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2018 Vol.38 Issue.6,Published 2018-06-20
2001 Spatial-temporal changes of tropospheric HCHO column density and its impact factors over Heilongjiang Province during 2005~2016
LIU Hong-qing, JU Tian-zhen, PEI Jie, XIE Shun-tao, CHEN Xue-ping, WANG Pei-yu, ZHANG Jiang-yu, XIAN Long

The remote sensor data derived from the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) were used to study the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of urinary formaldehyde column concentrations in Heilongjiang province from 2005 to 2016, and the main influencing factors of formaldehyde column concentration were explored. The results showed an upward trend of formaldehyde column concentration in the past 12 years as a whole, with an average growth rate of 0.43×1015(molec×a)/cm2. The frequency of formaldehyde column concentration revealed a trend of fluctuations in different years. For instance, from 2005 to 2013, the concentration saw a trend of rapid increase across the board. However, the data from 2013 to 2014 tended to more downward. The concentration from 2014 to 2016 remained to be stable. The concentration of formaldehyde decreased through the seasons with the highest in summer and the lowest in spring (levels:summer > autumn > winter > spring). The average monthly changes of formaldehyde column concentration were in accordance with the distribution of sinusoidal curve. The lowest value of formaldehyde concentration appeared in February to March, and the highest value was in June to July in general. The spatial distribution showed a clear gradient with "high in the south and low in the north" The high distribution districts were mainly gathered in the southern areas such as Harbin and Daqing, while the low-value areas were located in the DaXingAnLing and Heihe. The spatial density of formaldehyde column concentration varied significantly. From 2005 to 2008, the pollution value was within the Grade 1-4among Heilongjiang province. However, the pollution value jumped into the Grade 6for the first time in 2009. Not only the pollution level increased, but also the spatial distribution. From 2009 to 2013, the areas that were labeled Grade 6pollution expanded. While these areas saw a significant decrease in 2014, the pollution level remained between level 4to 6and distributed evenly from 2014 to 2016. The concentration distribution of a formaldehyde column could respond to the change of topography, wind direction, temperature, and precipitation. Energy consumption, industrial production, car ownership, building decoration, and fertilizer application were the important influencing factors for the shift in formaldehyde column.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2001-2011 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1368KB] ( 1094 )
2012 Single-particle characterization of ammonium-containing particles during wintertime in suburb of Beijing
WANG Zhi-chao, CHEN Yang, YANG Fu-mo, WANG Huan-bo, TIAN Mi, SHI Guang-ming

A Single Particle Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (SPAMS) was deployed on a rural site of Beijing during the winter of 2016. Ammonium-containing particles were identified using the ion signal peaking at m/z 18, and their temporal variation, size distribution, mixing state, and possible source of ammonium-containing particles were analyzed. Approximately 31% of particles in the SPAMS dataset were identified as ammonium-containing particles. Using an ART-2a clustering algorithm, the ammonium-containing particle dataset could be clustered to seven major particles types, such as NH4-OC(49.9%), NH4-EC(5.6%), NH4-ECOC(8.9%), NH4-HOC(1.4%), NH4-K(9.3%), NH4-NaK(21.7%), and NH4-FeK(2.5%). Ammonium, which internally mixed with carbonaceous particles, existed in the form of ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, and ammonium nitrate. Coal and biomass burning were the major sources of ammonium-containing particles. During the clear period, air masses transport from the north and northwest of the sampling site; while during the haze period, air masses were mainly from the northwest. The potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis showed that the ammonium-containing particles were mainly from local and regional emissions near the sampling site, and from the long-range transport in the northwest.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2012-2021 [Abstract] ( 312 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 691KB] ( 1213 )
2022 Contamination characteristic and exposure of PBDEs via air in indoor public places in Hangzhou
JIN Man-tong, LI Lin-jun, TENG Dan-dan, ZHENG Yan-xia, SHEN Xue-you
In order to investigate the contaminant status of PBDEs in indoor air from Hangzhou, 54samples were collected by PUF-PAS from 17indoor public places from May to August and September to December in 2016, after pretreatment and GC-ECD analysis of samples, the results revealed that the geometric means of 14PBDE congeners in air samples from five typical indoor public places were in the order of netcafes (2470.43pg/m3) > building materials markets (1119.87pg/m3) > electronic markets (660.84pg/m3) > shopping malls (478.37pg/m3) > libraries (182.18pg/m3). BDE-209 was the dominant congener of PBDEs that accounting for 36.79%~56.21%, and BDE-47, BDE-99, BDE-153, BDE-183also made a significant contribution with their highest concentration of 7.77%, 7.56%, 6.32%, 7.73% of the total PBDEs, respectively. The calculation inhalation exposure revealed that the exposure level of PBDEs in netcafes was the highest and in library was the lowest, with the value of 570.10pg/(kg·d) and 44.79pg/(kg·d), respectively. Moreover, BDE-209 contributed of the total intake of PBDEs was the highest with the value of 18.44~323.70pg/(kg×d) while the value of BDE-183 was the lowest with the value of 1.75~20.05pg/(kg×d), the exposure level of PBDEs in the studied indoor public places were lower than the reference dose of EPA.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2022-2031 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 835KB] ( 912 )
2032 Evaluating the performance of PMF model for Atmospheric PM source apportionment in multi-site
HUANGFU Yan-qi, TIAN Ying-ze, DONG Shi-hao, DAI Qi-li, SHI Guo-liang, ZHOU Xiao-yu, WEI Zhen, QIAN Yong, FENG Yin-chang
With the improvement of spatial resolution for environmental monitoring, spatial information which normally displayed as multi-site datasets is available and could be used for atmospheric particular matter source apportionment. PMF was performed on the combined simulated multi-site datasets that including eight scenarios (three major types). Meanwhile, ambient data of PM2.5 in Hefei was used to evaluate the performance of PMF model for source apportionment of multi-sites data. When the time series of source contributions were fully consistent with each other, it turned out that the PMF results of combined multi-site datasets were not better than these of an individual site. And the combined multi-site datasets could yield a reliable PMF result with different time series of source contributions. What's more, when the time series of source contributions were partly consistent, the PMF results generally became better, but some specific sources may have high uncertainties for some specific sources.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2032-2038 [Abstract] ( 671 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 413KB] ( 1804 )
2039 Effect of veterinary antibiotics on NH3volatilization from winter-wheat field
ZHANG Jing-sha, PANG Bing-kun, WU Jie, LI Zhi-lin, JIANG Jing-yan
To study the effect of veterinary antibiotics sulfamethazine (SMZ) in low, medium and high concentrations and their interactions with different N fertilizers on NH3 volatilization from cropland, an in-situ observation experiment was conducted during the 2016~17 winter-wheat season. The treatments included no fertilizer and no antibiotics applied (CK), compound fertilizer used as basal fertilizer, with the addition of 0, 5, 15, 30mg/kg SMZ respectively (CF, CF+SMZ5, CF+SMZ15, CF+SMZ30), pig manure used as basal fertilizer, with the addition of 0, 5, 15, 30mg/kg SMZ respectively (CM, CM+SMZ5, CM+SMZ15, CM+SMZ30). Urea was applied as topdressing in all fertilizing treatments. The results showed that the NH3 volatilization rate had no significant difference among all treatments during the basal fertilizing period (P > 0.05), while it had an extremely significant difference among all treatments during the topdressing period (P<0.01). SMZ in medium and high concentrations obviously increased the NH3volatilization rate. During the entire sampling period, the percentage of applied N lost as NH3-N for CF+SMZ5, CF+SMZ15, CF+SMZ30, CM+SMZ5, CM+SMZ15 and CM+SMZ30 treatments was 5.5%, 6.6%, 13.9%, 10.7%, 11.0%, 12.4%, 11.9% and 16.9%, respectively. In comparison with the same basal fertilizer and no SMZ use treatment, CF+SMZ15, CF+SMZ30 and CM+SMZ30 treatments significantly increased cumulative NH3 volatilization (P<0.05) and they had 2.5, 2.0 and 1.5times as many percentages of NH3 volatilization as CF or CM treatment, respectively. This indicated that the promoting effect of NH3volatilization caused by SMZ mixed with compound fertilizer was much greater than that together with pig manure. Therefore, the effect of veterinary antibiotic on NH3 volatilization in soils cannot be ignored. In order to reduce the environmental pollution of veterinary antibiotics, we should strengthen the management of veterinary antibiotics and need to further explore the mechanism of different veterinary antibiotics affecting soil NH3volatilization in the future.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2039-2046 [Abstract] ( 248 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 464KB] ( 1352 )
