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  Current Issue
 
2022 Vol.42 Issue.10,Published 2022-10-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Soil Pollution Control
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Carbon Emission Control
Air Pollution Control
4465 Numerical simulation of black carbon distribution and sources in autumn over eastern China
ZHANG Xu-ying, ZHU Bin, WANG Yuan-min, QIAN Wei-miao
In this paper, the regional atmospheric chemistry WRF-Chem model coupled with black carbon source tracing method was used to study the distribution characteristics of black carbon (BC) in autumn in eastern China. It was found that the BC concentration in central and eastern China was higher (>2%)μg/m3), and BC high value area (>4μg/m3) was distributed in North China Plain, Yangtze River Delta, two lakes, Eastern Sichuan and other regions. Industrial sources, residential sources and traffic sources were the main sources of black carbon emission. Among them, industrial sources can cause the distribution of near stratum BC to be in point shape and high value. Terrain and meteorological conditions were also important factors affecting the accumulation and transmission of BC. For the North China Plain with high BC concentration, the source and daily variation characteristics of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei BC in the heavily polluted area were analyzed. It was found that Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei BC was mainly contributed by local sources, and the contribution proportion of outside sources to Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei BC varied greatly under different wind fields and atmospheric diffusion conditions. The BC sources feature can be divided into two types:1) transport type:the surface wind speed was large, and the contribution of external sources accounted for 35.1%. 2) Stable type:the surface wind speed was small, the atmospheric conditions were static and stable, mainly local contribution (80.1%), and less contribution (6.9%) from provinces around Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Shandong, Henan, Shanxi and Shaanxi). The diurnal variation characteristics of the contribution ratio of local and outside sources to BC in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei were opposite. From evening to the next morning, the proportion of local BC contribution remained at a high level; In the afternoon, the proportion of local contribution decreased and the external transportation increased significantly. When Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region was more affected by external transportation, the daily variation characteristics were more obvious, and the external contribution can account for more than 40% in the afternoon. The results of this study can provide a scientific basis for ambient air quality assessment and pollution control in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4465-4474 [Abstract] ( 325 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3292KB] ( 1014 )
4475 In-cloud scavenging characteristics of black carbon in the mountain background region of South China
XU Hai-bao, MA Nan, YANG Zheng, PENG Long, XIE Lin-hong, HE Yao, TAO Jiang-chuan, HONG Juan, WANG Qiao-qiao, WANG Bo-guang, BI Xin-hui
During three typical cloud events occurred in the mountain region of South China, a ground-based counterflow virtual impactor was used to collect particulate matter in clouds. A single particle soot photometer and a fog monitor were used to analyze the black carbon (BC) concentration and cloud parameters, respectively. BC in-cloud scavenging efficiency and its influencing factors were discussed. Results showed that the proportion of in-cloud BC was about 20%. 4.67% droplets contained BC, while the proportion of BC-containing interstitial particles is 15.31%. The mass and number scavenging efficiency of BC with different particle sizes were similar, ranging from 28% to 59%. High liquid water content and cloud droplet number concentration were beneficial to the in-cloud scavenging of BC, while BC in-cloud scavenging efficiency decreased with increasing total BC concentration. The order of the influence factors of BC in-cloud scavenging efficiency was cloud droplet number concentration > liquid water content> total BC concentration.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4475-4485 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1091KB] ( 1396 )
4486 Optical properties and radiative forcing contribution of brown carbon in Xi'an during winter
QU Yao, LIU Hui-kun, ZHOU Yue, ZHANG Yong, SHI Ying-qiang, SHI Ju-lian, WANG Nan, ZHU Chong-shu
