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  Current Issue
 
2021 Vol.41 Issue.11,Published 2021-11-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Microbiology
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Air Pollution Control
4961 Research progresses on deposition monitoring of air pollution
WANG Shu, FENG Hui-hui, ZOU Bin, YANG Zhuo-lin, DING Ying, YE Shu-chao, ZHU Si-jia
This study overviewed the research progresses of atmospheric deposition monitoring, and also summarized the main challenges and future directions. The common approaches of the deposition monitoring included ground monitoring, model simulation, and remote sensing, which had been widely applied at global, regional and local scales. Though the great achievements, it still faced serious challenges in high accuracy and spatial-temporal representativeness because of the complex formation and evolution of the deposition. Therefore, new generation of monitoring technology and multi-technologies integration will be required in the future researches. By overviewing the progresses and limitations of the current approaches, it is very helpful for capturing the mechanism of multi-scales evolution of air pollution and building the monitoring system, but also providing the theoretical basis for environmental management.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 4961-4972 [Abstract] ( 414 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1070KB] ( 3085 )
4973 Spatiotemporal variation of tropospheric formaldehyde concentration and its driving factors in Yangtze River
QIAN Yun, WU Jian-sheng, TAN Xi, LUO Yu-hang, LU Tian-hua
This study uses OMI satellite data to analyse the temporal and spatial changes of the tropospheric formaldehyde column concentration in the Yangtze River Delta from 2005 to 2016. The BP and RBFN neural network models are used to perform regression simulation on the tropospheric formaldehyde column concentration at the county scale and analysis of the proportion of emissions from various departments using non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) data in 2008 and 2010. The results show that the tropospheric formaldehyde column concentration in the Yangtze River Delta urban agglomeration has an increasing trend from 2005 to 2010 and a downward trend from 2011 to 2016. The concentrations are higher in northern Anhui, northern Jiangsu, Shanghai and nearby areas, while those in southwestern Zhejiang are lower. In addition, NMVOC have significantly increased the concentration of formaldehyde in economically developed areas. The industrial sector's emissions are widely distributed in the Yangtze River Delta, and the VOC emissions from the power sector are much smaller than those from the industrial sector, and the distribution is also very sparse. The amount of VOC emissions generated by residents' lives is between the above two, with a clear North-South differentiation. Those from the transportation sector are mainly concentrated in southern Jiangsu, northern Zhejiang and Shanghai, and are distributed in strips along the transportation lines. What's more, the fitting accuracy of the neural network can reach 0.6~0.8, which is 0.3~0.4 higher than that of the linear regression, which proves that machine learning algorithms can better simulate the concentration of the formaldehyde column with NMVOC. The VOC emissions generated by residents' lives contribute most to the tropospheric formaldehyde column concentration. Studying the long-term temporal and spatial changes of the tropospheric formaldehyde column concentration and its influencing factors is conducive to in-depth study of ozone pollution, and it also provides a scientific basis for atmospheric governance and policy making.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 4973-4981 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1220KB] ( 872 )
4982 Spatial-temporal characteristics of the contributions to the particle pollution meteorological conditions in central and southern Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region
JIAO Ya-yin, MENG Kai, DU Hui-yun, MA Zhi-chun
In this study, environmental meteorology index (EMI) from model simulation of CMA (China Meteorological Administration) was used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of meteorological conditions variation during 2013~2018 in four key cities of central and southern Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region (Shijiazhuang, Xingtai, Handan and Hengshui). The results showed that, the correlation coefficient between EMI and the detrended PM2.5 concentration was up to 0.88. EMI had high reliability, and could be applied to atmospheric environment assessment and the meteorological condition evaluation during heavy polluted processes; the contributions of monthly meteorological condition to PM2.5 concentration variation during 2013~2018 were calculated by the quantitative analysis method based on EMI. The influence of meteorological conditions in months with different atmosphere pollution degrees could be effectively evaluated by quantitatively analyzing the monthly variations of meteorological conditions. In addition, the quantitative analysis method had been effectively applied in the evaluation of meteorological conditions and emission reduction effect on PM2.5 pollution during important events; According to the spatial distribution of meteorological conditions in winter, it was found that the regions with high positive EMI anomaly percentage concentration were those over central and southern BTH region in front of Taihang-Mountain, which indicated that severe weather conditions were the important reasons for the serious PM2.5 pollution in central and southern BTH region, in addition to the high anthropogenic emissions.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 4982-4989 [Abstract] ( 320 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1784KB] ( 1292 )
4990 Pollution characteristics of a dust backflow process in Beijing in the spring of 2018
ZHANG Mi, DUAN Jing-chun, YIN Li-na, HU Bing-xin, KANG Pan-ru, LI Yan-li, LIU Wen-wen, ZHOU Xue-ming
The characteristics of a dust backflow air pollution process in Beijing from Apr. 14th to 19th, 2018 were analyzed based on air quality monitoring data, air parcel back trajectory and air pollution characteristic radar chart. According to ρ(PM2.5), ρ(PM10) and the mass concentration ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 (PM2.5/PM10), the entire episode can be divided into four stages:dust stage, intermediate stage, dust backflow stage and post-backflow stage. The highest stage-mean mass concentration of PM10 was observed in the dust stage at (278.5±83.7) μg/m3, and the highest stage-mean mass concentration of PM2.5 was observed in the post-backflow stage at (135.5±16.9) μg/m3. In addition, the PM2.5/PM10 was less than 0.2 in the dust stage, and increased to 0.3~0.6 in the dust backflow stage and 0.5~0.8 in the post-backflow stage. The mass fraction of water-soluble inorganic ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+ in total) in PM2.5 was 7.3%±2.5% in dust stage, whereas it increased to 47.0%±6.3% in the dust backflow stage and 51.3%±5.7% in the post-backflow stage. This work revealed that particulate and gaseous pollutants from the south part in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region were transported to Beijing together with backflow dust, which in part accounted for the PM2.5 increase in Beijing. Therefore, regional air pollutant emission should be strengthened in dust weather process when dust backflow occurs. Meanwhile, Beijing should reinforce the regulation of vehicle emissions.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 4990-4998 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3408KB] ( 886 )
4999 Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and background concentration estimation of ozone in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
YAO Qing, MA Zhi-qiang, HAO Tian-yi, FAN Wen-yan, YANG Xu, TANG Ying-xiao, CAI Zi-ying, HAN Su-qin
In order to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of ozone in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and estimate the regional transport contribution, the principal component analysis was carried out on the data of 68 national control stations in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2017 to 2019, and the TCEQ method was used to estimate the background concentration of ozone in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and subdivided sub-regions. The results showed that the ozone concentration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was high in the south and low in the north as a whole, and the difference of geographical location and its distance had great influence on the uniform distribution of ozone concentration in different cities. After the rotation of the maximum variance method, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region could be divided into three subregions:the central and southern part of Hebei Province, the north of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and the west coast of the Bohai Sea. Using the TCEQ method to estimate the ozone background concentration in the three subregions could reduce the influence of geographical factors. The calculated results showed that the locally generated ozone concentrations in the three subregions are 71, 60 and 59μg/m3, respectively, and the ratio of the regional background concentration to the maximum 8-hour concentration in ozone days was 34.3%, 39.4% and 42.2%, respectively. The local generation of ozone in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was dominant, and regional transmission could not be ignored.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 4999-5008 [Abstract] ( 352 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2560KB] ( 1560 )
5009 An improved numerical algorithm for simulating atmosphere visibility by coupling two aerosol parameterization schemes
ZHANG Zhi-cha, NI Chang-jian, ZHAO Jun-ping, FENG Miao, XIE Yan-xin, WANG Yang-fei
Based on the Mie theory, an improved numerical algorithm for simulating atmosphere visibility was proposed by coupling the parameterization schemes of aerosol complex refractive index (DACRI) and aerosol hygroscopic growth factor Gf(RH). By utilizing the monitored data at an hourly time step recorded by WS600 integrated weather station, AURORA-3000 integrating nephelometer, AE-31aethalometer and GRIMM180 environment particle monitors from October to December in 2017 in Chengdu, the applicability of the improved algorithm was futher evaluated by compared with those of two visibility calculation methods, which are Mie theory model with empirical parameters and statistical model, in different visibility intervals (<2km, 2~5km, 5~10km, >10km). The results show that the three visibility calculation methods can capture the variation characteristics of visibility well; The improved algorithm better simulate visibility by adopting localization parameterization schemes to estimate DACRI and Gf(RH). The corresponding correlation coefficients (R) between the simulation and the observation are 0.62, 0.90, 0.89, and 0.93, respectively. The mean relative error (MRE) are 9.86%, 10.39%, 9.94%, and 14.06%, respectively.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5009-5018 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1706KB] ( 706 )
5019 Spatiotemporal variation of AOD in Shandong Province in recent ten years based on MODIS data
WANG Ping, TANG Qing-xin, LIANG Tian-quan, YU Quan-zhou, LI Xin
The spatial-temporal pattern of aerosol optical thickness (AOD) across Shandong Province was investigated based on MOD04_3K data from 2010 to 2019. The results showed that the annual average AOD fluctuated from 0.545 to 0.851 with a mean value of 0.706. It was a trend of decline during the last 10 years. It had a dramatically high reduction rate of 33% and eventually decreased about 0.269 by the end of 2019. The AOD had an obvious seasonal variation, with the peak value in summer and the lowest value in winter. Overall, the average value of AOD during heating periods presented to be lower than that during non-heating periods. The spatial pattern of AOD was mainly characterized with the high value in the northern Bohai Rim region,, the western Shandong province and Jining City, while with low value in the northeastern coastal areas and central Shandong province. Meanwhile, high AOD values were primarily in low-altitude regions, while low AOD values were mainly in high-altitude regions. Besides, the variation trend rate of AOD time-series was basically consistent with the pattern characteristics of annual average AOD.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5019-5026 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1492KB] ( 1580 )