2047 A revised approach to air quality forecast based on Models-3/CMAQ
ZHAO Jun-ri, XIAO Xin, WU Tao, LI Yan-peng, JIA Hong-xia
In this study, the forecast values of hourly PM2.5、PM10、O3、SO2、NO2、CO concentrations at 13 environmental monitoring stations in Xuzhou city during December 2016 were corrected using nudging scheme and XGBoost algorithm, and improvement model prediction before and after correction were analyzed. A method combining nudging scheme and IDW interpolation algorithm was adopted by modifying the forecast values of SO2、NO2、CO concentrations, results showed that the correlation coefficient between the predicted concentration and the observation simulated by the assimilation source increased by 0.06~0.27, and the mean absolute error and the root mean square error decreased obviously, the average relative deviation (MFB) and average relative error (MFE) were within the ideal range, had best effect on NO2 followed by SO2 and CO. The part of statistical revision which based on XGBoost algorithm, by introducing WRF meteorological forecast elements established a statistical regression model, which could be used for modifying the forecast values of PM2.5、PM10、O3、SO2、NO2、CO concentrations. Results showed that lower or higher than normal conditions were greatly improved,with the exception of SO2, the correlation coefficient increased to about 0.6~0.7, the reduction of the error of statistical indicators was very obvious.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2047-2054 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1456KB] ( 1652 )
2055 Emission factors of typical air pollutants from open burning of crop straws
WANG Yan, HAO Wei-wei, CHENG Ke, ZHI Guo-rui, YI Peng, FAN Jing
Air pollutants emission from open burning of typical crop straws (including corn, wheat, peanut, and cotton) were characterized by using the flue gas pollutants dilution sampling system. The parameter of modified combustion efficiency (MCE) was applied to distinguish different combustion states. The carbon-balance methodology was adopted to calculate emission factors of particulate and gaseous air pollutants of flue gas from open burning. The results showed that the average emission factors of CO, SO2, NOx and CH4 from the open burning of four crop straws were 7.39~92.4g/kg, 0.11~0.89g/kg, 0.72~3.86g/kg and 0.2~5.45g/kg, respectively. The average emission factor of PM2.5 was 1.48~13.29g/kg. As the main component of PM2.5, the mass ratio of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) accounted for 27.7%~54.3% and 4.4%~17.1% of the total mass of PM2.5, respectively. Air pollutants mainly came from the mixed combustion state. The concentration of pollutants during the smoldering combustion state was relatively higher. With the increasing of moisture content, the duration of smoldering combustion state was prolonged significantly, which caused the emission factors of CO, CH4, PM2.5 and OC increased. The higher proportion of OC component was the main reason of increased PM2.5 emission.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2055-2061 [Abstract] ( 416 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 529KB] ( 5329 )
2062 High resolution power emission inventory for China based on CEMS in 2015
CUI Jian-sheng, QU Jia-bao, BO Xin, CHANG Xiang-yu, FENG Xue, MO Hua, LI Shi-bei, ZHAO Yu, ZHU Fa-hua, REN Zhen-hai
Ultra-low-emission technology has been extensively applicated in China's thermal power industry. Accompanyed with it, the emission level of China's thermal power industry has undergone significant changes. Therefore, inventory emission factors and emissions in China's thermal power industry is unable to reflect the current situation of thermal power pollutant emissions. In this paper, a bottom-up method was proposed to establish China's thermal power industry emissions, which was based on the data of continuous emission monitoring systems (CEMS) for thermal power, environmental statistics and the data of pollutant emission permits. Compared with traditional way, the proposed new method was characterized by a more comprehensive consideration of the ultra-low-tech thermal power industry, the actual concentration of emissions and activity levels and other comprehensive factors. It is a concrete example. And accroding to the proposed the bottom-up method, this paper calculated high resolution power emission inventory for China based on CEMS in 2015 (HPEC). The results showed that in 2015, the average emission concentration values of SO2, NOx and particulate matter in different provinces are 7.88~208.57, 40.33~238.20 and 5.86~53.93mg/m3, respectively. Beijing and Shanghai had reached ultra-low emission requirements as a whole. In most provinces, the average concentrations values of SO2 and NOx online monitoring less than the average implementation of emission permits standards. The average emission factors of SO2, NOx and particulate matter (PM) for China's thermal power plants were 0.667, 0.764, 0.162g/kg of coal for coal-fired power plants, respectively. The emission performance values of CO, VOCs, SO2, NOx, PM10, PM2.5 were 1.06, 0.03, 0.32, 0.39, 0.08, 0.06g/(kW×h), respectively. The emissions of that in 2015 were 4038.7, 107.3, 1229.4, 1466.8, 287.2, 228.0kt/a, respectively.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2062-2074 [Abstract] ( 472 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2331KB] ( 935 )
2075 Photo-electrochemical synergetic reduction of CO2 and oxidation of organic pollutants
CUI Ying-ying, CUI Li, CUI Mei-gui, YANG Pei-qing, YANG Tie-jiang, LI Gui-sheng, LI He-xing
Rising atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and the depletion of fossil fuel reserves raised serious concerns about the ensuing effects on the global climate and future energy supply. Utilized the abundant solar energy to convert CO2 into fuels such as methane or formic acid, which could address both problems simultaneously as well as provide a convenient means of energy stroage. In this paper, good performance of UIO-66-NH2-ZnO-Ni catalyst was obtained through vertical aligned ZnO nanosheets arrays grown on the Ni foam by constant voltage deposition method followed by UIO-66-NH2 grafted into ZnO by solvent-thermal method. It turned out that the symmetrical ZnO growed from all directions on Ni foam and then modified by UIO-66-NH2 at the surface properly from the SEM images. CO2 could be absorbed into the pores easily because of the high affinity of UIO-66-NH2 which reduced the hydrogen evolution ability successfully. The catalyst also had excellent photoelectron-catalytic reduction performance and the major product was formic acid. The highest yield of formic acid was 30.98mmol in three hours.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2075-2081 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 786KB] ( 1866 )
2082 Analysis the effect of corrugated micro-channel turbulence promoter on reducing membrane fouling of SFMBR
XIE Fang, LIU Jin-rong, CHEN Wei-wei
The aim of the present research was to analyze the effect of corrugated micro-channel turbulence promoters (MCTP) on reducing membrane fouling by investigating the membrane fouling resistance and membrane fouling characteristics of a submerged flat-sheet membrane bioreactor (SFMBR). The results demonstrated that the corrugated micro-channel turbulence promoters could effectively reduce the total resistance Rt (68.01%), in which the Rrf, Rc and Rp+Ra were reduced 54.20%, 87.98% and 84% respectively, the thickness of the cake layer was diminished, the contents of organic and inorganic foulants of SFMBR equipped with MCTP were reduced, and the cake layer was more easily removed by hydraulic conditions compared with the traditional SFMBR. According to membrane fouling resistance distribution and membrane fouling characterization results, the effect of corrugated micro-channel turbulence promoters on reducing membrane fouling was analyzed from the four aspects (turbulent mechanism, counter-diffusion mechanism, flocculation mechanism and the micro-pore enhance mechanism).
