The spatial and temporal distribution, production and deposition, and regional transport of mineral dust aerosol over East Asiawere quantified by usingthe Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport (GOCART) model. Model results showed thatthe Takalamakan Desert, the Hexi Corridor, and the Hetao Area were the main dust source regions in China. The dust production waslargest in spring, relatively small in summer and autumn, and reachedits minimum value in winter. Moreover, the dust production was gradually decreased year by year. The annual mean of regional dust emission waspredicted to be 581Tg/a. In general, the modeled dust aerosol optical depth (AOD) agreed well with the satellite observations spatially and temporally. Specifically, the high AOD in the Takalamakan Desert was notably influenced by the dust storm activities, in which AOD reached its peaks earlierin a year and kept longer compared with other sources. On the annual mean of regional basis, the dry and wet depositionscould remove 77% and 22% of the total dust production, respectively. The dry deposition was the dominate dust removal process over dust sources, while the wet deposition was more important when dust was transportedto northeastern China and the northwestern Pacific oceans. Furthermore, the removal process of coarse mode dust was mainly determined by gravitational dry deposition, in contrast, the wet deposition contributedto more than 60% of the removal process of accumulate mode dust. As the most important component, the gravitational dry deposition dominatedthe dust removal process throughout the year, especially in spring, while the wet deposition from convectiveprecipitationcould not be neglected in summer. Similar to dust production, the dust deposition also showed a decreasing trend over the simulation period. There were three major dust transport routes in East Asia, by which the dust aerosol could be transported from the dust source regions to northern, central, and southern China. In addition, the dust divergence region due to aerosol advection term was mainly located over the dust source regions, suggesting that the local heavy dust emission had great impacts on the dust transport and the high AOD there. On the other hand, the dust convergence in the western Tarim Basin induced by wind divergenceconvergence term indicated that the wind and topography were important for the high dust AOD there.

Based on the hourly data of O₃, NO_x, and VOCs concentration from China Meteorology Administration (CMA) Guangzhou Panyu Atmospheric Composition Observation Station, and the meteorological data, such as temperature, relatively humidity and wind data from Guangzhou meteorology observation station, the impacts of ozone precursors (NO_x, VOCs) and meteorological factors on O₃ pollution in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have been researched. It was found that the monthly variations of O₃ and NO_x were single-peak distribution with the peak concentrations were (104.9±68.0)μg/m³, (131.1±122.1)μg/m³in October and March, respectively. And the diurnal variation of O₃ also was unimodal distribution that the O₃ concentration was highest in the afternoon. While NO_x concentration had an obvious increase during rush time, and NO_x concentration in the nighttime was much higher than daytime. The titration of NO_x played an important role in O₃ pollution that O₃ concentration was exponentially suppressed with increasing NO_x concentration. High temperature and low relatively humidity condition was in favor of O₃ formation. Similar with NO_x, O₃ concentration was also exponentially suppressed with increasing relatively humidity, while the relationship between O₃ and temperature was opposite that O₃ concentration was exponentially increased with increasing temperature. When western wind was prevailed in the PRD region, O₃ concentration of downward area was highest, while when PRD was controlled by northern wind, O₃ concentration was lowest companied with the highest NO_x concentration, it also suggests that the titration of NO_x in O₃ concentration. In general, the key factors for photochemical pollution occurred in PRD region were NO_x concentration of 20~40μg/m³, temperature with higher than 27℃, relatively humidity with lower than 55% and western wind dominant, respectively. The formation of O₃ in October was controlled by VOCs, and the contribution of alkenes to ozone production potential was highest, which was 69%. While the contributions of alkanes and aromatics were much lower, were only 15%, 16%, respectively.

Heavy metal concentrations were determined in PM_2.5 samples collected from Gulou and Pukou campus of Nanjing University in 2013. The pollution characteristics of heavy metals in different districts and different seasons were analysed, respectively. The correlations between heavy metal concentrations with meteorological factors or conventional air pollutants were investigated, respectively. The obtained data were pre-processed by principal component analysis, followed by the establishment of rapid evaluation models based on Back Propagation Artificial Neural Network (BP-ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM), respectively. Then models obtained from these two nonlinear mathematics methods were compared with those from multiple linear regression model (MLR). The results showed that PM_2.5 concentrations and the average heavy metal concentrations in PM_2.5 were all highest in winner, followed by spring, whereas the lowest in summer and autumn. The significant linear correlations were found between heavy metal concentrations with meteorological factors or air pollutant concentrations. BP-ANN showed the highest correlation coefficients of training models for most tested heavy metals (except for Ba, Cr, and V). SVM showed the highest correlation coefficients of verified models for all the tested heavy metals. All three methods showed good modelling effects on the evaluation of Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn, but relatively poor modelling effects on the evaluation of Cr, Fe, Sr, Ti, and V.

Based on SO₂, NO_y, O₃, CO and PM_2.5 monitoring data of Beijing in 2012, the variation characteristics of PM_2.5 and reactive gas and the correlation with the meteorological conditions were discussed. The average mass concentration of PM_2.5 was 52.0μg/m³ in Beijing, 2012. The results showed that PM_2.5 had a large range over year with a slow accumulation and fast clearance variation especially in autumn and winter. NO_y, NO, CO and SO₂ showed the same trend with PM_2.5 changing, but O₃ changed in the opposite trend. The highest frequency of PM_2.5 appeared between 0~25μg/m³ for 27%. NO_y, NO, CO, SO₂ and PM_2.5 showed a rapid decrease at wind speed < 3m/s, among them, the reduction rate of PM_2.5 was ~ 25 %/(m/s). When the wind speed was > 3m/s, the pollutants reduced to a lower concentration and tended to be gentle. It was not showed significant influence of PM_2.5 mass concentration with the increasing of relative humidity on cleaning day, but showed rapidly increase of PM_2.5 on pollution days.

In this paper, the technology of high performance anion exchange chromatography-pulsed amperometric detection (HPAEC-PAD) was used to measure the carbohydrates in the atmospheric particulates during three seasons (spring, autumn and winter) in Liuzhou, to study the levels, distribution characteristics and sources of carbohydrates. The results show that, the concentrations of PM_2.5 and the total carbohydrates are higher than that in spring and autumn, with lowest values in autumn and similar seasonal distribution patterns. Also, there is a significant difference in the level of total carbohydrates content during three seasons, but the difference between three monitoring sites is of no significance in space. Levoglucosan makes up almost more than 80% of total carbohydrates. There is obvious relationship between levoglucosan, its isomers and the total carbohydrates, suggesting that levoglucosan and its isomers can represent the total carbohydrates well. The average ratios of levoglucosan/mannosan (L/M) and levoglucosan/(mannosan+galactosan) [L/(M+G)] are 10.4±2.3 and 8.6±2.1, respectively. Considering with the local agriculture and forestry production situations, it can be initially inferred that the mixture of cork and crop residues are the main biomass combustion sources in the PM_2.5 of Liuzhou.