To investigate the light absorption coefficient (babs) and radiative forcing of primary and secondary brown carbon (BrCpri and BrCsec) during winter haze and clean days in Xi'an, Aethalometer (AE33) was used to obtain the babs of PM2.5 from 15th December 2015 to 31st January 2016, the absorption Ångström exponent(AAE) and radiation forcing relative to black carbon (BC) of BrCpri and BrCsecwere further analyzed. The results showed that the mean values of babs(370) and babs(880) were (733±311)Mm-1 and (185±80)Mm-1in haze days, those were 5.9 and 6.2 times higher than that in clean days, respectively. The AAEs of PM2.5 varied from1.08 to 2.09 in clean days, which showed higher amplitude than those in haze days (1.28~1.79). The contributions of babs(BrC) to total babsat 370 nm in clean days were higher than those in haze days (>30%). High contributions of babs(BrCpri) to babs(BrC) in clean days (76%~86%) and haze days (82%~91%) indicated that the primary emissions were the important causes of severe air pollution during wintertime in Xi'an. The AAEs values of BrC(4.42), BrCpri(4.31) and BrCsec(4.78) in clean days were higher than those in haze days, which may be attributed to the smaller equivalent diameter and higher aging of PM2.5 in clean days. The results indicated the dominance of the aqueous reactions mechanism for BrCsec formation before the sunrise during polluted days. After sunrise, the bleaching of BrCsec chromophores through oxidative processes was of more importance in polluted days than that in clean days. The relative radiative forcing of BrCpri and BrCsec to BC(300~400nm) were 59% and 23% in clean days, while those were 62% and 16% in haze days, respectively. The results underlined the radiative forcing of BrCpri and BrCsec in winter.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4486-4493 [Abstract] ( 339 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 640KB] ( 1113 )
4494 Characteristics of background conditions and potential source areas of atmospheric perfluorinated greenhouse gases in the Yangtze River Delta
PU Jing-jiao, XU Hong-hui, YAO Bo, ZHANG Chao, SHAN Meng
The concentrations of perfluorinated greenhouse gases (PFCs, SF6, NF3 and SO2F2) were measured by means of canister sampling at Lin'an regional atmospheric background station, which was located in the Yangtze River Delta. The characteristics and long-term trends of the concentrations of these perfluorinated greenhouse gases from 2011 to 2020 were analyzed. The results showed that the concentrations of most perfluorinated greenhouse gases at Lin'an station had been increasing year by year. At 2020, the background concentrations of perfluorinated greenhouse gases in the Yangtze River Delta had reached the level of (86.30±0.52)×10-12 (CF4), (5.03±0.00)×10-12 (C2F6), (0.70±0.01)×10-12 (C3F8), (1.82±0.00)×10-12 (c-C4F8), (10.44±0.01)×10-12 (SF6), (2.36±0.04)×10-12 (NF3), (2.61±0.05)×10-12 (SO2F2), respectively, which were in consistent with the global background levels. Both Potential Source Contribution Function (PSCF) and Concentration-weighted Trajectory (CWT) methods were applied to reveal the potential source areas of perfluorinated greenhouse gases at Lin'an station. The results indicated that the potential source areas of PFCs (including CF4, C4F10, C2F6, C3F8and c-C4F8) mainly covered the provinces of Shandong, Jiangsu, Anhui, Shanghai, Northern and Central Zhejiang and Northeast Jiangxi, while the potential source areas of NF3, SF6 and SO2F2 were concentrated in Central and Southern Jiangsu, Shanghai and Northern Zhejiang.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4494-4500 [Abstract] ( 281 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1358KB] ( 1533 )
4501 Source appointment of aerosol phosphorus in Asian continental outflow
GU Han, SHI Jin-hui, GAO Hui-wang, YAO Xiao-hong
Using 112 total suspended particulate (TSP) samples collected in Qingdao under the prevailing westerly wind, the variations in the total P (TP) and the dissolved P (DP) concentrations were related to the air mass backward trajectories during the sample collections. In addition, Positive Definite Matrix Factor Analysis (PMF) and Potential Source Contributing Factor Analysis (PSCF) were applied to apportion the TP and DP and to resolve their potential contributing regions. The TP mainly came from crustal sources (45%); followed by vehicle emissions (22%), combustion (21%) and industrial sources (12%); sea salt emissions had the minimum contribution (<1%). However, the DP mainly came from the anthropogenic sources, including 35% contribution from vehicle emissions, 28% contribution from combustion sources and/or secondary acidified particulate insoluble P during the long-range transport, and 25% contribution from industrial sources. The contributions from natural sources such as mineral dust and sea salt aerosols were approximately 9% and 1% respectively. In each type of TP and DP origin, the potential contribution regions of TP and DP were similar. However, the potential contribution regions of DP covered large areas. For the P (TP and DP) derived from the crustal, its potential contributors were distributed along the transport path of dust from the deserts to coastal area; for sea-salt P, the contributors were from the Yellow Sea and Bohai Sea. The potential industrial contributors of TP and DP were mainly from Henan, Shandong and southern Mongolia. The contributors from combustion or secondary emissions were mainly from southern Shandong and northern Jiangsu while their contributors from vehicle emissions were mainly distributed in Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, and Jiangsu.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4501-4508 [Abstract] ( 180 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1312KB] ( 1103 )
4509 Concentration composition and source of combined amino acids in PM2.5 in Nanchang city
ZHU Hui-xiao, ZHU Ren-guo, CHENG Li-qin, PAN Yuan-yuan, LU Cheng-shao, WU Zhi-hui, LI Jing-wen
