Agricultural PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 inventories on the county-level scale in northeastern China were developed in this study. Based on bottom-Up method, we firstly collect the agricultural activity data, including conventional farming operations (i.e., straw burning, land preparation, harvest, grain processing, fertilizer, agricultural machinery, and wind erosion), emission factors of these operations and crop area at each county. And then, county-level PM₁₀and PM_2.5 emission inventories from agricultural operations in 2010 were developed and spatio-temporal distributions were analyzed. The results showed that the magnitude of agricultural PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions in northeastern China were 54.6×10⁴ tons and 35.6×10⁴ tons, respectively. The PM₁₀ and PM_2.5 emissions from straw burning were highest, which accounted for 60% and 87% of the total emissions, respectively. In addition, land preparing occupied 27% and 6% for PM₁₀ and PM_2.5, respectively. The spatial distribution of agricultural PM emissions, concentrated on three plains, i.e., the Sanjiang Plain (in the northeast of Heilongjiang), the Songnen Plain (in the middle of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces), the Liaohe Plain (in the middle of Liaoning Provinces). Based on temporal variations, agricultural PM₁₀ emissions mainly occurred in May, September and October, which contributed 88% of total emissions. The PM_2.5 was mainly released in September and October. The uncertainty of emission inventory was 184.3%. More information on local emission factors will be helpful to decrease the emission inventory uncertainty.

This paper employed ground-based measurements, multiple satellite observations, NCEP reanalysis data, meteorological sounding data and Modeled HYSPLIT4backward trajectory results to analyse the pollution characteristics and forming process of haze pollution in Zhongmou, a rural site located in the central North China Plain. The Comprehensive observation campaign lasted from December 13^th, 2014 to January 16^th, 2015 and a total of five haze pollution episodes were captured Haze days accounted for 82% of the total number of days, while heavily polluted days (Class V and VI based on AQI level) accounted for 46%. The ground-based observations showed that: 1) the concentrations of PM and SO₂, NO_x were highly correlated, 2) fine particulate matters were dominant among the ground-level pollutants, 3) and the secondary aerosols transformed from gaseous pollutants accounted for a predominant fraction of fine particles. CALIPSO and AMPLE vertical detection data showed that thick haze clouds were dominated by floating dust in the middle and upper layer, and coarse dust particles were prevalent over North China Plain, which accounted for a predominant fraction in the columnar optical volume. Based on meteorological sounding data, the atmospheric stratification of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) was stable, suppressing air turbulence in PBL and favoring formation and maintenance of haze. Meteorological data also showed that near-ground wind speed and direction had a great influence on haze maintenance and dissipation; High-level wind field data indicated that the first haze was influenced by floating dust from the northwest, and the fifth episode was influenced by water vapor from the south. By tracking the 100m air mass using HYSPLIY4model, the low-altitude pollutants were transported from northwest and northeast. The contribution from northeast, accounting for almost 14%, passed Hebei and Shandong province, while short distance transportation traces were mostly from Zhengzhou and Luoyang, accounting for almost 33%.

The synoptic weather patterns and formation mechanisms of two large scale and severe haze episodes, which occured over Hebei province in early and middle October, was investigated by using pollutant concentration data from the Heibei environmental monitoring station, meteorological observations and NCEP reanalysis data, combining with the HYSPLIT4.9 backward trajectory model. The highest PM_2.5 concentration appeared in Xingtai, reached 507μg/m³. The visual range was less than 1km. The uniform pressure field and steady upper air circulation provided favorable meteorological conditions for two haze episodes. High relative humidity, small wind speed, and low mixing layer height result in an unfavorable meteorological condition for pollutant diffusion, which is the main cause of the two lasting haze episodes. Satellite fire map and air mass backward trajectory show that straw burning in southern Hebei and surrounding provinces exacerbated air pollution in two episodes. Transport of polluted air mass have significant impact on regional heavy haze weather.

Based on the surface meteorological data from 194 weather stations located in the Northeast of China during 1961~2013, temporal and spatial characteristics of haze days and haze with varied intensity have been analyzed. In terms of spatial distribution, there are two high-value centers located in the central Liaoning Province and north central Heilongjiang Province respectively, where annual total haze events generally exceed 50days. The least haze events occur in the west of Jilin Province with less than 2days per year.Furthermore, the spatial distribution of varied intensity (slight, mild, moderate and severe) haze days is approximately consistent with that of the total haze days.Haze events are more frequently observed in winter (57.9%), followed by autumn and they are least frequently in springs. Average number of annual haze days in study area has a significant increasing trend of 2.9d/decade during 1961~2013 with greatest increase occurring during 1980~2000. Days with slight ,mild, moderate and severe haze have also increased, but mild, moderate and severe haze days reduced slightly in the 21st century compared with the 1980s.

Based on meteorological data from 2000 to 2014 and environmental monitoring data from 2013 to 2014 in Zhongshan, the haze characteristics and meteorological factors were analyzed. The result showed that haze days had obvious annual variability, there were 11 haze days in 2005 and 134 days in 2008. Haze in Zhongshan mainly occurred in autumn and winter. From 2000 to 2014, the average of haze days was 10.5 days in January, which was the most frequent month of haze pollution. PM_2.5 was one of the most important pollutants causing haze. When haze occurred, the average concentration of PM_2.5 was 2.26 times higher than non-haze days. The typical synoptic patterns associated with haze over South China could be summarized into 7major categories: mainland high pressure, ridge on South China Sea, equalizing pressure, foreside of cold front, downward flow of typhoon periphery, foreside of trough or backside of ridge, and trough over South China. The type of mainland high pressure caused the most haze days, taking up by 52.03%, while the type of foreside of cold front caused the lowest visibility. By using cluster analysis, the results revealed that airflow transport channels near the ground in Zhongshan could be divided into 7types. The mainly transport channels were from the northeast China and coastal areas in the East. The northeast channels could cause high pollutant concentration, and the east channels could cause low visibility. The result demonstrated that haze in Zhongshan was noticeably affected by regional airflow transport.

