Characteristics and sources of ozone and its precursors aroundthe Wuhan Military Games
MA Jing1, YAN Ying-ying1, KONG Shao-fei1,2, SONG Ai-li1, CHEN Nan2,3, ZHU Bo2,3, QUAN Ji-hong2,3, QI Shi-hua1,2
1. School of Environmental Studies, China University ofGeosciences, Wuhan 430074, China; 2. Atmospheric Combined Pollution Research Center of Hubei, Wuhan 430074, China; 3. Environmental Monitoring Central Station in Hubei Province, Wuhan 430072, China
Abstract:The hourly data of ozone, NOx (= NO + NO2) and VOCs (102species) during October~November 2019 provided by Hubei Superstationwere used to analyze the variation characteristics of ozone pollutionduring the Wuhan Military Games (WMG). The photochemical regime of ozone was simulated based on DSMACC box model. The source apportionment of VOCs was conducted by PMF model, and the ozone formation potential of different VOCs sourcewas estimated. The results showed that the maximum daily 8-hour average ozone concentration (maximum MDA8:219.51μg/m3) exceeded the national level II standard before the military games. The MDA8 values (135.11μg/m3 on average) decreased significantly during the military games, and the concentrations (140.98μg/m3) rise after the WMG. The difference of ozone before and during the military games was mainly affected by meteorological conditions, and the increase of ozone after the WMG was mainly due to the significant increase of precursor emissions. The EKMA curve indicates that the photochemical formation of ozone was controlled by a VOC-limited regime during the study period. The VOCssources that contribute greatly to ozone formation before the military games were combustion, petrochemical industry and motor vehicles, accounting for 23.0%, 22.8% and 22.5%, respectively. The main sources of VOCs during the military games were motor vehicles (38.4%) and combustion (25.5%). While petrochemical industry (32.6%) and fuel volatilization (25.7%)were the main sources after the WMG. The results showed that the prevention strategies of the military games had a significant effect on the emission reduction of petrochemical industry, but the emission mitigation of motor vehicles and combustion was not significant. Wuhan should pay more attention to the control of combustion, fuel volatilization and motor vehicle emissions.
马静, 燕莹莹, 孔少飞, 宋蔼莉, 陈楠, 祝波, 全继宏, 祁士华. 武汉军运会前后臭氧及其前体物的特征和来源[J]. 中国环境科学, 2022, 42(7): 3023-3032.
MA Jing, YAN Ying-ying, KONG Shao-fei, SONG Ai-li, CHEN Nan, ZHU Bo, QUAN Ji-hong, QI Shi-hua. Characteristics and sources of ozone and its precursors aroundthe Wuhan Military Games. CHINA ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCECE, 2022, 42(7): 3023-3032.
Kan H, Chen R, Tong S. Ambient air pollution, climate change, and population health in China[J]. Environment International, 2012,42:10-19.
[2]
Cheng L, Wang S, Gong Z, et al. Regionalization based on spatial and seasonal variation in ground-level ozone concentrations across China[J]. Journal of environmental sciences (China), 2018,67(5):179-190.
[3]
Liu H, Liu J, Liu Y, et al. Spatiotemporal variability and driving factors of ground-level summertime ozone pollution over eastern China[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,265:118686.
[4]
杨喆,赵锦慧,刘玉青,等.武汉市臭氧时空分布及环境变量影响分析[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版), 2021,43(5):522-528. Yang Z, Zhao J, Liu Y, et al. Analysis of the temporal and spatial distribution of ozone and the influence of environmental variables in Wuhan[J]. Journal of Hubei University (Natural Science), 2021,43(5):522-528.
[5]
Li K, Jacob D J, Liao H, et al. Anthropogenic drivers of 2013~2017 trends in summer surface ozone in China[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2019,116(2):422-427.
[6]
Wang Y, Gao W, Wang S, et al. Contrasting trends of PM2.5 and surface-ozone concentrations in China from 2013 to 2017[J]. National Science Review, 2020,7(8):1331-1339.
[7]
Chen S, Wang H, Lu K, et al. The trend of surface ozone in Beijing from 2013 to 2019:Indications of the persisting strong atmospheric oxidation capacity[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2020,242:117801.