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and potential atmospheric amino acid emission sources (including plants and soil) samples were collected from the urban and forest areas of Nanchang city in spring. The concentration of combined amino acids (CAAs) and the nitrogen isotope of glycine (Gly) were analyzed. The results showed that the concentration of total CAAs ranged from 0.507 to 3.912 and from 0.497 to 2.647 nmol/m3 in the urban and forest areas, respectively. The composition profiles of CAAs in the urban and forest were similar. Among CAAs, Pro, Gly, Ala, Leu and His were the most abundant species in PM2.5. The δ15NC-Glyvalue in PM2.5 collected in both the urban (ranged from+0.62‰ to +22.67‰) and forest (ranged from +1.99‰ to +23‰) sites exhibited a broad range in this study. According to the δ15N inventories of potential emission sources of atmospheric combined Gly, biomass burning, soil source and plant source were the main sources of combined Gly in this study. Furthermore, the results of the Bayesian Stable Isotope model showed the biomass burning, soil source and plant source average contributed 42%, 40% and 18% to the total CAAs in PM2.5 in the urban and contributed 38%, 38% and 24% to the total CAAs in PM2.5 in the forest site.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4509-4516 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 858KB] ( 720 )
4517 Air pollution and CO2 emission inventory of Chinese civil aviation airport
YOU Qian, LI Hong-mei, BO Xin, ZHENG Yun, CHEN Shao-bo
Based on the aircraft take-off and landing data of the Civil Aviation Administration of China, fleet configuration data, and the ICAO aircraft engine emission factor database from 2017 to 2020, the air pollution and CO2 emission inventory of the landing and take-off (LTO) cycle of high-resolution aircraft of civil aviation airport of China were developed from bottom to top. On this basis, the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of air pollutants and CO2 on air pollution of China Civil Aviation Airport LTO cycle were explored. We analyzed the 3epidemics from 2000 to 2020 (SARS in 2003, MERS in 2012, and COVID-19 in 2020) on airport air pollution and CO2 emissions. The results show that the emissions of NOx, CO, HC, SO2, PM, and CO2 in the LTO cycle of civil aviation airports in China in 2020 are 10.90, 8.22, 0.96, 0.28, 0.06, 1360.27 million tons respectively; The emissions of HC, CO, SO2, and CO2 are the largest in the taxiing stage, accounting for 92.80%, 91.56%, 41.81% and 41.81% of the total emissions respectively. The emissions of NOx and PM are the largest in the climbing stage, accounting for 47.93% and 37.39% of the total emissions respectively; Air pollutants and CO2 emissions from China's Civil Aviation Airport LTO cycle showed an increasing trend over the past 2017~2019 years, and the total emissions in 2020 were reduced by 22.39% by COVID-19. The most concentrated emission area is the economically developed East region. In the 3 epidemics of the 2000~2020 years, COVID-19 has the most significant impact on the LTO emissions from China's civil aviation airport.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4517-4524 [Abstract] ( 640 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1683KB] ( 1729 )
4525 Anthropogenic ammonia emission inventories of Zhejiang Province from 2013 to 2020
LU Sheng-kun, CHAO Na, CHEN Jin-yuan, WANG Qiong-zhen, WANG Hui
The anthropogenic ammonia emission inventories of Zhejiang Province from 2013~2020 were developed by using the emission factors method,, and the spatial distribution was carried out based on the ArcGIS software. The connection between ammonia emissions and NH4+ concentration in PM2.5 components of several cities in Zhejiang Province was also researched in this study. The results showed that anthropogenic ammonia emissions in Zhejiang Province from 2013~2020 decreased year by year. The ammonia emisson in 2020 was 13.5×104t, decreased by 23.1% compared with 2013. Agricultural sources were a major source of anthropogenic NH3 emissions, which accounted for 57.2%~69.6% of the total ammonia emssions from 2013~2020. The livestock and nitrogen fertilizer application shared high proportion of agricultural NH3emissions, and the emissions of these two sources in 2020 decreased most significantly compared to the previous years, with 34.5% and 44.1% respectively. The spatial distribution results showed that regions with higher ammonia emissios mainly distributed in the north of Zhejiang Province and Jinqu Basin. The emisisons of Hangzhou and Jiaxing ranked the top two in Zhejiang Province. Cities with higher ammonia emissions also had higher NH4+ concentration, and the downtrend of NH4+ concentration in some cities was consistent with that of ammonia emissions
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4525-4536 [Abstract] ( 275 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1459KB] ( 774 )
4537 PM2.5 concentration prediction in industrial parks integrating AEC and spatio-temporal characteristics
DONG Hong-zhao, LIAO Shi-kai, YANG Qiang, YING Fang