The variation characteristics of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients, their contributions to atmospheric extinction and the relationship between visibility, PM_2.5 mass concentration and relative humidity were presented based on the aerosol absorption and scattering coefficients, PM_2.5 mass concentration, visibility and meteorological data in January 2015 in Nanjing. The results indicated that aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients were (423.4±265.3) Mm^-1 and (24.5±14.3)Mm^-1, and their contribution to the atmospheric extinction were 89.2% and 5.2% respectively. The atmospheric extinction was mainly contributed to the aerosol scattering during observation period. The relationship between aerosol scattering coefficient and PM_2.5 mass concentration showed a good agreement (R²=0.91). The visibility decreased exponentially with PM_2.5 mass concentration, and showed a negative correlation with relative humidity. The mean visibility during the observation period was 4.3km, and low visibility episodes ( < 2km) frequently happened. Light extinction coefficient and PM_2.5 mass concentration during haze episodes were evidently higher than those of non-haze periods with the highest values during haze episodes reached 1471.2Mm^-1 and 358μg/m³ respectively. The visibility degradation was contributed to the influences of particles and relative humidity.

An Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier Transform Infrared (ART-FTIR) spectroscopy was used to measure the functional groups (R-NO₂, R-CO-, R-CH and R-OH) and inorganic ions (SO₄^2-, NO₃^- and NH₄⁺) in PM_2.5 collected in the northwest of Beijing during haze days. The absorption peaks of inorganic ions (NH₄⁺, SO₄^2- and NO₃^-) were higher than those of functional groups (R-NO₂, R-CO-, R-CH and R-OH), the absorption peak of R-CH was higher than those of R-NO₂ and R-CO-, and the absorption peak of R-OH was lowest. The absorption peaks of these functional groups and inorganic ions of the PM_2.5 in haze days were higher than those in the non-haze days, indicating that the mass concentrations of these functional groups and inorganic ions in haze days were higher than those in the non-haze days. During haze days, the mass concentrations of the inorganic ions (NH₄⁺, SO₄^2- and NO₃^-) were higher than those of functional groups (R-NO₂, R-CO-, R-CH and R-OH), the mass concentration of R-CH was higher than those of R-NO₂ and R-CO-, and the mass concentration of R-OH was lowest.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the optical properties of aerosols during spring in Beijing. A comparison of aerosol optical properties was performed between spring and dusty days from Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET) measurements during 2010~2014. The extinction of coarse particles (r > 0.6μm) accounted for 28% and 59% of that of total particle in spring and dusty days respectively. Average absorption percent out of extinction for total particles were 11.4% during dusty days. This result indicated that aerosol extinction was dominated by coarse particles. The aerosol optical depth showed high values in dusty days with the average value was 1.7 times higher than that of spring. Angstrom exponents during dusty days were higher than those of spring, and about 85% of them less than 0.6 during dusty days. The aerosol volume size distributions presented abimodal structure (fine and coarse modes), and the coarse mode was dominant in spring. The volume concentrations of coarse mode in spring were evidently lower than those of dusty days. The single scattering albedo showed an increasing trend with wavelengths during dusty days in Beijing. The averaged single scattering albedos were about 0.92 for dusty days and 0.89 for spring during 440~1020nm. The real parts of the refractive index at 440nm were 1.48 during spring and 1.51 during dusty days, suggested the aerosol particles from dust source regions were involved in a stronger scattering. The imaginary parts of refractive index showed a decreasing trend with wavelength sand the average value in dusty days were higher than that of spring. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing in dusty days was higher than that of in spring and in clean days in Beijing.

Adequate air quality modeling is reliant on accurate meteorological simulation especially in the planetary boundary layer (PBL). To further understand how the boundary layer processes affect the mixing and transmission of air pollutants, the sensitivity tests of WRF-Chem model with different PBL schemes were utilized. Surface temperature, wind field, PM_2.5 concentration, dynamic and thermal PBL stratification were simulated in the typical winter stable weather condition of Shanxi province, and the results were compared with the observational data. The simulation ability of different schemes were analyzed, and the effects of PBL thermal stratification and turbulent transportation differences on PM_2.5 concentration simulation were discussed. The results indicated that both of the two schemes could simulate the spatial distribution and diurnal variation characteristics of surface temperature, wind speed, and PM_2.5 concentration in the winter stable weather. The relatively larger error of temperature simulated normally occurred at night, while the simulation error of surface wind speed and PM_2.5 concentration mainly appeared in the afternoon. Surface temperature, wind field and PM_2.5 concentration simulated by MYJ scheme showed less error, and more close to the observations. The differences of PBL thermal stratification and turbulent transportation simulated by different PBL schemes led to the differences of surface PM_2.5 concentration simulation. The thicker inversion layer of MYJ scheme caused the lower surface PM_2.5 concentration at night, while the lower mixing layer and weaker surface wind speed simulated by MYJ scheme resulted in a higher surface PM_2.5 concentration in the afternoon.