[8]
严刚,薛文博,雷宇,等.我国臭氧污染形势分析及防控对策建议[J].环境保护, 2020,48(15):15-19. Yan G, Xue W, Lei Y, et al. Situation and control measures of ozone pollution in China[J]. Environmental Protection, 2020,48(15):15-19.
[9]
Anon. Cleaner air for China[J]. Nature Geoscience, 2019,12(7),doi:10. 1038/s41561-019-0406-7.
[10]
Tian H, Ren W, Tao B, et al. Climate extremes and ozone pollution:a growing threat to China's food security[J]. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 2016,2(1),e01203.
[11]
Tai A P K, Matin V M, Heald L C. Threat to future global food security from climate change and ozone air pollution[J]. Nature Climate Change, 2014,4(9):817-821.
[12]
Emberson L. Effects of ozone on agriculture, forests and grasslands[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 2020,378(2183):20190327.
[13]
Monks P S, Archibald A T, Colette A, et al. Tropospheric ozone and its precursors from the urban to the global scale from air quality to short-lived climate forcer[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2015,15(15):8889-8973.
[14]
Anenberg S C, Schwartz J, Shindell D, et al. Global Air Quality and Health Co-benefits of Mitigating Near-Term Climate Change through Methane and Black Carbon Emission Controls[J]. Environmental Health Perspectives, 2012,120(6):831-839.
[15]
Lu X, Hong J, Zhang L, et al. Severe surface ozone pollution in China:a global perspective[J]. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett., 2018,5(8):487-494.
[16]
Shen L, Jacob D J, Liu X, et al. An evaluation of the ability of the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) to observe boundary layer ozone pollution across China:application to 2005~2017 ozone trends[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2019,19(9):6551-6560.
[17]
Shao M, Lu S, Liu Y, et al. Volatile organic compounds measured in summer in Beijing and their role in ground-level ozone formation[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009,114(7),D00G06.
[18]
Lu K, Zhang Y, Su H, et al. Oxidant (O3+NO2) production processes and formation regimes in Beijing[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 2010,115:1-18.
[19]
Ran L, Zhao C, Xu W, et al. VOC reactivity and its effect on ozone production during the HaChi summer campaign[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2011,11(10):4657-4667.
[20]
Li L, Chen C, Huang C, et al. Process analysis of regional ozone formation over the Yangtze River Delta, China using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality modeling system[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(22):10971-10987.
[21]
Liu Z, Wang Y, Gu D, et al. Summertime photochemistry during CAREBeijing-2007:ROx budgets and O3 formation[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(16):7737-7752.
[22]
Ma J, Xu X, Zhao C, et al. A review of atmospheric chemistry research in China:Photochemical smog, haze pollution, and gas-aerosol interactions[J]. Advances in atmospheric sciences, 2012,29(5):1006-1026.
[23]
Xue L, Wang T, Gao J, et al. Ground-level ozone in four Chinese cities:Precursors, regional transport and heterogeneous processes[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2014,14(23):13175-13188.
[24]
Wang T, Xue L, Brimblecombe P, et al. Ozone pollution in China:A review of concentrations, meteorological influences, chemical precursors, and effects[J]. Sci Total Environ, 2017,575:1582-1596.
[25]
Tang G, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Spatial-temporal variations in surface ozone in Northern China as observed during 2009~2010 and possible implications for future air quality control strategies[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012,12(5):2757-2776.
[26]
Ding A, Fu C, Yang X, Sun, et al. Ozone and fine particle in the western Yangtze River Delta:an overview of 1yr data at the SORPES station[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(11):5813-5830.
[27]
Wang X, Zhang Y, Hu Y, et al. Process analysis and sensitivity study of regional ozone formation over the Pearl River Delta, China, during the PRIDE-PRD2004 campaign using the Community Multiscale Air Quality modeling system[J].Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2010,10(9):4423-4437.
[28]
Guo H, Wanga T, Simpsonb I, et al. Source contributions to ambient VOCs and CO at a rural site in eastern China, Atmospheric Environ, 2004,38(27):4551-4560.