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2082-2089 [Abstract] ( 303 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 615KB] ( 912 )
2090 Influences of fluid flow rate on the rapid culture of aerobic granular sludge
WANG Lu-xi, ZHOU Nan, WANG Chen-xu, SU Hai-jia
The mechanism of the reactor configuration on the aerobic granular sludge formation was studied in order to culture aerobic granular sludge with high efficiency. Since the configuration of the reactor could affect the hydraulic shearing force and the fluid properties, it would play an important role in the formation of aerobic granular sludge. The anaerobic activated sludge was inoculated in the SBR (Sequencing Batch Reactor), and the mature particles in the cylinder SBR were achieved at 36d while particles in the baffle SBR were cultured successfully at 40d. Compared with the baffle SBR, the MLSS in the cylinder SBR was higher, which increased by 16.2% and reached 5023mg/L. The particles in the cylinder SBR were denser and SVI reached 45mL/g, far better than that of 63mL/gin the baffle SBR. The reason is that the cylinder SBR can provide some advantages such as higher average liquid velocity, more uniform bubble distribution, and stronger hydraulic shear force. The structural characteristics of the reactor can affect the hydraulic characteristics, so the cylinder SBR cultivation of aerobic granular sludge for a short time, and the rate of sludge granulation faster and the granular sludge are more compact.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2090-2096 [Abstract] ( 274 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 668KB] ( 886 )
2097 Research on optimal operation by a combined biological adsorption-MBR-Sulfur/Iron autotrophic denitrification process
ZHI Yao, ZHANG Guang-sheng, QIAN Kai, LI Ji, WANG Shuo
In order to realize the effect of deep nitrogen and phosphorus removal, a combined biological adsorption-MBR-sulfur/iron autotrophic denitrification process was optimized, and the influence of HRT and volume ratio of sulfur-iron to nitrogen and phosphorus removal were both investigated. The experimental results showed that the optimal contaminants removal performance was achieved when the respective HRT of MBR and sulfur/iron autotrophic denitrification filter was 9h and 3h, and 63% of COD was adsorbed by biological adsorption process. The average effluent COD, NH4+-N, NO3--N and TN were 18.9, 0.36, 0 and 3.3mg/L, respectively, which was beneficial for deep nitrogen and phosphorus removal. In addition, the average effluent TP was as low as 0.29mg/L as the volume ratio of sulfur and iron was 3:1 in the sulfur/iron autotrophic denitrification filter. Most of nitrate was reduced in the region of 10 to 30cm height in the sulfur/iron autotrophic denitrification filter, and the corresponding nitrogen removal rate was 46.1gNO3--N/(m3×h). Furthermore, it was found that the membrane fouling could be effectively alleviated by providing intermittent suction to membrane module and high aeration rate to MBR process.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2097-2104 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 546KB] ( 1367 )
2105 Simulation experiments on gas change in enhanced denitrification of nitrate process by nano emulsified oil
LIAN Yu-qian, HE Jiang-tao, LIANG Yu, HE Bao-nan
To investigate the effects of gas production in the process of in-situ nitrate pollution remediation by nano emulsified oil on aquifer permeability, batch experiments were carried out to evaluate the nitrate degradation and the gas production. In the experiments, the reaction systems were inoculated by activated sludge filtrate and nano emulsified oil, Tween 80, and Span 80were used as carbon source,respectively. The degradation experiments have been completed for seven cycles in 100days and the results indicated that the selected carbon sources can enhance nitrate degradation. The total removal rates for systems with nano emulsified oil, Tween 80and Span 80 were 79.5%, 63.8%, and 68.8%, respectively. Gases were generated in each reaction system due to the anaerobic fermentation and denitrification in the process of nitrate degradation. The main gas component in reaction system with only activated sludge filtrate was CO2. In other systems, the gases were mainly CO2 and N2. The reaction system of nano emulsified oil had the largest gas production in the U-shaped tube, and the volume was 47.73mL. Affected by anaerobic fermentation, the largest volume of total gas production (205.34mL) was observed in the system of Span 80 and the smallest occurred in the reaction system with Tween 80. According to mass balance in the transformation processes of nitrogen species and the comparison between the theoretical and actual gas production in nano emulsified oil reaction system, it showed that 18.8% nano emulsified oil generated CO2 through anaerobic fermentation and 95.4% nitrate generated N2 through denitrification in the process of nano emulsified oil enhanced denitrification.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2105-2115 [Abstract] ( 241 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 574KB] ( 707 )
2116 Effect of NH4+ on the formation of secondary iron minerals and the removal of heavy metals
SONG Yong-wei, WANG He-ru, CAO Yan-xiao, ZHU Yi-han, ZHOU Li-xiang
In this study, the influence of initial pH, Fe2+ concentration, molar ratio of Fe/NH4+ on the Fe2+ bio-oxidation rate, total Fe deposition efficiency, and phases of secondary iron minerals in simulated AMD containing A. ferrooxidans was investigated. The Cr(VI) and As(Ⅲ) removal efficiency of different iron minerals were compared. The results indicated that under the concentration of NH4+ was lower than that for A. ferrooxidans tolerance value, Fe2+ oxidation and total Fe removal through precipitation were not affected, 160, 80, and 20mmol/L of Fe2+could be completely oxidized by A. ferrooxidans within 72, 48, and 24h, and the average total Fe removal efficiency was 24.03%, 19.46%, and 8.13% at the end of the experiment (96h), respectively. In addition, in initial 160mmol/L Fe2+ system, when the molar ratio of Fe/NH4+=2.0 and pH=2.6, the secondary iron mineral obtained was pure schwertmannite; when the molar ratio of Fe/NH4+ ≤ 1.0 and pH ≤ 2.3, ammonium jarosite began to occur in this system. Additionally, the Cr(VI) and As(Ⅲ) removal efficiency of secondary iron minerals harvested from the Fe/NH4+=2.0systems differed (pH=2.6 > pH=2.3 > pH=2.0). The data obtained from this study demostrated that the removal efficiency of toxic elements was mainly influenced by the apparent structure and specific surface area of secondary iron minerals.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2116-2123 [Abstract] ( 269 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 721KB] ( 1277 )
2124 Mesoporous multi yolk-shell@mSiO2 nanoreactor for BPA degradation
JI Fang-ying, WANG Pan-qiao, CHEN Qing-kong
In this study, a kind of multi yolk-shell Co3O4@mSiO2 (mesoporous SiO2) nanoreactor was synthesized. Cationic surfactant assisted self-template method was used to synthesize hollow mesoporous SiO2 microspheres (HMSS). Then cobalt acetate and ammonia solution were introduced into the cavity through mesoporous to form Co3O4 core. XRD, XPS, SEM, STEM, BET analysis were combined to characterize the structure, element valences, specific surface area and morphology of the synthesized nanoreactor, which showed the nanoreactor was evenly dispersed with about 300nm particle diameter. The surface of the nanoreactor was full of mesoporous, and a large number of Co3O4 particles distributed in its hollow space. Large specific surface area of 161m2/g was demonstrated, which was apparently higher than Co3O4 nanoparticle with 35m2/g specific surface area. The adsorption capacity of BPA by multi yolk-shell Co3O4@mSiO2 nanoreactor was 12.7mg/g within 1h. Peroxymonosulfate (PMS) was catalyzed to degrade 81.8% of BPA within 2h, which was apparently higher than Co3O4 nanoparticle with 51.3% degradation rate. Dosage of PMS was saved by using the nanoreactor, and it could avoid high salinity in water. Furthermore, the nanoreactor was well recyclable, as well as performed to be highly efficient and stable in the pH range of 3~9.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2124-2134 [Abstract] ( 348 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1219KB] ( 1435 )
2135 Removal of algal organic matter (AOM) by powdered activated carbon (PAC) pre-deposition and its effect on membrane fouling
WANG Wen-hua, ZHAO Jin, SI Xiao-guang, JIANG Tian-xiang, MA Yu-hui, WANG Xun-liang, WANG Jing
Effectiveness of PAC pre-deposition and pre-adsorption to remove the algal organic matter (AOM) extracted from Prorocentrum donghaiense was investigated. The differences in membrane flux, fouling resistance, hydrophilicity and roughness of membrane surface between direct ultrafiltration (UF), PAC pre-deposition-UF and PAC pre-adsorption-UF were analyzed. The effects of pore structure and deposition doses on AOM removal rates and membrane fouling were evaluated. It was found that DOC and UV254 removal rates could be enhanced by pre-deposition and pre-adsorption, and the former was more favorable for AOM removal than the latter. Mesoporous PAC had a better effect on the improvement of AOM removal rate than microporous PAC during pre-deposition treatment. Compared with direct UF, the removal rates of DOC and UV254 were increased by 25.1% and 33.6%, respectively, when the deposition amount of mesoporous PAC was 0.4g/L. The analysis of UV absorbance ratio index (URI) confirmed that the aromatic groups could be selectively removed over aliphatic groups using PAC pre-deposition and pre-adsorption. The cake layer resistance (Rc) and the pore resistance (Rp) were decreased by 39.6% and 81.2%, respectively, when PAC pre-deposition were used before AOM UF. Membrane fouling rate was reduced by PAC pre-deposition because a PAC cake layer was formed between UF membrane and AOM, resulting in the mitigation of irreversible fouling.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2135-2143 [Abstract] ( 327 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3611KB] ( 1355 )
