negligible. Furthermore, the results yielded in the elasticity, and relative cost calculation demonstrates that labor-intensive industries subjected to the negative impact such as scale (decrease), crowding out, and technological substitution. Contrastingly, the technology-intensive industries are positively promoted by the scale (increase) effect and job-creation effect. The capital-intensive industries remain unaffected by the impact. Therefore, relevant departments are encouraged to implement measures such as providing subsidies to compensate for emission reduction costs, organize training sessions for the labor force, and cultivating new environmental protection industries to alleviate the negative impact of environmental regulation on employment.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3934-3943 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 713KB] ( 242 )
3944 Economic and environmental assessment of the integrated maize silage planting and dairy cow breeding system based on LCA
HUANG Xian-lei, SHI Bo-yang, ZHANG Ying-nan, LONG Zhao-yu, YIN Chang-bin
In milk production, integrated maize silage planting and dairy cow breeding system (IPBS) is considered to be a more sustainable production mode to realize manure, straw and maize silage recycling, which is widely popularized in China. Clarity of mode's economic and environmental performance is supportive of government to formulate relevant policies for promoting sustainable development in milk production and assisting dairy farms with optimal technologies to get lower environmental risks and higher economic benefits. In this study, based on life cycle assessment (LCA), environmental performance and economic benefits of non-IPBS and IPBS were compared, there was only cow breeding in non-IPBS; maize silage planting was introduced in IPBS. The results showed that the net income for producing 1t of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM) in non-IPBS was 1427Chinese yuan (CNY), while in IPBS, the net income could increase by 7% compared with non-IPBS. In IPBS, self-sufficiency rate of maize silage was only 32%, if it raised to 100%, the net income could be upgrade by 19% compared with non-IPBS. In addition, land transfer cost also influenced the net income in IPBS, when the cost increases to 14695RMB/hm2, the net income for producing 1t FPCM in IPBS would be the same as that of non-IPBS. Compared with non-IPBS, IPBS has better environmental performance, specifically, GHG emissions, non-renewable energy use, water use and land use reduced by 6%, 6%, 5% and 7%, respectively. If the self-sufficiency rate of maize silage rises to 100% in IPBS, environmental indicators mentioned above will reduce by 16%, 16%, 11% and 14%, respectively. In milk production, IPBS has great potential in increasing net income from reducing feed costs, and contributing in reducing GHG emissions, non-renewable energy use, water use and land use.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3944-3955 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 568KB] ( 298 )
3956 Scenario decision of ecological security based on the trade-off among ecosystem services
CHEN Tian-tian, PENG Li, WANG Qiang
Focusing on the theme of identifying the ecological security pattern of the Chengdu-Chongqing Urban Agglomeration and coupling multi-source data, this study uses corresponding models and algorithms to estimate the value of regional food production, carbon sequestration, water production, soil conservation, and habitat quality. On this basis, spatial statistics and analysis are used to clarify the trade-off/synergy relationship between ecosystem service functions, and different risk scenarios are established to clarify the ecological security pattern which is suitable for regional development. It showed that from 2000 to 2015, the three ecosystem service functions of food production, carbon sequestration and water production in Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration displayed a downward trend, while the other two functions of soil conservation and habitat quality had an upward trend, and the spatial distribution of various services was obviously heterogeneous. There was a synergistic relationship among the four ecosystem services of carbon sequestration, water production, soil conservation and habitat quality. Food production and these four ecosystem services all showed a trade-off relationship, but this conflict was gradually weakening in the process of regional development. In terms of spatial distribution, the trade-off/synergy relationship between these ecosystem services of the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration showed certain agglomeration characteristics. The trade-off between ecosystem services under different decision- making risks was also different. With the increase of the decision-making risk coefficient, the trade-off value showed a trend of rising first and then decreasing. Finally, the optimal scenario was determined as the risk coefficient α=1.6, the trade-off value was the highest and the risk was moderate under this scenario. Incorporating the attitude of decision-makers into the process of identifying the ecological security pattern to make the results more comprehensive and provide scientific support for the evaluation and management of the ecological security pattern of urban agglomerations.
2021 Vol. 41 (8): 3956-3968 [Abstract] ( 266 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2148KB] ( 414 )
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