A framework to estimate air pollutant emissions from coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural residential coal-using was developed for the "2+26" cities located in the air pollution transport channels in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei area. The existing policies and measures to control emissions from burning coal in "2+26" cities were summarized and the potentials of reducing SO₂、NO_x、PM、PM₁₀、PM_2.5 emissions was quantified for year 2017. The results showed that SO₂、NO_x、PM、PM₁₀、PM_2.5 emissions from burning coal were 87×10⁴t、56×10⁴t、64×10⁴t、45×10⁴t、32×10⁴t in 2017, respectively, 44%, 48%, 33%, 32% and 30% less than which in 2015 due to implementation of major emission control measures including the ultra-low emissions retrofitting in coal-fired power plants, eliminating the coal-fired boilers and switching raw coal into electricity (gas). The reduction rates of coal-fired power plants, coal-fired boilers, and rural raw coal were 55%~70%, 31%~38%, 18%~21%, respectively. SO₂ and NO_x emission reductions were mainly attributed to the ultra-low emission of coal-fired power plants for most cities, and PM emission reductions from burning coal of Langfang and Baoding were most significant in the "2+26" cities, mainly thanks to strongly promoting switch from coal into electricity and gas in residential sector.

PM_2.5 samples were collected simultaneously at an inland and coastal sites during four seasons in Tianjin, China. A three-way receptor model and HYSPLIT model were utilized to investigate the sources of PM_2.5 at two sites, and qualitatively determine the major air mass origins, and then the source directional apportionment (SDA) was applied to quantify source contributions from different directions to the ambient PM_2.5. The results showed that PM_2.5 concentration from Bohai Sea direction was relatively low (97.1μg/m³), but the air masses percentage was high (23.7%). While PM_2.5 concentration from Inner Mongolia direction was high compared with the Bohai direction,but the air masses percentage was low. In coastal site, the largest contributors to PM_2.5 were crustal dust from SSW for spring (12.8%), sulfate and SOC (secondary organic carbon) from SE for summer (9.8%), coal combustion from WSW for autumn (10.3%), sulfate and SOC from WNW for winter (12.1%). For inland site, the largest contributors to PM_2.5 during four seasons were crustal dust from SSW (14.5%), sulfate+SOC from S (south direction, 13.5%), vehicle exhaust form SSW(8.9%), sulfate and SOC from WNW respectively (9.5%).

The size-resolved CCN activation properties of aerosol particles with diameters of 8.2~346nm were measured using SMPS-CCNC with full scan mode from November to December 2016 in the northern suburb of Nanjing, and six parameterization methods were used to predict the number concentration of CCN. The results showed that both the CCN activity and hygroscopicity of aerosols in Nanjing were relatively high, with an average hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of 0.31. From comparison of the CCN properties in clean and polluted conditions, it was found that the polluted conditions were characterized by relatively high aerosol and CCN number concentrations, but lower CCN activation and aerosol hygroscopicity, which may be accounted for the freshly emitted black carbon or organics. By comparing the closure results of six parameterization methods, it was found that the prediction of CCN number concentration by using cut-off diameters and critical dry diameters generated best result. Furthermore, the effects of parameters with different time resolution on the closure results were discussed, and it was found that the improvement of the time resolution of parameters could only increase the R² value of the closure result, whereas the effects on closure slope could almost be ignored. Therefore, it was suggested that the average diurnal variation of each parameter can be directly used to predict the CCN number concentration.

To investigate the formation mechanism of heavy haze in fall and winter season of Zhengzhou, online measurements of hourly concentrations of elements in PM_2.5 using the ambient metals analyzer and meteorological instrument were conducted from Nov. 21^th to 29^that an urban site of Zhengzhou University. Results show that the concentrations of As, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn in Zhengzhou during the sampling periods were higher than in other cities. The polluted air mass transported from northeastern regions of Zhengzhou, and the lower wind speed, higher relative humidity and calm conditions which accumulating local pollutant emissions, based on the statistical analysis of meteorological data, were the major meteorological parameters causing the two heavy haze episodes. Meanwhile, quantitative source apportionment from the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that dust, vehicle, industrial emission and combustion were the major sources of elements in PM_2.5, which accounting for 36.8%, 27.6%, 21.0% and 14.6%, respectively. The contribution of dust source in cleaning day was relatively higher and that of motor vehicle and combustion source increased significantly during heavy haze period.

Vertical distribution model of atmospheric extinction coefficient is a key technique for satellite inversion of near-surface particle mass concentration, and an important approach to analyze the structure of turbulent field in the boundary layer as well. However, there still exists much uncertainty in its applicability so far. In this study, a new method to calculate the parameters of Logistic profile model of atmospheric extinction coefficient was proposed. This method was based on the preliminary research of Logistic curve to simulate atmospheric extinction coefficient profile, and combined with atmosphere optical depth (AOD) data from the solar photometer (CE-318) as well as ground visibility data. The application results using the data from June 2013 to May 2014 in Chengdu showed that under unstable and neutral conditions, simulated results of atmospheric extinction coefficient by Logistic model and the currently widely used negative exponential model had considerable agreement. Under continuously stable conditions, simulated results obtained by the former were obviously better than those of the latter. Further analysis indicated that the applicability of Logistic vertical distribution model mainly lied in its excellent ability to simulate the complex vertical forms of atmospheric extinction coefficient in near surface layer.

To investigate the characteristics and sources of haze pollution and the formation mechanism of sulfate the northern suburb of Nanjing, PM_2.5 samples were collected in March 2016, and the concentrations of water-soluble ions (Na⁺, NH₄⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cl^-, NO₃^- and SO₄^2-) and carbonaceous components (OE and EC) were measured. The average concentration of PM_2.5 during the sampling period was (103.22±48.5)µg/m³. In contrast to clean days, the formation of secondary sulphate in the polluted days was much stronger related to the oxidation of SO₂ by NO₂ than the oxidation with O₃. The mineral dust could serve as buffered agent and kept the aerosol in weakly alkaline state during polluted days, which was preferred for the secondary sulfate formation. In this work, the secondary organic carbon (SOC) in PM_2.5 was mainly formed from the photooxidation of hydrocarbons with O₃. The main sources of PM_2.5 components in polluted days were motor vehicle emissions, followed by biomass and coal combustion. In clean days, the bulk components were mainly contributed by coal combustion and dust emission with little influences from motor vehicle exhaust.

Cu₃(BTC)₂ catalyst loaded with Ag nanoparticles was successfully prepared through UV reduction method, and was applied for NH₃-SCR reaction. The physicochemical properties of Ag/Cu₃(BTC)₂ catalyst were characterized by XRD, TEM and BET. It was found that Ag nanoparticles showed a pherical structure and were highly dispersed on the skeleton structure surface of Cu₃(BTC)₂. The synergistic effect between Ag nanoparticles and Cu-MOF could significantly improve the denitrification efficiency of Ag/Cu₃(BTC)₂ catalyst. The Ag/Cu₃(BTC)₂ catalyst with 15wt% addition achieved a 100% NO conversion rate in temperatures range from 200 to 260℃. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism was proposed on basis of the results of in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.