The modules for simulating transport, transformation and deposition processes, as well as gas/particle partitioning (K_OA absorption mechanism) processes of atmospheric BaP was implemented into the CMAQ, a regional air quality model developed by U.S. E.P.A. The spatial distributions of BaP concentrations, dry and wet deposition rates are simulated for January, April, July and October 2014 in China. The comparison between modeled and observed BaP concentrations shows the predicted values were in an acceptable range. The predicted deposition results show that the wet deposition is the dominant deposition pathway. The spatial distributions of the BaP depositions are closely related to that of the anthropogenic emissions and present obvious long-distance transportation characteristics.

With the use of computational fluid dynamics, dispersion and accumulation of Hg inside the street canyons with various building heights were numerically investigated, concerning with neutral thermal stratifications and five canyon deviations, 0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, and 0.8. Particularly, correlations between building height variation and pedestrian level pollutant accumulation were established depending on the discrete numerical simulations. Numerical simulations indicate that high altitude Hg pollutants were inclined to accumulate in the region of pedestrian level due to the enhanced street canyon building height variations, Hg concentration in the region of pedestrian level therefore significantly increased. Furthermore, street canyons of peak Hg concentrations usually were sequentially allocated along the wind flows, maximum one mostly closing the upwind side. Hg fluxes in the street canyons of high-rise buildings backward were observed to be significantly higher than those in the street canyons of low-rise buildings backward.

Porosity is the most important parameter affecting the efficient of fences, however, the distinct shelter regions varied with different porosity. At high porosities (ε30.3), the dust emission in the middle and lower parts of the pile over the fence decreased significantly, while the shelter mainly reflected in the upper part at low porosities (ε < 0.3). Obtaining effective protection on each site, this research introduced, based on the reduction region of the uniform porosity, a new combination of non-uniform fence with different porosities for the upper and lower halves. The flow flied behind a porous fence was numerically simulated by software Fluent6.3with six typical combinations of the non-uniform fence. Results showed that when the lower fence porosity of the fence (ε_L) kept consistent and the upper fence porosity (ε_H) transformed from 0to 0.1, the airflow turbulence weakened distinctly. Considering turbulence structure and stress of the pile, the fence with the upper porosity ε_H= 0.1was more accepted. Meanwhile, when the upper porosity (ε_H) remained identical, and the lower porosity (ε_L) increased from 0.3to 0.6,the speed of attached flow along the surface increased with the increasing porosity, therefore, the optimum porosity of the lower half fence (ε_L) was set to 0.3. The shelter effect of non-uniform fence was estimated by comparing the preferred combination (ε_H=0.1/ε_L=0.3)with uniform fence porosity ε=0.1 and ε=0.3. The analysis indicated the non-uniform porous fence (ε_H=0.1/ε_L=0.3) seemed to be the most effective in abating the dust emission, especially in reducing the shear stress of the windward which aroused the maximum dust emission. The shear stress of the non-uniform porous fence, in the middle and lower part, decreased by 85.2% for the uniform fence with porosity ε=0.1, and 84.3% in the upper part for the fence with the porosity ε=0.3, respectively. Besides, the non-uniform porous fence (ε_H=0.1/ε_L =0.3) could reduce the surface shear force on the pile around 50% for the two uniform fences.

In this study, the effects of the operational parameters on the performance and practical application of the acclimated DPAO sludge using nitrite as electron acceptor were investigated. The results showed that anaerobic-anoxic-aerobic process was highly effective for the enrichment of nitrite-based DPAOs. Besides, a step increase of nitrite concentration in the feed was beneficial to improve the nitrite tolerance of DNPAOs. Practical application suggested that DPAO process was feasible for the post-treatment of UASB-SFSBR effluent during the piggery tail wastewater treatment. When the influent concentration of NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N and PO₄^3--P were 5,70 ,30mg/L, respectively, the effluent could reach down to nearly 0of NO₃^--N and NO₂^--N, and less than 1.0mg/L of PO₄^3--P.

A bench-scale nitrogen and phosphorus removal membrane bioreactor (UCT-MBR) was operated to treat municipal wastewater in southern parts of Hebei province regarding on the influence of sludge retention time on the denitrifying dephosphatation propensity and membrane fouling behavior. Either shorter (15d) or longer (40d) SRT could deteriorate the accumulations of DPAOs; denitrifying dephosphatation was strengthened to the maximum degree under SRT of 25d, the ratio of the DPAOs to PAOs and anoxic dephosphatation efficiency reaching the maximum values of 50.8% and 88%, with TP,TN maximum removal efficiencies of 91.7%, 73.6% and effluents of 0.48, 13.3mg/L respectively. SRT had slight effects on the COD and ammonia removals, with average removal efficiencies of 88.9%, 99.7% and effluents of 30.8, 0.15mg/L respectively; with the prolonged SRT, the increase of MLSS concentration, the SMP < 1kDa, SMP > 100kDa concentration, EPS < 1kDa, EPS > 100kDa specific concentration and decrease of PSD resulted in the sludge filterability deterioration, accelerating membrane permeability decline and shortening of sustainable operational cycle, whereas FT-IR analysis of membrane surface foulants showed that SRT had no significant effects on the compositions and refractive index of infrared spectroscopy presented the consistence with the amounts of SMP and EPS.

In order to investigate different anoxic/aerobic ratio on stability of partial nitritation (PN), continuous flow reactor was used at room temperature (22~25℃). After complete nitritation (CN) was achieved through controlling FA and DO (0.3~0.5mg/L), the effluent of Anaerobic/Oxic(A/O) process removing phosphorous wastewater was used as influent to CN. Then, CN turned to PN gradually. The influence of different anoxic/aerobic volume ratios (0:1,1:1,2:1,3:1) on stability of PN was investigated. It demonstrated that PN was difficult to mantain when treating domestic sewage containing low ammonia nitrogen (40~70mg/L) at the ratio of 0:1.However, stable PN could be maintained when the ratios were 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1. The ratio of 3:1 was more efficient than the others. In the process of 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 and 3:1, ammonia utilization rate increased by 29.57%、44.27%、45.23%、49.63%, respectively. During the whole operating period, the settleability of sludge was good with volume Index (SVI) being 65~130mL/g.

