Abstract:Paphiopedilumarmeniacum, Paphiopedilumwenshanense and Paphiopedilum concolor as the research object, research habitat information, uncover the structural characteristics of soil fungal compositions and the associated environmental factors would provide the basis for efficient protection and cultivation. In this study, we investigated the habitat parameters and soil fungal community using samples collected from the natural habitats of the three species. The structural characteristics, diversity of fungal communities, fungal functional groups and the associated environmental factors were preliminarily analyzed by ITS high-throughput sequencing. A total of 1105 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained from 27 samples, 322 fungi were identified, belonging to 10 phyla, 29 classes, 70 orders, 151 families, 256 genera, respectively. There were 48 common OTUs in the habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species, 489 unique OTUs in P. concolor, 221 in P. wenshanense and 202 in P. armeniacum. There were different dominant groups at the taxonomic level of phylum, class, family and genus in the habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species. The fungal functional groups annotation found that the soil fungal functional groups in the habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species were dominated by saprophytic fungi and exogenous mycorrhizal fungi. The functional groups of habitats of P. concolor are more complex than other two species; Alpha diversity analysis results showed the congruence in the ACE index and Chao1index. The Simpson index and Shannon index of P. concolor were significantly higher than those of P. armeniacum, and were extremely significantly higher than those of P. wenshanense. Beta diversity analysis showed that there were significant differences in soil fungal community composition and structure among the habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species (P = 0.001), and the higher the classification level. Redundancy analysis found that latitude and longitude and vegetation types were the most important factors affecting the changes of soil communities of habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species, and all environmental factors accounted for 44.08% of the changes in fungal communities. Mantel test found the alpha diversity of soil fungi of habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species was significantly controlled by soil pH. Spearman correlation analysis confirmed that a variety of fungal dominant groups were significantly correlated with soil physical and chemical factors. Taken together, all these data suggest different composition of soil fungal communities, fungal functional groups and fungal diversity in the habitat of three Subgen Brachypetalum species. The composition and structure of soil fungal communities are mainly resulted from differences in environmental factors, and the distribution of dominant fungal communities are associated with changes in the soil physical and chemical properties.
罗毅波,贾建生,王春玲.初论中国兜兰属植物的保护策略及其潜在资源优势[J]. 生物多样性, 2003,(6):491-498. Luo L B, Jia J S, Wang C L. Conservation strategy and potential advantages of the Chinese Paphiopedilum [J]. Biodiversity Science, 2003,(6):491-498.
[2]
曾宋君,夏念和,陈之林,等.国产兜兰属植物观赏价值评价及其在华南地区的应用前景分析[J]. 中国野生植物资源, 2011,30(2):9-13. Zeng S J, Xia N H, Chen Z L, et al. Evaluation of ornamental value of Paphiopedilum distributed in China and analysis of utilization prospect in South-China[J]. Chinese Wild Plant Resources, 2011,30 (2):9-13.
[3]
Tan J, Wang H L, Ye K W. Analysis of organ-specific, expressed genes in Oncidium orchid by subtractive expressed sequence tags library[J]. Biotechnol Letters, 2005,27(19):1517-1528.
[4]
甘春雁,韦妙琴,沈丽娟,等.浅析我国兜兰属植物的研究现状[J]. 安徽农学通报, 2019,25(11):52-53. Gan C Y, Wei M J, Shen L J, et al. A Brief Discussion on the Research Status of the Genus Paphiopedilum in China[J]. Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin, 2019,25(11):52-53.
[5]
张 央,安明态,武建勇,等.中国兜兰属宽瓣亚属植物地理分布格局及其主导气候因子[J]. 植物生态学报, 2022,46(1):40-50. Zhang Y, An M T, Wu J Y, et al. Geographical distribution pattern and dominant climatic factors of the Paphiopedilum Subgen. Brachypetalum in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2022, 46(1):40-50.
[6]
查应琴,关 萍,陈 业,等.中国兜兰属23种植物叶表皮微形态特征初步研究[J]. 植物科学学报, 2019,37(6):709-718. Cha Y Q, Guan P, Chen Y, et al. Preliminary study on leaf epidermal micromorphological characteristics of 23 Chinese Paphiopedilum Pfitz. species[J]. Plant Science Journal, 2019,37(6):709-718.