The VOCs chemical species profiles from industrial sources in Tianjin were established by field sampling method based on 13major VOCs-related industries including automobile manufacturing, furniture production, packaging & printing, pharmaceutical industry, etc. The local model-ready source profiles were further established based on chemical mechanism CB05 and SAPRC99, and then compared to those from SPECIATE in EPA. The influence of different atmospheric chemistry mechanisms on O₃generation was verified by photochemical air quality model. The results showed that:the model-ready source profiles based on SAPRC99have a large deviation from SPECIATE than that based on CB05. There were relatively fewer differences in local model-ready sources profiles among automobile manufacturing, furniture production, musical instrument manufacturing, coating producing, automotive components manufacturing and tire manufacturing, while more significant differences were revealed in package printing, pharmaceutical manufacturing and other industries. Variation tendencies of the simulation results of O₃ by different atmospheric chemical mechanisms showed similar results, while the simulation results based on SAPRC99were slightly higher than that based on CB05.Therefore, it is suggested to employ the CB05when lack of local VOCs source profiles.

In order to select the atmospheric environment hotspot grids in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and its surrounding regions,the monthly haze days and mass concentions of the PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂ were retrieved using satellite observation. Based on the retrieved results of these four items, firstly, the fractal summation model was used to get the atmospheric background value and the standard for the study areas. Secondly, a kind of comprehensive pollution index of atmospheric environment remote sensing was developed by using of the ORAQI calculation method. Then the hotspot grids were selected out from the spatial distribution of the annual averaged comprehensive pollution index of atmospheric environment remote sensing.Finally, the situation of the industrial land in each hotspot grid were discussed using high resolution satellite data.The results showed that the local spatial distribution of the yearly haze days and annual mass concentions of the PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂ varied considerably. And the main air pollutants in different parts were quite different and had the characteristics of complexed pollution. The atmospheric background values of monthly haze days and averaged mass concentions of the PM_2.5、NO₂、SO₂ were 10.7days、57.5μg/m³、515.7×10¹³mole/cm² and 0.29DU respectively, when the standard values were 22.2days、112.2μg/m³、2073.1×10¹³mole/cm² and 0.64DU.The comprehensive pollution index of atmospheric environment remote sensing showed that the most serious air polluted areas were distributed in central Baoding, north of Shijiazhuang,the south of Xingtai and the northern border of Handan. Then total 1782 hotspot grids were selected out from the spatial distribution of the annual averaged comprehensive pollution index of atmospheric environment remote sensing, including large proportion of small-scale industrial land area, which showed the emissions of small enterprises had a great influence on the local air quality.

In this study, the soluble microbial product (SMP) in an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) was fractionated into six kinds of hydrophilic or hydrophobic fractions through a sequence of adsorption/desorption using DAX-8, Amberlyst^® 15 and Amberlyst^® A21 resins. The hydrophilic neutrals (HIN) was found to be the major component in the SMP, accounting for 74.84% in terms of the total organic carbon (TOC). Polysaccharides, protein, and humic substrates were identified in all the six types of organic fractions. In order to further understand the membrane fouling mechanism of different organic fractions, the fouling propensity was evaluated through a series of batch microfiltration experiments with a stirred dead-end filtration cell under constant pressure. The membrane suffered a quickest flux decline with the hydrophilic base (HIB) solution, next came the HIN solution and hydrophobic acid (HOA) solution. An exponential correlation was found between the flux decreasing rate and mean particle size of the organics (R²=0.9965). Classic filtration models were employed for further analyses of the fouling evolution. The standard blocking, intermediate blocking and cake filtration models were found to fit the HOA, HIN, and HIB filtration behaviors, respectively. The irreversibility of membrane fouling caused by different organic matter was also investigated. The HIN-based fouling was found to be more difficult to be cleaned than other fouling types.

Based on membrane electro-dialysis system, a novel hydrogen autotrophic MBBR (Moving Bed Biological Reactor) was established to remove perchlorate from aqueous solution. In cathode chamber, bacteria could utilize hydrogen as electron donor to transform perchlorate to chloride ion; in anode chamber, the chloride ion was oxidized to active chlorine to improve effluent quality. The conversion of perchlorate and the influential factors were explored. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) was maintained at 4h. For 4.98±0.091mg/L ClO₄^- in feed water, when current intensity increased from 6to 15mA, the removal efficiency increased from (39.75±2.09)% to (98.99±0.05)% correspondingly. The active chlorine increased from 0.057±0.003 to 0.070±0.0002mg/L. The pH of effluent was kept at 7.96~8.11 and the turbidity was 0.89±0.27NTU. When further increase current intensity to 20mA, the pH of cathode chamber exceeded 9.5 thus inhibiting the activity of microorganism and the removal efficiency decreased sharply to (30.75±1.19)%. Besides, scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to analyze the morphology of bacteria. The dominant bacterial was mainly short rod-shaped, attached to the surface of carriers and proliferated slowly. High-throughput sequencing was applied to analyze bacterial samples after inoculation and 24d operation. The results indicated that the α-biodiversity was decreased during the operation time and the Thauera was the dominated bacteria with 8.25% abundance.

Recently, significant antibiotic residue is detected in the recovery of magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH₄PO₄·6H₂O, MAP) from the digested livestock wastewater. In case MAP is adopted as fertilizer for the agriculcural use,the antibiotics will be transferred from soil to the plant, consequently do harm to human. In order to reduce antibiotic residues in the final products, coagulation was employed as the pretreatment method before MAP recovery from wastewater. Four coagulants, including PFS (polyferric sulfate), CTS (chitosan), CPAM (cationic polyacrylamides) and PAM(polyacrylamides) were employed to investigate their performance on antibiotic removal. Results revealed that PFS possessed the most effective performance by removing 22.8%~44.8% TCs and 32.2%~70.3% FQs from the wastewater, thereby reduced the antibiotic contents in the recovered solids to TCs 8.6mg/kg~19.6mg/kg, FQs 0.88~12.33mg/kg, respectively. Further experiments concerned the influences of pH and coagulant dosage showed that pH 7.5~8.0 and 17.5mg/L coagulant dosage were the optimal conditions for antibiotic removal, which significantly reduced 43.2%~54.1% TCs and 50.1%~69.5% FQs in the recovered products.

In order to study an efficient and economical treatment process of electroplating wastewater, parallel operation of suspended carrier composite MBR (HMBR) and ordinary MBR process was adopted. With Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cr(VI) as the main indicators, this study mainly focused on the impact of different heavy metals concentrations on the electroplating wastewater treatment efficiency and the microbial activity. The influence of carrier intervention on membrane fouling and microbial population diversity were also studied. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of COD and NH₄⁺ in HMBR was over 60% and 40% respectively with the concentrations of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cr(VI) (5~30mg/L), while that in the MBR was over 30% and 15%. With the increasing of Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺ and Cr(VI) concentrations, the concentrations of sludge and SOUR in the normal MBR declined gradually. The SOUR inhibition rate of 48.9% in HMBR by heavy metal was far less than that of 73.9% in normal MBR. The secretion of EPS in HMBR was significantly lower than that in ordinary MBR process, which effectively slowed down the rate of membrane fouling. In addition, the addition of carriers increased the diversity of microbial populations in the reaction system.

In this work, TiO₂ nanotubes was fabricated using anodization method with oxalic acid and NH₄F solution. TiO₂ nanotubes were used to photocatalytic degradation of microsytins-LR. The results showed that the morphology was the most highly ordered under the optimum anodic voltage of 20V, electrolyte composition of 1/12mol/L H₂C₂O₄·2H₂O+0.5wt%NH₄F and anodization time of 1~2h. The pore size of nanotubes was around 50nm, and the length was 250~600nm. After annealing at the temperature of 500~600℃, TiO₂ nanotubes showed a high photocatalytic ability for MC-LR under pH 3.5and 8. The photocatalytic reactions of MC-LR fit well with the pseudo-first order kinetics. We infer the possible degradation pathways of MC-LR involve not only the attack by hydroxyl radicals for the conjugated double bond and methoxy group in the Adda chain, as well as the conjugated system in the Mdha amino acid, but also the hydrolysis of peptide bonds.