The current study mainly investigated the influences of concentration of HQ, pH, and temperature on the characteristics of rhodamine B degradation by HQ -activated persulfate process. The results showed the extent of rhodamine B degradation was enhanced significantly by persulfatein the presence of activator (HQ). The extent of rhodamine B degradation in acid reaction systems was higher than those in basic reaction system during HQ-activated persulfate process.And the extent of rhodamine B degradation also increased with the increasing contents of HQ. A linear relationship exists between reaction rate constants and HQ contents with correlation coefficients R² in a range from 0.9498 to 0.9951. Furthermore, in the presence of HQ, the activation energies decreased from 41.99kJ/mol to 13.90kJ/mol, and consequently, the reaction rate and efficiency of rhodamine B degradation were elevated high enough to 90 percent and the reaction rate constant increased by 106 percent. It was attributed to the semi-quinone racial generated by the HQ in reaction system, because semi-quinone racial could effectively activate the persulfate. Thus the efficiency of rhodamine B degradation was enhanced significantly in the interaction system of “HQ-RhB-persulfate”.

The elimination of turbidity and organochlorine (OCPs) in high-turbidity water by enhanced coagulation was studied. A composite coagulant was prepared by Poly Aluminium Chloride (PAC) and Poly Dimethyl Diallyl Propy Ammoniuml Chloride (PDMDAAC). The effect of PAC-PDMDAAC composite ratio, dosage of the composite coagulant, initial turbidity, the time for slow stirring and pH on the elimination efficiencies of turbidity and OCPs were tested and characterized by fractal dimension of flocs and Zeta potentials to verify the result. The results show that PAC-PDMDAAC ratio has great influence on the removal effect of OCPs and turbidity. The removal rates of turbidity and OCPs reach the highest values when the PAC-PDMDAAC composite ratio is 5:1, the dosage of PAC-PDMDAAC is 1ml/L, and the time for slow stirring is 15min. With the increase of initial turbidity, the removal rate of OCPs in the water is also increased which shows that the PAC-PDMDAAC apply to high turbidity water. Compared with other coagulants, The PAC-PDMDAAC composite coagulant has wide pH range suitable for use, the removal rates of turbidity and OCPs reach the best when the pH is 4. The coagulation effects are well verified and explained by measuring the fractal dimension of flocs and Zeta potential of particles.

The spectral characteristic and the source of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) were investigated in the treatment of food wastewater with anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) through three dimensional fluorescence spectra, and the correlation was analyzed between fluorescence intensity of DOM characteristic peak and ammonia nitrogen concentration. The ASBR results showed that the organic substances can be degraded effectively in food wastewater: the COD concentration in influent and effluent were 1000mg/L and 91mg/L respectively, and the removal rate of COD was 91.73%. There were fluorescence peaks of five substances in three-dimensional fluorescence spectra: high excitation wavelength tryptophan (peak A), low excitation wavelength tryptophan (peak B), visible light wavelength fulvic acid (peak C), UV light wavelength fulvic acid (peak D), and humic acid (peak E). During the reaction, the fluorescence intensities of peak A, peak B and peak C first increased but afterwards decreased, the fluorescence intensity of peak D showed a weak increasing trend, and the fluorescence intensity of peak E first decreased and afterwards increased. Fluorescence spectrum parameters, including fluorescence index (FI), humification index (HIX), and biological index (BIX), indicated that wastewater obviously has biological characteristics. Statistical analyses pointed to correlations between ammonia nitrogen and fluorescence intensity of tryptophan, including fluorescence intensity of peak A, fluorescence intensity of peak B, sum of tryptophan fluorescence intensity, with correlation coefficients being respectively 0.8136, 0.9390 and 0.9153. In the anaerobic biological treatment of food wastewater, rapid detection of ammonia nitrogen can be realized through three-dimensional fluorescence spectrometry.

Biological activated carbon (BAC) used for about 10years was collected from drinking water treatment plant. The filtration resistance and performance of the aged BAC filter were investigated. The ageing of BAC produced a lot of small BAC particles. The small particles deposited on the surface of the BAC column after backwash and formed a dense filtration layer. The specific resistance of the dense filtration layer was 22 times higher than that of the deep layer of the aged BAC column. Enhanced backwash only decreased the initial filtration resistance and the removal of the dense filtration layer was the most effective method to reduce the filtration resistance. Enhanced backwash had no significant effect on the performance of the aged BAC column. The removal efficiency of the total organic carbon decreased from 24.71% to 7.04% after the removal of the dense filtration layer. However, the removal efficiencies of UV₂₅₄ and particle count larger than 2μm did not change greatly and the values were nearly the same as those of the control group. There are several methods to increase the life cycle of the aged BAC, including decreasing the backwashing strength and prolonging the filtration cycle.