[29]
蔡长杰,耿福海,俞琼,等.上海中心城区夏季挥发性有机物(VOCs)的源解析[J].环境科学学报, 2010,30(5):926-934. Cai C, Geng F, Yu Q, et al. Source apportionment of VOCs at city centre of Shanghai in summer[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2010,30(5):926-934.
[30]
Zhang L, Li H, Wu Z, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing:Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,95:190-200.
[31]
Qin Y, Li J, Gong K, et al. Double high pollution events in the Yangtze River Delta from 2015 to 2019:Characteristics, trends, and meteorological situations[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,792(12):148349.
[32]
洪莹莹,翁佳烽,谭浩波,等.珠江三角洲秋季典型O3污染的气象条件及贡献量化[J].中国环境科学, 2021,41(1):1-10. Hong Y, Weng J, Tan H, et al. Meteorological conditions and contribution quantification of typical ozone pollutionduring autumnin Pearl River Delta[J] China Environmental Science, 2021,41(1):1-10.
[33]
宋梦迪,冯淼,李歆,等.成都市臭氧重污染成因与来源解析[J/OL].中国环境科学:1-11[2021-10-26].https://doi.org/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20210923.004. Song M, Feng M, Li X, et al. Causes and sources of heavy ozone pollution in Chengdu[J/OL]. China Environmental Science:-11[2021-10-261] ttps://oiorg/10.19674/j.cnki.issn1000-6923.20210923.004.
[34]
Liang B, Yu X, Mi H, et al. Health risk assessment and source apportionment of VOCs inside new vehicle cabins:A case study from Chongqing, China[J]. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 2019,10(5):1677-1684.
[35]
白永清,祁海霞,刘琳,等.武汉大气能见度与PM2.5浓度及相对湿度关系的非线性分析及能见度预报[J].气象学报, 2016,74(2):189-199. Bai Y, Qi H, Liu L, et al. Study on the nonlinear relationship among the visibility, PM2.5concentration and relative humidity in Wuhan and the visibility prediction[J]. Acta Meteorologica Sinica, 2016,74(2):189-199.
[36]
谭成好,赵天良,崔春光,等.近50年华中地区霾污染的特征[J].中国环境科学, 2015,35(8):2272-2280. Tan C, Zhao T, Cui C, et al. Characteristics of haze pollution over Central China duringthe past 50years[J]. China Environmental Science, 2015,35(8):2272-2280.
[37]
马德栗,李兰,鞠英芹.湖北省霾日数气候特征及夏季典型霾过程气象因子分析[J].环境科学与技术, 2015,v.38(11):148-153. Ma D, Li L, Ju Y, et al. Climatic characteristics of haze days and analysis of summer haze weather event in Hubei province[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2015,v.38(1):148-153.
[38]
Yang Y, Liu X, Zheng J, et al. Characteristics of one-year observation of VOCs, NOx, and O3 at an urban site in Wuhan, China[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2019,79(5):297-310.
[39]
孙天乐,何凌燕,曾立武,等.2008北京残奥会期间大气黑碳气溶胶污染特征[J].中国环境科学, 2012,32(12):2123-2127. Sun T, He L, Zeng L, et al. Black carbon measurement during Beijing Paralympic Game[J]. China Environmental Science, 2012,32(12):2123-2127.
[40]
王羽琴,张元勋,张阳,等.深圳大运会前后大气含碳气溶胶污染特征[J].中国环境科学, 2014,34(8):1972-1978. Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, et al. Characterzation of carbonaceous aerosols during and post-Shenzhen UNIVERSIADE period[J]. China Environmental Science, 2014,34(8):1972-1978.
[41]
周国治,宋冰冰,罗岳平,等.2016年长沙市环境空气质量的"周末效应"及"假日效应"[J].中国环境监测, 2018,34(4):68-76. Zhou G, Song B, Luo Y, et al. Holiday effects on ambient air quality in Changsha during 2016[J]. Environmental Monitoring of China, 2018, 34(4):68-76.
[42]
Yan Y, Zheng H, Kong S, et al.On the local anthropogenic source diversities and transboundary transport for urban agglomeration ozone mitigation[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2021,245(6):118005.
[43]
Zheng H, Kong S, Chen N, et al. Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds:Implications to reactivity, ozone formation, and secondary organic aerosol potential[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2021, 249:105344.