It is well recognized that the development of highly efficient reduction is an effective way to remove Cr(VI) from wastewater. Herein, a novel carbon dioxide anion radical (CO₂^•-) production induced by UV-activated formic acid system is expected to offer a promising technology for removal of Cr(VI). In the present study, the activation and reduction mechanism have been investigated by comparing the reduction efficiency of the three reduction systems (UV、HCOOH、UV/HCOOH) and detection of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which suggested that UV can significantly activate HCOOH producing CO₂^•-(α_H=19.08G,α_N=15.86G, g=2.0036). Moreover, the main influencing factors, including initial Cr(VI) concentration, dosage of formic acid, initial pH, reaction temperature, organic containments and common anions were also discussed, the results showed that percent Cr(VI) removal of 100% was obtained in 60min when the initial concentration of formic acid and Cr(VI) was 40mmol/L and 10mg/L, respectively. It was further revealed that percent Cr(VI) removal efficiency increased with the increase of formic acid concentration and reaction temperature, and appeared to be an acid-pH-favoured condition(pH£3.5). NO₃^- could remarkably promote the reduction of Cr(VI), while Cl^-, HCO₃^- and p-nitrophenol showed an inhibitory effects. From the fitting results of the removal kinetics data at different temperatures, it is clearly exhibited that the reduction of Cr(VI) by the UV/HCOOH system followed the pseudo-first order reaction kinetics after 40min. Arrhenius activation energy E_a were calculated as 15.9kJ/mol according to the rate constants k at different temperatures.

NiO nanoparticles were synthesized through ultrasonic radiation precipitation-oxidation process, calcined at 300℃, and characterized by XRD, XPS, BET, and SEM. The degradation of dimethyl phthalate (DMP) in the microwave-induced NiO catalytic system was investigated. The main intermediates were separated and identified by GC/MS and LC/MS to elucidate the potential mechanisms of the degradation process. Results showed that DMP could be effectively degraded in the experimental conditions, with up the 70% removal rate in 15min by 750W microwave and 0.4mg/L NiO. The degradation rate could be enhanced with the increase of the power of microwave, the dosage of catalyst and the initial pH of solution. The main degradation products of the DMP were identified to be p-carbomethoxy-benzoic acid, phthalic acid, terephthalic acid, carbomethoxy-phthalic acid, and a double-ring product produced through condensation of two lateral chains of DMP and so on. Consequently, the possible degradation mechanism of DMP might include 6 processes:hydrolysis, isomerization, carbomethoxylated reaction, hydroxylation, condensation of lateral chains, hydroxylation and ring-opening mineralization.

The process of removing sulfamonomethoxine (SMM) 10mg/L in aqueous systems was preliminarily explored by electron beam irradiation (EBI). Several factors such as absorbed dose, radical scavenger and inorganic salts affecting on the removal efficiency were examined. Degradation mechanism and pathway were proposed through both experimental data and simulation calculation. The toxicity of degradation products was also evaluated. The removal rate of SMM was 99% at 3.0kGy. The data demonstrated that reduction elimination reaction played the key role. SMM degradation fitted the first-order kinetic equation. The degradation efficiency of SMM was inhibited to a certain extent when there were some inorganic ions (CO₃^2-, SO₄^2-, and NO₃^-). Nine kinds of possible degradation products and corresponding degradation pathways were deduced from the analysis of the degradation products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS) with the assistance of theoretical calculation results by Gaussian 03 software as well. The toxicity test of Vibrio fernuli showed that the toxicity of the irradiated intermediates increased first and then decreased and reached the maximum at the absorption dose of 2.0kGy.

Three kinds of modified biochar were prepared by liquid impregnation and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope, scanning electron microscopy, N₂ adsorption-desorption isotherm and elemental analyzer. Cefotaxime was selected for examining the adsorption efficiency and mechanisms of the adsorbent. The results showed that alkali modified biochar (BC-NaOH) exhibited more excellent adsorption than other biochar in 30min. The adsorption efficiency of cefotaxime by BC-NaOH was up to 83% and the data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. On the basis of the results of thermodynamics and adsorption influencing factors, the adsorption mechanisms of cefotaxime by BC-NaOH were hydrophobic affinity and electrostatic attraction.

The biological sponge iron system was acclimated by nitrobenzene simulated wastewater in present study. Meanwhile, the mechanism and the effects of systemic conditions, such as initial concentration of nitrobenzene, sponge iron dosage, initial pH value and temperature, on the degradation of nitrobenzene by domesticated sponge iron system were investigated. The results showed that:compared with the activated sludge system, the biological sponge iron system had a better adaptability and oxidability for degradation of nitrobenzene. The removal rate of nitrobenzene was more than 98% with initial concentration of nitrobenzene at 300mg/L when the biological sponge iron system domesticated to 28th day, and the acclimation cycles was shortened by 28days compared with the activated sludge system. The addition of sponge iron can improve the degradation rate of microbial system. The initial concentration of nitrobenzene and the pH value have an obvious influence on the degradation rate of the system. The suitable temperature range was wider. It can efficiently degrade nitrobenzene from 10 to 40℃. The degradation reaction of nitrobenzene by biological sponge iron system followed zero-order kinetics model. The content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the biological sponge system, especially inoculated with iron sludge, was significantly higher than that of in the sponge iron system and the sludge system, which provided stronger Fenton-like effect. Under the optimum conditions, the degradation of nitrobenzene in the biological sponge iron system inoculated with domesticated iron sludge was 31.5min^-1. Besides, the degradation rate of nitrobenzene and TOC were 92.0% and 63.1% respectively, which were 22.3% and 11.4% higher than the superposed values for degradation rates of nitrobenzene in sponge iron system and in iron sludge system alone. This study provides a new idea to treat nitrobenzene wastewater efficiently and economically.

Au-Ag alloy nanoparticles (NPs) less than 14.6nm in size were synthesized using fructose as reductant and surfactant. Au-Ag alloy NPs were continuously obtained by changing the synthesis time from 1 to 8 min in one-pot. Au-Ag alloy NPs were characterized by means of UV-Vis, EDX, ICP, XPS, TEM, HR-TEM and SAED analyses. It was found that Au-Ag alloy NPs had homogeneous composition and alloy microstructure. As-prepared Au-Ag alloy NPs exhibited a superior photocatalytic activity and stability for 4-nitrophenol degradation due to the synergistic effect between Au and Ag elements. The kinetic rate constant of 4-nitrophenol degradation could be controlled linearly by the composition of Au-Ag alloy NPs besides their addition amount. Based on the controllable synthesis of Au-Ag alloy NPs, the kinetic rate constant could even be adjusted linearly by their synthesis time. The above methods to control the kinetic rate constant provide promising routes for other photocatalytic reactions.

In the present work, orderly porous carbon fiber was fabricated on the basis of collagen fibers, a kind of biomass widely existed in the nature, to electro-generate hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) through oxygen oxidation reaction (ORR) with a satisfactory performance. The carbon fiber material was obtained through the procedures as follow:adsorption of iron ion onto collagen fiber via the complexation reaction between the iron ion and the function groups of collagen fiber, such as -COOH and -NH₂, carbonization in the vacuum, and leaching of iron oxide by nitric acid. Meanwhile, the material's structure was thoroughly characterized by means of XRD、SEM、BET and so on. Finally, the elctro-chemical activity and efficiency for electro-genenation H₂O₂ of the material were investigated. It was found that porous carbon fiber was fabricated through the procedure described above, and the carbon material obtained by leaching iron oxide by nitric acid with a concentration of 1.0mol/L possess the optimal performance for electro-generation of H₂O₂,i.e. cumulative concentration of H₂O₂ reaching 148.81mg/L after oxygen oxidation reaction for 2.5h with the corrsponding current efficiency of 72.33%. It is anticipated that our work could provide new insights for the fabrication of a novel carbon fiber for in-situ electro-generation of hydrogen peroxide with improved performance.