Floating boron-nitrogen codoped TiO₂ grafted on expanded perlite (B-N-TiO₂/EP) photocatalysts were prepared by a facile sol-gel method. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, UV-vis-DRS and XPS. Furthermore, photodegradation of diesel oil was investigated to evaluate photocatalytic activities of B-N-TiO₂/EP. The TiO₂ layer whose patterns were identified as anatase were clearly observed on the surface of EP. The immobilization of TiO₂ could greatly improve the BET surface area of EP. Compared with that of N-TiO₂/EP and TiO₂/EP, the absorption band edge of B-N-TiO₂/EP exhibits an evident red-shift and the absorption intensity of visible region increases obviously. This result is in accord with their photodegradation efficiency of diesel oil. The 9h photodegradation rate of diesel oil for B-N-TiO₂/EP was nearly 50%. The GC-MS results showed all the diesel oil components (C₉~C₂₃) could be degraded and short-chain organic molecules ( < C₁₁) were more easily photodegraded.

A novel “core/shell” structured magnetic nanocomposite Si-Fe-MNCs was prepared by coating SiO₂ on the surface of Mn-Zn ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (Fe-MNPs) through in-situ hydrolysis of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). The specific surface area, morphology, magnetic properties and surface species of Si-Fe-MNCs were characterized by N₂ -adsorption/desorption, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, respectively. The synthesized magnetic adsorbents exhibited a good performance in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from water, and gave a maximum adsorption capacity of 184.1mg/g at 318K. The adsorption of MB on Si-Fe-MNCs reached equilibrium at 120min, and exhibited the kinetics of pseudo-second-order model according to the Langmuir adsorption isotherms. Additionally, it was found that the adsorption of MB on Si-Fe-MNCs was a spontaneous endothermic physical process according to thermodynamic calculations. FT-IR revealed that MB mainly interacted with the surface functional groups of Si-Fe-MNCs and MB through hydrogen bond. The regeneration of Si-Fe-MNCs after MB adsorption was found to be realized by conducting H₂O₂, and its adsorption capacity could preserve an excellent level of 93.64mg/g after five runs.

Three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy were used to investigatethe interaction between tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBA) and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) from sludge. There were three particular fluorescence peaks in spectra of EPS, E_x/E_m=230/300nm (peak A), E_x/E_m=240/350nm (peak B) and E_x/E_m=270/370nm (peak C), respectively. The results of fluorescence titration revealed that the three fluorescence peaks of EPS could be quenched by TBBA. The binging constants (lg K) were calculated by the modified Stern-Volmer model and the Ryan-Weber model, ranged from 4.23 to 6.27. Infrared spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy indicated the combination of EPS with TBBA has led to a change in EPS structure. The effect of environmental condition (i.e. pH, ions, and conductivity) on TBBA binding with EPS were evaluated. The results show that pH and ions affected binding affinity, but the effect ofconductivitywas minor.

The accumulation behavior, adsorption model and adsorptive product for dry Escherichia coli powder adsorbing U(Ⅵ) were investigated by the batch absorption experiment, mesoscopic and spectroscopy characterization methods. The maximum biosorption capacity was 276.89mg/g when pH was 5and the initial U(Ⅵ) concentration was 50mg/L. The adsorption process could be well described by Langmuir isothermal model and the pseudo-second order model. FTIR (876.16cm^-1, UO₂²⁺), SEM-EDS (2.4~4.4keV, U) and XRD results certified that U(Ⅵ) were successfully adsorbed on the cell surface of Escherichia coli. UO₂²⁺ mainly reacted with alkyl, amino, carboxyl and intermolecular hydrogen bond on the surface of Escherichia coli, especially complexing with P containing groups (PO_2-, P(OH)₂, PO₄^3- and PO₃^-). After adsorption, U(Ⅵ) were transformed to uranium containing phosphate, such as CaU(PO₄)₂、Ca(UO₂)₂(PO₄)₂×xH₂O and NaUO₂(PO₃)₃.

To simplify the dosing steps of microbioflocculants and eliminate the secondary pollution arising as the using of flocculation aid, 3-chloro-2-hydroxy-propyl-trimethyl ammonium chloride (CTA) was employed to modify the negatively charged microbioflocculants (~-54mV) so as to obtain the positively charged cationized flocculants in this paper. The results showed that the mole ratio of CTA/NaOH was the major influence factor for successful cationization of microbioflocculants. Optimal cationization conditions of microbioflocculants were:10g microbioflocculants, 0.015mol CTA, the mole ration of CTA/NaOH=0.95 and 20% (m/m reaction system) water, reacting at 80℃ for 2h. Under the optimal conditions, Zeta potential of the obtained cationized flocculants reached +16mV, flocculating activity of the obtained cationized flocculants increased from 60.5% which was the maximum flocculating activity of the unmodified microbioflocculants to 91%. Characterization results of the cationized flocculants showed that, the cationized group has indeed introduced into the original microbioflocculant during the cationization reactions, but did not change its carbon skeleton structure, so the ratio of the large molecular weight in the cationized flocculants is increased. And meanwhile the large amount of cationized group increased the crystalline and the solubility of the modified flocculants. The modified flocculants could also be applied for removing microcystis aeruginosa, and its removing rate could exceed 98% when the concentration of cationized microbioflocculants was 40mg/L, while the unmodified microbioflocculants have no effect on the removing of microcystis aeruginosa.

Three biochar samples were produced by pyrolysis of sewage sludge at the temperatures of 300, 500and 700℃, named as C300, C500and C700, respectively. The C300, C500and C700samples were separately mixed into sewage sludge for aerobic biodegradation, during which the variation of sludge properties was investigated, and the change of heavy metals in the biochars before and after reaction was studied. Results showed that the addition of sludge-derived biochar improved the stability of the products and reduced the bioavailability of heavy metals in the sludges. The most stable product sludge and the lowest bioavailability of heavy metals in the sludge were obtained in the trial with C300, for which the five-day oxygen consumption of the product sludge was 27% lower than that of the control, and the bioavailable contents of Cu, Zn, As and Ni were 24%, 15%, 26% and 19% lower than those of the control, respectively. The contents of water-soluble heavy metals in C300and C500before and after reaction were similar, while the water-soluble Cu, Zn and Ni in C700increased by 16mg/kg, 94mg/kg and 4mg/kg after reaction, respectively. In conclusion, adding C300 to sludge for aerobic biodegradation was recommended.