5027 Characteristics and sources of elemental components of fine particulate matter in winter rural areas of North China
CHEN Hui, WEI Ya-qi, SHANG Xiao-na, ZHU Chao, WANG Chun-ying, ZENG Li-min, CHEN Jian-min
Using the observation data of the Xact analyzer from November 21, 2018 to February 8, 2019, characteristics of the element composition of PM2.5 at Wangdu in rural North China were analyzed. The results showed that during the sampling period, Wangdu was severely polluted by PM2.5, and the average concentration of PM2.5 was (186.6±142.0)μg/m3. The most important elements in PM2.5 were S, Cl, and K, and their average mass concentrations reached 1000ng/m3; followed by Al, Si, Ca, Fe and Zn, and their mass concentrations were in the range of 500~1000ng/m3; the mass concentration of the other elements was lower than 500ng/m3. Enrichment factors calculated by using Al as the reference elements showed that Si, Ca, Ti, and Fe were mainly from crustal source, K, Cr, Mn, Ni, Se, and Ba were affected by both crustal and anthropogenic sources and Cu, Zn, As, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Pb mainly originated from anthropogenic sources. NMF (Non-Negative Matrix Factorization) was deployed to quantify the contribution of various potential emission sources to PM2.5 in this study. Firework and firecracker, dust, vehicle exhaust, coal/biomass combustion, secondary aerosol and industrial process were identified as the main pollution sources, which contributed 2.6%, 1.7%, 6.5%, 39.7, 36.5% and 13%, respectively. The contribution of coal/biomass combustion at night and secondary aerosol formation during the day were the main causes of PM2.5 pollution. During the Spring Festival, firework and firecracker source would cause heavy pollution in rural areas. The enrichment factor of Ba appeared to be suitable as an indicator for firework and firecracker sources. The findings in this study could provide data support for source apportionment and control of fine particulate matters in winter rural North China.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5027-5035 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 911KB] ( 1067 )
5036 Impacts of heterogeneous reactions of sea salt and nitrogen-containing gases on ozone in Shandong coastal area
HUANG Lei, XUE Di, WANG Jiao, CHEN Chun-qiang, ZHANG Jie, ZHANG Yi-sheng, LIU Xiao-huan
The heterogeneous reactions of nitrogen-containing gases with sea salt and the subsequent production of highly reactive chlorine radicals (Cl·) could contribute to the formation of ozone (O3). The heterogeneous reactions of NO2, HNO3 and N2O5 with sea salt in the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model wao incorporated to simulate their impact on O3 concentration over coastal areas of Shandong in summer and winter of 2017. The simulation results indicated that the heterogeneous reactions substantially enhanced O3 concentrations up to 0.2×10-9~6.6×10-9(0.5%~15.5%) in summer and 0.8×10-9~15.3×10-9 (1.7%~27.4%) in winter, with the nighttime ClNO2 concentrations increased by 100×10-12~250×10-12 in summer and 300×10-12~650×10-12 in winter. The enhancement of O3 in summer was mainly concentrated in eastern Shandong, while in winter it covered most areas of Shandong, implicative of stronger and wider impact of heterogeneous reactions on O3 in winter in comparison to summer. The ozone enhancement triggered by the heterogeneous reactions was mainly taken effect during daytime, especially during 8:00~16:00. The influence also covered areas including Bohai Sea and South Yellow Sea, and the enhanced ozone concentration could be transported inland through four pathways, resulting in an increase of 0.2×10-9~15.3×10-9 of O3 concentration in the eastern coastal areas of Shandong, and 0.3×10-9~6.2×10-9 in the central and western areas like Jinan and Heze city, about 350km away from the eastern coastline of Shandong.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5036-5045 [Abstract] ( 310 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1934KB] ( 1028 )
5046 Characterization of individual aerosol particles with TEM-EDS in Sichuan Basin
DONG Gui-ming, DENG Jia-lin, ZHANG Jun-ke, LIU Qin
To understand the physiochemical characteristics of individual aerosol particles in Sichuan Basin, samples of atmospheric individual aerosol particles were collected in a typical city (Chengdu) and a background area (Mt. Emei) in Sichuan Basin. Then the chemical composition, morphology and mixing state of 3923 aerosol particles in the two regions were observed and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (TEM-EDS). The results showed that the individual aerosol particles in the two regions mainly included organic matter, S-rich, mineral, soot and fly ash/metal particles. In addition to a small amount of external mixing, most particles existed in the form of internal mixing, i.e., two or more particles mixed with each other. Through the comparative of the characteristics of aerosol particles in different pollution conditions in Chengdu, it can be found that the proportion of the internal mixing particles in the "polluted days" (74.2%) was higher than that of "clean days" (68.6%). Moreover, compared with "clean days", the particles size distribution range of "pollution days" was wider and the peak range was larger, indicating that the mixing of particles tends to be stronger with the aggravation of pollution. The comparison between Chengdu and Mt. Emei showed that the OM-S particles dominated the particles in Chengdu (accounted for 50.2%), while the particles in Mt. Emei were dominated by OM particles (accounted for 50.5%). Meanwhile, the contribution of sulfur-containing particles (such as OM-S) in Chengdu was higher than that of Mt. Emei, while the proportion of two carbon-containing particles (such as soot and OM-soot) in Mt. Emei was higher than that of Chengdu. In addition, the range of particle size distribution and peak range between Chengdu and Mt. Emei were different, which highlighted the differences of the sources and aging mixture of particles between the two regions. In Mt. Emei, the proportion of soluble particles (such as sulfur-containing particles) in rainfall day significantly decreased compared with that of non-rainfall day, while the proportion of particles with small particle size and strong hydrophobicity (such as soot and OM-soot particles) increased correspondingly.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5046-5053 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3331KB] ( 1122 )
5054 Concentration variation and impact factors of CH4 in Yongxing Island
JIANG Yi-fei, WANG Xian-qiao, WANG Hai-yan, XU Yu-shan, Lü Hong-gang
Based on the laser greenhouse gas analyser (GLA331-GGA), an automatic continuous high-accuracy observation system was set up for real-time measurement of atmospheric CH4 supported by the Sansha Marine Environmental Monitoring Center of State Oceanic Administration. According to the characteristics revealed by backward trajectory of air masses, combining with numerical statistical methods (e.g. robust local regression), the real-time observation data of atmospheric methane in Yongxing Island during the period from December 2013 to October 2017 were screened and analyzed. The results indicate that the concentration of atmospheric CH4 in Yongxing Island presented an apparent seasonal variation:high in winter and low in summer, which is similar to that of the atmospheric background in the Northern Hemisphere. The annual growth rate of CH4 was about 11.9×10-9 on average, and the annual average seasonal amplitude was 81.1ppb. The diurnal variation of CH4 concentration showed a single-period sinusoidal variation:low at noon and high in the wee hours. The analysis of wind field data and backward trajectory of air masses demonstrated that the monsoon is the key factor impacting on the variations of CH4 concentration in the area.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5054-5059 [Abstract] ( 182 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 712KB] ( 909 )
5060 Solubility of phosphorus in rainwater collected in the coastal area of the Yellow sea and influencing factors
WANG Zhi-wen, GUO Hao, GU Han, KONG Yi, GAO Hui-wang, YAO Xiao-hong, SHI Jin-hui
69 rainwater samples were collected in Qingdao during 31precipitation events from Jun. to Sep. 2020. Total phosphorus (TP), dissolved total phosphorus (DTP), dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were characterized in terms of concentrations, solubility and influencing factors. The averaged concentrations of TP and DTP in rainwater were (6.2±1.0)μg/L and (3.8±0.6)μg/L, respectively, with the P solubility at (64.8±18.0)%. DIP dominantly contributed to DTP with the percentage of (56.7±15.7)%. Both TP and DTP had a negative power correlation with precipitation while the TP scavenging index was larger. For rainwater samples collected at the precipitation <10mm, precipitation significantly affected the P concentrations via scavenging and dilution effects. However, these effects were not detectable in samples collected at precipitation >40mm. The measured P in rainwater was derived from the washout process, which scavenged 70%~85% of particulate P to rainwater. Acidification processes significantly promoted the dissolution of particulate P with a higher efficiency of inorganic P than that of organic P. For the recorded two types of precipitation, i.e., <5mm and >30mm, pH mainly determined the P solubility with precipitation and backward air mass history to some extent. For the rainwater samples with a similar pH, the P solubility increased with increasing precipitation. For the rainwater samples with a similar pH and collected at the precipitation <5mm, the P solubility was higher with air mass history from oceans to the continent. For rainwater samples collected at 5~30mm precipitation, the single factor effect, e.g., precipitation, pH, and air mass source, on the P solubility cannot be isolated out.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5060-5068 [Abstract] ( 218 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 847 )
5069 Socio-economic factors of PM2.5 concentrations in different urbanization stages based on LMDI: A case study of China's five mega-large urban agglomerations
WANG Qiu-hong, LI Wei-jie, WANG Yong, FU Li, GAO Min
Taking five megalopolises in China as cases, this paper divided the period from 2000 to 2015 into four different urbanization stages with the indexes of GDP per capita and industrial structure. Then, the driving mechanism and contributions of emission intensity, energy intensity, economic output and population scale on PM2.5 concentrations were explored for different urbanization stages, using the Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index model (LMDI). The results showed that PM2.5 concentrations of these megalopolises increased in early stages and then decreased in the later. Generally, economic output and population scale had positive effects on PM2.5 concentrations. Especially, the former played a dominant role in promoting PM2.5 concentrations. Meanwhile, emission intensity and energy intensity had negative effects on PM2.5 concentrations, and the former was the main factor restraining the increase of PM2.5 concentrations. The cumulative contributions of energy intensity appeared vague during the primary and middle industrialized stage, while showed negative in the late industrialized and developed stage. The cumulative contributions of economic output and population scale were both positive during the whole stages, while the contributions of economic output had significantly increased. The cumulative contribution of emission intensity was negative, and its absolute value increased continuously. These results could provide a basis for understanding the driving mechanism and contribution of different factors on PM2.5 concentration of megalopolis, and thus could support government in making related environmental protection policies.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5069-5078 [Abstract] ( 204 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 946KB] ( 812 )