This paper took the high-density residential area in Jiefangxi Basin of Jin'an District, Fuzhou City, Fujian Province, China, as an example. The PCSWMM model for storm water simulation was applied to the study area under different rainfall return periods, rainfall durations and rain peak coefficients, and the low impact development module in this model was used to study the flood control effects of seven different LID layout scenarios on the waterlogged nodes. The simulations yielded the following results. Under different rainfall conditions, the flood situation of waterlogged node in the worst affected area has been effectively controlled using single LID or combined LID layouts. The peak flow, ponding time and ponding depth decreased. The peak suspended sediment concentration of the node in vegetative swale layout and the combination layout of vegetative swale and green roof were higher than current land layout scenario, and in other layouts were under control. The reduction effects of different LID layouts were more significant under longer rainfall durations or lower rainfall return periods. Permeable pavement was the best choice in single LID layout, and the combination of permeable pavement and vegetative swale and green roof was the best choice in combined LID layouts. The research results can provide technical support for the Sponge City construction of urban residential area in the south of China, and provide reference and suggestions for local government to establish relevant codes and standards.

Considering the time-varying, nonlinear, and complex characteristics of papermaking wastewater treatment processes, an advanced soft-sensor model was proposed based on Gaussian process regression (GPR). Seven GPR models, consisting of the combinations of squared exponential covariance, linear covariance, and periodic covariance function were built and compared for the prediction of the effluent chemical oxygen demand (COD) and effluent suspended solids (SS). The GPR-based prediction results are also compared with those of multiple linear regression, principle component regression, partial least square, and artificial neural network. The results showed that the prediction accuracy of GPR models were better than other models. Furthermore, with regard to the prediction of the effluent COD, the GPR model with the combination of linear covariance function and periodic covariance function achieved the best performance. In terms of the prediction of the effluent SS, the best GPR model is the one with the combination of squared exponential covariance function and linear covariance function.

Hydrogeological parameters were uncertain. In order to analyze the influence of hydrogeological parameter uncertainty on the numerical model of multi-phase flow of groundwater polluted by DNAPLs, aimed at making a research on hypothetical example, this paper firstly established a numerical simulation model of multi-phase flow of groundwater polluted by DNAPLs in research area. Then, the sensitivity analysis method was used to select the largest parameters that affect the output of the model as stochastic variables. In order to reduce the computation burden caused by the repeated call of simulation model, the Kriging method was used to construct a surrogate modle to finish the stochastic Monte Carlo simulation. Finally, the stochastic simulation results were analyzed statistically and the pollution risk assessment was completed. The results showed that the risk of pollution of single well can be estimated by using the pollutant concentration distribution function. The whole area can be divided into different risk areas under different pollution levels, which can provide a richer and more scientific reference to groundwater pollution prevention and control.

Column experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of different medium combinations on the benzene removal for contaminated groundwater by air sparging in the stratified heterogeneous aquifer. The results indicated that with the aeration flow 0.1L/min, the stratification changes of the aquifer had little effect on the removal efficiency of pollutants when the hydraulic conductivities (K) were in the same order of magnitude in the aquifer. When the hydraulic conductivities were not in the same order of magnitude, the larger K in lower part of the aquifer could cause obvious increase of contaminant content in the upper part during the early sparging period. While the smaller K in lower part of the aquifer made no big difference for the removal efficiencies between upper and lower part of the aquifer. In hierarchical cases, the combination of different media also affected the average benzene removal efficiencies. In the stratified heterogeneous aquifer, the air flow from the low permeable medium to high permeable medium, the removal rate of pollutants was relatively faster, and the average removal efficiency of pollutants mainly depended on the hydraulic conductivity of upper medium and the average contaminant removal efficiency of layered heterogeneous aquifer was roughly the same as the removal efficiency in upper layer medium.

An improved two-dimensional visualization device was used to study the zone of influence (ZOI) and the airflow distribution when the surfactant (SDBS) was added to the aquifer. The experimental results indicated that the addition of surfactant would increase the sparging pressure in the same media under the same airflow rate. The addition of surfactant greatly improved the air saturation, however, the mechanism was different under different medium. When airflow rate was 1000L/h, the sparging area of coarse sand (channel flow) and gravel (bubbly flow) increased 21.8% and 5.2% respectively by adding the surfactant to the aquifer. This showed that the smaller medium size was, the more obvious sprging area increased. Under same airflow rate, the airflow distribution range of coarse media became larger and the airflow distribution curve was relatively flat gently, while the airflow distribution range of gravel media was little changed and the airflow distribution curve was relatively abrupt when SDBS was added in the aquifer. Under different airflow rate, the airflow distribution showed significantly similar rule within the ZOI.

Effect of improved feed concentration, which lead to ammonium accumulation, on chicken manure methane fermentation under thermophilic condition (55±1)℃was investigated by using an integrated approach in a laboratory-scale semi-continuously stirred tank reactors. The reactor operated for 267days at a fixed hydraulic retention time of 20days, with feed concentration based on total solid increased from 5.0% to 7.5% and 10.0%. With feed concentration increased from 5.0% to 10.0%, the ammonia concentration increased from (2.5±0.3) g/L to (6.1±0.2)g/L, the volatilized fatty acids (VFAs) increased from (0.4±0.1)g/L to (26.1±1.5)g/L, when pH value, biogas production rate and methane content dropped from (8.3±0.2) to (6.9±0.1), from (267.2±12.5)mL/g TS_in to (49.8±8.2)mL/g TS_in and from (67.2±1.3)% to (36.0±1.7)%, respectively. The highest ammonia concentration of 7.5g/L and highest VFAs concentration of 27.0g/L were achieved at 197^th day when the feed concentration elevated to 10.0%, causing obvious inhibition on methane fermentation system. The effect of ammonia accumulation on biogas production and VFAs accumulation was analyzed using the method of linear cumulative effect. It was said that the initial ammonia concentration of 2.5~3.0g/L will inhibit the thermophilic digestion of chicken manure. The biogas production would be decrease or ceased when the feed concentration greater than 7.5%. During the operation, the specific methanogenic activity (SMA) test was carried out with sodium acetate as substrates. At feed TS concentration of 7.5% and 10%, ammonia concentration of 5.5 and 7.0g/L caused a drop in SMA by 56.0% and 100%, respectively.

MSWI fly ash is rich in heavy metals which is easily leached to pollute the environment. By studying the physical and chemical characteristics of fly ash in fluidized bed and grate furnace, it was found that hibschite and tobermorite could be co-hydrothermally synthesized by the fluidized-bed fly ash and grate-furnace fly ash without any additives. The fluidized-bed fly ash is used as a source of silicon and aluminum while the grate-furnace fly ash is used as an alkali activator. Heavy metals were stabilized in the crystal. The mechanism of hydrothermal synthesis was analyzed based on the hydrothermal products and the surface morphology of fly ash. The mechanism of adsorption of heavy metals was explained by the crystal structure of tobermorite. There was almost no heavy metal in the liquid phase after the hydrothermal reaction. The leaching toxicity of heavy metals was quantitatively evaluated with heavy metal leaching rate. Heavy metal leaching rate of fly ash after hydrothermal reaction was significantly lower than that of fluidized bed fly ash. When the mass ratio of fluidized bed fly ash to grate furnace fly ash added by the hydrothermal reaction was 7:3, the leaching rates of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn after hydrothermal heating were the lowest. The leaching rates were 0.073%, 0.006%, 0.107%, 0.006%, 0.326%, respectively.