Through systematic analysis on hazardous waste landfill's (HWL) design function, the definition of Safety Life Cycle (SLC) of HWL was given with reference on the traditional definition of SLC. Base on this, the models describing the degradation process of HWL's main functional units were determined by literature reviewing and theoretical analyzing. This models were then coupled with the ERAMLL (Environmental risk assessment model for the leachate leakage) to assess the SLC for HWL. A HWL in central area in China was selected as a case study, and the result reveals that: with the aging of geomembrane and clogging of drainage system, the leakage rate of leachate in HWL will increase with time. Its environment risk will increase, and the HWL will reach to its SLC. As far as this case is concerned, its SLC is about 385a; sensitivity analysis on relevant parameters indicates that the parameter of leaching concentration has negative relation with the SLC, while the thickness of vandose and aquifer has the positive relation with the SLC. Among them, parameter that has the greatest influence on SLC is vandose thickness with the coefficient of correlation equal to 0.99, and then are the limit value of leaching concentration and aquifer thickness with the coefficient of correlation equal to -0.79 and 0.72, correspondingly. Finally, this paper suggested that more effort should be paid to strengthen the research on aging models and the factors that influence the SLC in order to consummate the theory and method of SLC assessment.

The study was carried out in a representative coastal mudflat area in north Jiangsu Province, China. Classical statistical and geostatistical methods were employed to summarize the concentrations of the four types of element (Pb, Cr, Cd, As) in surface soil in 2009 and 2014, to analyze the effect of land use types on heavy metal content, and to determine spatial patterns and spatio-temporal variability of soil heavy metals in these two periods. Results indicated that the content was general below the widely accepted environmental quality standard (first class) for the four types of soil elements. During the five years from 2009 to 2014, soil Cd accumulated significantly across the study area, soil Pb content in the residential area also increased remarkably, and significant accumulation of soil Pb and Cd was also observed in the industrial area, whereas the change of soil Cr and As contents was not significant in each type of land use. Under the control of large-scale tide deposits and small-range human activities, soil Pb and Cr contents exhibited similar spatial patterns during these two periods, whereas the spatial patterns of soil Cd and As ahowed great difference in the two periods. The enrichment of soil heavy metals across the different land use in the study area exhibited spatial variability and directional trends. Atmospheric deposition was another important factor that influenced the spatio-temporal variability of soil heavy metals. The coastal mudflat area presently faces the problem of soil heavy metal enrichment. It ought to take preventive countermeasures, such as strengthening in situ monitoring and source reduction, optimizing industrial layout, and prompting process blocking and biological remediation to prevent and minimize heavy metal hazards.

The potential sources and health risks associated with 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 16 samples of topsoil collected from the banks of Minjiang river in Fujian Province, China, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) are discussed. The results indicate the total concentrations of the 16PAHs ranged from 70.70 to 1667.83 μg/kg, with the mean of 480.28 μg/kg. The distribution of the PAHs along the Minjiang River revealed a W-shaped pattern, with the higher concentrations of PAHs detected in the soil of urban districts, and lower concentrations detected in the suburbs. The dominant compounds were 2~3 ring PAHs, with the highest concentrations relating to naphthalene. Diagnostic ratios including the proportions of PAHs, their principle components and multiple linear regression analyses indicate that the sources of the PAHs in soils were most likely a mixture of fossil fuels and combustion residues, namely 41.45% from the combustion of petroleum fuel, 49.34% from the combustion of biomass and petroleum sources, and 9.21% from the combustion of coal. The concentration of the toxic benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (TEQ_BaP) varied from 3.10 to 121.15 μg/kg (mean, 36.71 μg/kg), and in total, 37.50% of the sample sites exceeded Dutch agricultural soil standards(33.00 μg/kg), suggesting the soil is polluted by PAHs. The incremental lifetime cancer risk values (ILCRs) fluctuated from 10^-8 to 10^-6, indicating a lower carcinogenic risk to residents.

Effects of the technologies of clone library and high throughout sequencing for revealing microbial community structure and functional bacteria in a biofilter which simultaneously removes iron, manganese and ammonia were compared. 15057 sequences with 32 classifications in class level were obtained after the high throughout sequencing process, while there are 9classified groups in clone library. The former revealed more diversity of bacterial community structure. However, in the functional bacteria analysis process, some nitrifiers or iron and manganese bacteria which were detectable in one sequencing analysis process were not appeared in the other process. Comparing with using these two technologies individually in the analysing process, the combined using can compensate for each other and reveal the functional bacteria better.

During August 2013 to October 2014, four seasonal field sampling and investigation were conducted to get the fluxes of COD in 36coastal rivers around the Bohai Sea, the effects of COD on seawater quality were evaluated as well. The results showed that most rivers have been heavily polluted (COD reached grade IV, National Surface Water Quality Standard). However, the maximum values of COD and flux of COD did not appear in the same river. There was no significant correlation was observed between maximum value of COD and the maximum flux of COD. The annual flux of COD_Cr was the highest (606million tons), followed by the acidic COD_Mn (62million tons), the flux of alkaline COD_Mn was the lowest one with 53million tons. In rainy season, the flux of COD shared 68% of total value, followed by normal water season (28%) and the withered water period (only 4%). Approximately 25% of total COD_Mn (239million tons) in the Bohai Sea was from coastal rivers.