2144 Enhanced degradation of refractory organics in leachate concentrates by Fe0/H2O2 coupled with microwave irradiation
ZHANG Ai-ping, CHEN Wei-ming, LI Qi-bin, JIANG Guo-bin, GU Zhe-pei
To study the effect and mechanism of MW-Fe0/H2O2 Fenton-like process on concentrated leachate, the effects of initial pH, Fe0 dosage, H2O2 dosage, MW power and reaction time on the removal of organic substances were investigated. The phase change of Fe0 before and after reaction and its catalytic mechanism were investigated by SEM micrograph and XRD spectra. Results showed that the removal efficiencies of COD, UV254 and CN were 58.70%, 85.69% and 88.30% at initial pH of 3.0, Fe0 dosage of 0.5g/L, H2O2 dosage of 20mL/L, MW power of 400W and reaction time of 14min. Comparison of different Fenton-like process indicated that a higher removal efficiency of organic substances and a greater biodegradability were achieved after MW-Fe0/H2O2 Fenton-like process. UV-Vis spectra illustrated that both Fenton and MW-Fe0/H2O2 processes can significantly decrease the aromaticity degree, molecular weight and condensation degree of organic substances in wastewater, however, MW-Fe0/H2O2 process was the most efficient. 3D-EEM spectrum demonstrated that the fluorescence peak of concentrated leachate occurred blue-shift in MW-Fe0/H2O2 process, further indicating that condensation degree of humic substances declined and molecular weight remarkably decreased. After MW-Fe0/H2O2 process, the surface of Fe0 changed from smooth to rough and the material was corroded as Fe3O4 and FeOOH, indicating that the mechanism of MW-Fe0/H2O2 process was Fenton reaction and advanced oxidation effect of heterogeneous Fenton reaction between iron oxide and H2O2, adsorption and precipitation effects of iron based colloid on organic substances. Moreover, thermal and non-thermal effects of MW accelerated the actions mentioned above. Thereby, fast removal of organic pollutants in concentrated leachate was achieved.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2144-2156 [Abstract] ( 323 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1263KB] ( 1029 )
2157 Performance and mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of Pravastatin
FAN Jia-min, WANG Lei, LIU Ting-ting, LU Xue, SUN Chen-xu
Bi2WO6 was synthesized by hydrothermal method and characterized by XPS, XRD, BET, UV-Vis and SEM. The effects of Bi2WO6 dosage, pH of solution on the photocatalytic degradation of pravastatin (PR) were investigated by photocatalytic performance experiments. And the main active radicals, intermediates and mechanism were ascertained by in situ capture experiments and the identification of intermediates. The toxicities of PR before and after degradation were evaluated by the acute toxicity tests of luminescent bacteria. The results showed that the prepared Bi2WO6 was a flower-like microsphere composed of a large number of nanoplates with orthorhombic crystal. Its mole ratio of elements was Bi:W:O=2.5:1:6.7. Its specific surface area and band gap were 26.67m2/g and 2.74eV, respectively. The optimal conditions for degradation of 10mg/L PR were:0.4g/L Bi2WO6 and pH 6.5. Under this condition, 80.6% PR could be degraded, and the mineralization rate was up to 40.2%. By the detection of active radicals, demonstrated that h+ was the key active radical while ·OH and ·O2- played a supplementary role in this photocatalytic process. The mechanism of photocatalytic degradation of PR was proposed based on the identification of active radicals and intermediates formed during this reaction. The C-C bond, C=C bond, and ester bond of pravastatin were destroyed by the oxidation of h+,·OH and ·O2-, and the PR was decomposed into small easily degradable organic compounds. In addition, the results of toxicity test showed that the small molecule products did not possess higher toxicity than the PR original solution.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2157-2166 [Abstract] ( 311 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 731KB] ( 915 )
2167 Groundwater pollution risk analysis considering the uncertainty of boundary conditions
LI Jiu-hui, LU Wen-xi, XIN xin, LUO Jian-nan, CHANG Zhen-bo
In order to analyze the influence of boundary conditions' uncertainty on the output results of groundwater contaminant transport numerical simulation model, the Monte Carlo method was used to illustrate an example, and the simulation results were analyzed in term of pollution risk prediction. To reduce the large amount of computational load generated by repeated calls of the simulation model while ensure the high accuracy,a boundary condition (the first type boundary condition-water head value) was used as a random variable to establish a Kriging surrogate model of the groundwater contaminant transport simulation model. The results showed that the uncertainty of boundary conditions had a great influence on the prediction results of groundwater contaminant transport numerical simulation model. The distribution of contaminant plume in the study area was significantly different from the ones that without considering the uncertainty of boundary conditions. Taking statistics and analysing on the Monte Carlo simulation results of groundwater contaminant transport numerical simulation can assess the reliability degree of the predicted pollutant concentration of observation wells 1, 2, 3, and also predicted the pollution risk of observation wells 1, 2, 3 in the in the study area.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2167-2174 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 833KB] ( 784 )
2175 Transport characteristics of emulsified nanoscale-zero-valent-iron in saturated porous media
DONG Jun, LI Chang-suo, WEN Chun-yu, HAN Jian-jiang
The scope of this research is to investigate the transport characteristics and influencing factors of remedial agent-emulsified nanoscale-zero-valent-iron (EZVI). One-dimensional column experiments were conducted to obtain breakthrough curves and substrate distribution of EZVI, and results indicated that:the modification of NZVI by emulsified oil improved the transportability of NZVI, and the migration distance of EZVI was 2~3 times increased compared with that of NZVI. The excess of emulsified oil in EZVI suspension transported down-gradient with groundwater flow, forming two reaction zones with NZVI and emulsified oil, respectively. Larger size of the sand grain facilitated the transport of EZVI, and the migration distance in coarse sand was about 1.9 times longer than that in the fine sand. The injection velocity affected the transport by controlling single collector efficiency, and higher collection probability was achieved by higher injection velocity. The co-existing ions have little effect on the EZVI transport ability. When the injection velocity of EZVI was 3cm/min, and the slurry concentration was 2g/L, the transport showed best performance.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2175-2181 [Abstract] ( 304 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 450KB] ( 921 )
2182 Effect of drainage rate on the enhancement of the complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite process in a tidal flow constructed wetland
JIN Hui-zheng, WANG Zhen, DING Ya-nan
This study attempted to achieve a high-rate nitrogen removal via the complete autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite (CANON) process in a tidal flow constructed wetland (TFCW), thus nitrogen transformation mechanisms and the related microbiological characteristics in the TFCWs treating domestic wastewater were explored under drainage rate (vd) constraints. The results showed that, vd significantly affected quantities and activities of the functional microbes in the TFCWs. Correspondingly, nitrogen transformation rates in the systems fluctuated at the different five levels of vd. As the vd decreased from 1.00 to 0.50L/min, the oxygen-limiting microenvironment gradually formed in the TFCW, which was conductive to the stabilization of nitritation and the enrichment of anammox. Subsequently, enhancement of the CANON process was achieved in the TFCW as a result of appropriate vd. However, as the vd was lower than 0.50L/min, the activity of aerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was inhibited and its quantity was also insufficient because of the insufficient of dissolved oxygen (DO) in the bed, leading to an unsatisfactory effect for nitrogen removal of the TFCW. When the vd was 0.50L/min, the CANON process could be enhanced most effectively in the system, and the mean TN and NH4+-N removal rates reached up to (116.79±13.16) and (102.75±4.35)mg/(L·d), respectively. Overall, autotrophic nitrogen removal via CANON process developed in the TFCW as a result of appropriate vd, facilitating establishment of the TFCW with CANON process.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2182-2192 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1138KB] ( 812 )
2193 International management system on transboundary movement of waste and used electrical and electronic equipment: A comparative study
LIU Fang, ZHENG Li-xia, TAN Quan-yin, LI Jin-hui
Illegal transboundary movement of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become one of the important environmental issues worldwide. How to identify the WEEE from used electrical and electronic equipment (UEEE) has subsequently been considered as a hot topic of international environmental convention. In this context, a comparative study was conducted to understand the transboundary movement management of WEEE and UEEE, and their identification standards under the international convention. The typical exporting countries/regions (such as America, Japan and the EU) and typical importing countries (such as Thailand, Malaysia and China) were selected as the case studies. The results showed that the policies of the developed and developing countries on the transboundary movement of WEEE and UEEE are antagonistic. Although the Basel Convention is trying to reduce this antagonism in order to protect the environmental interests of developing countries, the risk of the illegal transboundary movement of e-waste still exists. On the basis of WEEE and UEEE import management status in China and the results obtained in this study, some effective policy suggestions were put forward for improving the existing management system in China.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2193-2201 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 368KB] ( 1472 )