With the purpose of realizing the fine management and control of enterprise pollution emissions and capturing response relationship between enterprise pollution emissions and pollutant concentrations in industrial parks, a PM2.5 concentration prediction model was proposed to integrate atmospheric environmental capacity (AEC) and spatial-temporal characteristics. Firstly, the daily average atmospheric self-purification capacity index (ASI) was obtained using finite volume method and combined with the daily emission data acted as AEC characteristics. At the same time, temporal characteristics at the target monitoring station and spatial characteristics including its surrounding monitoring points of PM2.5concentration were showed by wavelet analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient method. Then, in order to guarantee the fast and accurate prediction performance, the correlation characteristics of PM2.5 in training data were obtained by CNN, and BILSTM was used to fully reflect the key historical long short-term dependencies implied in time series training data. The air pollutant observation data, meteorological data and emission data of Puyang Industrial Park from 2018 to 2020 were applied to experimental verification. The results show that the CNN-BILSTM prediction model proposed in this paper improves the prediction accuracy by 10% compared with the traditional LSTM model. AEC and spatio-temporal features are well situated to improve accuracy and stability of model. The CNN-BILSTM prediction model integrating AEC and spatio-temporal features has the highest prediction accuracy during PM2.5 pollution period, which is up to 93%. Moreover, the seasonal prediction results performed the highest prediction accuracy in autumn and winter.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4537-4546 [Abstract] ( 258 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1634KB] ( 926 )
4547 Emission inventory of air pollutants from coal combustion in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
WU Hua-cheng, ZHANG Ru-ting, CHEN Chuan-min, ZHOU Wei-qing, LI Peng
In order to study the emission of atmospheric pollutants from residential coal combustion in BTH region, combined with the level of residential coal combustion activity and combustion characteristics, the emission inventory of pollutants from residential coal combustion in BTH region in 2018 was established from bottom to up according to the emission factor method. The temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of pollutant emissions were studied and the uncertainty analysis of the emission inventory was carried out by using the Monte Carlo method. The results showed that the total amount of residential coal in BTH region in 2018 was 3799.22 million tons, and the emissions of PM2.5, CO, SO2 and NOx were 9.27×104, 341.31×104, 5.17×104 and 5.44×104 tons, respectively. Pollutant emissions were concentrated in November to March of the following year, and most areas showed the same daily emission trend. The peak emission of pollutants appeared at 8:00, 11:00, 18:00 and 21:00, with the average hourly emission coefficients were 11%, 6%, 7% and 13%, respectively. The high values of PM2.5 emission were mainly concentrated in the northern, eastern and part of southern regions. CO was mainly concentrated in Beijing and Tianjin, while SO2 and NOx were mainly concentrated in Tianjin and Chengde.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4547-4555 [Abstract] ( 200 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1572KB] ( 1046 )
4556 Evolution and spatial distribution of road carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region
LIU Hao, LI Yan-xia, YU Feng-ju, LV Chen, YANG Nan, LIU Zhong-liang, ZHAO Meng
Based on the carbon emission model of "motor vehicles", the evolution and regional distribution characteristics of road carbon emissions in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region from 2005 to 2020 were analysed by using the average annual mileage and fuel consumption of different types of motor vehicles. And a fleet of vehicles with different ages was established using the survival curves of different types of motor vehicles. The results showed that the road carbon emissions of Hebei were growing rapidly, with an average annual growth rate of 7.14% in the past five years, while the road carbon emissions of Beijing and Tianjin have entered a period of slow growth, the average annual growth rate of road carbon emissions in the past five years were only 1.01% and 2.27% respectively. Cars was the main vehicle type of road carbon emissions, whose carbon emissions accounted for more than 50% of the total emissions in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The contribution of the light duty trucks to road carbon emissions in Beijing road was becoming more and more prominent, while the light and heavy duty trucks in Hebei and Tianjin were gradually emerging as the main driving factor for the growth of road carbon emissions. According to the 4km×4km grid distribution of road carbon emission in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, the carbon emission intensity in Beijing and Tianjin was much higher than that in Hebei Province due to much denser roads.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4556-4564 [Abstract] ( 234 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1149KB] ( 1095 )
4565 Accuracy analysis of carbon emissions measurement of heavy heavy-duty diesel vehicles based on remote data
ZHANG Xiao-wen, LI Jing-yuan, YANG Zhi-wen, XIE Zhen-kai, LI Teng-teng