5079 Optimization of the key period of daily ozone pollution potential in Chengdu based on Generalized Additive Model
REN Zhi-han, NI Chang-jian, HUA Rui-yang, DU Yun-song
Daily characteristics of O3 were analyzed using hourly observational data of O3 concentration and corresponding meteorological data from 2016 to 2018 in Chengdu. Four key periods featuring daily ozone pollution potential were selected which were all day period (0:00~24:00), daytime period (05:00~20:00), the period of O3 exceeding the standard (11:00~19:00) and the period of O3 reaching its peak (15:00~16:00). The relationship between the maximum 8-hour moving average of O3(O3-8h) and meteorological factors during the four periods were established based on Generalized Additive Model (GAM). The effects of the variation of time scale on daily ozone pollution potential were also investigated. The results showed that GAM model could simulate and capture the non-linear relationship between O3-8h and meteorological factors. Meteorological factors during the period of O3 exceeding the standard (from 11:00 to 19:00) could best represent daily O3 pollution potential with adjusted determination coefficient R2 and interpretation rate of variance of 0.81 and 81.4%, respectively. The determination coefficient R2 of reduced major axis regression (RMA) between simulated O3-8 and observed ones was 0.805. Solar radiation, relative humidity and air temperature, were three main factors affecting daily O3 pollution potential. However, the ranking of the importance varied with time scale in the certain one of the four GAM models.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5079-5085 [Abstract] ( 220 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 659KB] ( 1004 )
5086 Contributions of vehicle emissions to PM2.5 in roadside microenvironments
GAO Xue-qian, WU Jian-hui, ZHANG Hui-tao, ZHANG Wen-hui, DAI Qi-li, GONG Pan
To investigate the contribution of vehicle emissions to PM2.5 in roadside micro-environments in Wuhan, daily PM2.5 filter samples were collected from different roadside microenvironments (urban roadside, ring roadside) and background site from October 18th to October 27th, 2019 in Wuhan. Chemical components of the PM2.5 samples include elements, carbonaceous materials, and ions were determined. The motor vehicle exhausted PM2.5 were also collected and analyzed to provide localized source profile for the fitting of chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The results showed that the vehicle exhausted PM2.5 was dominated by OC and EC. Mass fraction of OC in PM2.5 from gasoline vehicles was 1.14 times that from diesel vehicles, while the EC from diesel vehicles was 1.08 times that from gasoline vehicles. The fine organic aerosol concentration in roadside was higher than the other sites and largely originated from vehicle exhausts. Concentrations of Fe, Si, and Al at the outer loop line roadside were higher than those at inner-loop urban roadsides. CMB source appointment results showed that the contribution of vehicle emissions to PM2.5 at the outer loop and inner-loop urban roadsides was 35.20% and 38.89%, respectively, nearly twice that at background site. The sources of PM2.5 varied with different roadside microenvironments, with vehicle emissions and secondary aerosol had a higher contribution at the inner-loop urban roadside than the outer loop roadside, while dust increased in importance at the outer loop roadside.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5086-5093 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 2571 )
5094 Yield losses of rice and winter wheat due to ground~level ozone in Jiangsu Province from 2013 to 2019
WANG Qian, LIU Miao-miao, YANG Jian-xun, BI Jun
Based on observed O3 data from 115gound monitoring station, the annual crop yield of 97 counties, and AOT40-yield response functions, this study used spatial interpolation and evaluated the losses of rice and winter wheat caused by surface O3 across Jiangsu Province during 2013~2019. Results suggested that from 2013 to 2019, AOT40values during growing seasons were (2.76~17.05)×10-6h and(0.15~31.69)×10-6h for winter wheat and rice. The trend of AOT40 in Jiangsu Province peaked in 2018 and 2016 for rice and winter wheat, respectively. More high AOT40 values were distributed in the south of Jiangsu Province. In the north of Jiangsu Province, AOT40 showed a significantly increasing trend during the growing season from 2017 to 2019. During 2013~2019, the yield losses of winter wheat were 17.7%~31.0%, amounting to 1.94~3.75million tons. The highest yield losses of winter wheat were in Yancheng and Xuzhou, and the lowest in Nanjing and Wuxi. The relative yield losses of rice were 8.6%~15.6%, amounting to 3.03~6.04million tons, with the highest in Yancheng and Huaian and the lowest in Wuxi and Changzhou. Annual yield losses of winter wheat and rice attributable to ozone pollution in Jiangsu Province equal to grain consumption of more than 50million population in one year. Therefore, the government shall take effective policies and measures to control O3 pollution and hence guarantee food security.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5094-5103 [Abstract] ( 366 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1603KB] ( 1026 )
5104 Mineralization and mechanism of VOCs waste gas from printing and packaging industry by microwave catalytic combustion
CHEN Jin, BO Long-li, ZHANG Dan-qing, ZHANG Ji-bin, TIAN Ye, LIU Jia-dong
Combined with the catalytic advantages of both noble metal and transition metal catalysts, Pt-CuMnCeOx/honeycomb nano ceramics monolithic catalyst was prepared by incipient-wetness impregnation method. The mineralization effect and catalytic mechanism of VOCs (toluene and acetone) waste gas from printing and packaging industry on the surface of Pt-CuMnCeOx/honeycomb nano ceramics under microwave irradiation were investigated. The results showed that bed temperature reached 300℃, and the mineralization rate of two-component VOCs was 82% under conditions of microwave power 600W, airflow 5m3/h, and toluene and acetone concentrations 1000mg/m3 respectively. Based on XRD and XPS characterizations, highly dispersive Pt particles and copper, manganese, and cerium spinel active components enhanced the catalytic efficiency of toluene and acetone at low temperature in the role of microwave "hot spots". Microwave catalytic combustion reaction followed L-H mechanism and MvK mechanism simultaneously, and electron transfer occurred between different metals with different valence states resulting in more surface adsorbed oxygen and lattice oxygen formed on the catalyst surface, which promoted the adsorption and oxidation of VOCs molecules. According to intermediate products determination, it speculated that toluene was oxidized to benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, and small molecule acids gradually, and finally mineralized to carbon dioxide and water. The oxidative pathway of acetone was small molecule aldehydes and acids, and then carbon dioxide and water.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5104-5113 [Abstract] ( 201 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 938KB] ( 1735 )
5114 Vehicle emission inventory and economic benefits of emission reduction in Tangshan
WANG Ji-guang, GUI Hua-qiao, CHEN Jin-chao, WANG Zhi-wei, SUN Shi-da, YANG Zhi-wen, ZHANG Xiao-wen, MAO Hong-jun
Based on the vehicle regular environmental inspection test data, the local average mileage of different vehicle types was obtained, and the "mileage-registration year" characteristic curve of typical vehicles in Tangshan was established. The actual road emission factors of typical China VI vehicles was obtained by PEMS. According to localized correction of vehicle emission factors by COPERT, the Tangshan vehicle emission inventory covering different emission stages and fuel power types was developed. Combining with the road network information of Tangshan, 3km×3km high spatial and temporal resolution grid vehicle emission inventory based on ArcGIS was developed. On this basis, emission reduction and input cost-effectiveness under different ratios scenarios of China Ⅲ and below heavy diesel vehicles (referred to as high emission vehicles) elimination and DPF retrofit were analyzed. The results show that the CO, HC, NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 annual emissions in 2020 were 92403.51, 10034.53, 70568.35, 2036.51 and 2160.65 tons respectively, which NOx, PM2.5 and PM10 were mainly from diesel vehicles, accounting for 92%, 89% and 89% respectively; CO and HC emissions were mainly from gasoline vehicles, accounting for 71% and 73% respectively. After the implementation of diesel truck restriction zone policy for China IV and below emission standard in the Second Ring Road, the annual CO and HC emission reduction rates in the Second Ring Road were 22.41% and 21.68%, while the emission intensity of NOx, PM10 and PM2.5 pollutants had been significantly reduced, and the annual emissions reduction rates were 78.60%, 84.85% and 84.79%, respectively. Under the scenario of elimination and treatment of high emission vehicles, with the increase of high emission elimination ratio, the input cost and annual NOx emission reduction showed a linear upward trend, and the NOx emission reduction effect was more significant, while the PM emission reduction vehicles showed a slight downward trend. For every 10% increase in the elimination rate of high emission vehicles, the annual NOx emission reduction increased by 892.41 tons, the annual PM emission reduction decreases by 7.56 tons, and the annual input cost increased by 113 million RMB.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5114-5124 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1395KB] ( 1332 )
Water Pollution Control
5125 High frequency intermittent gradient aeration initiation of short-cut nitrification and denitrification for phosphorus removal of granular sludge
XU Gui-da, LI Dong, LIU Zhi-cheng, TAO Bo, ZHANG Jie
The coupling of denitrifying phosphorus removal and Anammox can further reduce the carbon source needed for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, and the stable production of NO2--N is the key to the independent and joint operation of the two processes. Therefore, with low C/N domestic sewage as the research object, flocculent sludge and a small amount of long-term stored aerobic granular sludge were inoculated in the reactor. The short-cut nitrification-denitrification-dephosphorization granular sludge was cultivated in 60 days by two-stage gradient aeration with the stop aeration time (3min:3min) controlled, and the system denitrification and dephosphorization performance was analyzed in this process. The results show that the average particle size of granular sludge is 841μm and the SVI is 31.23ml/g during the stable period. The particle structure is compact and the settling performance is good. The effluent NO3--N was less than 0.1mg/L, TP was less than 0.7mg/L, NO2--N was more than 15mg/L, which realized the efficient removal of P and accumulation of NO2--N, and could provide a stable NO2--N substrate for subsequent coupling of Anammox. The results of batch experiments showed that 57.63% of the DPAOs in the particles which could use NO2--N as electron acceptor, and the enrichment of DPAOs improved the phosphorus removal ability of the system. High-frequency intermittent gradient aeration can achieve a high coupling between AOB and DPAOS, but it is difficult to achieve NOB suppression only by intermittent aeration. Then, by adding gradient aeration in the front section of "ammonia trough point" to optimize the actual oxygen limiting aeration point, the inhibition of NOB can be enhanced, so as to achieve good accumulation of nitrite.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5125-5132 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 986KB] ( 1359 )