Soil is considered as one of the primary receivers of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Hence, clarifying the distribution, transfer of ARGs in soil, is very important to evaluate the potential ecological risks of ARGs. In this paper, the origin, distribution and transfer of ARGs in soil were examined systematically, the major environmental factors that influenced the transmission of ARGs were summarized, and the necessity of the ARGs research in soil was also emphasized. Results showed that the previous studies mostly focus on the abundance and variety of exogenous ARGs in soil, while spatial distribution, propagation and behavior mechanism of ARGs are still found to be insufficient. Based on current research, prospective ARGs research in soil should master the distribution, source, rule of transformation and the key restriction factors. Furthermore a corresponding quantitative relationship should be established to provide a scientific basis data for the assessment of ARGs pollution and ecological risk.

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of intercropping with different herbaceous plants on the uptake and transfer of Cd by water spinach as well as the remediation efficiency of Cd polluted soil. In this study, ten different herbaceous cultivars i.e. Gaodan grass, Sultan grass, Pennisetum, Ryegrass, Bitter vegetables, Chicory, Grain amaranth, Alfalfa, Clover and Vetch were used as intercropping plants, Cd accumulation by water spinach and remediation efficiency were mainly evaluated by the removal rate (%) of Cd in edible part (shoots) of water spinach and removal rate (%) of Cd from polluted soil. The results showed that significant differences (P<0.05) of shoot and root Cd content of water spinach were observed between the intercropping treatments. Among the treatments, the shoot Cd content was significantly decreased by Gaodan grass, Sultan grass and Pennisetum intercropping, the Cd decrease rate (%) reached 34.0%, 35.8% and 34.3% respectively, however, the uptake of Cd by water spinach was promoted with intercropping with Chicory, Grain amaranth, Alfalfa, Clover and Vetch resulting in increased shoot Cd content. Significant difference of the uptake and transfer of Cd by herbs was also observed in this study, the shoot Cd for herbs ranged from 1.81mg/kg to 12.87mg/kg, with a maximum variation of 7.1folds, the shoot Cd content of the tested herbs followed the order of Bitter vegetables > Chicory > Sultan grass≈Ryegrass > Gaodan grass ≈Pennisetum > Clover ≈ Grain amaranth > Alfalfa ≈ Vetch. The removal rate (%) of Cd from the soil ranged from 0.35% to 1.49% among the treatments. The removal rate (%) of Cd from the soil for the intercropping with Gaodan grass, Sultan grass, Pennisetum reached 1.46%, 1.49% and 1.48% respectively. Intercropping with Gaodan grass, Sultan grass, Pennisetum can not only effectively reduce the Cd uptake by water spinach, but also remove Cd from polluted soil with high efficiency. In conclusion, Gaodan grass, Sultan grass and Pennisetum have great potential application for the intercropping treatment for remediation of Cd polluted field soils.

In order to understand spatial distribution characteristics of contaminant by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a hilly areal coking plant, 16PAHs' concentrations in soil were analyzed at coking plant of Shanxi Province which was about 106667 square metres and studied transition and diffusion regulation of contaminant, both horizontally and vertically. The results showed that:16kinds of PAHs in the surface soil were distributed in the production workshop, the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic in soil within superficial 0.0 to 0.5m depth ranged from ammonia benzene area (991.33mg/kg) to cold drum desulfurization area (406.50mg/kg) to sewage treatment area (97.69mg/kg). As for the source of polycyclic aromatic, high and low ring ratio method was used to classified calculate polycyclic aromatic monomers which proved that the group of M202, M228 and M252 was main component of polycyclic aromatic except for in certain percentage of M178, so the source of pollution was rather single source than mixed sources from combustion source and petroleum source which is mainly the product of burning and releasing, namely leakage and venting of tar. Vertically distribution of PAHs in different workshops was different which is closely related to the original engineering process and the stratum structural features in the contaminated area, and the pollution of cold drum desulfurization area was located on 3.0 to 4.0m depth, ammonia benzene area was 0.0 to 0.5m, however sewage treatment area was surface and 1.0 to 2.0m.

Heavy metal contaminations in soils caused by improper electronic-waste (e-waste) recycling activities have been attracted wide attentions. However, the studies on the enrichment and migration of heavy metals with respect to land uses were scarce. In the study, Longtang, a town located in Qingyuan City, Guangdong Province was selected as the representative region, and soil samples from five land uses, including abandoned e-waste recycling site (ERS), paddy field (PAF), vegetable field (VEF), dry field (DRF), and forest field (FOF) were collected to analyze the distributions of eight heavy metals and their relations with soil physicochemical properties. The results showed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals in soils associated with land uses were generally ranged in the decreasing order as ERS > VEF > PAF > DRF > FOF. In special, concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn in ERS exceeded the maximum allowable concentrations (CEPA, 1995). Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn were identified as the major pollutants. Additionally, soils from VEF and PAF were also contaminated by Cd and Cu, which were probably originated from ERS via irrigation. While the concentrations of heavy metals in soils from DRF and FOF were comparable with the corresponding background values of Guangdong Province. On the other hand, the concentrations of heavy metals in soils influenced by e-waste recycling activities (e.g., ERS) were significantly decreased against with vertical depth, however, less variation was observed for FOF and DRF. These above-mentioned distribution patterns might be ascribed to the factors including soil pH value, organic matters content, and total phosphorus content. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk of heavy metals ranged from low to serious degree, in special of Cd and Cu. The ecological risk index in soils with respect to land uses ranged from 93 (in FOF) to 4750 (in ERS), with an average value of 1187, which was classified as higher ecological risk. Accordingly, this study provides fundamental data to strongly support the management of e-waste recycling activities and land uses.

Effects of Broussonetia papyrifera on the enzyme activities and microbial community structure of heavy metal-contaminated soil were studied using greenhouse experiment. Results showed that the enzyme activities and microbial diversity were obviously enhanced in contaminated soil with B. papyrifera remediation. Compared with the soil without B. papyrifera, the contents of sucrase and acid phosphatase in soil remediated with B. papyrifera were significantly (P< 0.05) increased by 3.12 and 2.29 times, respectively, after 270 days of cultivation. Meanwhile, the relationship was significantly (P< 0.05) negative between the content of dehydrogenase and available As, Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu, that of sucrase and available Cd, that of acid phosphatase and available Cd and Cu, respectively. According to 16S and 18S rDNA PCR-DGGE analyses, the diversities of bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus in contaminated soil were enhanced with the growth of B. papyrifera. The results suggested that the biological quality in heavy metals contaminated soil could be effectively improved with B. papyrifera remediation. However, the content of available heavy metals was scarcely declined in contaminated soil for 270 days of cultivation. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the potential of ecological remediation for metals-contaminated soil by combining B. papyrifera with additional physical and chemical methods.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of highly toxic and bio-refractory organic compounds. In order to improve the treatment efficiency of PCBs in soil, 2,4,5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB-29) was chosen as a model pollutant in this study. The degradation experiments of PCB-29 were performed with nanometer zero-valent iron (NZVI) activation sodium persulfate, and coupled with ultrasonic oxidation. The results indicated that the PCB-29 removal rate was 86.37% in one hour by NZVI/Na₂S₂O₈/ultrasonic composite treatment. The optimal degradation conditions of PCB-29with NZVI/Na₂S₂O₈/ultrasonic composite method are soil initial pH 5.0, Na₂S₂O₈ concentration 12mmol/L, the molar ratio of Na₂S₂O₈/NZVI 1:1.