[7]
Tian F, Liao X F, Wang L H, et al. Isolation and identification of beneficial orchid mycorrhizal fungi in Paphiopedilum barbigerum (Orchidaceae)[J]. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 2022,17(1):2005882.
[8]
Cao X, Wang X, Wang T, et al. Dynamic shifts in the root microbiota of cultivated paphiopedilum armeniacum during different stages of growth[J]. Diversity, 2022,14(5):321.
[9]
Feng J Q, Huang W, Wang J H, et al. Different strategies for photosynthetic regulation under fluctuating light in two sympatric Paphiopedilum species[J]. Cells, 2021,10(6):1451.
[10]
Kazutomo Y, Alison S J, Lawrence W Z, et al. Fungal diversity of selected habitat specific cynorkis species (Orchidaceae) in the central highlands of madagascar[J]. Microorganisms, 2021,9(4):792.
[11]
何跃军,钟章成,刘济明,等.石灰岩退化生态系统不同恢复阶段土壤酶活性研究[J]. 应用生态学报, 2005,(6):1077-1081. He Y J, Zhong Z C, Liu J M, et al. Soil enzyme activities of limestone degraded ecosystem at its different restoration phases[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology, 2005,(6):1077-1081.
[12]
蒋玉玲,陈旭辉,苗 青,等.辽宁省9种兰科植物根内与根际土壤中真菌群落结构的差异[J]. 植物生态学报, 2019,43(12):1079-1090. Jiang Y L, Chen X H, Miao Q, et al. Difference in fungal communities between in roots and in root-associated soil of nine orchids in Liaoning, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology, 2019,43(12):1079-1090.
[13]
王健铭.中国温带荒漠区植物与土壤微生物多样性地理格局及其环境解释[D]. 北京:北京林业大学, 2019. Wang J M. Biogeographical patterns and its environmental interpretation of plant and soil microbial diversity in temperate desert regions of China[D]. Beijing:Beijing Forestry University, 2019.
[14]
靳 燕,邱 莹,董 志,等.北运河浮游细菌集合群落空间变化的环境解释[J]. 中国环境科学, 2021,41(3):1378-1386. Jin Y, Qiu Y, Dong Z, et al. Environmental interpretation of spatial variation of planktonic bacterial communities in the North Canal River[J]. China Environmental Science, 2021,41(3):1378-1386.
[15]
宿晓琳,李英滨,杨 波,等.植物多样性对亚热带森林土壤微生物群落的影响[J]. 生态学杂志, 2018,37(8):2254-2261. Su X L, Li Y B, Yang B, et al. Effects of plant diversity on soil microbial community in a subtropical forest[J]. Chinese Journal of Ecology, 2018,37(8):2254-2261.
[16]
Yadav A N, Yadav N. Stress-adaptive microbes for plant growth promotion and alleviation of drought stress in plants[J]. Acta Sci Agric,2018,2.
[17]
Dai M, Hamel C, Bainard L D, et al. Negative and positive contributions of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal taxa to wheat production and nutrient uptake efficiency in organic and conventional systems in the Canadian prairie[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2014,74:156-166.
[18]
Matthias D B, Maarten V G, Tobias C, et al. Changing soil characteristics alter the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi communities of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica) in Ethiopia across a management intensity gradient[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2015,91:133-139.
[19]
Bolger A M, Lohse M, Usadel B. Trimmomatic:a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data[J]. Bioinformatics, 2014,30(15):2114-2120.
[20]
Martin M. Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads[J]. EMBnet. journal, 2011,17(1):10-12.
[21]
Edgar R C. UPARSE:highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads[J]. Nature methods, 2013,10(10):996-998.
[22]
Robert C E, Brian J H, Jose C, et al. UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection[J]. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 2011,27(16):2194-2200.
[23]
鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M]. 北京:中国农业科技出版社, 2000. LU R K. Methods for agricultural chemical analysis of soil[M]. Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press, 2000.
[24]
Bolyen E, Rideout J R, Dillon M R. Author correction:Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2[J]. Nature biotechnology, 2019,37(9):852-857.
[25]
Benjamin J C, Paul J M, Michael J R, et al. DADA2:High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data[J]. Nature methods, 2016,13(7).581-583.