5133 Study on two-stage PNDPR coupled with Anammox for nitrogen and phosphorus removal
XU Gui-da, LI Dong, LIU Zhi-cheng, TAO Bo, ZHANG Jie
Considering that the influent of Anammox process must contain two substrates, NO2--N and NH4+-N, and it could only be denitrified. In order to further realize phosphorus removal on this basis, this study proposed to combine phosphorus removal and nitrogen removal with partial nitrification technology, namely partial nitrification and denitrifying phosphorus removal tandem Anammox process:the partial nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal unit was the first to pass into domestic sewage to convert NH4+-N to NO2--N and remove part of COD. Part of the effluent was mixed with domestic sewage and enters the anaerobic ammonium oxidation unit. At the same time, the partial nitrification and denitrification phosphorus removal unit was denitrified and absorbed phosphorus under the hypoxia state, and the effluent of the two treatment units was mixed and discharged after the end of the reaction. The experimental results showed that controlling the influent mixing ratio to be 4.2 could ensure that the values of C/N and NO2-N/NH4+-N in the Anammox unit were 2 and 1.5, respectively, the average △NO2--N/△NH4+-N=1.41, △NO3--N/△NH4+-N=0.12, Anammox nitrogen 85.2% on average, denitrification and Anammox coupling reaction was good. After stable operation of the whole system, the effluent COD, P, NH4+-N, NO2--N and NO3--N concentrations were 15.2, 0.85, 0.59, 5.56 and 3.33mg/L, respectively, and the TN removal rate was 89.4%. The PNDPR-Anammox coupling new process successfully realized the efficient treatment of simulated domestic sewage.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5133-5141 [Abstract] ( 198 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 912KB] ( 780 )
5142 Rhombic sheet iron-manganese catalyst-activating peroxymonosulfate for tetracycline degradation
ZHU Zi-qi, LI Li, XU Ming-jun, ZHANG Qian, HONG Jun-ming
The first-attempt study used iron-manganese bimetallic catalyst derived from the Prussian blue analogues, and etched by the oxalic acid for activating peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade tetracycline. According to thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the synthesized catalyst FeMn/OA-350 owned a special rhombic shape. Apparently, combined synergy of iron and manganese and abundant active sites on the sheet structure significantly augmented the oxidation performance of tetracycline. When catalyst dosage and PMS concentration were of 0.6g/L, and 2mmol/L, the removal rate of 20mg/L tetracycline was as high as 100% within only 30 min at neutral pH. The reaction process seemed to follow the second-order kinetics (R2>0.9). The free radical quenching experiments showed that hydroxyl radical, sulfate radical, singlet oxygen and superoxide radical existed in this system and singlet oxygen was the main functional group. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) data clearly exhibited the valence states of iron and manganese elements and the synergistic interactions between Fe and Mn. It was suggested that changes of different iron and manganese valence directly promoted the activation performance of the catalyst. Meanwhile, based on the quenching experiment, XPS and LC-MS analyses, the degradation process and mechanism were first proposed.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5142-5152 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 750KB] ( 3097 )
5153 Degradation of thiacloprid via UV/Fe2+/persulfate system: Optimization using response surface methodology
SHI Yue, PENG Pai, LIU Yan-li, WU Li, ZHANG Zu-lin, YANG Lie
Ultraviolet synergic ferrous based catalysts were tested to achieve effective degradation of thiacloprid (THIA) from wastewater. In this study, the effect of degradation of THIA were conducted on the different degradation parameters of various of concentration of synergic ferrous, concentration of persulfate (PS), pH value and UV intensity. Central Composite Design (CCD) method was used to establish a mathematical model between degradation parameters and the removal rate of THIA. The results showed that UV/Fe2+/PS system could result in 100% of degradation rate of THIA when using 58.133W of UV intensity, 0.318mmol/L of ferrous irons, 0.544mmol/L of PS and 3.054 of pH. It was in a good agreement with the experimental results (98.4%) which suggested that response surface methodology can be well used to optimize the degradation of THIA in the UV/Fe2+/PS system.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5153-5159 [Abstract] ( 233 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 956KB] ( 1241 )
5160 Ascorbic acid modified Br-doped g-C3N4 photocatalytic degradation of pollutants
ZHANG Yang-quan, LI Xue-lei, ZHAO Zhi-jun, WANG Yan-juan, YUAN Xing-zhou, ZHANG Jian, HU Shao-zheng
Using urea and ammonium bromide as precursor and bromine source, respectively, and ascorbic acid was used to modify g-C3N4. The ascorbic acid modified Br-doped g-C3N4-AA-Br nanosheets photocatalyst was successfully prepared through secondary roasting. The structure, morphology and optical properties of the catalysts were characterized by XRD, TEM, XPS, UV-Vis DRS, PL, N2 adsorption-desorption and other test methods. The results show that g-C3N4-AA-Br had larger specific surface area, wider visible light absorption range and lower electron-hole recombination rate. The photocatalytic performance of different catalysts on the degradation of rhodamine B, methyl orange, and reactive blue dyes was investigated under visible light. The results showed that g-C3N4-AA-Br-2 increased the degradation of RhB by 72% within 180minutes, and its rate constant k=0.00847min-1, which is 5.6 times that of pure g-C3N4. Through the active species trapping agent experiment, it is found that the main active species that degrade RhB are hydroxyl radicals(·OH) and superoxide radicals(·O2-), and the possible reaction mechanism is speculated.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5160-5168 [Abstract] ( 222 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1139KB] ( 1128 )
5169 Optimizations of extraction and activity determination methods of nitric oxide reductase in activated sludge
YANG Rui, YUAN Lin-jiang, WANG Gang, YUAN Lin-jie, YOU Xiao-long, NIU Wan-xia, YU Li-ping
Orthogonal experiments were carried out to study the effects of different fragmentation methods (e.g. fragmentation by ultrasonic, fragmentation by low temperature and high-pressure) on the catalytic activity of nitric oxide reductase (nor). The release of intracellular soluble protein, nucleic acid (DNA) and the catalytic activity of nor were analyzed under different ultrasonic intensity and frequency, breaking pressure and frequency, and the amount of lysate addition. According to the catalytic characteristics of enzymes in activated sludge under different experimental conditions, the method for measuring the catalytic activity of nor was improved. According to the results, the parameters of nor extraction by ultrasonic fragmentation were suggested to set at 100times (ultrasonic times), 500W (ultrasonic intensity), and 0.1mL (amount of lysate addition). The parameters of nor extraction by low temperature and high-pressure fragmentation were suggested to set at 4times (breaking times), 50Mpa (breaking pressure), and 0.1mL (amount of lysate addition). The release of intracellular soluble protein, DNA and the maximum catalytic activity of nor by low temperature and high-pressure fragmentation were higher than that by ultrasonic fragmentation. Last but not least, the end time for activity determination of nor was suggested at 15min.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5169-5176 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 1664 )
5177 Synthesis of polyallyl sodium sulfonate grafted hollow glass microbeads and its adsorption properties research
ZHENG Huai-li, LIU Wang-qing, AN Yan-yan, CHEN Wei, SUN Qiang, WAN Xin-yuan, ZHAO Rui
A noval hollow glass bead-based adsorbent (KNH-g-PSAS) was successfully fabricated by grafting sodium allyl sulfonate (SAS) and silane coupling agent onto the surface of hollow glass beads. KNH-g-PSAS was characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersion spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray diffractometer, showing the successful grafting of SAS. In addition, the effects of pH value, reaction time, initial concentration and temperature on the adsorption of cationic dyes by KNH-g-PSAS were systematically studied. The pseudo-order kinetic model and Langmuir isotherm model fitted the kinetics and isotherm data well, indicating that the adsorption were determined by chemsorption and uniform monolayer adsorption. Adsorption experiment showed that the adsorption capacity of KNH-g-PSAS for basic fuchsin, auramine O, crystal violet and malachite green were 2247.19mg/g, 23174.61mg/g, 2557.54mg/g and 2808.98mg/g, respectively. In addition, KNH-g-PSAS had excellent self-floating performance and recovery performance.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5177-5186 [Abstract] ( 225 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1619KB] ( 1346 )
5187 Application of calcium ions for the control of Microcystis aeruginosa in drinking water treatment works
YI Jin, NIE Xiao-Bao, WANG Yi-Rui, XIAO Hui-Yi-jiang, LONG Yuan-nan, JIANG Chang-bao
In order to improve the flocculation removal effect of algae in drinking water treatment works, taking Microcystis aeruginosa as the research object, the algae removal effects of three methods:Ca2+ alone, Ca2+ combined with poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), and Ca2+ and CO32- in-situ crystallization were investigated. The algae removal mechanism of Ca2+ and the crystalline product CaCO3 are discussed. The results show that when Ca2+ was used alone, Ca2+ had an adsorption and electric neutralization effect on algae cells at low concentrations, and a bridging effect at high concentrations, but both can not achieve the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa. Ca2+ combined with PAC, Ca2+ could significantly improve the algae removal effect of PAC through adsorption and electric neutralization, and the maximum removal rate could reach 98.0%. At the same time, Ca2+ could aid in the decrease of residual aluminum of PAC coagulation by complexation with dissolved algae organic matter (dAOM), which could reduce the residual aluminum by more than 50%. The removal rate of Microcystis aeruginosa by in-situ CaCO3 crystals in algae-containing water could reach up to 83.5%, and the product was positively charged vaterite with a particle size of about 2 to 4μm. The removal mechanism of vaterite to algae cells includes mutual flocculation of vaterite and algae cells, as well as the sweeping flocculation of vaterite aggregates to algae cells. At the same time, vaterite could also be used as a weighting agent to promote the sedimentation and separation of algae crystal products. The use of in-situ crystallization of CaCO3 and PAC to remove algae in water plants was expected to reduce the dosage of PAC and the risk of residual aluminum, and solve the problem of turbidity and high pH caused by in-situ crystallization of CaCO3. The research result provides new ideas for algae removal in drinking water.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5187-5193 [Abstract] ( 187 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 729KB] ( 1698 )
5194 Temporal and spatial variation characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in Yarlung Zangbo River
LIU Jia-ju, GUO Huai-cheng