In order to attain the remote On-board Diagnostics (OBD) fuel consumption data based on the electronic control unit (ECU) at the vehicle real driving conditions and analyze the accuracy of the carbon emission results and its influencing factors, the real driving emissions tests were conducted on 3heavy-duty diesel vehicles equipped with the remote OBD monitoring equipment and the Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS). There were some differences between the CO2 emission flow rate converted based on ECU fuel consumption rate and the CO2 emission flow rate measured by PEMS, and the average deviation was 2.06%. At the same time, the accuracy of the key influencing factors on ECU fuel consumption calculation (ECU fuel consumption and ECU driving distance) was analyzed. The deviation of ECU fuel consumption was within 3%, and the average deviation of driving distance given by ECU was 2.41%. The accuracy of ECU fuel consumption and driving distance was affected by vehicle speed, acceleration and the dynamics of the entire trip. The accuracy was relatively lower at low vehicle speed conditions.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4565-4570 [Abstract] ( 319 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 577KB] ( 1101 )
4571 Development of regional atmospheric environment modeling system(RegAEMS)
LUO Gan, XU Bei-yao, WANG Ti-jian, LI Shu, ZHUANG Bing-liang, XIE Min, LI Meng-meng
Numerical simulation is an important means to carry out studies related to urban atmospheric chemistry and environmental meteorology, regional air pollution and climate change. The regional atmospheric environment simulation system RegAEMS is one of the air quality models independently developed in our country. It includes mesoscale meteorological models(MM5/WRF/TAPM) and atmospheric environment model(AEM), and can be coupled with the regional climate model RegCM. It can be used for acid deposition, photochemical smog, fine particles, and heavy metal studies, including the formation mechanism, simulation prediction, management and control measures, and environmental assessment and climatic effect of air pollution. This paper mainly introduces the development history, frame structure and main performance. Most importantly, the latest improvement and simulation verification of RegAEMS was addressed. It indicated that the improvement of RegAEMS has strong ability in study and operation on regional complex air pollution simulation and control.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4571-4580 [Abstract] ( 413 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3380KB] ( 765 )
Water Pollution Control
4581 Strategy regulation to improve the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance of SBR aerobic granular sludge
LI Dong, LI Yue, YANG Jing-wei, LI Yu-meng, ZHANG Jie
Mature aerobic granular sludge was inoculated into the SBR reactor at room temperature, and the actual domestic sewage was used as the influent matrix, and the A/O/A time ratio strategy was combined with gradient feeding to improve the denitrification and phosphorus removal effect of the sludge. When the anoxic time was extended from 0.5h to 1.5h, the efficient denitrification and phosphorus removal can be ensured at the same time. At this time, the A/O/A time ratio was 1:1.6:1 which made the average TN increase to 81.27%, the average TP removal rate to above 90%, and the average COD removal rate to above 85%. Meanwhile, the simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) rate decreased to 25.24%, and the ratio of anoxic and phosphorus uptake increased from 0.43% to 2.81%, which further indicated that the denitrification contribution of denitrifying sugar bacteria (DGAOs) to denitrification increased at this A/O/A time ratio. When the anoxic time was extended to 2h and the A/O/A time ratio was 3:5:4, excessive hypoxia led to the endogenous respiration of microorganisms and the reproduction of filamentous bacteria. The average removal rates of TN and TP decreased to 51.48% and 72.46%, respectively. When the anoxic time was 1.5h, the MLSS was 3501mg/L which was lower but the MLVSS/MLSS(f) increased to 0.95, indicating that the non-functional bacteria were washed away. The bacteria with nitrogen and phosphorus removal functions can grow in large quantities. With an extension of the anoxic time to 1.5h (or the A/O/A time ratio is 1:1.6:1), the PN/PS increases to 6.89, so the stability of the particles was continuously enhanced. The extension of the hypoxia time to within 1h had a greater impact on LB-EPS and EPS but little effect on TB-EPS. The hypoxia time more than 1h had a greater effect on TB-EPS and can make EPS increase to 126.16mg/g. When the hypoxia time was extended to 2h, the EPS content increased to 479.92mg/g due to the massive death of microbes that intake PN and PS released from endogenous respiration of microorganisms.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4581-4587 [Abstract] ( 210 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 455KB] ( 1240 )
4588 CANON process recovery strategy and nitrogen removal pathway for side flow FNA treatment
REN Zhi-qiang, LI Dong, ZHANG Jie