Four chloramphenicols, including chloramphenicol, thiamphnicol, florfenicol and florfenicol amine, were investigated in the water from the Panjiakou Reservoir located in Hebei Province, by utilization of solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem spectrometry (SPE-HPLC-MS/MS). Electrospray ionization and multiple reactions monitoring in positive or negative ionization mode were adopted as the target compounds for qualitative and quantitative analysis. The recoveries of target compounds were all above 90%, with the relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranged between 1.60% and 5.43%. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantification (LOQs) for target compounds were in the range of 0.06~0.29ng/L and 0.18~0.87ng/L, respectively. The detected concentrations of florfenicol in the water samples were in the range of 26.21~233.35ng/L, and detected florfenicol amine were in the range 0.53~8.18ng/L. However, chloramphenicol and thiamphnicol were not detected in the water samples. Additionally, the risk assessments showed that the risk quotient (RQ) for detected antibiotics were below 1, which indicated very low risk to plankton and human health. The RQs of adult and child in wet season were over 100times higher than that in regular level, which might be caused by either the cage culture period or potential impact from water diversion in the reservoir.

UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy were applied to study the photodegradation of intracellular dissolved organic matter (IDOM) from Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa-IDOM) upon ultraviolet A (UV-A) irradiation under oxic and anoxic conditions. Furthermore, the binding affinity of pyrene with the M. aeruginosa- IDOM was investigated by fluorescence quenching method throughout the process of photodegradation. After 6 d irradiation, the reduction of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and absorption coefficient a₃₅₅ under oxic condition were larger than those under anoxic condition. The variations of absorbance ratio E2/E3 (250nm/365nm) for oxic and anoxic photodegradation were similar. However, the variations of specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254nm (SUVA₂₅₄) were strikingly different. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectroscopy (EEMs) combined with parallel factor (PARAFAC) analysis showed that the changes in protein-like component, long-wavelength-excited humic-like component and short-wavelength-excited humic-like component were different for the two cases. The half-lives of photodegradation kinetics parameters of the M. aeruginosa-IDOM under oxic condition, which could be described using the first-order kinetics equation, were shorter than those parameters of anoxic condition. In addition, the affinity of the M. aeruginosa-IDOM for binding pyrene decreased under oxic condition, while first decreasing and later increasing trend was observed for pyrene binding affinity under anoxic condition.

In this study, the concentrations and distributions of Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni in sediments in Lake Caohai from Weining District of Guizhou Province were analyzed in this research based on atomic absorption and ICP-MS, and its influence on zoobenthos community was analyzed. The results indicated that, concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd in surface sediments exceeded the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines The percentage of samples contaminated by Zn, Pb, Cd, were 82%, 65% and 47% respectively. This may be due to the historical zinc smelting activities. But concentrations of heavy metals in surface water and pore water of Lake Caohai were in normal range compared to the National Quality Standard for Surface Water (grade I), which indicated the influence of heavy metals in contaminated sediments on pore water was limited. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, in the middle of the lake and at the shore were higher than those in other sampling sites. Pearson correlation coefficients between the content of Zn, Pb, Cd, and organic materials were positive in significant levels (r=0.837, P < 0.01; r=0.785, P < 0.01; r=0.780, P < 0.01, respectively), which meant the content of organic materials played an important role in transformation and deposition of these heavy metals. Concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd were rising and accumulating from 10cm to the top of sediment profile in the middle of Lake Caohai, which could match with the history of zinc smelting activities in recent decades. Ni had an opposite correlation with the other three studied heavy metals in both surface sediment and sediment profile, probably because Ni came from the natural background. The survey of zoobenthos community structure indicated that there were more species and higher density of zoobenthos in the surrounding sampling sites than those in the central area. This may suggest a higher concentration of heavy metals in the central area of Lake Caohai. Further studies are needed to justify this.

This study investigated the content and spatial distribution of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in the overlying water of Erhai Lake. 3D fluorescence and UV-vis absorbance techniques were utilized to analyse its structure composition characteristics. The relationship between DON characteristics and water quality was also discussed in detail. DON contents in the overlying water ranged from 0.08 to 0.33mg/L (average value of 0.18), with the temporal distribution of the spring > summer > autumn > winter, in the year of 2014. The spatial and vertical DON distributions followed the pattern of southern > northern > middle and middle layer > surface layer > bottom layer, respectively. Besides, DON humification degree in the overlying water of Erhai lake was high, with DON being mainly composed of aliphatic chain instead of carbonyl, carboxyl, hydroxyl substituents and ester content. The BIX and FI values ranged from 0.84 to 1.19(mean value of 0.94) and 1.58 to 1.66 (mean value of 1.63), respectively, indicating that DON in the overlying water of Erhai lake was affected by terrigenous input and biological endogenous metabolism. Additionally, the study exhibited that the humic acid-like substances, which accounted for 61.82% averagely, were the main DON component. The fluorescent components at 0~2m presented the maximum Migration quantity, with the protein-like components (P_(I+II,n)) always below 20%. Moreover, DON had a significant positive correlation with DTN in the overlying water of Erhai Lake (R=0.949, P < 0.949), and P_(I+II,n)/P_(III+V,n) values exhibited a significant positive correlation with TN, DTN and SRP (R=0.467~0.552, P < 0.05). This suggested that the DON content could indirectly reflect Erhai lake water quality to a certain extent. Especially the protein-like substances positively contributed a lot to the maintenance of good water quality, namely the higher the protein-like substance content was, the higher the nitrogen and phosphorus content would be in the overlying water of Lake Erhai.