In order to reveal the changing law of the water vapor cycle process in the basin, and reveal the relationship between stable isotopes of river water and meteorological elements and altitude. In 2018, 90 water samples were collected from the main stream of the Yarlung Zangbo River in three periods of high, flat, and dry. The hydrogen and oxygen isotope composition of the river water were analyzed and the relationship between stable isotopes of surface water and meteorological elements and altitude was revealed. The main contents and results of the study are as follows:the spatial variation characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in precipitation in the Yarlung Zangbo River Basin were studied using the quantitative relationship model of δ18O with latitude and altitude.It is found that the change of δ18O value in precipitation showed a trend of low in the east and west (upper and lower reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River) and the high and middle parts (the middle reaches of the Yarlung Zangbo River). The hydrogen and oxygen isotope equations of the river water during the rich, flat and dry periods of the Yarlung Zangbo River had been established. The study found that the slope of the linear equation of δD and δ18O was lower than the atmospheric precipitation line in China. River water δD and δ18O had certain seasonal characteristics, which were more affected by atmospheric precipitation. The high water period was more obvious than the normal water period and the dry period; The spatial characteristics δ18O in the Yarlung Zangbo River were shown as the overall performance from west to east of the trend of first decreasing and then increasing, the north-south space shows a trend of increasing δD-δ18O of river water from south to north. The δD-δ18O value had a weak negative correlation with altitude; Affected by surface evaporation fractionation, precipitation cloud cluster migration and rock weathering in the basin, the water d value of the Yarlung Zangbo River had seasonal and spatial changes significantly.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5194-5200 [Abstract] ( 322 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 839KB] ( 1220 )
5201 Hydrochemical characteristics and controlling factors of shallow groundwater in the Chinese Loess Plateau
LIU Xin, XIANG Wei, MA Xiao-jun, FAN Yan-li, SI Bing-cheng
The 57 shallow groundwater samples along the Yellow River in the middle of Chinese Loess Plateau were collected, and the qualitative (Gibbs, Na-normalized molar ratios and ions correlation methods) and quantitative methods (forward derivation modeling) were used to explore the hydrochemical characteristics, the variation rules along the channels, and the controlling factors. The results showed that the shallow groundwater samples were weakly alkaline; the dominant anion and cation was HCO3- and Na+, respectively; the major groundwater type was HCO3-Ca-Mg (accounted for 40%). There was a difference of variation trend of major ions of shallow groundwater from north to south in the research areas. The Cl- level kept dynamic stability along the way, SO42-, HCO3-, Mg2+, and Na+ increased, while NO3-, Ca2+, and K+ decreased. Mineral exploitation was an important source of SO42-, while the Na+ enrichment was caused by strong cation exchange. Moreover, the source of groundwater solutes was mainly controlled by rock weathering, primarily silicate weathering. The relative contribution of groundwater solutes by atmospheric input, human activity, and rock weathering was 5% ±3%, 6% ±13%, and 89% ±13%, respectively. Furthermore, the change of underlying surface conditions, human activities, and climate change directly or indirectly affected the groundwater quantity and quality by changing the processes of groundwater recharge and discharge. Our findings will inform current and future groundwater quality management programs for the Yellow River catchment and other similar area.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5201-5209 [Abstract] ( 293 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5657KB] ( 1369 )
Solid Waste
5210 High carbon fly ash floated by kitchen waste oil collector
HU Zhen-wen, LI Qiu-yi, LIN Xiang-ling, GUO Yuan-xin
Kitchen waste oil collector was prepared by modifying kitchen waste oil to treat high carbon fly ash. The optimum mechanical activation time of high carbon fly ash raw ash was determined by mechanical activation test, the decarbonization performance law of the kitchen waste oil collector was obtained by flotation tests under different temperatures and compared with that of conventional collector kerosene, the collectors and decarbonization products were systematically analyzed by FTIR, SEM, TG and other techniques. The results showed that the optimum mechanical activation time was 30min, under the condition of optimum temperature, the calorific value of flotation carbon can meet the requirements of medium and high calorific value fuel, and the mineral composition of decarbonized fly ash product can reach the standard of I-class fly ash. It is of great significance to environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction, and comprehensive utilization of resources, which has truly realized the goal of "treating waste with waste" and "turning waste into treasure".
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5210-5216 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 732KB] ( 1379 )
Soil Pollution Control
5217 Evaluation and source analysis of heavy metal in cultivated soil around typical industrial district of Qinghai province
YIN Fang, FENG Kai, YIN Cui-jing, BAI De-zhen, WANG Rui, ZHOU Yuan-yuan, LIANG Yong-chun, LIU Lei
In order to understand the current status, spatial distribution characteristics, and pollution sources of heavy metal pollution in the cultivated soil around the industrial district of the Yellow River Watershed, 138 surface soil samples were collected from Ganhe Industrial District in Huangshui Watershed, Qinghai Province. The factors including the soil pH and seven heavy metal elements (Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn) were measured in the laboratory. According to the standard named Soil environmental quality:Risk control standard for soil contamination of agricultural land, methods including the geo-accumulation index, pollution load index, principal component analysis and positive matrix factorization were adopted to evaluate the pollution level and analyse the sources of the heavy metals in the study area. A series of results have been obtained. The concentration ranges of the seven soil heavy metal elements were Cd (0.16~21.80mg/kg), As (3.68~20.80mg/kg), Pb (17.00~223.40mg/kg), Cr (47.22~389.24mg/kg), Cu (16.03~46.06mg/kg), Ni (21.33~93.24mg/kg), Zn (48.60~1535.10mg/kg), respectively. The Cd pollution was the most serious, which had 13 high-risk samples and 52 medium-risk samples. Zn was the second polluting element, which had 13 medium-risk points. There were only two medium-risk samples and one medium-risk sample for Cr and Pb, respectively. For the other elements, all the samples were at low risk. The pollution of heavy metals in the cultivated soils was mostly distributed in the central-eastern part of the study area, which was roughly consistent with the location of the factories and enterprises in the study area. The pollution areas of the two major elements, Cd and Zn, were distributed around the factories and enterprises and showed an obvious trend of gradually decreasing from the centre to outside. The results of the geo-accumulation index and pollution load index showed that most regions of the study area were less polluted. The pollution was more serious in the area around the central-eastern industrial park, and Cd and Zn were the main contributing elements. The sources of heavy metal pollution in the cultivated soil of the study area mainly included transportation, industrial emission, agricultural activities, coal-fired power generation, and natural soil formation processes.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5217-5226 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1925KB] ( 1415 )
5227 Distribution characteristics and sources of soil heavy metals in soils in the area of northeastern Huludao City
WANG Cheng-yu, LI Yu-chao, YU Cheng-guang, WANG Da-peng
Land quality geochemical assessment at a scale of 1:250,000 was carried out in the Longgang, Lianshan and Nanpiao districts in the northeast Huludao city, which is a typical industrial and mining city in Liaoning Province. Topsoil, deep soil, and samples from vertical profile were collected in the study area. To determine the dynamics of the soil heavy metals distribution patterns, concentrations and species of eight elements in samples of seven different size fractions were used. The results show that the average content of eight soil heavy metals in the topsoil and deep soils of the study area was higher than the background values of them in Liaoning Province, and the high concentrations of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, As in topsoil were delineated along the coast and inland areas of Longgang District. The high-value areas of Ni and Cr were mainly distributed above the Lower Cretaceous and Middle Jurassic volcanic rock strata. The average value of the enrichment coefficient of each heavy metal was Cd > Hg > Pb > Zn > As > Cu > Cr > Ni. Cd and Hg were strongly enriched in large areas in the study area with the average value of the enrichment coefficient 3.41 and Hg 2.93 respectively. Cd in soil is mainly in ion exchange fraction with the highest ecological risk, accounting for 54.38% of the total amount. In the soil profile, Cd, Pb, Hg and Zn show the characteristics of surface aggregation, while Cu, As, Cr and Ni show curves with a steady change. The distribution of heavy metals in soil was spatially consistent with that of parent material. The average value of the single pollution index of each heavy metal is Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > Cr > Ni > As > Hg, of which Cd pollution level is higher. It is indicated that the distribution of Zn, Cu, Cd, As and Pb in topsoil are mainly affected by human activities such as industry, transportation, life and mining. The distribution of Cr and Ni are mainly parallel with geological background. High concentrations of Hg in soil are primarily caused by coal combustion.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5227-5236 [Abstract] ( 254 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2121KB] ( 1006 )
5237 Advances of washing agents in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil
XU Lei, DAI Hui-ping, WEI Shu-he
The research progresses of leaching agents in the remediation of heavy metal contaminated soils were reviewed with focused on three different pollution types, including the soils mainly contaminated by cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) of the same category, by arsenic (As), and by the combination of the first two types of heavy metals. In general, the chelating agent for the first type of polluted soil showed higher removal efficiency, especially for GLDA (Glutamic acid, N, N-Diacetic acid), citric acid and so on, which were environment friendly either. For the second type of soil mainly contaminated by As, the removal rate of composite washing agent (CWA) was relatively high like NaOH-EDTA (NaOH-Ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid). In particular, the CWAs, just like NaOH-H3PO4, was with very high removal rates compared to the single washing agents for the third type polluted soil. It was suggested that the CWAs with higher removal efficiency for several heavy metals in soil together and less secondary pollution will be the key research points in the future.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5237-5244 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 360KB] ( 2298 )
Environmental Ecology
5245 Dynamic response of biofilm to dry and wet stress in intermittent rivers
LI Chao-ran, MIAO Ling-zhan, HOU Jun
This paper reviews the adaptive changes of biofilm structure and function under dry and wet stress in river ecosystem, and analyses the dynamic changes of different functional groups (autotrophic and heterotrophic) and community structure (α biodiversity and β biodiversity) in biofilm. The dynamic responses of biofilm productivity and metabolic function under dry and wet stress were systematically summarized. The resistance mechanism of biofilm microbial community to dry and wet stress was analyzed, and the application prospect of molecular ecological network analysis in biofilm dynamic response was prospected.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5245-5253 [Abstract] ( 340 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 839KB] ( 1246 )