To observe the seasonal and diurnal variations of atmospheric carbonyl, thirty six carbonyls samples were collected and fourteen carbonyl compounds were identified in Foshan City during winter 2014 and summer 2015. Most carbonyls were observed with high average concentrations in Foshan City and the total concentrations of carbonyls were 36.15μg/m³± 3.45μg/m³ and 33.25μg/m³±4.25μg/m³ in winter and summer, respectively. Formaldehyde (8.54μg/m³, 23.65%), acetone (8.20μg/m³, 22.69%), acetaldehyde (5.79μg/m³, 16.03%) and formaldehyde (14.63μg/m³, 44.01%), acetaldehyde (6.22μg/m³, 18.70%), acetone (5.23μg/m³, 15.73%) were the three most abundant carbonyls in winter and summer, respectively. The diurnal variations of carbonyls remain at a relatively stable and high level in winter, and carbonyls in afternoon were slightly higher than those in the morning and evening. On the contrary, it varied significantly in summer and the carbonyls in afternoon were significantly higher than those in the morning and evening. The ratios of C1/C2 and C2/C3 were 1.56 and 14.35 in winter, and 2.63 and 15.56 in summer, respectively. Human activities were the main sources of carbonyls in Foshan City. The good relationship among formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acetone and propionaldehyde indicated those carbonyls might have similar sources.

Size-segregated atmospheric aerosol particles collected at a suburban site in Qingdao during January and March, 2016 were used to investigate size distributions of ten trace elements in mass concentration as well as their size-dependent solubility in relation to atmospheric acid processes. In general, size distributions of the total mass concentrations of the trace elements exhibited a uni-modal pattern. For example, Fe, Al, Ba and Sr, which are expected to mainly originate from crustal sources, mostly existed in the coarse particles (2.1~7.0μm), and the part mass accounted for 50%~60% of their total mass concentrations. Cd, As, Zn and Pb, which are expected to have strong anthropogenic contributors, were mainly distributed in the range of 0.43~2.1μm where the part mass accounted for 60%~70% of their total concentrations. However, there were no size trend for the total mass of Mn and Ni. The size distributions of water-soluble trace elements in mass concentration also exhibited a unimodal pattern. ~70% of water-soluble Fe, Al, Ba, Sr and Mn are distributed in the broad size range of 0.43~4.7μm, and nearly 80% of soluble Cd, As, Zn and Pb in mass concentration existed in the fine particles at 0.43~2.1μm. No size trend was found for the soluble Ni. The solubility of the trace elements was higher in fine particles than in coarse particles and this is particularly true for those derived from crustal sources. Moreover, the size distributions of the aerosol in-situ pH and the correlations between the pH and the elements' solubility implied that acidification processes in the atmosphere played a key role in determining the size-dependent solubility of the trace elements.

The spatial pattern of bungalow areas in the plain area of Beijing was interpreted with 1.5m high resolution remote sensing images in Aug, 2015. Then, the bungalow build-up areas were refined by a combination of field sampling and the imagery interpretations. A statistical model was developed to estimate the coal consumption in bungalow areas based on statistical records of build-up areas. The coal burning emissions of particulate matter (PM), sulfur dioxide (SO₂), nitrogen oxide (NO_x), carbon monoxide (CO), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) were estimated by the emission factors that were collected from the relative researches. The results showed that: the consumed coal weight was especially in districts of Tongzhou, where the coal consumption was 0.974million tons in Tongzhou and the coal consumption more than 0.60million tons in Shunyi and Daxing. The coal consumption in Changping and Fangshan was close to 0.50million tons. The special distribution of coal consumption showed an increasing trend from the northwest to the southeast of Beijing. The new urban development district in Beijing had the highest bungalow density; Special attention should be given to Chaoyang and Haidian mountain areas. The emissions of PM、SO₂、NO_x、BC、OC、CO in the plain areas of Beijing were obvious difference. The highest emissions of SO₂ and NO_x were in Tongzhou district, reached 3534.4 tons and 2514.0 tons, respectively.

A systematic study of street dust in Wuhan city, china, was carried out using combined environmental magnetism and geochemistry techniques. Magnetic measurement showed that magnetic minerals of street dust have distinct differences in spatial distribution pattern and overall values of magnetic susceptibility in the following sequence: industrial area (χ=7.36×10^-6m³/kg)> traffic route(χ=5.38×10^-6m³/kg)> business district(χ=3.76×10^-6m³/kg)> development(χ=2.26×10^-6m³/kg) and scenic areas(χ=2.48×10^-6m³/kg). The results indicated that the content of magnetic minerals in the street dust mainly attributed to the industrial production and transportation factors, while the distribution of population density also had definite influence on the content of magnetic minerals. Rock magnetic measurements demonstrated that dominant magnetic components were ferrimagnetic minerals, as well as antiferromagnetic minerals. SEM/EDX analysis revealed that there were some spherical Fe-containing particles from anthropogenic activity, which was different from pedogenic ferromagnetic minerals in nature soil. The PLI showed significant correlation with the mean value of χ (R²=0.870) and SIRM (R²=0.665), which meant magnetism parameters of street dust could be seen as an indicator of heavy metals pollution.

A new method for retrieving cloud optical depth (COD) using AERONET cloud mode is introduced. Using statistical analysis for temporal variation characteristics of cloud optical properties at Xianghe site based on the COD data obtained by this algorithm from January 2011 to June 2012, we find that there was significant daily variation COD in zenith direction and the number of occurrence of non-precipitating clouds (Num). Comparing the COD data retrieved by ground-based remote sensing and MODIS satellite under different sky conditions (broken clouds and overcast cases), the two data sets fit very well with high correlation. In these two cases, the average values of MODIS COD are 10.8 and 9.4, smaller than those of ground observation. COD had a decreasing trend in the morning and dusk, and a increasing trend at noon and in the afternoon. Num day curve was "bimodal" and peaked in the morning and afternoon, respectively, with a minimum around noon. The seasonal average COD was in the order of autumn> spring> winter> summer, each season had more than 65% of the COD concentrated in the range of 10~40; summer observations showed the maximum number of days, minimum change. At least a few days in the winter observations, it showed the maximum change. The observed days or change were consistent in spring and autumn. A linear regression analysis for COD and AOD time series was used at Xianghe site, and a significance test was carried out, showing that observed frequency of COD and fine mode AOD had a strong positive correlation.