2202 Prediction of leachate production from a stabilized MSWI fly ash landfill
XU Hui, CHANG Hong-chen, MIAO Jian-dong, CHEN Ping, ZHAN Liang-tong, LUO Xiao-yong
The construction of stabilized municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash landfill has just started in China, hence the corresponding design standards have not been proposed yet. The prediction of leachate production is significantly important for the stabilized fly ash landfills, because it can guide the capacity design of leachate drainage and collection system (LDCS) and leachate storage tank. In this paper, samples were taken from a stabilized MSWI fly ash landfill in Nanjing, China, which involved the filling ages of 0, 1, 3, 6 and 11months. The laboratory study involved the measurements of particle size distribution, moisture content, moisture retention capacity. The uniformity and curvature coefficients were obtained as > 5 and <1, respectively. Hence, the stabilized fly ash was classified as poorly graded soil, indicating that a preferential flow was likely to occur in the fly ash body. The moisture content and moisture retention capacity were obtained in the ranges of 18.6%~46.4% and 15.0%~52.4%, respectively, and both decreased with the filling depth (or overburden stress) and increased with filling age. Based on the test results, a mathematical model was proposed for the prediction of moisture retention capacity. It was found that the moisture content was 2.6%~13.7% lower than the moisture retention capacity at a given filling depth and age. This result indicated that the fly ash at sites has not reached the state of moisture retention capacity as a whole. Then, it was inferred that the leachate collected in the LDCS was probably from the rainfall that infiltrated downward through the macro void in the stabilized fly ash pile, in a way which was called preferential flow. On the above basis, a method was proposed for the prediction of leachate production for the stabilized fly ash landfills, in which the landfill process, rainfall infiltration, preferential flow and moisture absorption property of fly ash were considered. The model parameters were calibrated by using the filed investigating data. The calculated results indicated that the leachate was mainly produced from the rainfall infiltration and waste water for transport vehicles cleaning, accounting for about 48% and 52%, respectively. The results also indicated that the ratio of leachate produced from the preferential flow to the total amount was 34.1% when the volumetric ratio of the macro void to the total void was 20%. Therefore, it is suggested that the stabilized fly ash should be fully compacted in order to reduce the macro void, and the water saving system is also recommended for vehicle cleaning, in order to reduce the total leachate production. This work can provide guidance for the design of LDCS and leachate storage tank of stabilized MSWI fly ash landfills in China.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2202-2209 [Abstract] ( 313 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 589KB] ( 900 )
2210 Adsorption characteristics and mechanism of phosphate from aqueous solutions on Al modification biochar produced from Caragana Korshinskii
WANG Tong-tong, CUI Qing-liang, WANG Li-li, TAN Lian-shuai, SUN Ceng-ceng, ZHENG Ji-yong
In order to utilize the waste biomass resources efficiently, Caragana Korshinskii was selected as raw material to produce biochar at 650℃ for 3h by oxygen-limited pyrolysis, using Al modified caragana biochar by direct modification method, and the adsorptions of phosphate in aqueous solutions were evaluated. The effects of initial phosphate concentration and contact time in batch sorption experiments were investigated by the four kinds of isothermal adsorption model (Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkim, D-R model) and the four kinds of adsorption kinetics model (Pseudo first-order, Pseudo second-order, Elovich model, Intraparticle diffusion model), respectively. In addition, the adsorption properties of Al modified biochar on phosphate were investigated by the effects of isothermal adsorption, adsorption kinetics, pH and addition concentration, respectively. The influencing factors of adsorption characteristics about caragana biochar (NB) and Al modification caragana biochar (Al-NB) were discussed by characterized for their elemental composition, functional groups, surface area, surface morphology and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of NB to phosphate was very low; however, when the optimum modification ratio of Al-NB was 0.2:1, the adsorption capacity reached the largest, which is 8.35 times higher than that of the unmodified NB. The adsorption kinetics was best fitted by the pseudo-first order model, while the isothermal adsorption was best described by Langmuir isotherms, indicating that the beneficial adsorption process was monolayer via the boundary diffusion. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 24h, and the maximum adsorption capacity of reached 19.97mg/g. With the increase of Al-NB addition amount, the adsorption capacity of phosphate decreased and the removal rate gradually increasing. The best addition amount was 2.5g/L. The optimum pH was 4~10, and the adsorption capacity reached the largest when pH=7. After adsorption phosphate, the pH of the solution was leaned to the neutral range and had a certain buffer effect. The mechanism of phosphate adsorbed by Al-NB mainly includes:electrostatic attraction, ligand exchange (hydroxyl), anion exchange (NO3-), as well as the inner-sphere surface complex formation process. It was demonstrated that Al-NB could be considered as a promising material to immobilize phosphate in contaminated Eutrophication water.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2210-2222 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1504KB] ( 994 )
2223 Soil aggregates and stability in the ecological restoration process under different vegetation zones on loess plateau
XU Hong-wei, WU Yang, QIAO Lei-lei, LI Yuan-ze, XUE Sha, QU qing
With the aim to analyze the effects of vegetation restoration on soil aggregates on the Loess Plateau, various categories of the distribution and stability of soil aggregates in different restoration ages of vegetation zones were studied. With three typical restoration zones including the steppe zone, the forest-steppe zone and the forest zone at different latitude on the Loess Plateau as the object of this research. The results showed that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates were significantly influenced by vegetation zones. For the five indexes including > 0.25mm soil water-stable aggregates (WR0.25), mean weight diameter (EWMD), geometric mean diameter (EGMD) and soil organic matter (SOM), these indexes in the forest zone were the highest, followed by the forest-steppe zone, and these in the steppe zone were the lowest. Different vegetation restoration condition and vegetation zone had different impacts on soil aggregates and their stability, with the trend of shrubs > grasslands > trees in the forest-steppe zone and trees > grasslands in the forest zone. pectively, indexes including WR0.25、EGMD and SOM in different restoration conditions increased with restoration ages, but other indexes including percentage of aggregate destruction (PAD) and soil erodibility (K) decreased. No significant difference has been found in the fractal dimension (D). The redundancy analysis showed that the distribution and stability of soil aggregates were mostly effected by the vegetation zones, and the restoration ages as following. The type of the restoration had a significant interaction with the vegetation zones and the restoration ages. This research is conducive to better understand the mechanism of regional ecological restoration process.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2223-2232 [Abstract] ( 307 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 782KB] ( 1548 )
2233 Effect of combined application of manure and chemical fertilizer on transportation and transformation of nitrogen and phosphorus in paddy field water
CUI Hu, WANG Li-xia, OU Yang, YAN Bai-xing, ZHAO Yu-jia
The manure (cattle dung) was applied instead of chemical fertilizer partially(the amount of manure:5t/hm2, 10t/hm2 and 20t/hm2) to study the environmental behavior of nitrogen and phosphorus in the paddy field during the growth period. The results showed the optimum periods for controlling NH4+-N, NO3--N, total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) in paddy field were 5, 30, 7 and 20 days after fertilization. The changing in TN and TP concentrations with time were fit the first order reaction kinetic function(0.7444 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.9724; 1.81×106 ≤ F ≤ 0.0055). Cow dung partly replacing the inorganic fertilizer fertilization can reduce TN and TP output load by 36.0%~64.3% and 20.3%~48.9%) in the rice field water. The application of cow dung reduced the N/P in paddy field water, thus reducing the risk of water eutrophication. At the same time, the application of cow dung increased the contents of urease and phosphatase in the soil, which promoted the transformation of N and P into plant bioavailable forms. The best economical addition dose estimated was 10t/hm2 for manure. The annual output loads of nitrogen and phosphorus was 17.70kg/hm2 and 1.26kg/hm2, respectively.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2233-2242 [Abstract] ( 301 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 647KB] ( 982 )
2243 Source analysis, distribution and pollution assessment of the soil heavy metals in the Qinwangchuan Basin
JIANG Feng-cheng, LI Yi-lian, YANG Sen, YANG Guo-dong