5254 Research on vegetation phenological changes in the Otindag sandy land Based on MODIS NDVI and EVI
YUAN Zhi-hui, SA Chu-la, YIN Shan
Based on the MODIS NDVI and EVI data in recent 20 years, the vegetation phenology in Otindag sandy land was extracted by using the extreme curvature method of logistic curve and dynamic threshold method, and its temporal and spatial changes were analyzed. The response of vegetation phenology to elevation and meteorological factors was analyzed by using the research result data. The results indicated that the vegetation phenology in the study area showed a slight fluctuation trend from 2000 to 2019. The start of growth season (SOS) was concentrated in 110~140 Julian day, while the end of growth season (EOS) was in 250~280 Julian day and was delayed (0.28d/a). The length of growth season (LOS) was in 120~170 Julian day and was lengthened (0.23d/a). For the trend, SOS was showed a decreasing trend which occupied 51.51% of the total study area. EOS was showed an increasing trend in 32.98% of the study area while the rest decreased. LOS of the area accounted for 62.71% of the study area was showed a prolonged trend. In the altitude range of 900~1500m, SOS was significantly delayed, EOS was not significantly advanced, and LOS was significantly shortened as the altitude increased. The precipitation had an advance effect on SOS in January, February, April and November, December of the previous year. The temperature and precipitation had an obvious effect on the delay of EOS from June to September. On the whole, the responses of phenology to meteorological factors in Otindag sandy land were complex, showing obvious seasonal differences and topographical variability.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5254-5263 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1563KB] ( 826 )
5264 Distribution and environmental significance of microbial fatty acids in borehole sediments of Chen Lake
LIU Tao, WU Pei, TANG Jin-Can, YU Hao-Ran, WANG Ya-Fen, MA Teng
Microbial fatty acid methyl ester analysis was used to evaluate the vertical distribution of microbial community structure and its environmental implications in sediments from the open beach borehole G1 and the shoreline borehole G2 of Chen lake, Jianghan Plain. The results showed that total microbial fatty acids (FAs) content and their distribution characteristics fluctuated greatly in the shallow layers (<5m), and significantly differed from those in the deep layers (5~20m). Aerobes, common anaerobes and Gram-positive bacteria were the dominant microbial groups, and their relative abundance in the shallow layers was almost double that in the deep layers. The relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria and other anaerobic bacteria and environmental stress index (Trans/Cis) were higher in G1 than those in G2. The environmental factors related to dissolved oxygen, such as particle size and depth, were the key factors affecting the composition of microbial community. Owing to the stronger hydrodynamic conditions at G2, the total FAs and the relative dominance of aerobic microorganisms were higher than those at G1. Total nitrogen and N/P were relatively low in deep sediments, where microbial community structure was mainly affected by the carbon and nitrogen source availability, especially the nitrogen content. These findings provide new insights on the effects of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus pollution on microbial community in the deep lake sediments.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5264-5273 [Abstract] ( 228 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 595KB] ( 1187 )
5274 Research on the method and application of large-scale ecological disturbance risk assessment
GAO Ji-xi, CAI Ming-yong, ZHANG Xin-sheng, SHEN Wen-ming, SHI Xue-wei, XIAO Ru-lin
To realize the rapid and effective identification of high risk areas of large-scale ecological disturbance, This research selected 9 indicators from three aspects of "ecological vulnerability (EV)", "accessibility to disturbance (AD)" and "easy-attractiveness of resources (RE)", and constructed the index system and evaluation model of ecological disturbance risk assessment, forming a complete large-scale ecological disturbance assessment technology and method. Using this technology and method, the risk status of the national land space ecological disturbance, the spatial distribution pattern and its causes were evaluated and analyzed, and the 2017~2019 national nature reserves human activity monitoring data and ecological vulnerability result in the National Planning for Major Function Zones were used to analyze the accuracy of the ecological disturbance risk assessment results. The results showed that more than 90% of human activities in nature reserves were concentrated in the medium and high risk areas, The national ecological disturbance risk was mainly intermediate, followed by low and relatively low, and high and relatively high areas were the least. The high and relatively high risk areas were mainly distributed in the west-central and northeast regions such as the Qinling Mountains, Qilian Mountains, Sanjiangyuan, and Inner Mongolia grasslands. The spatial distribution characteristics of ecological disturbance risk had a strong correlation with factors such as the structure and function of the ecosystem, topography, traffic conditions, and resource potential.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5274-5281 [Abstract] ( 227 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 650KB] ( 1045 )
5282 Predicting mangrove forest distribution driven by land uses in Guangdong Province
CHAO Bi-xiao, WANG Yu-yu, YU Wei-wei, MA Zhi-yuan, CHEN Guang-cheng, CHEN Bin, HU Wen-jia
In order to explore the influence of land use option on the potential distribution of mangrove forests, MaxEnt model and Dyna-CLUE model were coupled to establish a quantitative relationship between mangrove distribution and land use, using Guangdong Province, which has the largest mangrove distribution area in China, as a research area. MaxEnt model was used to simulate the theoretical suitable area of mangroves under natural conditions. Dyna-CLUE model was used to predict land use change in 2030 under three scenarios. The simulated land use patterns were used as constrains to estimate future mangrove distribution. The results showed that the potential suitable area for mangrove forest in Guangdong Province was about 34531hm2 in 2020. The potential suitable area of mangroves could reach 47525hm2 under conservation scenario by implementing comprehensive ecological protection and restoration projects. Under the sustainable development scenario, mangrove aera would increase to 38125hm2 through returning part of current aquaculture to wetland. However, the mangrove forest areas would be reduced to 24375hm2 (i.e. a reduction of 58.61%) in 2030under the business-as-usual scenario. The model coupling method developed in this study could effectively predict the potential distribution of mangroves under different coastal land use strategies. The results of the study found that different land use policies would have a significant impact on the future mangrove distribution. The findings provide scientific support for policy makers to protect and restore mangrove forests.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5282-5291 [Abstract] ( 246 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 978KB] ( 1594 )
5292 Effect of inner-pore diameter of bio-carrier on community diversity and stability of microfauna in biofilm
HU Xiao-bing, WANG Zhen-zhen, LIN Rui, SHEN Yi-jun, ZHONG Mei-ying, LI Jing-jing, CHEN Hong-wei, ZHOU Jia-ying
In order to provide the basis for the selection of biological carrier with the best pore size in wastewater treatment production, polyurethane sponges with five kinds of inner-pore diameter (0.6~4.0mm) were used as the biological carriers in this study. The effects of the inner-pore diameter on the species diversity and stability of microfauna were systematically investigated. The results showed that flagellates, sarcodina etc., were the dominant species in the intial and middle periods of reactor operation. Whereas, the swimming and sessile ciliates and rotifers mainly occurred in the later stage. Diversity, stability and other parameters of microfauna in different carrier pore sizes exhibited significantly divergence at three distinct periods. The microfauna in the carrier with small pore size (0.6mm) showed high diversity only during the middle period of reactor operation, while the diversity of microfauna in the carriers of 1.0mm diameter was generally lower. However, the diversity of microfauna in the carriers with larger (3.0mm) and big pore size (4.0mm) fluctuated dramatically during the whole process. The stability of microfauna in the carriers with small (0.6mm) and small-moderate pore size (1.0mm) were superior to the carriers with larger pore in the middle and later periods of reactor operation, but worse in the intial periods of reactor operation. Notably, the stability of big pore bio-carrier (4.0mm)was the most undesirable throughout the reactor process. Compared to other size of bio-carriers, the microfauna community in the bio-carrier with moderate pore (2.0mm) possessed higher species richness and uniformity, resulting in a high and stable diversity (H=2.12, R=1.19, λ=0.16 in the later period). In addition, microfauna community on the moderate-pore bio-carrier emerged the strongest stability (WH=0.13 in later period) with an excellent efficiency of wastewater treatment. In the biofilm system, the stability index WH can be used as the index parameter of CODcr removal efficiency.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5292-5302 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 736KB] ( 905 )
5303 Dissolution and emission patterns and influencing factors of greenhouse gases in Panjiakou Reservoir
YANG Fan-yan, ZHANG Song-lin, WANG Shao-ming, HU Xiao-kang, WANG Hong-wei, TANG Meng-yao, ZHANG Min, ZHONG Ji-cheng
Hydropower reservoirs are important natural source of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, taking Panjiakou Reservoir, a large hydroelectric reservoir with deep water as an example, 33 sampling stations were set up in Panjiakou Reservoir in spring (may) and summer (August) of 2020. Headspace equilibrium gas chromatography and empirical model methods were used to measure the greenhouse gas concentrations in surface water and estimate the diffusive fluxes at the water-air interface, and the main influencing factors of greenhouse gas concentrations and fluxes in Panjiakou Reservoir were also analyzed. The results show that the average fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O at the water-air interface of Panjiakou Reservoir in spring were (1.11±1.60)μmol/(m2·h), (1333.31±546.43) μmol/(m2·h), (76.65±19.54) nmol/(m2·h), respectively. In summer, the average fluxes of CH4, CO2 and N2O at the water- air interface of Panjiakou Reservoir were (0.62±1.13) μmol/(m2·h), (746.08±1152.44)μmol/(m2·h), (141.18±256.02) nmol/(m2·h), respectively. The greenhouse gas emissions of Panjiakou Reservoir showed large spatio-temporal heterogeneity, the greenhouse gas fluxes of the main body were larger than those of the tributaries in spring and summer; the diffusion fluxes of CH4 and CO2 in spring were larger than those in summer, and the diffusion fluxes of N2O in summer are larger than those in spring. The results of statistical analysis shows that methane diffusion fluxes were mainly affected by environmental factors such as conductivity and wind speed, CO2 diffusion fluxes were affected by wind speed, pH and DOC, and N2O diffusion fluxes were mainly affected by NO3--N、NO2--N in water column.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5303-5313 [Abstract] ( 276 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1006KB] ( 1355 )
5314 Research progress on the occurrence and influencing factors of antibiotic resistance genes in aquaculture environment
LI Shi-sheng, GAO Hui, ZHAO Fu-qiang, CHEN Yi-qin, ZHANG Ke-yu, HUANG Jia-jin, NA Guang-shui