Using the methods of the non-radial directional distance function (NRDDF) and the improved Luenberger productivity indicator with difference-based structure, this paper studied the regional differences, changing trends and causes decompositions of the atmospheric pollution emissions efficiency (APEE) of China's 13major industrial provinces from 2003 to 2012. The empirical results showed that: (1) the APEE of China's major industrial provinces was generally lower, and regional difference was obvious, at the same time the atmospheric pollution has the great potential for emissions reduction; (2) a key constraint on the APEE of China's major industrial provinces was the pure technical efficiency; (3) taken the whole or a certain pollutant, the increase of APEE presented the mode of the single wheel drived by the environmental technical progress completely, while the change of pure technical efficiency (PTE) and scale efficiency (SE) played the negative effects on that; (4) the APEE of China's major industrial provinces appeared Matthew effect, and the efficiency differences of the APEE among these provinces would probably continue to expand through the analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of provincial atmospheric pollution reduction.

The one dimensional La(OH)₃ nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal method, and the microstructure of was characterized with XRD, SEM, TEM, XPS and UV-vis DRS. The as-prepared samples were applied in photocatalytic NO purification. The results indicated that the La(OH)₃ nanorods have uniform morphology and could absorb UV light. The hydrothermal temperature exerted a great influence on the microstructure and photocatalytic activity of La(OH)₃ nanorods. The highest photocatalytic performance and stability can be achieved when the temperature is controlled at 180℃ (La-180). The ESR trapping experiment showed that the signal of ·OH radicals produced by La-180was stronger than that of La-150 and La-210, thus La-180 demonstrated highly enhanced photocatalytic activity. The enhanced generation of ·OH radicals by La-180 was associated with the enhanced UV-light absorption, uniform morphology of La-180 with enhanced charge separation efficiency and large specific surface areas providing more surface active sites.

Assuming two case, one was Aerosol direct radiation effect considered, two was Aerosol direct radiation effect not considered, Simulation the change of air quality and meteorological field during 2015 year by WRF/chem model, Quantitative analysis Relationship about weather-air quality-weather-air quality. The results showed: aerosol direct radiation effect led to the solar radiation reduced by 27.42W/m², temperature reduced by 0.21℃, wind speed reduced by 1.1%, relative humidity increased by 1.4%, the boundary layer height mass concentration during 2015 year on Tianjin, meteorological conditions changed to uneasily diffusion. Due to the aerosol direct radiation effect, PM_2.5 mass concentration increased by 3μg/m³, PM₁₀mass concentration increased by 5.5μg/m³, SO₂ mass concentration increased by 1.2μg/m³, but O³ mass concentration reduced by 1.4μg/m3cause by the decrease of solar radiation. Analysis that the the change of PM_2.5 mass concentration about ship of weather-air quality-weather-air quality was not liner, Heavy pollution weather is significantly stronger than the cleanup day and the average condition, which leads to heavy pollution weather air quality become worse.

Nano composite AC (active carbon) supported Cu/Nd catalyst was prepared by sol-gel method using Cu(NO₃)₂ and Nd(NO₃)₃ as active components. Electro-catalytic oxidation of phenolic wastewater was performed by using a stainless steel wire basket filled with Cu/Nd-AC catalyst as anode, and air diffusion electrode as cathode (ADE). The catalytic activity of the prepared catalyst was evaluated by of COD (chemical oxygen demand) and phenol removal rates of the wastewater. The optimum parameters were found to be as follows: Cu/Nd-AC catalyst dosage = 5g/L, solution pH = 3, and electrolysis current density = 400mA/dm². In this case, the COD and phenol removal rates could reach 98.32% and 99.59%, respectively, after 1h degradation for a phenol solution of 504mg/L concentration.

The effect of gas phase conditions on the performance of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria under short-term preservation was studied. Under the conditions of normal temperature (14±0.5)℃ and low temperature (4±0.5)℃, ANAMMOX bacteria were preserved in the four gas phase conditions (13393mg/m³ NO, 1339mg/m³ NO, nitrogen and air) for 28days and the recovery experiments of ANAMMOX bacteria preserved under normal temperature condition was studied. The results showed that the activities of the ANAMMOX bacteria preserved in 13393mg/m³ NO and nitrogen conditions were higher than that of the bacteria preserved in the air at the corresponding temperature. The retention rates of ANAMMOX bacteria were 23.40%, 86.22%, 61.54% and 46.47%, respectively,under the four kinds of preservation (normal temperature condition), However, Under low temperature conditions, the retention rates were 36.53%, 47.12%, 53.53% and 42.95%, respectively; The results demonstrated that preservation in oxygen-free environment was beneficial to maintain color and settleability of bacteria while biomass decreased and in high concentrations of NO Can reduce the loss of biomass during preservation. The results of the recovery experiments showed that the distribution of each stage during the recovery process was various in different preservation mode. The adaptation period of bacteria preserved in air was 6cycles while in nitrogen was 2 cycles.

By building simulation devices of horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands, four wetlands (CW1、CW2、CW3、CW4) with the frequency of water-level fluctuation as 0,3,6,9cm/d were set up to study the impact of water-level change on nitrogen removal in them. The results showed that water-level change could improve the effect of nitrogen removal. The average concentration of dissolved oxygen was (0.99±0.20), (1.14±0.19), (1.30±0.27) and (1.34±0.27) mg/L, for CW1, CW2, CW3, CW4 respectively. The average concentrations of dissolved oxygen in the above four wetlands had significant differences(P<0.05),and they increased with the frequency increasing. Characterization value of nitrification intensity had the same thend with dissolved oxygen. And it gradually decreased along the inlet to outlet of wetlands, but the upper layer was greater than the lower layer in the depth direction. Characterization value of denitrification intensity increased with the frequency decrease and it increased first then decreased along the wetlands' inlets to outlet. TN average removal rates of four wetlands were (89.04±0.80)%, (91.04±1.14)%, (93.94±1.23)% and (91.45±1.11)% respectively. The TN removal rate of CW3 wetland was the highest and had significant differences (P<0.05) with others. The CW3and CW4 wetlands had better efficient for NH₄⁺-N removal and the average removal rates were (93.79±1.19)% and (95.30±1.09)% respectively.

In order to investigate the application conditions and product quality of struvite (MAP) pellet crystallization technology in actual engineering, a pilot-scale MAP reactor was used to recover phosphorus from sludge liquor derived from a sewage treatment plant in Wuxi. The optimal conditions for the struvite pellet formation were confirmed as follows: pH = 9.0, N:P:Mg molar ratio =4:1:1.3, reaction time=4d. Under the above optimal conditions, the recovery efficiency of PO₄^3--P reached 85%, the average size of the harvested struvite particles was 0.74mm, and the struvite purity reached 98.23%. The harvested struvite particles have rhombic structure and with high purity. Economic analysis indicates that the total pharmaceutical cost of struvite pellet crystallization for phosphorus recovery is 0.38yuan/t sludge liquor.