Delimiting the ecological conservation redline is important to promote the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, which plays an important role in the management and control integration of ecological space in the whole area. Five typical factors including water conservation, soil conservation, sand fixation, land desertification and soil erosion were selected to establish evaluation models of ecosystem service importance and eco-environmental sensitivity by using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology in the present study. A research was conducted on ecosystem service importance and eco-environmental sensitivity to reveal their spatial features in a quantitative way, and define the boundaries of ecological conservation redline using the data of the Second National Land Cover Census in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Results showed that the area of ecological conservation redline in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was 66800km², accounting for 30.9% of the total area of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The ecological conservation redline were distributed in Yanshan Mountain, Taihangshan mountain and Bashang plateau of Hebei province. The main land use types were forestland and grassland with the areas of 77.9% of total protection area in ecological conservation redline, which is 55.7% higher than the outside of ecological conservation redline; and the annual average NPP in ecological conservation redline is also 23.5% higher than the outside of ecological conservation redline in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. Therefore, the results are in conformity with the principle of "smaller areas get larger ecosystem services". The ecological conservation redline can be regarded as the most important areas that need to be strictly protected in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

To follow the government policy and provide environmental-economic measures for protecting the environment at water source regions, the Dynamic Calculation Model was developed for proposing a water source eco-compensation standard by studying and summarizing existing eco-compensation standard accounting methods. The model was applied to establish the standard of water source eco-compensation policy for the Crane Reservoir. The Dynamic Calculation Model divided the ecological compensation process into three stages:trial stage, restoration stage, and stable stage. Depending on the phase characteristics and targets in each stage, respective calculation methods were adopted:the trial stage uses the Contingent Valuation Method, the restoration stage used the Game Model based on the Correction Total Cost Model and the Water Resources Value Method, and the stable stage adopts the Water Pollution Compensation Method. The results show that the trial period of crane reservoir eco-compensation was from 2015 to 2017, and the eco-compensation standard was 1.44billion yuan. The restoration period was 2018~2020, with an eco-compensation standard of 8.94 billion yuan. The eco-compensation standard of stable stage could be calculated annually after 2021. Since the Dynamic Calculation Model proposes water source eco-compensation standards by the dynamic accounting that were with highly recognition, widely application, and simply calculation, this model could be easily promoted.

Light intensity is a very important factor for algal growth as one of essential resources. In the nature, a number of algae species live together in water. The population of algae species, who has the advantage of acquiring light, will gain the population, and vice versa. In this paper, a competition model, based on the former uni-species model, was developed. Through numerical simulations, the mechanics of hydrodynamic turbulence on species competition were tried to be explained. The simulation results revealed that migration abilities of each species and the growth rate determined the advantage species in calm water and in turbulent water, respectively. In addition, the modified dynamic self-shading accorded the simulation results with the reality, which not only expedited the advantage of Microcystis in calm water but also restricted the unlimited population increase of Chlorella in turbulent water.

This study investigated the effects of Spartina alterniflora invasion on soil carbon dynamics and tried to reveal the potential underlying mechanisms of these effects in wetlands of the Yangtze River estuary. Herein, each sampling transect was set up separately in the high and low tide zones of the Dongtan wetland in the Yangtze River estuary. Three sites were distributed evenly on each transect. A pair-wise experiment was designed between S. alterniflora (invasive plant) and Phragmites australis (native plant) stands in the high tide zone, and S. alterniflora and Scirpus mariqueter (native plant) stands in the low tide zone, which was used to minimize the potential effects of background heterogeneities. Compared with the native plant stands, the S. alterniflora invasion significantly increased the plant carbon, soil total carbon (TC), and soil organic carbon pools. There was no significant difference in the soil inorganic carbon (SIC) pool between plant stands or tide zones. The estimated SIC pool in the Dongtan wetland accounted for more than 60% of the soil TC pool in the soil profile to a depth of 100cm. The lack of difference in the SIC pool between the S. alterniflora and native plant stands demonstrated that the soil TC pool in coastal wetland soils did not reflect the effects of invasion. The mean soil respiration rates were (210.02±4.90) and (157.79±6.39)mg/(m²·h) in the S. alterniflora and P. australis stands in the high tide zone, and (157.41±5.27) and (110.90±5.16)mg/(m²·h) in the S. alterniflora and S. mariqueter stands in the low tide zone, respectively. This indicated that the S. alterniflora invasion significantly enhanced soil respiration in the Yangtze River estuary. These results showed that the S. alterniflora invasion simultaneously increased soil carbon input and carbon output, but the invasion also significantly increased the soil carbon pool, suggesting that the invasion-related increase in the soil carbon input was significantly higher than the invasion-related increase in the soil carbon output. As shown above, S. alterniflora invasion into the Yangtze River estuary could strengthen the soil carbon sequestration capacity and net carbon sink of wetlands in the background of global climate change. However, long-term systematic monitoring and study are still needed in order to comprehensively evaluate the ecological impacts of S. alterniflora invasion into China's coastal wetlands.

16water samples of wastewater outlets into the city segment of a typical northwest inland river were collected in August 2017, and the EEMs spectroscopy of CDOM were measured. Fluorescence spectral characteristics, composition, types and potential sources of all water samples' CDOM were deeply analyzed. The results showed the same wastewatertype shared some similarities, and most outlets included the humic acid-like fluorescence peak A. However, wastewater affected by anthropogenic activities including industrial sewage and residential sewage was an exception. Three separate fluorescent components were identified as two humic acid-like components (C₁:272, 437/545nm; C₃:281, 368/437nm) and one protein-like component (C₂:<2150, 281/366nm) by using excitation emission matrices fluorescence spectroscopy-parallel factor analysis technique (EEMS-PARAFAC). C₁ and C₃ shared the same source, and the position of fluorescence peak A and C for humic acid-like components showed degradation and red-shift phenomenon. The fluorescence peak T for protein-like component was stable, indicating that C₂ can be used as an indicator for studying the DOM sources of river segment. The fluorescence indexes of CDOM such as FI、HIX、BIX could sensitively reflect anthropogenic activity disturbance to water quality. The FI and BIX of industrial and residential sewage discharges were different from those of otheremission sources, and they indicated the existence of man-made pollution sensitively. Certain linear correlation relationships were found between the optical parameters (a(280), a (350), a (355)) of samples' CDOM, fluorescence peak strength and TOC and COD, which can be used to characterize the organic pollution level. Great linear fitting relationships were also found among the scores of C₁, C₂, C₃ and TOC and TN of 16samples, indicating that the scores of C₁, C₂, C₃ could be used to trace the TOC and TN of river discharge source.

To explore the suitability of thermal treatment of pesticide waste salt, three typical pesticide waste salt, prochloraz, nicosulfuron and glyphosate, were studies by thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic model. The experimental result indicated prochloraz waste salt had a significant weightlessness phase, and its weight maintained constant basically after the temperature was higher than 600℃. Nicosulfuron and glyphosate wast salt had two significant weightlessness phase, and the rate of weight loss was significantly slower at temperatures above 300℃ and 450℃, respectively. The weightlessness processes of the combustion and pyrolysis of three types of waste salt were similar, which indicated that the existence of oxygen would not affect the thermal treatment process. Moreover, combined with the thermal treatment kinetic parameter, the thermal treatment of waste salt was complex reaction processes. The activation energy required for the combustion and pyrolysis of the nicosulfuron waste salt was similar to that of 0.297~5.894kJ/mol. And the thermal treatment of the nicosulfuron waste salt was most likely to occur. The activation energy of the combustion of prochloraz and glyphosate waste salt was lower than pyrolysis activation energy, indicating that oxygen could promote the thermal treatment of prochloraz and glyphosate waste salt. The thermal treatment would be in the air atmosphere.