It is important to clarify the contamination status of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the aquaculture environment in China. In this paper, the current status of the occurrence of seven major classes of resistance genes in aquaculture environmental water, sediment and aquatic products was counted. The factors influencing their occurrence were further analyzed. The future research on the pollution of ARGs in aquaculture in China was prospected. ARGs in the aquaculture environment are mainly in the form of iDNA. Sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes are considered to be the major ARGs in aquaculture environments due to their high abundance and detection rates, while the abundance and detection rate of quinolones, chloramphenicol, β-lactams, macrolides and aminoglycosides resistance genes are reported to be relatively low. In the process of aquaculture, aquaculture drugs, feed and culture mode are the main factors affecting the occurrence of ARGs in aquaculture environment, but the role of environmental physical and chemical factors in regulating ARGs in aquaculture environment cannot be ignored.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5314-5325 [Abstract] ( 354 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1116KB] ( 5012 )
5326 The responses of morphological variation of Keratella cochlearis to environmental changes
LIU Lu, LIANG Di-wen, YANG Yu-feng, JIN Ding, YE Xiao-tong, WANG Qing
In this study, to measure and analyze the morphometric parameters of K.cochlearis, 14sites were selected in Nan'ao Island, Guangdong Province and Changde city, Hunan Province with different water trophic statuses from mesotrophic to moderate-eutrophic. Samples were collected quarterly from July 2015 to December 2018. The results showed that the water temperature was the most important factor affecting the morphological changes of K.cochlearis and had a significant negative correlation with lorica length, lorica width and spine length (P<0.01). There were significant differences in morphometric parameters of K.cochlearis in different latitudes, with individuals from Changde area being significantly larger than those in Nan'ao (P<0.05). There were also significant seasonal changes in the morphology of K.cochlearis, and the morphological parameters of this species showed different pattern between summer-autumn and winter-spring. The length of the posterior spines of K.cochlearis decreased with the increased of nutrient loading (F=159.4, P<0.01), and the ratio of the length of the posterior spines to the total length of rotifer decreased under eutrophic condition (F=167.5, P<0.01). The results showed that the spine length of K.cochlearis can be used as a biological monitoring index of water quality, and provided an important reference for the study of global warming.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5326-5333 [Abstract] ( 264 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 676KB] ( 1569 )
5334 Source of 239+240Pu in the environment of Northwest China and its causes
HUANG Ya-nan, WU Meng-meng, XIAO Zhi
This study was taken 239+240Pu as an example, the five major trends of environmental investigation after the global atmospheric nuclear weapon tests were summarized. Meanwhile, the 239+240Pu activities, 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios and 239+240Pu inventories in the environment of Northwest China were comprehensively analyzed.The results showed that 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in soils from Xinjiang, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia and Shaanxi were mainly derived from global fallout. Although the former Soviet Union Semipalatinsk nuclear tests, China Lop Nor nuclear tests and Qinghai Atomic City nuclear testing activities may produce the relatively low 240Pu/239Pu atom ratio, the area of influence was limited.This study not only found the significant change of 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios in soils, but also found it in lake sediments.Two vertical distribution patterns of catastrophes and gradients on 240Pu/239Pu atom ratios were found in lake sediment cores in Northwest China. In addition, the location of239+240Pu activity in some sediment core could not indicated the 1963peak age of global fallout.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5334-5344 [Abstract] ( 279 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 961KB] ( 8533 )
5345 Effects of rice straw fermentation liquid on the biochemical parameters of Microcystis aeruginosa
ZHANG Ting-ting, HU Chun-xia, CHEN Bo
The enzymatic characteristics, antioxidant capacity, microcystins and polysaccharide contents of Microcystis aeruginosa were investigated under the stress of rice straw (rice tillering branch) fermentation liquid, so as to provide a further theoretical basis for using rice straw to inhibit algae. The results showed that the esterase activity of M. aeruginosa under the stress of rice tiller branch fermentation liquid significantly reduced, which characterizes the level of algal cell metabolism. On the 5th day, 99.9% of the M. aeruginosa intracellular esterase activity was inhibited in the highest concentration group (0.65% V/V), the SOD and GSH-Px activities of the cells were only 11.03% and 8.47% of the control group in the same period. The MDA content was significantly positively correlated with the concentration of the fermentation liquid and the action time, pearson analysis showed that the r values were greater than 0.9 for all concentration groups, while the p values were less than 0.01, indicating that the rice tiller fermentation liquid can significantly reduce the antioxidant level of M. aeruginosa; but the high-concentration rice tiller fermentation liquid did not cause the increase of MCs, and even significantly reduce the content of MCs and polysaccharides, compared with the control group, P<0.01. Therefore, the fermentation liquid of rice tillering branches can affect the metabolic process of M.aeruginosa, and reduce the ability of the cells to resist oxidation and environmental stress, thereby it can achieve the purpose of effectively inhibiting M.aeruginosa
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5345-5352 [Abstract] ( 342 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 501KB] ( 688 )
5353 Multimedia dynamic model for headspace passive dosing system
MO Jun-chao, YAO Hong-wei, WU Xiao-huai, GUO Dan-dan, ZHAO Fang-zhou, SHU Yao-gao
A dynamic model for headspace passive dosing system (HPDS) on hydrophobic liquid substances was constructed using multimedia modeling method. Taking the lemna growth inhibition testing system and the fish embryo toxicity testing system as examples, the concentration changes of three hydrophobic liquid substances n-nonane, decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) with different properties in the HPDS were obtained. The model was verified by the measured concentrations. The results revealed that after 24h equilibrium of n-nonane and D5 in two systems, the aqueous concentrations reached more than 80% of the concentrations at complete equilibrium. However, considering the long equilibrium time of DEHP, HPDS was not applicable for performing tests because of the extremely low volatility of DEHP. The deviations between the measured concentrations and the results predicted by the model were small. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the diameter of the container in the testing system parameters had a great impact on the aqueous concentration of test substance. Therefore, it is feasible to adjust the diameter of the container for shortening equilibrium time, or increasing the aqueous concentrations of the chemicals after the equilibrium. The model established in this paper can be used to determine whether the equilibrium time of the testing system, the aqueous concentrations of the test substance and the added volume of the test substance can meet the testing requirements. In addition, the parameters of the testing system can be optimized through sensitivity analysis, thereby enhancing the testing efficiency and quality. The above results are expected to strengthen the theoretical basis for the application of HPDS.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5353-5360 [Abstract] ( 172 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 411KB] ( 868 )
Environmental Microbiology
5361 Analysis on yeast diversity and the influencing factors during summertime in Nam Co Lake
WANG Yan-hong, HAO Zhao, GUO Xiao-fang, De-ji
Yeasts were isolated by membrane filtration flat culture from Nam Co Lake. Identifications of the yeasts were based on sequence analysis of the ITS region, combined with traditional classification method. Moreover, bioinformatical and statistical methods were used to determine the correlationships between diversity of culturable yeast and environmental factors. The result showed that a total of 1067 yeast isolates were identified, belonging to 27 genera and 45 species, and including two previously undescribed taxa. Among them, Vishniacozyma victoriae and Naganishia adeliensis were the dominated species. Furthermore, NMDS analysis showed that the β diversity of the culturable yeast communities in different sites of Nam Co Lake was significantly different. Statistical analysis indicated that the richness of culturable yeast were negatively correlated to lake pH, electric conductivity (EC), and total dissolved salt (TDS). Meanwhile, the richness was positively correlated to total nitrogen (TN) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N). Additionally, the number of yeast species, Shannon-Wiener index, and Simpson index were negatively correlated to total phosphorus (TP). Interestingly, pH played a crucial role in the formation of yest community structures in Nam Co Lake. As a whole, the yeast community in Nam Co Lake showed high species richness, and the community structures differed in different sites, influenced by a variety of environmental factors.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5361-5371 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1874KB] ( 1894 )
5372 Isolation and identification of an algicidal bacteria strain of EA-1and algicidal characteristics on Microcystis aeruginosa
LU Lu, MA Jin-ling, NIU Xiao-jun, ZHANG Dong-qing, ZHENG Xiao-xian, LIN Zhang
An algicidal bacterium EA-1was isolated from Liuhua Lake in Guangzhou. The 16S rDNA analysis showed that the strain EA-1belongs to the genus Enterobacter sp. The algicidal efficiency and mechanism of Enterobacter sp. EA-1on Microcystis aeruginosa was studied. The logarithmic phase EA-1exhibited the best algicidal effect. A 10% inoculation of EA-1could achieve a complete lysis against Microcystis aeruginosa within 3days with the initial Chl-a content of 1.43mg/L. An inhibition rate of 84.1%±1.3% (t=6d) was attained when the initial Chl-a content reached 2.39mg/L. EA-1lysed algae by secreting extracellular algicidal substances. The physiological and biochemical responses indicated that algae suffered serious lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activities increased dramatically first and decreased subsequently under the oxidative stress of EA-1sterile filtrate. Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy (EEM) analysis showed that the algae lysates were humic acid-like, fulvic acid-like and protein-like substances. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the surface of algae cells appeared wrinkled, invaded and atrophied. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the destruction process of algae was as followed:first, the colloidal layer was separated from the cell wall, the photosynthetic lamellae became loose and irregular, the contents were partially degraded. Subsequently, the photosynthetic lamellae were completely destroyed, the DNA nuclear material and nutrient particles such as polyphosphate were degraded, the internal structure of algae cells was completely destroyed and the algae cells died.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5372-5381 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1968KB] ( 1472 )
5382 Green manuring increased crop yields and the stability of bacterial community
HAN Mei, LIU Rui, LI Zheng-peng, YAN Qing-biao, SUN Xiao-feng