[26]
刘志君,崔丽娟,李 伟,等.互花米草入侵对盐城滨海湿地nirS型反硝化细菌多样性及群落结构的影响[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022,31(4):704-714. Liu Z J, Cui L J, Li W, et al. Effects of spartina alterniflora invasion on the diversity and community structure of nirS-type denitrifying bacteria in Yancheng Coastal wetlands[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2022,31(4):704-714.
[27]
黄 敏,江 标,高大中,等.大黄花虾脊兰内生真菌及土壤真菌的群落特征研究[J]. 生态科学, 2022,41(4):111-119. Huang M, Jiang B, Gao D Z, et al. Community characteristics of endophytic fungi and soil fungi in the Calanthe sieboldii [J]. Ecological Science, 2022,41(4):111-119.
[28]
Jake B, Kazutomo Y, Jonathan P K, Viswambharan S. Diversity of root-associated culturable fungi ofCephalanthera rubra(Orchidaceae) in relation to soil characteristics[J]. PeerJ, 2020,8:e8695.
[29]
Chen W, Zhang X P, Huang Y S. Spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem service values in karst areas in southwestern China based on land use changes[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2021,28(33):45724-45738.
[30]
Slabbert E, Kongor R Y, Esler K J, et al. Microbial diversity and community structure in Fynbos soil[J]. Molecular Ecology, 2010, 19(5):1031-1041.
[31]
Shen C C, Wang J, He J Z, et al. Plant diversity enhances soil fungal diversity and microbial resistance to plant invasion[J]. Applied and environmental microbiology, 2021,87(11):e00251-21.
[32]
Brajesh K S, Naoise N, Karyn P R, et al. Relationship between assemblages of mycorrhizal fungi and bacteria on grass roots[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2008,10(2):534-541.
[33]
Lynne B, Jennifer H. Fungal ecology:Principles and mechanisms of colonization and competition by saprotrophic Fungi[J]. Microbiology spectrum, 2016,4(6):4-6.
[34]
Shi L L, Mortimer P E, Ferry Slik J W, et al. Variation in forest soil fungal diversity along a latitudinal gradient[J]. Fungal Diversity, 2014,64(1):305-315.
[35]
Nhu H N, Song Z W, et al. FUNGuild:An open annotation tool for parsing fungal community datasets by ecological guild[J]. Fungal Ecology, 2016,20:241-248.
[36]
肖 礼,黄懿梅,赵俊峰,等.土壤真菌组成对黄土高原梯田种植类型的响应[J]. 中国环境科学, 2017,37(8):3151-3158. Xiao L, Huang Y M, Zhao J F, et al. High-throughput sequencing sevealed soil fungal communities under three terrace agrotypes on the loess plateau[J]. China Environmental Science, 2017,37(8):3151-3158.
[37]
李越鲲,孙燕飞,雷勇辉,等.枸杞根际土壤真菌群落多样性的高通量测序[J]. 微生物学报, 2017,57(7):1049-1059. Li Y K, Sun Y F, Lei Y H, et al. Fungal community diversity in rhizosphere soil of Lycium barbarum L. based on high-throughput sequencing[J]. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 2017,57(7):1049-1059.
[38]
张 姣,徐 明,文春玉,等.黔中地区火灾对马尾松外生菌根真菌群落的影响[J]. 菌物学报, 2022:1-11. Zhang J, Xu M, Wen C Y, et al. Effect of fireon the community of ectomycorrhizal fungi of Pinus massoniana in central Guizhou[J]. Mycosystema, 2022:1-11.
[39]
Liu T, Zhang A N, Wang J, et al. Integrated biogeography of planktonic and sedimentary bacterial communities in the Yangtze River[J]. Microbiome, 2018,6(1):1-14.
[40]
Marti J A, Thomas O C, Jonathan M C, et al. Navigating the multiple meanings of beta diversity:a roadmap for the practicing ecologist[J]. Ecology Letters, 2011,14(1):19-28.
[41]
方精云,沈泽昊,唐志尧,等."中国山地植物物种多样性调查计划"及若干技术规范[J]. 生物多样性, 2004,(1):5-9. Fang J Y, Shen Z H, Tang Z Y, et al. The protocol for the survey plan for plant species diversity of China's mountains[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2004,(1):5-9.
[42]
赖江山.生态学多元数据排序分析软件Canoco5介绍[J]. 生物多样性, 2013,21(6):765-768. Lai J S. Canoco 5:a new version of an ecological multivariate data ordination program[J]. Biodiversity Science, 2013,21(6):765-768.