Characteristics of methenyl bromide (CHBr₃) fluxes from tidal wetlands of the Jiaozhou Bay were observed using static flux chambers methods during 2016/2017, and the key factors affecting CHBr₃ fluxes were discussed. The results showed that CHBr₃ average fluxes from S. alterniflora marsh and bare flat marsh were 10.92nmol/(m²×d) and 8.96nmol/(m²×d), respectively, indicating that the tidal marsh ecosystems in the Jiaozhou Bay acted as CHBr₃ source. It indicates that S. alterniflora marshes could promote CHBr₃ emissions to some extent. The emission fluxes of CHBr₃ between different tidal marshes was distinctly different. The higher CHBr₃ emissions from the S. alterniflora marshes were occurred in summer and autumn were probably related to the effects of temperature and vegetation biomass. The higher fluxes of CHBr₃ in bare flat during early spring and winter may be related to the freeze-thaw cycle. The change of environmental factors in the tidal flat marsh of Jiaozhou Bay was complex, and the emission fluxes of CHBr₃ were affected by many factors. The dominant factor affected the CHBr₃ emission in S. alterniflora marsh of Jiaozhou Bay was temperature, while the influences of vegetation growth status and water and salinity condition and nutrient elements on the CHBr₃ fluxes characteristics might not be ignored.

The plastic production of traditional technology not only depends on the continuous development and utilization of petroleum resources, but also creates unprecedented pressure on the environment. In recent years biobased polymers (polybutyric acid valerate-PHBV, polylactic acid -PLA) have become an alternative to traditional petroleum based plastics. The research work by means of burial respirometry test to access biodegradation propensity in different media (soil, compost, river water) of bio-based packaging polymers such as poly (hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV), poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and their blends and composites loaded with fillers of organic (lignin), inorganic (montmorillonite named Dellite) nature and chain extenders (Joncryl). The results showed that 1)When the addition of extenders Joncryl was 5%, the result behaved the significantly inhibit effect on PHBV and PLA based composite samples in all media; 2)When the addition of Joncryl was 0.2%, it did not interfere with the Biodegradation Behavior of the samples; 3)In the mature compost, the biodegradation rate of PLA composites was significantly lower than that of the mixture of PHBV matrix; 4)Organic lignocellulosic additive (hazelnut shell powder) added to polymer alone or combined with chain extender Joncryl and non-organic additive (Dellite72T) can promote the compatible connectivity of PLA polymer; It concluded that new additive has an important effect on the biodegradation process by adding two or three phases in different media, the study will provide a theoretical basis for the biodegradation effect of the new material.

A systematic investigation on carbon and hydrogen isotopic compositions, isotope fractionations and dual isotope correlations (Δδ²H-Δδ¹³C) during different degradation processes (hydrolysis, UV/H₂O₂, direct photolysis and UV-activated persulfate oxidation) of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) was performed in this study. Significant carbon isotope enrichment and no hydrogen isotope fractionation were observed during hydrolysis. The carbon isotope enrichment factor (ε_C) was determined as (-2.7±0.4)‰. The difference between carbon and hydrogen isotope patterns indicated the C-O bond cleavage in the hydrolytic reaction without H atoms involvement. During photodegradation of DBP induced by UV/H₂O₂ and direct photolysis at different pH values (pH 2, 7 and 10), correlation Λ values of dual isotope were observed in a similar range of[(9±2)~(11±2)] and indicated similar reaction mechanism. UV-activated persulfate oxidation yielded the distinct Λ value of (31±3), which was likely associated with the C-H bond cleavage. Therefore, two-dimensional compound specific isotope analysis (2D-CSIA) highlighted the potential to discriminate three types of degradation processes (hydrolysis, photolysis and UV-activated persulfate oxidation) of DBP and to deduce degradation pathways.

In order to explore the effects of different seasons and vegetation types on the distribution of soil microbes, two vegetation types were used as research objects at different altitudes in Nanshan of Lanzhou, the seasonal dynamics of soil microbes were measured by the dilution-coated plate. The results showed that the number of bacteria accounted for 96.22%~99.80% of the total number of microbes in the study area, far higher than the number of fungi and actinomycetes. The soil microorganism groups showed significant difference with the seasonal variation. The total number of soil microbes showed the highest in summer with, 89.22×10⁶cfu/g soil, which were 12.02, 3.28 and 2.74 times in spring, autumn and winter respectively. The number of bacteria was the highest in summer, and the number of fungi and actinomycetes reached the maximum in spring. The amount of soil microorganisms in the plantations was slightly lower than that on the barren slopes, and the soil water content and organic carbon contents were higher than those of the barren slopes. With the altitude increasing, pH increased gradually, soil temperature, organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased gradually, and the total number of soil microorganisms decreased firstly and then increased. Correlation analysis showed that the correlation coefficients of microbial groups and environmental factors were different in different seasons. In spring, there was significant positive correlation between actinomycetes and organic carbon, and fungi and soil organic carbon and total nitrogen had a significant positive correlation (P<0.01) in autumn. Redundancy analysis showed that the highest correlation coefficient between organic carbon and the first species axis was 0.520, indicating that soil organic carbon content was the dominant factor affecting the distribution of soil microbial groups.

To investigate the community structure of soil archaea in saline-alkaline land and their distribution characters responding to soil anion, the saline-alkaline land soils were collected from different area in China, including Heilongjiang soda saline-alkaline soil (HA), Xinjiang desert saline-alkaline soil (XD), Shanxi plain saline-alkaline soil (SY), Jiangsu coastal saline-alkaline soil (JD) and Tianjin coastal saline-alkaline soil (TB). The high-throughput sequencing technology based on Illumina-Hiseq was used, and 489~604 archaeal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were obtained. The results of OTU diversity analysis showed that the species richness of archaeal community in XD was the highest. The diversity and evenness of archaeal community in SY and HA was highest and lowest, respectively. The OTU species annotation results showed the Thaumarchaeota was the predominant phylum in HA, and Euryarchaeota was dominant phylum in the other four soil samples. Based on the archaeal community structure, dominant archaeal genus and soil anion of five samples, the Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the archaeal community structure in XD and Haloterrigena (the most dominant in XD, 20.2%) responsed to the concentration of SO₄^2-, the archaeal community structure in HA and Nitrososphaera (the most dominant in HA, 62.3%) responsed to the concentration of HCO₃^-/CO₃^2- and pH value; the archaeal community structure of JD、SY and TB and Halorubrum (the most dominant in JD and TB, 24.4% and 15.6%) and Natronomonas (the second dominant in SY and JD, 8.1% and 9.2%) responsed to the concentration of Cl^-. Thus, the archaeal community structure and distribution characteristics in saline-alkaline soils in China were affected by the types of anions and their concentrations. The results of this study contribute to not only the resources excavation of archaeal strains, but also the revealing of the ecological functions of archaeal communities in the different types of saline-alkaline soil in China.