In order to explore an effective strategy for the re-establishment of the granular-flocculation sludge completely autotrophic nitrogenremoval over nitrite (CANON) process after the side flow free nitric acid (FNA) treatment, the sequence batch reactors (SBR) reactor was used to conduct experiments to explore the influence of different recovery methods on the long-term operation performance of the system, so as to realize the long-term stable operation of the CANON process. Different recovery methods had a great impact on the reconstruction of the CANON system. The R1using the ex-situ high aeration recovery strategy re-established a stable CANON process after 19days of operation, while the in-situ low aeration recovery strategy was used. Neither R2nor R3with an in-situ high aeration recovery strategy was able to effectively re-establish a stable CANON process. When R1ran stably for 34days, nitrite oxidizing bacteria (NOB) proliferation appeared again. Regular hydraulic sieving to discharge flocculent sludge for FNA treatment to achieve the "double suppression" of dissolved oxygen (DO) control + side flow FNA treatment, which can effectively suppress NOB and achieve long-term stable operation of CANON process. Typical cycle analysis results showed that during the recovery process, the activities of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AnAOB) in R1 were higher than those in R2 and R3, and the activity of residual NOB in the reactor was effectively inhibited. With the re-establishment of the CANON process in R1, the proportion of simultaneous nitrosation and anaerobic ammonia oxidation (SNA) denitrification pathway increased from 8.91% on the 15th day to 19.39% on the 45th day, which improved the removal rate of NH4+-N.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4588-4595 [Abstract] ( 203 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 416KB] ( 1017 )
4596 Influence of anaerobic/micro-aerobic and A/(O/A)n operating time ratio on SNDPR
LI Dong, WANG Xin-xin, WANG Qin-yuan, LI zhu, ZHANG Jie
The operation mode of alternating anaerobic/micro-aerobic and A/(O/A)n was used in SBR reactor. The effects of anaerobic/micro-aerobic and A/(O/A)n operating time ratio on the short-range nitrification denitrifying phosphorus removal were discussed by investigating the pollutant removal, granular sludge characteristics and EPS secretion during the operation. The average removal efficiency of COD was always maintained above 90% during the whole operation period under the operation mode of alternating anaerobic/micro-aerobic and A/(O/A)n. When the operating time ratio of anaerobic/micro-aerobic and A/(O/A)n was 1:1, the nitrogen and phosphorus removal performance in the system were improved, and the average removal efficiencies of TP and TN reached 95.87% and 92.00%, respectively. The structure of granular sludge was more compact, the EPS content reached 92.60mg/gVSS and the PN/PS was maintained at a high level. However, the stability of the granular sludge decreased slightly when the operating time ratio were 1:3 and 3:1. The proportion of DPAOs with nitrite as electron acceptor and the specific ammonia oxidation rate (N/VSS) in the system reached 57.76% and 4.57mg/(g·h) respectively, which indicated that when the operating time ratio was 1:1, the activity of functional bacteria was improved and it was beneficial to maintain good short-range nitrification denitrifying phosphorus removal.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4596-4603 [Abstract] ( 177 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 977KB] ( 755 )
4604 Properties of peroxidase from Ceratophyllum demersum in degradation of Bisphenol A
DONG Tao-xing, ZHANG Guo-sen, YANG Shao
Peroxidase (POD) from Ceratophyllum demersum was isolated, purified and characterized, and the degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) by this POD was investigated. POD from C.demersum was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and AKTA protein purification system. The POD maintained relative high activity at a wide range of temperature and pH, and the highest relative activity was at 70℃, pH 7 with 5 mmol/L of H2O2. When the POD was 10U/mL, 99.67% degradation rate of 0.02mmol/L BPA was achieved within 15min, and BPA was completely degraded when the activity was 25U/mL and above. The optimal range of degradation conditions were at 30~60℃ and pH 5~7 with 1~5mmol/L of H2O2. The kinetics of enzymatic degradation was analysed under the optimal conditions. The Km value was 0.09 mmol/L and the maximum reaction rate was 9.71mmol/(L·h). After degradation by C.demersum POD, the BPA contaminated water showed no significant estrogen effect on zebra fish. Our results indicated that POD from C.demersum was not only high stable but also efficient in the degradation of BPA, which may explain why C.demersum can be an ideal tool for BPA phytoremediation in aquatic environment.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4604-4611 [Abstract] ( 277 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 514KB] ( 638 )
4612 Mechanism on the effects of floc aging and pH adjustment on reflux feed water and coagulation
YU Jun-jie, XU Hui, SUN Hong-yan, JIN Zhi-yuan, WANG Dong-sheng