To evaluate the removal of the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and nitrogen (TN) within the landfill leachate effluent, the combined electrochemical integrated process of electro-oxidation/electro-coagulation was constructed. In this system, the dimensional stable electrode was used as anode and graphite felt as cathode, moreover, the iron net was applied as bipolar electrode. The effect of plate distance, circulation velocity and chloride ion (Cl^-) concentration on COD and TN reduction was investigated using the single factor experiment and response surface methodology (RSM). Via the analysis of variance, a quadratic response surface model with significant level was obtained. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimum conditions for COD removal were 3.8cm plate distance, 1mL/min velocity and 5556mg/L Cl^- concentration, respectively, leading to a COD removal efficiency of 84.6% (forecast COD reduction was 85.4%). The optimum conditions for TN removal were 5.7cm plate distance, 1mL/min circulation velocity and 5437mg/L Cl^-concentration, with a TN removal rate of 86.4% (VS forecast value of 93.0%). Meanwhile, the phosphorus and color were also significantly removed by the combination process. In overall, the simultaneous removal of predominant contaminants within landfill leachate achieved during the electro-oxidation/electro-coagulation combination process was meaningful for pollutants control.

In order to make the parameters of the water quality model more realistic and reduce the equivalent phenomenon of different parameters in water quality model, this paper proposed a method to identify the model parameters by setting laboratory experimental constraints, which could be used to make a certain degree of internal process control. The example of a water quality simulation by WASP model in a section of the North Canal showed that by this method, the model could be more accurate to reflect the actual water quality change process by reducing uncertainty and equivalent from combination of the parameters. Through the action of the nonlinear model structure and constraint conditions, the originally independent parameters under the same sub module began to demonstrate certain correlation. With the further study of the water quality change process, the constraint conditions would be further enhanced when introduced new constraint conditions or fault decrease tolerance.

The changes of wastewater toxicity to activated sludge along the treatment processes from water intake to the aerobic biological unit in an integrated petrochemical wastewater treatment plant were investigated. The assay was done based on three toxicity characterization methods: oxygen uptake rate of activated sludge, dehydrogenase activity of activated sludge and acute toxicity to luminescent bacteria. Moreover, the three-dimensional fluorescence spectra of effluents from each process unit were analyzed and the relationship between fluorescence characteristics and the toxicity profiles was revealed. The results showed that the influent petrochemical wastewater had an inhibition on the oxygen uptake rate of nitrifier up to 50%~60%. After the treatment processes prior to the aerobic biological treatment unit, the inhibition of the treated wastewater on activated sludge still reached 30%. Among them, hydrolysis acidification and anoxic treatment were found to decrease the wastewater toxicity obviously. Based on the comprehensive comparison of the results from these three methods, the oxygen uptake rate method is more suitable for the toxicity evaluation of petrochemical wastewater on activated sludge. As to the fluorescence spectra of the water samples, all the fluorescence peaks appeared in the region of λ_ex/λ_em=200-300/250~400nm, and the fluorescence intensity of peak C (λ_ex/λ_em=225/340), peak E (λ_ex/λ_em=275/325) and peak F (λ_ex/λ_em=275/335) were positively correlated with the toxicity at a certain extent. The fluorescence peaks with emission wavelength of 325~340nm are recommended to be used for rapid and simple monitoring the toxicity of petrochemical wastewater to activated sludge.

This paper used tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and graphene oxide (GO) as the raw materials.Graphene/silica aerogels (GS) with different content of GO were synthesized via sol-gel method, combined with surface modification, ambient drying process and high temperature reduction. Through the consider of the density and the specific surface area, the best GS was obtained and the adsorption of benzene and toluene solution was studied compared with the activated carbon and SiO₂ aerogel. The results show that the specific surface area of the silica gel is improved greatly by the addition of 3% GO, which made the porous and homogeneous structure. The density is 160kg/m³, the specific surface area and pore diameter are 1039m²/g and 16.56nm, respectively. The adsorption of benzene and toluene reaches 180mg/g and 210mg/g, respectively. They are approximately 2.5 times of the amount of activated carbon adsorption. The adsorption process was in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm model.

The EB reactor (electron beam water treatment reactor) in the form of nozzle jet with relatively large treatment capacity is selected as the research object in this paper. By means of the computational fluid dynamic (CFD) method, both the hydrodynamic behavior and the influence of the EB reactor configuration on the flow velocity uniformity at the reactor outlet are studied, in order to achieve even distribution of flow velocity at the reactor outlet. The results are therefore used to optimize the configuration of the reactor. The study results for the primary EB reactor indicates that there are mainly three key configuration parameters affecting the hydrodynamic behavior of the reactor, including the diameter the reactor inlet, length of the horizontal contraction part and pattern of the bending part. The larger the reactor inlet diameter is and the longer the length of the horizontal contraction part is, the more uniform the velocity distribution of the reactor outlet will be. The optimal reactor configuration parameters are determined as follows: the dimeter of the reactor inlet is 0.2m, the length of the horizontal contraction part is 0.45m, and the configuration of the bending part should fit the flow velocity direction. The numerical simulation results indicate that the hydrodynamic conditions of the optimal reactor are greatly improved, and the flow velocity of the reactor outlet is evenly distributed. Physical model experiment verified the simulation results.

Denitrifying polyphosphate accumulating organisms (DPAOs) could remove N and P simultaneously when exposed to sequential anaerobic-anoxic conditions. The key factor of denitrifying phosphorus removal by DPAOs was the conversion and utilization of internal carbon source. To evaluate the effect of conversion and utilization of internal carbon source on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus, batch experiments were conducted with different anaerobic/anoxic reaction time using denitrifying phosphorus activated sludge taken from an anaerobic/anoxic/oxic (A²/O)-biological contact oxidation (BCO) system. The results showed that DPAOs produced the highest amount of poly-β-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) and finished phosphorus release when anaerobic reaction time was 90min, while too long anaerobic reaction time (120, 150min) led to the decrease of PHA and affected denitrifying phosphorus removal. Additionally, the effect of long anaerobic reaction time on phosphorus absorption was more significant than that on denitrification by NO₃^--N, and the specific phosphorus uptake rate suffered a 30 percent fall when extending the anaerobic reaction time to 150min. Under the appropriate anaerobic conditions, the optimal anoxic reaction time for nitrogen and phosphorus removal was 120min. The nitrogen and phosphorus removal couldn't finish with a short reaction time (60min), while Gly was partially degraded with long anoxic reaction time (180, 240, 300min), denitrifying phosphorus removal was indirectly affected, and it was of no advantage to the long-term operation. Furthermore, in a short time, the impact of long anaerobic reaction time on the nitrogen and phosphorus removal was greater than that of long anoxic reaction time.