The ability of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to reduce Cr (VI) was investigated by pure culture under anaerobic condition in laboratory. The characterics of Cr (VI) reduction by S. oneidensis MR-1 was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that the bioreduction of Cr (VI) at different initial concentrations was closely related to the tolerance of bacterial strains to chromium. Cr (VI) at low concentration had little effect on the strains growth. Cell growth was inhibited at high Cr (VI) concentration, thereby inhibiting the reduction of Cr (VI). The reduction of Cr (VI) increased with increasing the amount of strains inoculum. The optimum pH of the strains growth was neutral, and the weakly alkaline environment was more conducive to the Cr (VI) reduction than the acidic environment. The increasing amount of Fe (Ⅲ) accelerated the rate at which Cr (VI) was completely reduced. The results of SEM-EDS and XPS analysis showed that Cr (VI) and Cr (Ⅲ) existed on the surface of cells after treatment with Cr (VI) for 5days, which confirmed that Cr (VI) reduction by S. oneidensis MR-1was at the same time also accompanied by a small amount of Cr (VI) adsorption. Microbial reduction provides an effective method for the removal and detoxification of Cr (VI) in the environment.

The potential influence information of tributyltin (TBT) was excavated to predict the relationship between TBT exposure and human-related diseases by using the "big data" of toxicology database. In comparative toxicogenomics database (CTD), 488 genes interacting with TBT were collected. Among the 488 genes, TP53 was the most associated genes, followed by ESR1 and FN1. Using CTD analysis, it was also found that cancer, nervous system diseases, cardiovascular diseases, urogenital disease (female), digestive system diseases, metabolic disease, urogenital disease (male), endocrine system diseases, immune system diseases and respiratory tract disease were the top 10diseases related to TBT exposure. Based KEGG pathway and DAVID gene function annotation analysis, metabolic diseases were more susceptible to be induced by TBT exposure; moreover, intensive genes interacting with TBT were annotated in the pathways of glucose metabolism. PASS prediction found that biological activities of many sugar-related enzymes could be affected by TBT exposure, which suggested that the impact of TBT on glucose metabolism should be of concern.

To assess the association between particulate matter and hypertension emergency admissions, this paper collectedmeteorologlical factors and air pollutants data from Jinchang city, Gansu Province from 2012 to 2015 (PM_2.5 data from 2014 to 2015). The emergency cases of hypertension were collected from three hospitals in Jinchang city during the same period. Generalized additive model was used, to assess the association between particulate matter and hypertension emergency admissions after adjusted confounding factors. The results showed that an inter-quartile range increase (IQR, 55.78μg/m³) in PM₁₀(L07) concentration could increased hypertension emergency admissions 2.30% (95%CI:1.30%~3.32%), an inter-quartile range increase (IQR, 26.78μg/m³) in PM_2.5(L6) concentration could increase hypertension emergency admissions 2.53% (95%CI:1.45%~3.62%) in single pollution model. The males and the cases at and over 65years of age were associated more strongly with PM₁₀ and PM_2.5.The multiple-pollutant models showed that SO₂ and NO₂ were synergic to PM₁₀ and PM_2.5. During the dust weather, at the same PM₁₀ or PM_2.5 exposure level, the effect of PM₁₀ was increased from 2.30% to 2.36% and the effect of PM_2.5 was reduced from 2.53% to 2.39%. Our findings suggest that there be association between particulate matter pollution and emergency admissions for hypertension in Jinchang city, PM_2.5 has a greater effect than PM₁₀ on emergency admissions for hypertension.

A multi-industry dynamic general equilibrium model was specified with energy consumption and carbon emission included in this paper. The conclusions were that the optimal allocation of factors could be realized and the "innovation compensation effects" as well as relatively higher growth effects and welfare effects would be motivated by the reasonable decomposition of overall emission reduction, i.e. the marginal cost of emission reduction in each industry was equal. Subjected to the independent industrial emission reduction set by each industry, the industries' marginal abatement costs were higher and no linkage effects between industries generated. On the contrary, the overall emission reduction scheme was effective. Moreover, the optimized carbon intensity reduction scheme had positive effects on industrial structure upgrading. It indicated that the control effects of the carbon emission reduction on "heavy industrialization" were significant. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that the pressure of agricultural emission reduction could be transformed into the driving force for "carbon-rich agriculture" developing, which would lead to an increased agricultural proportion in the economy. Last but not least, it was labor and capital inputs increased by service enterprises instead of energy factors accompanied by high carbon emissions generating. Thus the negative impact of carbon emission reduction policy on their behavior of production would be mitigated and stable growth would be achieved. Above all, as the intensity of emission reduction was on the increase, the rationalization degree and supererogation degree of industrial structure had been greatly improved.

Based on the DEA approach and market structure-behavior-performance analysis framework, this paper evaluates the market performance of Chinese water industry by using the panel data from 63 water enterprises, and analyzes its determinants by employing a Tobit model. The results show that the overall efficiency of the industry was not high. The pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency of some enterprises were all very low. The relative performance of enterprises was quite different. From the pure technical efficiency analysis, the water enterprises in China have different levels of redundancy, especially R&D investment average redundancy rate was the highest, indicating that water companies were too dependent on the purchase of external patents, independent innovation ability was poor. Fixed asset redundancy rate was higher, indicating that the water equipment operating rate was low, the idle rate was higher. From the scale of efficiency analysis, most enterprises were in the stage of increasing scale, but there were a few companies reached the stage of scale decline. And the number of service cities, water price, displacement and enterprise efficiency were a positive correlation, the proportion of state-owned shares, government subsidies, COD emissions and enterprise efficiency are a negative correlation.

Based on CO₂ emissions accounting method recommended by IPCC and energy statistical data, the CO₂ emissions of energy consumption in 30 provinces in mainland China were calculated. And the regression analysis has been done with the corrected DMSP/OLS night light data and CO₂ emissions under the same spatial unit. A 1km×1km grid CO₂ emissions of electricity consumption has been simulated and its spatial-temporal change in municipal scale also been analyzed. China's total CO₂ emissions of energy consumption in 2005, 2010 and 2013 was 5.702, 8.228 and 9.326 billion tons respectively. Accordingly, the CO₂ emissions of electricity consumption was 2.303, 3.562 and 4.207 billion tons respectively. The result shown that corrected DMSP/OLS night light data can be used to estimate CO₂ emissions much better than uncorrected data, and a relatively strong correlation between the total value of DN, statistic CO₂ emissions of energy consumption and electricity consumption existed at the provincial level. Relatively, total CO₂ emissions in developed areas is high but its intensity is low.

In the context of answering climate change and reaching a consensus on reducing carbon dioxide emissions in global scale. Exploring the relationships between "economic growth" and "carbon dioxide emissions" is of great significance. Cointegration, vector autoregressive model (VAR), impulse response function and Granger causality were applied in this paper to analysis the causal relationship between " carbon emissions per capita" and "economic growth" in six regions with different economic development level. The results showed that there was a long-run equilibrium relationship between region economic development and per capita carbon emissions. However, due to various economic development levels and development models in the specific region, the degree of carbon dioxide emissions per capita was different from that of economic growth; meanwhile economic growth could not guarantee the reducing of carbon emissions. The reasonable way to achieve this is through adjusting industrial structure, strengthening the third industry, using clean energy, applying low carbon economy development way, which is of great significance in implemet policices to reduce emissions in China.

In order to curb the "moral hazard" in the agency relationship between government and sewage treatment enterprises, an uncertain model for the expected return of urban sewage treatment was constructed under the background of penalty mechanisms. Based on uncertain theory, the model was transformed as nonlinear constrained programming, and the existence of feasible solution was proved. The model was verified through numerical example. Then, the analysis of uncertainty index, penalty rate and risk-free treatment volume were carried out by the control variable method. The conclusion is that the contract volume is in the direct proportion to the expected return and the risk, the penalty rate is in the reverse proportion to the contract volume and the expected return, the risk-free treatment volume is in the direct proportion to the contract volume and the expected return. Therefore, the implementation of the penalty mechanism has a significant effect on preventing the speculative behavior and debasing the "moral hazard" of enterprises.