[44]
Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, et al. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2020,257:113599.
[45]
郑玫,张延君,闫才青,等.中国PM2.5来源解析方法综述[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版), 2014,50(6):1141-1154. Zheng M, Zhang Y, Yan C, et al. Review of PM2.5 source apportionment methods in China[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2014,50(6):1141-1154.
[46]
张延君,郑玫,蔡靖,等.PM2.5源解析方法的比较与评述[J].科学通报, 2015,60(2):109-121,1-2. Zhang Y, Zheng M, Cai J, et al. Comparison and overview of PM2.5 source apportionment methods[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2015,60(2):109-121,1-2.
[47]
Brown S G, Frankel A, Hafner H R.Source apportionment of VOCs in the Los Angeles area using positive matrix factorization[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2007,41(2):227-237.
[48]
Shao P, An J, Xin J, et al. Source apportionment of VOCs and the contribution to photochemical ozone formation during summer in the typical industrial area in the Yangtze River Delta, China[J]. Atmospheric Research, 2016,176:64-74.
[49]
牛真真,孔少飞,严沁,等.薪柴和经济作物秸秆燃烧VOCs排放特征[J].环境科学, 2020,41(3):1107-1115. Niu Z, Kong S, Yan Q, et al. Profile characteristics of VOCs from wood and economic crop burning[J]. Environmental Science, 2020, 41(3):1107-1115.
[50]
Zhang L, Li H, Wu Z, et al. Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing:Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment[J]. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2020,95(9):190-200.
[51]
McCarthy M C, Aklilu Y, Brown S G, et al. Source apportionment of volatile organic compounds measured in Edmonton, Alberta[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2013,81:504-516.
[52]
齐一谨,史来文,陈绍鹏,等.郑州市金水区夏季VOCs污染特征、来源及风险评估[J].河南科学, 2021,39(9):1504-1512. Qi Y, Shi L, Chen S, et al. Pollution characteristic, source apportionment and risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from Jinshui district of Zhengzhou city in summer[J]. Henan Science, 2021,39(9):1504-1512.
[53]
王成辉,陈军辉,韩丽,等.成都市城区大气VOCs季节污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学, 2020,41(9):3951-3960. Wang C, Chen J, Han L, et al. Seasonal pollution characteristics and analysis of the sources of atmospheric VOCs in Chengdu urban area[J]. Environmental Science, 2020,41(9):3951-3960.
[54]
Ou J, Guo H, Zheng J, et al. Concentrations and sources of nonmethane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) from 2005 to 2013 in Hongkong:A multi-year real-time data analysis[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2015,103:196-206.
[55]
Shen L, Xiang P, Liang S, et al. Sources profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in a typical industrial process in Wuhan, Central China[J]. Atmosphere, 2018,9(8):297.
[56]
Liu Y, Shao M, Fu L, et al. Source profiles of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) measured in China:Part I[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2008,42(25):6247-6260.
[57]
Sun J, Wu F, Hu B, et al. VOC characteristics, emissions and contributions to SOA formation during hazy episodes[J]. Atmospheric Environment, 2016,141:560-570.
[58]
Liu C, Ma Z, Mu Y, et al. The levels, variation characteristics, and sources of atmospheric non-methane hydrocarbon compounds during wintertime in Beijing, China[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2017,17(17):10633-10649.
[59]
黄嫣旻,魏海萍,段玉森,等.上海世博会环境空气质量状况和原因分析[J].中国环境监测, 2013,29(5):58-63. Huang Y, Wei H, Duan Y, et al. Ambient air quality status and reason analysis of Shanghai World Expo[J] Environmental Monitoring of China, 2013,29(5):58-63.
[60]
Huang K, Zhuang G, Lin Y, et al. How to improve the air quality over megacities in China:pollution characterization and source analysis in Shanghai before, during, and after the 2010 World Expo[J]. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2013,13(12):5927-5942.
[61]
Li Y, Xu H. Assessment of reductions in emission-driven air pollution during the Beijing Olympic Games, Shanghai World Expo, Guangzhou Asian Games and Wuhan COVID-19 Lockdown[J]. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2021,21(9),https://doi.org/10.4209/aaqr.200644.