The total contents of eight soil heavy metals (Cr, Zn, Cu, As, Pb, Mn, Ni, Cd) and pH of 51surface soil samples in the study area were measured to explore the source, distribution and pollution degree of the soil heavy metals in the Qinwangchuan Basin. The multivariate statistics, geostatistical methods and GIS technique were used to investigate the sources, spatial variability and distribution of soil heavy metals, while the pollution index and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation methods were applied to evaluate the soil heavy metal pollution. Results indicate that the average concentrations of Zn and Ni were greater than the local background values, while the others were lower than the background values. The variability of Cd was significant, whereas others were medium; the concentrations of Zn and Cr conformed to lognormal distribution, and the rest followed the normal distribution; Cr, Cu, As, Pb and Mn were the natural sources of soil matrix, Cd and Ni were mainly sourced from industrial and traffic pollution, while Zn was mainly sourced from agricultural production activities. The concentration profiles of Zn, As, Ni and Cd were island-like, and the Cu and Mn were banded, while the Cr and Pb are the mixed pattern of island-like and band-like. The the pollution index evaluation results show that Cr, Cu and Pb were on alert, As, Mn and Ni were lightly polluted, Cd was moderately polluted, and Zn was highly polluted. Fuzzy comprehensive evaluation showed that only one soil sample was mildly contaminated and two were in alert level, and the rest were within the safety scope. The soil environmental quality standards were the basis for soil quality evaluation. It can be observed that the soil quality of all the samples were within the national secondary standards and the environmental quality of soil heavy metal in the study area was generally good.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2243-2252 [Abstract] ( 410 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1158KB] ( 1425 )
2253 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and black carbon in surface soil from traffic areas in Wuhu, China
HUA De-wu, WANG Qing, XU Hong, DONG Xiao-ning, SU Chen
Concentrations of 26 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) including EPA 16 priority PAHs were determined in forty surface soils from traffic areas and control green spaces in Wuhu, China. Black carbon (BC) was also quantified by both methods of chemical oxidation (dichromate, BCCr) and chemo-thermal oxidation (CTO-375, BCCTO). The distribution characteristics, affected areas of, and relationship between PAHs and BC were discussed. Besides, the sources of PAHs in the soil were analyzed by using the compositional analysis positional analysis, methyl phenanthrene index, and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The results showed that concentrations of PAHs, BCCr and BCCTOranged from 0.075 to 28.76μg/g, 3.78 to 27.13g/kg, and 1.07 to 10.36g/kg, respectively. Concentrations of PAHs and BCs in the soil decreased with the distance from the road. There existed a clear trend in concentrations of PAHs and BCs:important traffic nodes≈intersections > main roads≈feeder roads > greenbelts. The traffic flow was not the dominated factor for the concentrations in the traffic areas, while the running state of the vehicle was the key factor. 4~6 rings PAHs, as expected, dominated in surface soil of traffic areas. Concentrations of PAHs in the surface soil of traffic area were significantly correlated with BCCr and BCCTO rather than TOC, and those in the surface soil of greenbelts had no significant correlation with TOC, BCCr and BCCTO. It was showed that BC had an important influence on the accumulation of PAHs in the soil, but was interfered by other factors. In addition, the PAHs in the soil samples mainly originated from the transportation source.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2253-2263 [Abstract] ( 343 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 750KB] ( 888 )
2264 Effect of sodium hypochlorite on the structural and optical characteristics of humic acid in waters
REN Dong, WANG Tao, CHEN Fang, WANG Bin, LI Yun-xiang
In this study, humic acid (HA) was selected as a model compound of dissolved organic matter and used to study the effect of NaOCl on its structural and optical characteristics, including elemental composition, chemical structure, anti-oxidative activity, optical characteristics and so on. These characteristics were characterized by high-pressure exclusion chromatography, elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-vis spectrum, fluorescent spectrum and photodegradation kinetics, respectively. The results showed that HA molecular weight was decreased and centralized when the concentration ratio of HA to NaOCl increased from 0 to 20.0μmol/mg. The polarity of the HA was first increased and then decreased, resulting from the evolution of the aromatic acids, fatty acids, phenols, alcohols and other oxygen containing components. It is noteworthy that the humification characteristics of the HA was not changed by NaOCl varied in the dose range used here, although the light absorption ability, antioxidant capacity and aromaticity was decreased, and the fluorescence intensity and apparent photosensitization activity was significantly enhanced. The results of this study can extend our knowledge on the structure of dissolved organic matter altered by deep oxidation treatment, and provide basic information for assessing the environmental effects of the effluent dissolved organic matter.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2264-2272 [Abstract] ( 419 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 654KB] ( 1552 )
2273 Influence of dissolved substances in natural water on the photolysis of five antibiotics
DAI Zhi-feng, TAI Chao, ZHANG Shao-dong, YIN Yong-guang, SUN Ying-jie, LI Peng, LUO Yong-tao
A method was established for analyzing the effects of dissolved substances on the photolysis of antibiotics and the differential effects and possible mechanisms of eight typical dissolved substances in natural water on the photolysis of five antibiotics were investigated comparatively. The results demonstrated that the effects of various dissolved substances were much different on the photolysis of these antibiotics. For thiamphenicol, the photolysis rate in pure water was only 1.33×10-5min-1 and indirect photolysis was the main photodegradation pathway. However, for other antibiotics, indirect photolysis co-occurred with direct photolysis. The dissolved substances (e.g., NO3-, Fe2+ and Cl-) affected the photolysis of antibiotics mainly through photogeneration of ·OH and 1O2. Dissolved organic matter decreased the photolysis of antibiotics through light attenuation. In addition, Ca2+ and Mg2+ could influence the photolysis of antibiotics through their complexation with antibiotics. It was observed that Ca2+ and Mg2+ promoted the photolysis of enrofloxacin (0.3933min-1 and 0.2314min-1, respectively), but inhibited the photolysis of sarafloxacin (0.0447min-1 and 0.0289min-1, respectively).
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2273-2282 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 758KB] ( 997 )
2283 Comprehensive ecological risk classification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments by S-T model
ZHU Jie-yu, WANG Dong, WANG Yuan-kun
In this study, the S-T model was built by using set pair analysis theory, and the analytic hierarchy process was used to determine the weight of each index by referring to the toxicity equivalency factor. In addition, the triangular fuzzy number was applied to improve the diversity factor. After that, the comprehensive ecological risk classification of aromatic hydrocarbons was assessed by using this proposed S-T model based on Canadian sediment quality standards. The results show that the fuzzy nature of the PAHs ecological risk grade standard in sediments was represented by improving the degree of difference coefficient. This is because the interaction factors between compounds are processed in fuzzy theory in this new method. Moreover, this study could provide a simple, objective, and effective method for the ecological risk classification of persistent organic pollutants.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2283-2288 [Abstract] ( 273 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 407KB] ( 1327 )
2289 Dissimilatory nitrate reduction processes at the sediment-water interface in Lake Kuilei
XUE Jing-ya, JIANG Xing-yu, YAO Xiao-long, LI Min, ZHANG Lu
Denitrification (DNF) and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) are two major processes of dissimilatory nitrate reduction in aquatic ecosystems. The competition between DNF and DNRA controls the dissimilatory reduction pattern and the final fate of nitrate in aquatic ecosystems. In this study, DNF and DNRA processes at the sediment-water interface (SWI) in Lake Kuilei (a shallow freshwater lake in Lake Taihu basin) were studied by using the stable nitrogen isotope tracing method. DNF and DNRA rates at the SWI and potential contributions to the total dissimilatory nitrate reduction from both processes were quantitatively estimated. Results showed that sediments served as the source of NH4+-N and the sink of NO3--N in Lake Kuilei. DNF and DNRA rates at the SWI were 18.88~54.00 μmol/(kg·h) (mean value of 36.39±3.86 μmol/(kg·h)) and 1.02~5.88 μmol/(kg·h) (mean values of 36.39±3.86, 3.21±1.15 μmol/(kg·h)), respectively. The DNF rate was significantly correlated with the sediment organic matter and the water content, while the DNRA rate was correlated with the sediment oxygen demand (SOD). Moreover, DNF was confirmed as the predominant process of dissimilatory nitrate reduction process in Lake Kuilei, which contributed 84.23~96.90% to the total dissimilatory nitrate reduction compared with only 3.10%~15.77% from DNRA. Compared with marine and estuarine areas, lower DNRA rates and fewer DNRA contributions to the total nitrate reduction were observed in freshwater lake ecosystems.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2289-2296 [Abstract] ( 336 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 571KB] ( 1680 )