In order to provide theoretical support for the effects of reducedfertilizer in hairy vetch-wheat/oilseed rape rotation system on crop production and soil fertility in Qinghai Plateau. a location field experiment about hairy vetch-wheat/oilseed rape rotation established in 2011 was used in this study. The experiment including eight treatments, e.g., only green manure (GF0), green manure and 60% of chemical fertilizer (GF60), green manure and 70% of chemical fertilizer (GF70), green manure and 80% of chemical fertilizer (GF80), green manure and 90% of chemical fertilizer (GF90), green manure and 100% of chemical fertilizer (GF100), only 100% of chemical fertilizer (F100), and the no-fertilizer control (F0). The wheat and oilseed rape yields, soil properties and microbial community structures were measured. Results showed that the green manure-wheat/oilseed rape rotation system could reduce about 30% chemical fertilizer without reduction of wheat and oilseed rape yields, when compared with F100. Green manure combined with reduced chemical fertilizer improved soil fertility, especially increasingthe contents of soil organic C and total N by 1.34%~7.46% and 2.16%~7.48%, respectively.Green manure combined with reduced chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil microbial, and the most abundant phyla were Acidobacteria and Proteobacteria. The results of co-occurrence networks showed that green manuring increased the percentages of negative correlations andmodularity of the networks, indicating that application of hairy vetch as green manure increased the stability and anti-jamming capability of the bacterial communities. The network roles suggested that utilization of green manure increased the keystones in the bacterial community. It was concluded that the microbial diversity and abundance were affected by the cropping system and fertilization amounts. The utilization of green manure can reduce 30% of chemical fertilizer without reduction of wheat and oilseed rape yields. The reduced fertilizer amount could be a reference to the local fertilizer management practices and will give a theoretical support for this agricultural system.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5382-5390 [Abstract] ( 214 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1663KB] ( 1201 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
5391 Spatial-temporal pattern of population exposure risk to PM2.5 in Global
ZHANG Liang-lin, PAN Jing-hu
Based on PM2.5 remote sensing data and population grid data, the spatial-temporal distribution characteristics of global population exposure risk to PM2.5 from 2000 to 2016 were analyzed by using exposure risk model. Theil-Sen Median, Mann-Kendall, and the high-risk areas were accurately identified. The results show that PM2.5 remote sensing data and population grid data had good accuracy. China, European Union and Canada were selected to verify the PM2.5 mass concentrations and population grid data with good accuracy. The global average PM2.5 mass concentrations varies significantly among different continents, and the high-value PM2.5 pollution regions are mainly distributed in East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. The annual mean PM2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 14.7μg/m3 in Asia, 8.1μg/m3 in Africa, 8.03μg/m3 in Europe, 5.69μg/m3 in South America, 4.41μg/m3 in North America and 1.27μg/m3 in Oceania, respectively. The population exposure risk to PM2.5 in the world showed a gradually decreasing trend in the macro scale, while it showed a different trend in the region. In terms of spatial scale, the population exposure risks to PM2.5 in all continents rank from high to low in Asia, 0.62 in Africa, 0.45 in Europe, 0.32 in South America, 0.27 in North America and 0.01 in Oceania. Time series, global population exposure risk to PM2.5 is significantly different from 2000 to 2016 years. Asia and Africa showed an increasing trend, Europe and North America showed a decreasing trend, Oceania and South America showed a small range of change.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5391-5404 [Abstract] ( 219 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 6365KB] ( 1287 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
5405 Application of life cycle assessment in maize planting and deep processing products
DING Jia-ying, DONG Li-ming, LIU Yan-feng, SUN Dong-xia
This paper focused on the research of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) in the environmental impact of maize planting, including the definition of goal and scope, inventory analysis, environmental impact indicators and calculation methods, results interpretation and so on. Carbon footprint was calculated in most literatures. CML(Institute of Environmental Sciences of the University of Leiden), ReCiPe (developed by many LCA researchers) and IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) are the three most widely used methods. Through analysis and calculation, the average carbon footprint per unit yield of corn planting in foreign countries is 1.78kg CO2-eq/kg, while that in China is 1.31kg CO2-eq/kg. Meanwhile, this research also reviewed the research of LCA in deep processing products from maize, and prospects the development direction of LCA in maize planting and deep processing products in the future.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5405-5415 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 475KB] ( 2272 )
5416 Influence of government economic competition on green high-quality development under dual environmental regulations
GUAN Jun, SU Lei
Taking the panel data of 277 cities that are prefecture-level and above in China from 2008 to 2018 as examples, this article measured and analyzed the green total factor productivity (GTFP) based on the EBM model and the GML index. On this basis, this research systematically analyzed the nonlinear relation of dual environmental regulations in the relationship between government economic competition and GTFP. The results indicated that green technological progress was the main engine driving China's GTFP growth, but the driving forces of each region were different. Furthermore, government economic competition showed a significant inhibitory effect on GTFP, and there existed a single threshold effect of implicit regulation among them. On the other hand, there were variations in different regions. Specifically, it showed that there was an implicit regulatory single threshold in both the western and northeastern regions, while the eastern region did not demonstrate a significant threshold effect. Furthermore, foreign direct investment and technology input expenditure caused GTFP losses in the jurisdiction. At the same time, industrial structure effectively alleviated environmental problems to a certain extent, but with regional heterogeneity.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5416-5426 [Abstract] ( 252 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 1372 )
5427 The impact of carbon trading policy on industrial carbon productivity and its transmission mechanism
REN Xiao-song, MA Qian, LIU Yu-jia, ZHAO Guo-hao
Based on panel data of 30 provinces from 2005 to 2017, this paper evaluated the heterogeneous impacts of carbon trading policies on industrial carbon productivity using the methods of differences-in-differences, dynamic effect analysis, and triple difference. Meanwhile, this paper adopted the multiple mediating effect model to explore the impact mechanism of carbon trading polices on industrial carbon productivity. The results show that impacted by the carbon trading policies, the carbon productivity increased by 29.2% in pilot regions when compared with non-pilot regions. The heterogeneity test shows the carbon trading polices had significant impacts on the carbon productivity in Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, and Hubei, while they had small impact on the carbon productivity in Guangdong and Chongqing. The mechanism analysis shows that carbon trading policies can effectively improve carbon productivity by exerting the mediating effects of environmental governance, structural optimization and technological innovation, and the mediating effect of structural optimization effect is the largest. These findings will provide policy implications for the development of China's carbon market in the future.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5427-5437 [Abstract] ( 280 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 585KB] ( 2136 )
5438 Material metabolism analysis and environmental impact assessment of wet wipes in China
ZHANG Yu-ting, HU Yu-peng, VORADA KOSAJAN, WEN Zong-guo
In order to evaluate the current status of plastic consumption and pollution of wet wipes and compare the environmental impact performance of wet wipes of different materials, this study carried out the material flow analysis of China's wet wipes from production to final disposal. The primary data of materials of wet wipes was gained through field research and the flow direction of waste wet wipes was found out by conducting a national consumer questionnaire. The study evaluated and compared the life cycle environmental impacts of different types of wet wipes. The results showed that "70% polyester fiber + 30% viscose fiber" mixed wet wipe is the most common type of wet wipe in China. In 2019, the amount of plastic used in wet wipes in China reached 0.41million tons, and about 18.9% of them leaked directly into the natural environment after being discarded by consumers. In the incineration and landfill scenario, the comprehensive environmental impacts of "100% viscose fiber" wet wipes throughout the life cycle were 38% lower than "100% polyester fiber" wet wipes. The former had prominent water pollution while had obvious advantages of resource consumption and toxicity risk. In the direct leakage scenario, "100% viscose fiber" wet wipes can avoid various risks caused by polyester fibers disintegrating into microplastic fibers.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5438-5445 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1017KB] ( 2017 )
5446 Policy strategy of transboundary water pollution control in boundary rivers based on the evolutionary game
YANG Zhi, NIU Gui-min, LAN Zi-rui
The contradictions between upstream and downstream have been primarily focused on things other than the "tragedy of the commons" on the left and right banks when referring to the problem of transboundary water pollution in river basins. The tripartite evolutionary game model between the left bank, the right bank, and the government of the river basin was constructed to analyze the strategic choices of all parties and the difference of the evolution pattern under the reward and punishment mechanism, the compensation mechanism and the combined mechanism. Coupled with the simulation experiment, the policy strategy to promote collaborative governance of the left and right banks is presented. It was the key to achieve the standardized discharge on the left and right banks through the explicit gains of the standard discharge and the unequivocal loss of excessive discharge. The government of the river basin favored a single mechanism regarding the reward and punishment mechanism or the compensation mechanism other than the combined mechanism. The reward and punishment mechanism displayed its necessity in different policy combinations. The compensation mechanism was a positive step in catalyzing the convergence rate of standard discharge decisions and reducing the convergence rate of excessive discharge decisions. Firstly, the policy strategy referred to the "stepped penalty policy" that should be implemented, including increasing the fines for severe violations. The rewards and penalties should be subsequently increased in turn to enhance the reward and punishment mechanism, or the reward and the compensation between left and right banks should be increased in turn to promote the compensation mechanism. The quantitative expression of the above quota was concluded as well.
2021 Vol. 41 (11): 5446-5456 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 0KB] [ PDF 1691KB] ( 1182 )
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