A typical agricultural headwater stream was chosen as the representative to investigate the dynamic characteristics of effective flow for nutrient retention over a longer time scale, based on the change of regional hydrology, from the perspective of coupling the discharge probability density function and nutrient retention efficiency. Through the Monte Carlo simulation for discharge probability density function, the overall level of nutrient retention for the target stream was quantitatively evaluated as well as the most effective flow and the functionally equivalent discharge were calculated, according to the nutrient uptake velocity derived from field tracer experiments. The overall levels of retention capability for NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3- were quite low. The expected values of the retention efficiency of NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3- were 0.0671 (6.71%) and 0.0541 (5.41%), respectively. The most effective flow for NH₄⁺ and PO₄^3- were 0.0051m³/s and 0.0049m³/s, and the functionally equivalent discharge for them were 0.044m³/s and 0.043m³/s, respectively. In view of the fact of low nutrient uptake velocity in the stream, it is necessary to improve the nutrient retention efficiency of the target stream by reconstructing stream morphology and streambed geomorphology.

By means of life-table technique, the effects of rifampicin at 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, 8.0, and 10.0μg/mL on the population growth parameters of Brachionus calyciflorus under three Scenedesmus obliquus densities (1.0×10⁶, 2.0×10⁶and 4.0×10⁶cells/mL) were studied. The results showed that compared to the controls, rifampicin at all the test concentrations obviously promoted the proportion of sexual offspring under the algal density of 1.0×10⁶cells/mL (P < 0.05). When algal density was 2.0×10⁶cells/mL, rifampicin at 2.0, 4.0 and 10.0μg/mL increased the intrinsic rate of population increase (P < 0.05), and rifampicin at all the test concentrations also increased the proportion of sexual offspring. When algal density was 4.0×10⁶cells/mL, rifampicin at all the test concentrations obviously promoted the intrinsic rate of population increase and the proportion of sexual offspring (P < 0.05). There were significant dose-effect relationships between rifampicin concentration and the life expectancy at hatching, the generation time, the average lifespan, and the average lifespan of the rotifers fed on the 1.0×10⁶cells/mL of algae. When algae density was 2.0×10⁶cells/mL, there were significant dose-effect relationships between the concentration of rifampicin and the proportion of sexual offspring. When algal density was 4.0×10⁶cells/mL, there were significant dose-effect relationships between the rifampicin concentration and the generation time, the net reproductive rate, the intrinsic rate of population increase as well as the proportion of sexual offspring.

In this study we used the Gini coefficient optimization model to optimize the allocation of carbon emission quotas in history basing on data of population, GDP and carbon emissions from 132 countries by 1901 to 2005, taking the equity of historical intergenerational and intra-generational into account. We also allocated a equitable distribution of carbon emission permits for various countries in the future. The Gini coefficient value of carbon emission quotas in history were lower than the actual value based on GDP and population from various countries, and were below 0.4 of warning value, and obtained an optimal carbon emission quotas allocation that comprehensively considered the history of various countries' GDP and population. The analysis of carbon emissions remaining quantity and the deficit quantity in history from various countries showed that the United States had the largest historical carbon deficit, India and China had the largest historical carbon remaining quantity. Meanwhile, considering the history of carbon emissions, the future carbon emission permits of various countries showed that China, India and other countries had the largest population, the economic proportion of the world were higher, and thus can get the most carbon emission permits in the future.

As a result of decreasing distance between cities during the rapid urbanization, the water quality of cities located in upper and lower reaches has closer interations. This paper proposes the concept of safe distance between cities to ensure the water quality in downstream cities, which is quantified based on the BP neural network model for water quality. Two adjacent cities along the Yangtze River, Wuhu and Ma'anshan, are chosen as the representative case to evaluate the safety of water quality and quantify the minimum safe distance after city expansion. The results reveal a safe distance of 4.6km between the two cities in 2020, which could ensure the water quality of the control section in upper reaches of Ma'anshan (the downstream city) to meet the class II standard of surface water. However, compared with the year 2010, the water quality of the control section will decline, where the COD concentration is projected to increase by 29.2% and NH₃-N by 23.2%. In order to ensure the water function of the control section, the minimum safe distance between the two cities needs to be 3.2km.

A bottom-up approach based on transport turnovers was employed to establish a model for calculation of energy consumption and exhaust emissions from water-borne transportation sector. Chinese inland, coastal and ocean transport turnovers were obtained based on the relationships of transport turnovers against GDP and the growth prediction of GDP in next years. Combined with emission factors employed by IMO, energy consumption and exhaust emissions of water-borne transportation in China from 2001 to 2030 were estimated. In 2001, fuel consumption and NO_x, CO, NMVOC, CO₂, SO₂ and PM emissions from water-borne transportation sector in China were 7.909, 0.636, 0.059, 0.019, 24.832, 0.372 and 0.046 million tons respectively; in 2030, fuel consumption and NO_x, CO, NMVOC, CO₂, SO₂ and PM emissions were 59.518, 4.051, 0.165, 0.183, 187.432, 0.155 and 0.061 million tons respectively; from 2001 to 2030, fuel consumption and CO₂ and NO_x emissions from water-borne transportation sector in China increased with an average annual growth rate of 7.2%, 7.2% and 6.6% respectively; Due to the restriction of international maritime conventions, SO₂ and PM emissions which are closely related to sulfur content in fuels reduced significantly since 2020; in 2001, CO₂ emissions from water-borne transportation sector in China contributed around 3.2% CO₂ emissions of world shipping, and thereafter gradually upward, in 2020 and 2030, the contribution would grow to 11.5% and 15.3% respectively.