2297 Distribution characteristics analysis of algal bloom in Chaohu Lake based on the sky~earth collaborative method
ZHAO Huan, ZHU Li, WU Chuan-qing, MENG Bin, ZHOU Ya-ming, JIA Xing
Based on the MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) series images, the distribution characteristics of algal bloom in Chaohu Lake in 2016 was analyzed. The results showed that the frequency and the duration of algal blooms gradually weakened from the northwest to the southeastern. The algal blooms of western parts of lake occurred in the earliest date (5.19) and had the longest duration (131d). The algal blooms of Tangxi area of Chaohu Lake occurred more frequently. Furthermore, the correlation between the algal bloom by remote sensing with the simultaneous monitoring data (algal density, chlorophyll A, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus) were analyzed. The Q cluster analysis method was employed to separate the measured sampling points in two areas:eastern and western of Chaohu Lake. There was a strong correlation between the algal density, chlorophyll A, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus with algal bloom area in western Chaohu Lake.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2297-2303 [Abstract] ( 209 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1375KB] ( 952 )
2304 Soil biological nitrogen fixation along with hydrological gradient in Chongming Dongtan wetland
SUN Xiu-ru, TONG Bang-hui, YAN Ru-yu, LIU Min, HAN Mei-li, LIN Xian-biao, CHENG Lü
In this study, potential rate of nitrogen fixation (BNF), functional gene (nifH) abundance and soil properties were investigated in the rhizosphere soil and bulk soil of Chongming Dongtan wetland in the Yangtze estuary. The rates of soil BNF decreased from high tidal habit to low tidal habit and varied significantly in the water intrusion frequencies (P < 0.05). The rates of BNF were higher in summer than in winter, and higher in rhizosphere soil than bulk soil. The BNF rates ranged from 0.61 to 17.90μmol N/(kg·h) and from 1.41 to 12.10μmol N/(kg·h) in rhizosphere soil and bulk soil in summer, while they were in the range of 0.64~3.54μmol N/(kg·h) and 0.47~2.60μmol N/(kg·h) in winter. The abundances of nifH functional gene ranged from 1.28×107 to 4.61×107copies/g and 2.56×107 to 12.3×108copies/g in rhizosphere soil and bulk soil, respectively. The abundance of nifH gene was significantly related to the rates of BNF (P<0.01). In addition, soil salinity, nitrate, Fe3+ and total phosphorus had great influence on BNF activity. Therefore, these results highlight that water intrusion can alter soil microbial quantity and soil properties, which furthermore affect nitrogen biogeochemical cycling.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2304-2313 [Abstract] ( 298 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 669KB] ( 1600 )
2314 Influence of ash on adsorption of endosulfan by biochars derived from emergent plants
HE Qi, LU Shao-yong, CHEN Fang-xin, CAO Feng-mei
The Influence of biochars with relatively high ash contents on the fate of α-endosulfan and β-endosulfan with original biochars derive from three feedstocks (canna indical,acorus calamus, and phragmites autralias)at heat treatment temperature 550℃ was evaluated. The pores of biochars were mainly mesoporous, and the ash occupied about15.86~27.29%, whose main composition were probably calcium carbonate. The nonlinear adsorption constant of biochars to endosulfan was from 0.63 to 0.80, which was a bit higher than that of deashed biochars (0.63~0.80). Besides, after deashed, the affinity between biochars and β-endosulfan or α-endosulfan weakened and the adsorption capacity was limited (logKF ranged from 6744 to 11111mg/kg). In addition, the value of (O+N)/C decreased, the proportion of surface -C and bulk -C increased, indicating that deashing could reduce the polarity of carbon surface, increased the hydrophobicity, and expose more organic matter on surface, which would enhance the hydrophobicity of endosulfan. After adding to supernatant, the adsorption of endosulfan by deashed biochars dramatically improved, it also proved that the soluble substance in the supernatant were much likely enhance the adsorption effect between deashed biochars and endosulfan.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2314-2320 [Abstract] ( 287 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 579KB] ( 947 )
2321 The nitrogen removal characteristics of aerobic denitrification by Diaphorobacter sp. PDB3
XU Tao, WANG Guo-ying, YUE Xiu-ping
The aerobic denitrification characteristics of Diaphorobacter sp. PDB3 in a fermentor were studied. The sodium citrate was determined as the best carbon source for aerobic denitrification. The response surface methodology was used to optimize the aerobic denitrification conditions (temperature, pH, rotation speed, C/N ratio), and the mathematical model of aerobic denitrification was constructed. The predicted value and the measured value correlated very well. The optimum conditions for the aerobic denitrification in the fermentation broth of strain PDB3 were pH 7.3, C/N ratio 8.1, temperature 30.1℃ and rotation speed 299.9r/min, respectively. The optimum specific aerobic denitrification rate was 2.25h-1.The results showed that the specific aerobic denitrification rate of PDB3 strain in the fermentor was 2.12h-1 and the error was only 5.8%. Finally, the nitrogen balance analysis showed that 29.0% of the total nitrogen removal was converted to intracellular nitrogen and nitrogen loss accounted for 67.3% of the total nitrogen removal. The nitrogen was mainly removed by aerobic denitrification and cellular assimilation.The expression level of denitrifying gene (napA, nirS, cnorB, nosZ) was determined by RT-qPCR analysis to further explain the nitrogen removal characteristics, and provide theoretical basis for the practical application of Diaphorobacter sp.PDB3.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2321-2328 [Abstract] ( 338 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 594KB] ( 1018 )
2329 Toxic effects of nonylphenol on Selenastrum capricornutum
LIU Wei-jie, WU Xiao-qing, YAN Jia-ying, HE Ning, CHEN Qi, DUAN Shun-shan
In order to investigate the toxic effects of nonyphenol (NP) on fresh microalgae, Selenastrum capricornutum was exposed to NP with concentrations of 0.1, 0.3, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2mg/L. The growth, chlorophyll content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured. Besides, chlorophyll fluorescence was obtained through a handy PEA, investigating the influence of NP on the PSⅡ reaction center. The results showed that the 96h EC50 of NP on S. capricornutum was 0.979mg/L. It was found that 0.3mg/L of NP could significantly inhibit the growth of S. capricornutum with decrease in contents of chlorophyll and maximal photochemistry (Fv/Fm), while increase in contents of MDA, activities of SOD and CAT, light absorbed by PSⅡ(ABS/RC), TR0/RC and the dissipation of energy from reaction centers (DI0/RC). More importantly, the cellular membrane system and PSⅡ reaction center of S.capricornutum were damaged obviously when the NP concentrations were higher than 0.9mg/L:the activities of SOD and CAT, and TR0/RC were reduced, while DI0/RC was increased significantly. As a consequent, NP is toxic to S. capricornutum and it may be a potential risk to the aquatic ecosystem.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2329-2336 [Abstract] ( 297 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 511KB] ( 1165 )
2337 Thyroid hormone disrupting effects of organophosphorus flame retardants and its mechanisms of action, take TCPP as an example
SHEN Yang, YU Chang, KONG Dong-dong, WANG Rong-fang, LI Jian
In the present study, typical organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), tris (2-chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP), was selected as the object of study. GH3 cell proliferation assay was used to test the thyroid disrupting activity of TCPP; a two-hybrid thyroid receptor (TR) yeast assay, GH3 (TRβ-) cell proliferation assay and real time quantitative PCR were used to investigate the mechanism of action. The results revealed that TCPP decreased the GH3 cell proliferation at concentrations ranging from 1×10-4mol/L to 2×10-4mol/L. Furthermore, the results from two-hybrid TR yeast assay and GH3(TRβ-) cell proliferation assay suggested that TCPP could disrupt thyroid hormone activity through genomic and non-genomic pathway. The results of real time quantitative PCR supported the mRNA expression levels of c-fos, TRβ, integrin-av and k-ras were inhibited, suggesting that TCPP might induce thyroid hormone disruption by adjusting TRβ gene expression and activating αvβ3-ERK-1/2 signaling pathway. All of these results could provide the basic data and theoretical support for the environmental risk assessment of TCPP.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2337-2344 [Abstract] ( 242 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 490KB] ( 1455 )
2345 Effect of dioxin exposure on serum steroid hormones in adult male
SHEN Bin, SHI Li-li, DONG Jing-jian, FENG Hao, SHEN Lin-jie, XIANG Jing, LI Wen-jing, LUO Ting, KIDO Teruhiko, SUN Xian-liang
In order to investigate effect of dioxin exposure on serum steroid hormones in adult male, 17dioxin congeners of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) and 9 steroid hormones were analyzed in serum from dioxin polluted area (n=50) and non-polluted area(n=48) by HRGC/HRMS and LC-MS/MS. The results showed that testosterone, estradiol, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and dihydroepiandrosteron levels were significantly related to concentrations of several dioxin derivatives. Levels of DHT, Testosterone and Estradiol increased significantly with age in the dioxin polluted area adult males. Our findings suggest that dioxin exposure can lead to abnormal changes in sex hormones in adult male.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2345-2352 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 326KB] ( 1326 )
2353 Health risk assessment of Cr6+, As and Hg in groundwater of Jilantai salt lake basin, China
