Abstract：To achieve rapid enrichment of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (Anammox) sludge, the red mud-based biochar carrier was prepared using red mud as the iron source and Erianthus arundinaceus straw as the biochar precursor, and then mixed it with the natural pond sludge treated for aquaculture digestate and dosed into an up-flow anaerobic sludge bed (UASB) reactor. The changes in the nitrogen removal performance, sludge performance and microbial community structure of reactors during the domestication of Anammox sludge were investigated, and the effect mechanism of the red mud-based biochar carriers on Anammox sludge enrichment was evaluated. We found that the Anammox sludge was successfully enriched in R2reactor containing red mud-based biochar carrier after 59days incubation, and the removal rates of NH4+-N and NO2--N were 1.47kg/(m3·d) and 1.91kg/(m3·d), respectively. Whereas the Anammox sludge enrichment was happened in R1reactor without carrier at day 92. Compared with R1 reactor, R2 reactor showed significantly effective in the process of Anammox sludge domestication, including the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion, sludge particle size and granulation. At the end of domestication, high population of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) attached to the pores of red mud-based biochar carrier and accumulated iron surrounding AnAOB were observed in R2reactor, while the AnAOB from R1reactor were relatively small and dispersed. The specific anaerobic ammonia oxidation activity (SAA) of R2 was 2.3 times higher than that of R1, and the Anammox gene copy number from R2 was increased by 3.8times comparison from R1 at the end of domestication. These results suggest that the red mud-based biochar carrier could markedly accelerate the enrichment of Anammox sludge. This carrier not only provides a "house" for AnAOB to resist the unfavorable environment, also plays a role in the metabolism and agglomeration growth of AnAOB which depends on the active components of red mud, iron. Importantly, the red mud-based biochar carrier was made of solid waste, which is economically effective in practical applications.
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