In this study, effects of substrate ratios and COD/SO₄^--S ratios on specific methanogenic activities (SMAs) and biochemical methane potentials (BMPs) in the anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) were investigated, and the mechanisms of sulfate reduction and methanogenesis were elaborated. The results show that when the maximum SMA was obtained when the substrate ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid was 60%. When the ratio of acetic acid and propionic acid was lower than 40%, the conversion of propionic acid into acetic acid became the limiting step for methane generation, subsequently decreasing SMAs. When the ratio was higher than 60%, SMAs was restrained by the metabolism of acetic acid. In the presence of sulfate, the SMAs and BMPs were both inhibited as the COD/SO₄^--S ratio was lower than 20 and the acetate metabolism was restrained with the ratio less than 10. In terms of sulfate metabolism, 80% of sulfate was converted to sulfide (H₂S, HS^-, S^2-) when the COD/SO₄^--S ratio was lower than 25, whereas only 14% of sulfate was converted to sulfide when the sulfate was insufficient (COD/SO₄^--S>25).

To explore the factors affecting the rapid start-up of chemical catalytic oxidation filter, three identical pilot-scale filters were employed to optimize the start-up process for simultaneous removal of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), and ammonia from groundwater at various influent conditions. The results showed that chemical oxidation method could accelerate the start-up of filter. After 28days' operation, the simultaneous removal of iron, manganese, and ammonia could be achieved. A good dose iron was beneficial to shorten the start-up period of the filter. Various influent ammonia concentrations seemed to have no effect on the start-up of the filter. When the influent ammonia, Fe, Mn concentration was 1.5mg/L, 2.0mg/L and 1mg/L, respectively and the flow rate was 4m/h, it had demonstrated to be a feasible and quick start-up method. The maximum influent concentration of ammonia and manganese could reach up to 2.1mg/L and 2.7mg/L, respectively, which could meet the requirement for treating the polluted groundwater.

The influence of ultrasound energy densities on dewaterability of drinking water treatment sludge and the involved influencing factors was investigated. The dewaterability of sonicated sludge was improved at relatively low energy densities of 0.03 and 1.0W/mL in less than 10minutes. However, at relatively high energy densities, the dewaterability of sludge was deteriorated regardless of ultra-sonication time. The content of solubilized organic matter in the supernatant of sonicated sludge was increased. Additionally, the floc characteristics changed obviously and the dewaterability got worse as the energy density increased. At lower energy densities of 0.03 and 1.0W/mL, the dewaterability of sludge was not correlated with solubilized organic matters and floc characteristics of sonicated sludge. However, at a high energy density of 5W/mL, the dewaterability was significantly related to solubilized organic matters and Zeta potential of sludge.

Humic acid (S-HA) was extracted from municipal sewage sludge. The S-HA was further modified by heating and the modified humic acid was obtained (MS-HA). The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized with elemental analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC). The adsorption kinetics and isothermal adsorption process for copper (II) ions from aqueous solutions was investigated. The results indicated that the C/N and C/H of MS-HA ratio were 5.58 and 6.70, respectively. The surface of MS-HA was loose and abundant with non-homogeneous pores. The dehydration and decarboxylic reaction took place during the modification process and the amorphous structure was well-maintained. The equilibrium time was 18h and the optimal pH value was 4~6. The kinetic parameters and isotherms were calculated from the experimental data. The adsorption process can be fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The adsorption data obtained can be described by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.

The pyrolysis behavior of a cold rolling oil sludge was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. Combined with the results from elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction spectrometry and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry, the thermochemical conversion reactions and kinetic characteristics during the pyrolysis were identified. The result showed that the oil fraction evaporated firstly and then came with thermal decomposition reactions in the temperature range of 174~447℃. Between 652 to 863℃, metal oxides in the sludge were reduced by the pyrolytic char. Kinetic analysis of the oil thermal conversion was performed using isoconversional method and the curve of apparent activation energy versus conversion was obtained. It was shown that the apparent activation energy kept increasing with the thermal conversion process. And the point of a=0.6 was obviously a boundary to divide the whole process into two stages, i.e. evaporation and pyrolysis. The existence of residue was able to decrease the apparent activation energy during oil evaporation via comparing the curves of the extracted oil and rolling oil sludge.

The aim of this study was improving the kitchen waste composting maturity and reducing the emission of odors (NH₃ and H₂S) during the process. Cornstalk, rice husks, sawdust and mushroom substrate were mixed respectively with the kitchen waste to give a mixture containing 15%(wet weight). The pure kitchen waste was composted as CK. All treatments had reached the requirements of maturity except CK. Kitchen waste mixed with the mushroom substrate treatment gave the highest maturity, it could increase the final germination index a lot compared to CK. Among these treatments, kitchen waste mixed with mushroom residue had the best reduction effect on NH₃ emission, which made a reduction of 53.6% compared with CK. And kitchen waste mixed with the sawdust had the best reduction effect on H₂S emission, which made a reduction of 84.08%. Kitchen waste mixed with the mushroom substrate had the lowest total nitrogen loss, the total nitrogen loss accounted for 8.70% of initial total nitrogen. And the total sulfur loss of kitchen waste mixed with the cornstalks treatment was the least among all treatments, accounted for 2.05% of initial total sulfur.

A serious foaming incident occurred in a mesophilic food waste digester. The effects of foaming on reactor efficiency parameters were investigated, including specific biogas production (SBP), specific methane production (SMP) and volatile solids (VS) removal rate. The possible causes of foaming were evaluated according to a series of stability parameters including volatile fatty acids (VFAs), the ratio of VFA to total alkalinity (VFA/TA) combined with the ammonia nitrogen concentration (TAN), as well as the bacterial community structure in pre-and post-foaming system. The SBP, SMP and VS removal rate during the stable stage were (0.950±0.104) m³/kg VS, (0.574±0.072) m³CH₄/kg VS and (87.14±2.76)%, respectively. However, those parameters decreased to (0.717±0.100) m³/kg VS, (0.432±0.070) m³CH₄/kg VS and (84.24±4.44)% with the appearance of the foaming incident, which indicated that the efficiency of the digester had been significantly influenced by the foaming incident. Prior to the foaming, there appeared to be a rapid accumulation of VFAs along with a reduction in the proportion of acetic acid in VFAs. The propionic acid, which is believed to play a major role in enhancing the foaming tendency, increased in its proportion in VFAs as well. The filamentous bacteria Longilinea arvoryzae, Levilinea and the myxobacterium Cytophaga fermentans had stronger band intensities after foaming. Their filamentous structure or mucilage can be a significant contributor to the initiation of foaming to some extent. In conclusion, foaming may be caused by the combination of VFAs accumulation and the proliferation of specific bacteria.