GAO Rui-zhong, QIN Zi-yuan, ZHANG sheng, JIA De-bin, DU Dan-dan, ZHANG A-long, WANG Xi-xi
Jilantai salt lake basin in the arid area of northwest China was selected as the typical study area. 71 groundwater samples were collected, and of which Cr6+, As, Hg and main chemical constituents were tested. The figures based on the geological statistics interpolation were plotted to reveal the spatial distribution characteristics of Cr6+, As and Hg in the groundwater. The conditions of pollution and health risk from Cr6+, As, Hg were assessed by the standard index method, the Nemerow index method and US EPA model. Source analysis of Cr6+, Hg, As was carried out by statistical test. The results showed that:Cr6+, As, Hg generally existed in the basin groundwater. The content of Cr6+ in upper reaches and north-eastern part of the salt lake were higher, and the content of As in the south-western platform was higher. Hg concentration appeared higher value in the northwest Mountain Bayinwula. All of these distributions and changes were affected by nature and human activities. The content of Cr6+ and As appeared excessive in the local area, and the excessive ratios were 8.45% and 2.82% separately. The main excessive areas of Cr6+ were strip-like along with Tugeligaole Valley in the south-western part. As was excessive as spotted state and distributed in the southwest and northeast part. There were no moderate and severe pollution in the study area, and the 87.3% groundwater was safe and clean. There was local mild pollution area in southwest part of the salt lake. The health risk of chemical carcinogens by the way of drinking water was much higher than that of non-chemical carcinogens. Although chemical carcinogens Cr6+ in the southwest part exceeded the maximum acceptable risk of US EPA, the average health risk of whole basin from Cr6+ was lower than that limit; the chemical carcinogen As and non-chemical carcinogen Hg were both lower than the acceptable value. The distribution of total carcinogenic risk was consistent with Cr6+s', and the contribution rate of Cr6+ was 89% for the total carcinogenic risk. The high content of Cr6+ might be due to the higher permanganate index, which made Cr3+ oxidation to Cr6+. As and Cr were homologous source.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2353-2362 [Abstract] ( 376 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1166KB] ( 1505 )
2363 Residue characteristics of heavy metals in cultured fish muscles from the south bank of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou
ZHANG Xiao-lei, WANG Jing-jing, ZHAO Yong-jiang, YANG Liu
In order to understand the residue characteristics of heavy metals in cultured fish muscles from the south bank of the Yellow River in Zhengzhou, 133 samples of cultured fish muscles were collected. Residues of Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and As were respectively measured by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry (LC-AFS) methods. And then the characteristics of heavy metal residues were analyzed, and the risks of food safety hazards in fishes were evaluated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) methods. The results showed that Pb, Cr, Cd, Cu, Zn, Hg and As were detected in all of the 4fish species, but only 3elements of Pb, As and Cd exceeded the standard, with the over standard rates 13.53%, 12.78% and 4.51%. The coefficients of variation of heavy metals were between 0.13 and 0.37 with the moderate variations. The average residues of the heavy metals were significantly different, and the order from high to low was Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > As > Hg > Cd. All of them were not exceed the maximum levels of contaminants in foods. Overall, the residues of heavy metals in Carassius auratus and Ctenopharyngodon idellus were higher than that in Cyprinus carpio and Hypophthalmichthys molitrix. The results of correlation analysis showed that residues in cultured fish in Zhengzhou section of south coast of the Yellow River had some similar sources, and may be mainly from the fish feed and medicines. THQ methods showed that the dietary risks of heavy metals intake in children were higher than that in adults, and the risks of heavy metals in different groups were not obvious. Among the 7 heavy metals, Hg, Cr and As were the main risk elements. So it seems that the pollution accumulation characteristics and effective controls of Hg, Cr and As should be well worth the further studies.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2363-2370 [Abstract] ( 316 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 441KB] ( 1143 )
2371 Life cycle assessment of the lithium titanate batteries used for electric vehicles
YIN Ren-shu, YANG Yan-ping, YANG Yang, CHEN Zhi-lin
In order to evaluate the impacts on energy, environment and resources arose from the lithium titanate batteries used on electric vehicles, firstly a life cycle assessment model for the Li-ion batteries were established, which included the re-purposing and second-use stages. Then a lithium titanate battery pack made by a domestic enterprise, which was used on an all-electric city bus, was chosen as the study case. And its life cycle CED (cumulative energy demand), GWP (global warming potential) and ADP(e) (abiotic depletion potential for elements), as the three major indicators of impacts, were calculated. The results showed that the CED, GWP and ADP(e) for every kilo-watt hour capacity of the battery pack in its life cycle were 2.8×104MJ, 1.86×103kg CO2eq. and 4.77×10-3kg Sbeq. respectively. It was found that the energy loss due to the battery efficiency in both use stages had played the key role in battery's life cycle GWP, while GWP of the producing stage mostly came from the embedded greenhouse gas emissions of raw materials such as the cathode and anode materials, aluminum parts and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. From the perspective of the energy stored and delivered in its life cycle, the LTO battery's GWP per every mega-Joule would decrease significantly with the second-life usage, and GWP of its producing stage is the lowest among all of the Li-ion batteries in the comparison with previous studies.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2371-2381 [Abstract] ( 540 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 635KB] ( 3404 )
2382 Differentiated management strategies for the regional environmental risk based on dynamic comprehensive assessment
YANG Xiao-lin, GU Ling-shuang, LI Yi-ling, DU Jiu-sheng
In this study, a new "dynamic comprehensive evaluation model" for regional environmental risk assessment which based on the "vertical-and-horizontal" scatter degree method and the "time ordered weighted averaging operator" method was developed, and the strategy that named "risk assessment-zoning-differentiated management" was proposed for the management of regional environmental risk. In addition, this method was applied for the regional environmental risk assessment and the differentiated management for 18cities in Henan province. The results showed that (1) the maximum values of comprehensive environmental risk were 13.79, 13.46 and 13.28, which were identified in Zhengzhou, Xuchang and Luohe, respectively. In contrast, the minimum values of environmental risk were found in the cities of Xinyang, Nanyang and Sanmenxia, and the values were only 4.15, 4.16 and 5.01, respectively. (2) Using GIS technology and the hierarchical cluster analysis method, the spatial variation of comprehensive risk in 18 cities of Henan province was divided into five regions:high risk zone (Zhengzhou, Xuchang and Luohe), relative high risk zone (Jiaozuo, Puyang and Hebi), medium risk zone (Kaifeng and Anyang), relative low risk zone (Pingdingshan, Shangqiu and Zhoukou) and low risk zone (Luoyang, Sanmenxia and Nanyang) (3) The differentiated management strategies for different cities were proposed base on the difference of environmental risk level and its mainly contribution factors according to the principle of "critical control, priority management for high risk area, and step by step control, strengthen prevention for medium and low risk area". The results indicated that the proposed method of "risk assessment-zoning-differentiated management" can not only evaluate the environmental risk at regional scale but also identify the mainly contribution factors. The differentiated management strategies will better meet the actual needs for the coordinated development of the local economic and the social environment.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2382-2391 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1397KB] ( 1232 )
2392 Driving force for the variation of pollution discharge in the Chinese industrial department: An empirical study based on pollution data during the 12th five-year plan period
KUAI Peng, SHU Ke-dong, CHENG Run-he
Based on the LMDI model, variations of industrial pollutant emission during the 12th five-year plan period were decomposed into three driving factors in terms of scale, structure and intensity effects. The results showed that scale effect was the main driving force for the reduction of industrial pollutant. Specifically, there was a countrywide movement of reducing the outdated and excess industrial capacities during the past 5 years, which had suppressed the unordered industrial expansion, thus lowered the growth of pollutant emission. The structure effect was not as significant as the scale effect, however, there was only little difference between them, which indicated that the adjustment of industrial structures had also caused positive effects. The intensity effect was relatively not significant. Based on the above results, it was suggested that the government pay more attentions to the scale effects during the 13th five-year plan period. Meanwhile, in consideration of the marginal cost of scale effect that would obviously keep on increasing, long-term mechanism such as industrial structure adjustment or techniques innovation was in need.
2018 Vol. 38 (6): 2392-2400 [Abstract] ( 305 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 538KB] ( 1318 )
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