Effects of floc aging and pH adjustment on the particle composition and coagulation of the reflux water were investigated using laser particle size analyzer, and the mechanisms of aging and pH adjustment on floc properties were explored by the aging experiments of Al(OH)3 gel (Al-gel). The results showed that the particle size of raw water displayed a unimodal distribution, and the particle size of the influent flocs presented a bimodal distribution. Meanwhile, there was a decrease of the particle d50 of reflux water with the increase of aging time. The growth rate of the flocs increased as the reflux flocs that were subjected to reflux coagulation after being aged at pH=5 for 12h had the highest floc d50 growth rate (1.16μm/s) and produced the flocs with a higher fractal dimension (2.35). The results of Al-gel aging experiment demonstrated that hydroxyl-bridging and crystallization reactions occurred during aging, leading to a reduction in the number of reactive groups on the floc surfaces, which was not conducive to the interaction with raw water particles. The pH adjustment had different effects on the flocs. For example, the aging at pH=5accelerated the hydroxyl-bridging and crystallization reactions, while the aging at pH=9 may involve dissolution-precipitation-crystallization interactions.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4612-4620 [Abstract] ( 278 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2147KB] ( 788 )
4621 Effect of particulate matter on coagulation process and ultrafiltration membrane contamination
WANG Zi-jie, XU Hui, YU Jun-jie, ZHAO Chuan-liang, WANG Dong-sheng
Taking nm-SiO2 and μm-SiO2 systems as the research objects, the coagulation-ultrafiltration experiments were carried out using three coagulants with different Al forms (AlCl3, Al13 and Al30) to investigate the removal rate of SiO2, the residual Al and coagulation pretreatment on membrane flux at different pH values. The properties of flocs and their distribution and interaction on the ultrafiltration membrane surface were characterized by Malvern laser particle sizer, SEM, BET and AFM. The results showed that the removal rate of SiO2 in the nm-SiO2 system was lower than that in the μm-SiO2 system. The membrane flux was increased from 0.68 to 0.96 (AlCl3), 0.86 (Al13) and 0.87 (Al30), respectively, after adding coagulants to the nanoparticle system. The membrane flux increased from 0.79 to 0.80~0.84 after adding three coagulants to the micron particle system. Micron-sized particles are collisions between particles, while nano-sized particles mainly collide in the form of agglomerates. The particle size of flocs formed by oligomeric aluminum(Ala) and particles are all larger than 150μm, and the zeta potential of the system is negative to generate repulsion with the membrane surface. Under neutral conditions, the strength factor of Al13 and particulate matter forming floc is much higher than that of AlCl3 and Al30. Intermediate aluminum(Alb) transfers the irreversible membrane fouling formed by the clogging of smaller particles inside the membrane pores to reversible membrane fouling on the surface of the membrane pores. Polymeric aluminum(Alc) has strong adsorption bridging and net sweeping ability, and the small amorphous and irregular agglomerated particles form larger flocs in this process to alleviate membrane fouling.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4621-4630 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1513KB] ( 875 )
4631 Influence of water quality parameters on the aggregation behaviors of functionalized graphene in aquatic system
XIA Peng, ZHANG Wei-bo, CHAO Zhu, GUO Fei, LI Zhong-yu, BAI Ying-chen
The influence mechanisms of cations with different valences and fulvic acid (FA) on aggregation behaviours of two functionalized graphene (FG) were investigated by dynamic light scattering technique. The critical coagulation concentration (CCC) values of FG in electrolyte solutions containing Na+, Ca2+ and La3+ ranged from 221~263, 3~4 and 0.05~0.07mmol/L respectively, which were consistent with DLVO theory and Schulze-Hardy rule. The five FA sub-fractions can significantly inhibit the aggregation of FG in water. After adding 5mg/L FA sub-fractions, the CCC values of FG-OH (FG-COOH) increased 12.5%~37.5% (3.2%~4.5%) and 4.2%~25.7% (10%~46%), respectively in electrolyte solutions containing Ca2+ and La3+. The CCC values of FG were positively significantly correlated with the C content, H content and H/C ratio (P<0.05), and negatively significantly correlated with the O content, O/C ratio and carboxylic C of FA sub-fractions (P<0.05). The fluorescence intensity of FA gradually decreased with the addition of FG indicating the interactions between FG and FA.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4631-4638 [Abstract] ( 229 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 981KB] ( 657 )
4639 Removal of nitrobenzene by ball-milled pyrite as permeable reactive barrier active medium
LIAO Ya-ping, ZHANG Shan-shan, WU Chao, YUAN Qian, WANG Ming-xin
Ball-milled pyrite (BMP) was prepared by mechanochemical method, and the reduction performance of BMP to nitrobenzene (NB) was studied by batch experiments. The sand column experiment was used to investigate the feasibility of using BMP to fill a permeable reaction barrier (PRB) to remediate nitrobenzene-contaminated groundwater. The morphology, crystal structure and elemental composition of BMP before and after reaction were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results showed that BMP can effectively remove NB, the removal rate of NB was 98.8%. The main reduction product of NB was aniline. The pseudo-first-order kinetic model fitted the degradation process of NB well, and the degradation kinetic constant was 59.03×10-3min-1. No contaminants other than aniline were detected by GC-MS analysis. The results of the sand column experiment showed that BMP-PRB can continuously and efficiently remove nitrobenzene from groundwater. The groundwater composition kept stable, and the acute toxicity was significantly reduced. Characterization analysis showed that BMP has a certain adsorption capacity on NB and the reduced product. On the surface of BMP, active substances such as Fe2+ and S2- with reducibility were continuously produced, which could react with the strong electron-withdrawing nitro group of NB to generate AN and Fe3+. The pyrite can be oxidized by Fe3+ to produce Fe2+ and promote the Fe2+-Fe3+ cycle.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4639-4649 [Abstract] ( 217 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1120KB] ( 704 )