A refuse derived fuel (RDF) molding machine and a Thermogravimetric Analyzer were used to investigate parameters in RDF molding processes and thermal characters of RDF products, respectively. In the process of preparing RDF using bio-drying products, the appropriate parameters of moisture content, particle size and molding pressure were 30%, <1mm and 2MPa, respectively. The range of falling strength of RDF was 95~100% under such condition, which meant high efficiency of molding without any volumetric expansion. The heat value of RDF was relative higher when particle size is 1~2mm than that of others. Thermal characteristics of RDF with the particle size of <1mm were remarkably different from those with the particle size of 1~3mm. The fitting of TG curve was great using first order kinetics equation. The results indicated a great potential of preparing RDF using municipal solid waste after bio-drying.

The effects of pyrolysis technology on the chemical properties of terramycin ferment residue were investigated. The changes of free radicals and carbon structure in terramycin ferment residue during the pyrolysis process were analyzed by electron spin resonance spectroscopy (ESR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and ¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. The results indicated that large amount of free radicals were found in terramycin ferment residue and its concentrations changed significantly with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. When the pyrolysis temperature increased to 320℃, the free radical concentrations in chars reached 1.239×10¹⁹ spins/g. The g-values and linewidths analysis showed that the free radicals shifted from oxygen-containing radicals and carbon-hydrogen radicals to aromatic radicals, which was due to the release of volatile matters and the aggravation of polycondensation reaction. The carbon structures such as methoxyl groups (CH₃—O—), aliphatic C—C bonds, aliphatic C—O bonds and carbonyl(C=O) group bonds in terramycin ferment residue were ruptured and more aromatic C—C and C—O bonds were generated during the pyrolysis process. The proportion of aromatic carbon functional groups (aromatic C—H, C—C, and C—O bonds) was up to 94.14% at the pyrolysis temperature of 600℃.

The objectives of this study were to reveal the sources of nitrate and the contribution of each source, based on isotopic tracing and IsoSource. The results showed that NO₃^--N is the main nitrogen species in the sudied area, which ranges in 4.21~16.29mg/L, the spatial distribution of nitrate pollution are different greatly, 77.8% of the samples have exceeded the drinking water standard of China. The NH₄⁺-N ranges from 0.31~9.47mg/L. The NO₂^--N have been found in all surface water samples and the groundwater sample of Guozhuang, which indicates that the coal mining activity of Liyazhuang has already affect the water quality of groundwater. δ¹⁵N-NO₃^- ranges in +2.28‰~+13.88‰, δ¹⁸O-NO₃^- ranges in-0.28‰~+10.14‰, respectively. Nitrate is mainly produced by nitrification. Denitrification has been found in the river reaches of Guangshengshi, longzici and Miaoqian. Manure and sewage are the main sources of nitrate in the river reach of Linfen and Hejin, the contribution rate are 69% and 62%, respectively. Chemical fertilizer is the main sources of nitrate in the river reach of Xiangfen due to the agricultural activities, the contribution rate is 57%. Soil organic nitrogen is the main sources of nitrate in the groundwater, the contribution rate is 48%.

Dichloroacetamide is anitrous disinfection-byproduct in drinking water treatment plant, which is harmful to human health. In this work, zebrafish was used as the target organim to explore effect of dichloroacetamide on zebrafish in developmental and accumulative toxicity. Experimental results document that the highest dichloroacetamide concentration in effluent from drinking water treatment plant of Luoma Lake was 1.72μg/L, which is far lower than that from in Weishan Lake with 2.6μg/L. Comparing conventional treatment process suggests that advanced unit of ozone combined with granular-activated carbon achieved higher efficiency for dichloroacetamide removal ratio, which reached at about 64%. Dichloroacetamide could cause malformation effects on embryo zebrafish and could cause stronger toxicity effects on neuron than that on circulation system of embryo zebrafish. Dichloroacetamide also could cause accumulative toxicity on zebrafish liver and its accumulative toxicity was proportional to lipid content, which should be strictly controlled.

In this paper, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) contents declined significantly when potential nitrification rates (PNR) were measured in sediments from adjacent waters of Rushan Bay, which indicated DIN loss occurred during cultivation, and the ratio of dissolved inorganic nitrogen loss to nitrification content ranged from 2.72% to 40.02%. Moreover, the expressions of copper-containing nitrite reductase gene (nirK) were analyzed with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and the results showed that the gene expressed in both ammmonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), and nitrifier denitrification was one of the reasons that led to DIN loss. PNR would be underestimated if only nitrate and nitrite concentrations were taken into account. For station C0 and C2, total PNR considered ND was 15.9 and 22.1 times of that not considered ND, respectively; and PNR of AOA considered ND was 22.3 and 46.1 times of that not considered ND, respectively. Therefore, DIN loss should be considered when PNR in sediments from adjacent waters of Rushan Bay were calculated.

Estuaries, lagoons and bays are considered as the most important ocean margins due to their important influence in land-sea interaction under human activities, playing key roles in the regional carbon biogeochemical cycles. Based on measurements obtained from comprehensive survey in the adjacent area of Rushan Bay in summer of 2009 and 2014, organic carbon (OC) distributions, its benthic processes and influence factors were determined. The results showed that the concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in summer 2009 ranges from 0.70 to 3.19mg/L, with an average concentration of 1.80mg/L. Concentration of DOC was high in August, and low in June. Time-dependent variation of DOC and particulate organic carbon (POC) were ranged in1.79~15.2mg/L and 0.04~1.33mg/L, respectively. DOC patterns were mainly affected by human activities, primary production and tide. Estimated POC sedimentation rate was (25±0.8) g/m²in summer, accounting for 66% of the carbon fixation by phytoplankton related to primary production. DOC concentrations in the pore water of the upper sediment (0~4cm) were 8~9 times larger than those in the overlying water, and benthic DOC flux at the sediment-water interface ranged from 14.4 to 97g/(m²a), accounting for 1.1%~13.4% of DOC in the water DOC pool. Anthropogenic activities were the key factors that influence the OC distribution and cycling in the coastal areas of Rushan Bay. The OC budget shows that regeneration of sedimentary TOC contributes to a large share of diffusive DOC flux, indicating that the sediment is a significant source of DOC to water column in the study area. More than 50% of OC can be transported by tides and currents. The net burial of OC in sediments represents 13% of the carbon pool that yield by the primary production in summer. Low-oxygen level may enhance benthic diffusive of DOC and other diagenetic processes, which would play a key role in controlling OC conservation in the sediment.