[43]
Tsai C C, Liao P C, Ko Y Z, et al. Phylogeny and historical biogeography of paphiopedilum pfitzer (Orchidaceae) based on nuclear and plastid DNA[J]. Frontiers in plant science, 2020,11:126.
[44]
Giauque H, Hawkes C V. Climate affects symbiotic fungal endophyte diversity and performance[J]. American journal of botany, 2013,100 (7):1435-1444.
[45]
朱永官,陈保冬,付 伟.土壤生态学研究前沿[J]. 科技导报, 2022, 40(3):25-31. Zhu Y G, Chen B D, Fu W. Research frontiers in soil ecology[J]. Science & Technology Review, 2022,40(3):25-31.
[46]
Yergeau E, Bezemer T M, Hedlund K, et al. Influences of space, soil, nematodes and plants on microbial community composition of chalk grassland soils[J]. Environmental Microbiology, 2010,12(8):2096-2106.
[47]
杨 虎,王佩瑶,李小伟,等.贺兰山东坡不同植被类型的土壤真菌多样性及其群落结构[J]. 生态环境学报, 2022,31(2):239-247. Yang H, Wang P Y, Li X W, et al. Distribution of soil fungal diversity and community structure in different vegetation types on the Eastern slopes of Helan mountains[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2022,31(2):239-247.
[48]
Yang X L, Wang X T, Xiao S, et al. Nielsen. Dominant plants affect litter decomposition mainly through modifications of the soil microbial community[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 2021,161:108399.
[49]
Kang E, Li Y, Zhang X D, et al. Soil pH and nutrients shape the vertical distribution of microbial communities in an alpine wetland[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2021,774:145780.
[50]
Liu D, Liu G, Chen L, et al. Soil pH determines fungal diversity along an elevation gradient in Southwestern China[J]. Science China Life Sciences, 2018,61(6):718-726.
[51]
董庆庆,图力古尔.中国蜡伞科1新组合及2个新记录种[J]. 菌物研究, 2022:1-14. Dong Q Q, Bau T. A new combination and two newly recorded species of Hygrophoraceae from China[J]. Journal of Fungal Research, 2022:1-14.
[52]
Liu S, Wang H B, Su M Z, et al. New metabolites from the sponge-derived fungus Aspergillus sydowii J05B-7F-4[J]. Natural Product Letters, 2017,31(14):1682-1686.
[53]
韦艳梅,周雅琴,李 力,等.白及内生真菌多样性研究[J]. 广西植物, 2016,36(7):832-836. Wei Y M, Zhou Y Q, Li L, et al. Divetsity of endophytic fungi associated with Bletilla striata[J]. Guihaia, 2016,36(7):832-836.
[54]
张文泉,罗国涛,姚庆智.雷公山国家级自然保护区棉革菌属大型真菌形态描述及分子鉴定[J]. 中南林业科技大学学报, 2019,39(6):1-8. Zhang W Q, Luo G T, Yao Q Z. Morphological description and molecular identification macrofungi of the genus Tomentella from Leigong mountain nature reserve[J]. Journal of Central South University of Forestry & Technology, 2019,39(6):1-8.
[55]
孙 倩,吴宏亮,陈 阜,等.宁夏中部干旱带不同作物根际土壤真菌群落多样性及群落结构[J]. 微生物学通报, 2019,46(11):2963-2972. Sun Q, Wu H L, Chen F, et al. Fungal community diversity and structure in rhizosphere soil of different crops in the arid zone of central Ningxia[J]. Microbiology China, 2019,46(11):2963-2972.
[56]
任玉连,陆 梅,范方喜,等.高原湿地沼泽化草甸土壤真菌与理化性质的关系[J]. 生态科学, 2019,38(1):42-49. Ren Y L, Lu M, Fan F X, et al. The relationship between soil fungi and physico-chemical properties in swamp meadow of plateau wetlands[J]. Ecological Science, 2019,38(1):42-49.
[57]
Mehdi Z, Stefan H, Tesfaye W, et al. Molecular diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to soil chemical properties and heavy metal contamination[J]. Environmental Pollution, 2010,158(8):2757-2765.
[58]
Zhang T, Wang N F, Yu L Y. Soil fungal community composition differs significantly among the Antarctic, Arctic, and Tibetan Plateau[J]. Extremophiles, 2020,24(6):821-829.