In the present study, a peat core sampled in Dajiuhu montane mire, Hubei province, extending back to 16,000yr BP was analyzed for Hg accumulation and main environmental processes involved in the control of Hg concentrations. Based on Ti, Al, Sc, Rb, Sr, Pb and Zn contents as well as humification and δ¹³C of the core, principal component analysis (PCA) and stepwise regression analysis revealed that main processes controlling Hg concentrations included the mineral input by precipitation and runoff (PC1), dust deposition (PC2), wet deposition (PC3) and peat decomposition (PC4). On the basis of the relative importance of each factor on Hg concentrations, the 16,000yr record of the Dajiuhu peat core could be divided into six main phases. During phaseⅠ(16.0~15.6cal kyr BP), reduced regional dustfall and peat decomposition resulted in decreased Hg concentrations. In PhaseⅡ(15.6~14.2cal kyr BP) ,significantly increased atmospheric wet deposition and fluxes of particulate and dissolved terrestrial organic matter from soils under enhanced terrestrial productivity after the last glacial period were probably responsible for higher Hg concentrations. In phase Ⅲ(14.2~11.3cal kyr BP), Hg concentrations were enhanced later during the Younger Dryas(12.3~11.3cal kyr BP) by increased regional dustfall and peat decomposition. During phase Ⅳ(11.3~4.3cal kyr BP), although significant volatility of the four factors, Hg concentrations were higher as a whole. Lower Hg concentration in phase Ⅴ(4.3~3.1cal kyr BP) were mainly resulted from apparent decrease in atmospheric wet and dry deposition. In phase Ⅵ(3.1cal kyr BP to present), the Hg concentration increased with decreasing depth, albeit with evident volatility. This phase was characterized by reduced input of mineral matter into the mire and gradual increase in regional dustfall, indicating precipitation reduction and progressively increasing influence of anthropogenic activities on Hg accumulation in the peat.

The neutral lipid (NL) accumulation of Chlorella pyrenoidosa during the mixotrophic growth was studied by using sodium acetate as the organic carbon source and Nile-Red three dimensional fluorescence-regional volume integration to determine the NL content. The differences of biomass productivity, total lipid productivity, and fatty acids of lipids between mixotrophic and autotrophic culture were also investigated. The results showed that C. pyrenoidosa entered the logarithmic growth phase immediately and grew fast after sodium acetate adding, with the NL accumulation simultaneously being triggered. The concentration of 5g/L sodium acetate could not only promote the microalgal growth and the continuous NL accumulation, but also avoid the environmental stress caused by the excessive organic carbon to algae. After 12-day cultivation, the NL content per cell, biomass production, and total lipid productivity were 4.5, 2.1, and 3.1times those of the autotrophic control samples, respectively. Under the dosage of 5g/L sodium acetate, the fatty acids of lipid mainly consisted of saturated fatty acid C16:0 (22.42%) and unsaturated fatty acids C18:1 (31.58%) and C18:2 (10.89%).

In this study, seven representative agricultural soils with different physicochemical properties were used to investigate the response of soil microbial community to Cr contamination and the effect of indigenous chromium-resistant bacteria on reduction of hexavalent chromium in soils. Our results demonstrated that soil bacterial community was responded to Cr contamination through changes in bacterial community structure, with Cr-resistant bacteria became dominant species, and the percentage of Cr-resistant bacteria of total cultivable bacteria was 89.9%, 75.2%, 92.8%, 65.3%, 72.8%, 77.3%, and 65.4%, respectively for Periudic Argosols, Udic Ferrisols, Calcaric Regosols, Stagnic Anthrosols, Mollisols, Typic Haplustalfs, and Ustic Cambosols. Microbial reduction was an important Cr(VI) reduction pathway, and the relative contribution of microorganisms to Cr(VI) reduction was 14.4%, 44.0%, 20.6%, 34.9%, 21.9%, 21.7%, and 22.0%, respectively. Soil properties, Fe(II) and soil particle distribution, affected the microbially mediated Cr(VI) reduction. Moreover, Bacillus, Escherichia, Deinococcus, Micromonospora, Methylobacterium, Massilia, Acidobacterium, Comamonas, Bradyrhizobium, and Arthrobacter were identified as the Cr-resistant bacteria.

Sensitivity and specificity have been used to assess the performance of fecal indicator in microbial source tracking. However, it is also important to characterize the stability of fecal indicators in aquatic habitats. In this study, indicators decay microcosm in aerobic circumstance was deployed. Decay characteristics of Escherichia coli(EC), Bacteroides (GB) and Chicken-specific marker(CB) in different nutrition condition was evaluated based on real-time quantitative PCR assay. The results indicated that decay rate of three indicators was fit to first-order kinetics. In the control group and experimental system that contain high nutrients levels indicates the attenuation coefficient k of EC (0.135vs. 0.134, the former as the control group, below the same as above), GB (0.415vs. 0.457), CB (0.425vs. 0.437) respectively. The effect of nutrition level on the decay rate of EC, GB and CB was inconspicuous. EC decayed gradually when compared with the severe attenuation of BC and CB. Although significant mutual linear correlationship of different indicators was observed, different characteristics of each indicator related to decay rate should specially be taken into consideration for further application.

To explore the reason why removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in reversed anoxic-anaerobic-oxic (A²/O) process is higher than that in conventional A²/O process, bacterial community compositions of activated sludges from the two procedures were investigated by PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) technique and cultivation method. Betaproteobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria were detected as dominant bacteria in activated sludge from both processes. In the activated sludge of the reversed A²/O process, a large amount of Nitrosospira sp., Rhodocyclus sp., and four uncultured bacteroidetes bacterium were detected by PCR-DGGE technique, while less of these bacteria were found in the conventional A²/O process. Shewanella algae sp., Klebsiella sp., and Rhodobacter sphaeroides of Gammaproteobacteria were separated from the activated sludge of reversed A²/O process by cultivation method, while they were absent from the conventional A²/O process. The diversity of these above-mentioned bacteria species could account for the higher removal efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in the reversed A²/O process. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy showed that the activated sludge of reversed A²/O process was relatively loose, with less Filamentous bacteria and no Nostoc.

To determine the concentration, spatial distribution, and health risk of 15polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban green space, a total of 64surface soil samples (0~5cm) were collected from park green space (PGS) and residential green space (RGS). No significant difference was found between two types of green space. The content of Σ15PAHs in PGS ranged from 1069 to 19002μg/kg, with a median value of 4377μg/kg; And the content of Σ15PAHs in RGS ranged from 947 to 16882μg/kg, with a median value of 4708μg/kg. Naphthalene, pyrene and Benzo (a) pyrene contribute a lot to the total concentration. Samples with higher PAHs levels mainly distributed in the central and Southwest of the city. The incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) associated with exposures to PAHs in soil was calculated for children and adults, respectively. Results showed that ILCRs were quite low for humen exposure to the current urban green space under normal conditions. But individual samples were seriously polluted and its potential health risks can not be ignored.

Distribution and risk assessment of 8 sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in soils from different organic vegetable farms in Guangzhou were investigated in the present study. Results showed that all of the 8 SAs were widely detected in the soils (detection rate 3 94%), with the concentrations ranging from 0.73~973μg/kg. Among the SAs, SMZ and ST were the predominant compounds. Distributions and concentrations of the SAs varied in different organic vegetable farms and in soils grown different vegetables, root vegetables (average concentration 289μg/kg) > fruit vegetables (average concentration 143μg/kg) > leaf vegetables (average concentration 98.1μg/kg). In addition, the average concentrations of SAs in greenhouse soils (8.9μg/kg) were significantly lower than those in open-field soils (18.2μg/kg). Risk assessments showed that SMZ posed the highest ecological risks with more than 50% of soils over medium risks, followed by SD, SDM, and ST with 20%~50% of soils over medium risks. SM2, SM, and SPD posed relatively low ecological risk with 80% of soils under low risk. Compared with conventional vegetable farms in the Pearl River Delta, the detection rates and the concentrations of SAs in organic vegetable farms in Guangzhou were significantly higher.

The concentrations of 16US EPA priority PAHs in surface sediments from Taihu Lake and its surrounding rivers were detected and analyzed. It was found that the total concentrations of PAHs in surface sediments from Taihu Lake ranged from 0.77 to 4.20μg/g, with a mean of 1.63μg/g, and the total concentrations in surrounding rivers ranged from 0.58 to 6.13μg/g, with a mean of 2.92μg/g. A significant difference of PAHs was found in spatial distribution from different lake sediments. The mean concentrations of Meiliang Bay, Gonghu Bay and the East Taihu Lake were 2.48±1.14μg/g, 1.89±0.52μg/g and 2.13±0.50μg/g, respectively, and the mean concentrations of its surrounding rivers Liangxi River, Suzhou River and Changxing Harbor were 7.34μg/g, 6.13μg/g and 5.54μg/g, respectively. Using the ratio method, the isomer ratio method, and Principal Component Analysis and Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR), this study analyzed the pollution sources and contribution rates, suggesting that the main source of PAHs in surface sediments from Taihu Lake and its surrounding rivers was the combustion source. The oil source contribution rate of Taihu Lake was 24%, and the combustion source contribution rate was 76%, while the oil source contribution rate of its surrounding rivers was 41%, and the combustion source contribution rate was 59%. Sediment quality criteria (SQSs) and BaPE(BaP equivalent concentrations) were employed to assess the toxicity of PAHs. It was concluded that Taihu Lake and it surrounding rivers had a certain potential toxicity, especially in its surrounding rivers.

A total of 179cereal and beans samples from three villages around a mining area in Southwest China were collected to evaluate the pollution and health risk of heavy metals by the consumption of cereal and beans. Heavy metals including Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in samples were analyzed. The Nemerow composite pollution index was applied to evaluate the quality of the cereal and beans. The Target Hazard Quotient was used to assess the potential health risks of heavy metals to adults via the consumption of cereal and beans in the mining area. The results indicated that the concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in rice samples were 0.01~0.67mg/kg, 0.01~1.50mg/kg, 0.02~3.05mg/kg, 0.04~0.20mg/kg, and 0.15~63.27μg/kg, respectively. The pollution of Cd in rice samples was more serious than other heavy metals, which showed the exceeded standard rate of 70.4%. The mean concentrations of Cd in rice samples from A, B and C villages were 3.0, 1.3 and 3.8 times higher than the limitation value in foods. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in soybean samples were 0.11~0.85mg/kg, 0.03~1.05mg/kg, 0.01~1.02mg/kg, 0.01~0.20mg/kg, and 0.15~24.22μg/kg, respectively. The pollution of Pb and Cd in soybean samples were more serious than other heavy metals, with the exceeded standard rate of 97.4% and 74.4%, respectively. The mean concentrations of Pb in soybean samples from A, B and C villages were 2.5, 2.0 and 2.5times higher than the limitation value in foods. And the mean concentrations of Cd in soybean samples from A, B and C villages were 1.8, 1.8 and 1.5times higher than the limitation value in foods. The concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cd, As and Hg in corn samples were 0.08~0.49mg/kg, 0.03~0.77mg/kg, 0.003~0.27mg/kg, 0.01~0.16mg/kg, and 0.15~16.10μg/kg, respectively. Among the five metal, Pb had the highest exceeded standard rate of 52.0%. The mean concentrations of Pb in corn samples from A and B villages were 1.0 and 1.3 times higher than the limitation value in foods. The composite pollution index indicated that heavy metal pollution of corn in A and B villages were at risk level, while rice in A and C villages were moderately contaminated, and others are slightly contaminated. Health risk assessment showed that the risk to adults via consumption of rice in three villages were mainly contributed by Cr, Cd and As.

In order to optimize the power system and promote energy conservation and emission reduction, an inexact optimization method was combined with the regional power system model for the power system planning: to minimize the system cost as the objective function; to set up the resource quantity, the power supply and demand balance, and the emission caps as constraints refer to the relevant national policies and standards; to optimize the power generation quantity, purchased electricity, the total amount of CO₂ and air pollutant emission; in order to explore the effect of emission reductions and the feasibility of levying taxes, the corresponding scenario analysis for levying emission taxes on air pollutants and carbon would be set up. The research took Zibo City as a case study, with the increasing probability of violating system constraints, the optimized thermal power generation quantity would increase, the renewable power generation quantity would achieve the goals of 10% total electricity consumption in 3scenarios. Moreover, the purchased electricity would be the complementary power form for the power system; the emission caps of SO₂, NO_x and PM under the default probability of 0 in scenario 1 would be the best among all scenarios. It denotes that the current standard implemented by Zibo would obtain better results, and the results of total cost in scenarios 2 and 3 would increase significantly. Therefore, based on the case study of Zibo City, levying emission taxes on power system maybe unnecessary.

An evaluation model of island ecosystem carrying capacity which can reflect the dual characteristics of land and surrounding waters and their spatial heterogeneities was established, and southern Miaodao Archipelago was used as the study area. The island ecosystem was in status of mild overloading as a whole, with land sub-ecosystem in status of mild overloading, and surrounding waters sub-ecosystem in status of critical overloading. In island scale, Nanchangshan Island, Beichangshan Island and Miao Island were in status of mild overloading, Xiaoheishan Island and Daheishan Island were in status of critical overloading, and other 5islands were in status of no overloading. In grid scale, the island ecosystem carrying capacity had a significant spatial heterogeneity, and the different carrying capacity degree zones were critical overloading zones, mild overloading zones, no overloading zones, moderate overloading zones and severe overloading zones in descending order of areas. Control of exploitation scale, optimization of development allocation, improvement of exploitation methods, and reasonable ecological construction were the important measures to enhance the island ecosystem carrying capacity.