4650 Effect of Fe(II)/Fe(III) on complexation properties of arsenic and humic acid with different molecular weights
YAO Shu-hua, YONG Yu-ling, LI Shi-feng, WANG Hai-bo, LV Hong-tao, SHI Zhong-liang
Humic acid (HA) was used to represent natural organic matter, and the effects of Iron ions (Fe(II)/Fe(III)) on the complexation of HA with arsenic (As(V)/As(III)) of different molecular weights were investigated by equilibrium dialysis and ultrafiltration, and the complexation characteristics were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Both Fe(II) and Fe(III) enhanced the As complexation ability of HA, and the enhancement effect on As(V) complexation ability was greater than that of As(III); pH significantly affected the As complexation ability of HA; the percentage of As complexation increased with the increase of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration of HA from 50 to 200mg/L, and the percentage of HA-Fe(III) complexation was the maximum at 24.55%. Increasing the initial As concentration from 10μg/L to 1000μg/L, the percentage of As complexation decreased, with the minimum As(III) complexation percentage by HA-Fe(III) at 3.11%. Under the same environmental conditions, the percentage of As complexed with molecular weight more than 100kDa was the highest, and the percentage of As(III) complexed at HA-Fe(II) was 26.43%; The percentage of As complexed at HA with molecular weight less than 10kDa was significantly higher than that at other molecular weights. The enhancement of Fe was mainly due to the formation of a bridge between Fe and carboxyl groups of HA and then complexation with As to form a ternary complex.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4650-4657 [Abstract] ( 302 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 695KB] ( 1136 )
4658 Effect of hydrochemical factors on bio-clogging during artificial recharge of groundwater
CUI Rui-juan, DU Xin-qiang, YE Xue-yan
In this study, the effects of ionic strength in recharging water and water-rock interaction during recharging on the migration and retention of bacteria in saturated porous media were studied through column experiments in laboratory, Scanning Electron Microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, photoelectron spectroscopy and other technologies were used reveal the influence of ionic strength on the evolution of biological clogging and its mechanism during artificial recharging. The results shown that, Suitable ionic strength stimulates the growth of bacteria and the production of extracellular polymers (EPS), which resulted in the hydraulic conductivity decreased by 99%. Excessive or low ionic strength inhibited the growth of microorganisms; Na+ from NaCl, neutralized the negative charge of sand and bacteria, enhanced the attachment of bacteria on the surface of the sand through compressed the electric double layers and reduced electrostatic repulsion; The hydrolysis of carbonate in the medium led to an increase of pH in environmental, which might induce the trace amounts of SiO2, Al2O3 dissolved in the medium, increased the porosity of the medium, delayed the occurrence time of biological clogging and relieve the clogging degree; In turn, ions such as exogenous Na+ and endogenous Ca2+, Al(III), Mg2+enhanced biomass production by stimulating the bacteria to produce more EPS, at the same time, chemical ions combined with the functional groups of EPS by new functional groups and chemical bonds to form new substances, which promoted the occurrence and evolution of clogging; The Mg2+, Ca2+ reacted with CO2 produced by bacterial respiration and formed new precipitate under slightly alkaline conditions and promoted clogging evolution.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4658-4667 [Abstract] ( 256 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1160KB] ( 850 )
4668 In-situ comparation of CAHs contaminated groundwater under two remediation strategies
SONG Jiu-hao, WU Nai-jin, LI Pei-zhong, ZHANG Ji, LI Xiang, RONG Li-ming, WANG Hai-jian, SONG Yun
To explore the long-term effectiveness and environmental response of in-situ remediation of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon (CAHs) contaminated groundwater, a pilot comparison experiment of biostimulation and zero valent iron (ZVI)-biological stimulation coupling remediation strategies was carried out in a polluted area of an abandoned chemical plant in North China. The degradation efficiency of CAHs and the dynamic variations of biochemical parameters for groundwater under these two remediation modes were systematically compared. Total CAHs decreased to less than 50μg/L within 4~5 years after remediation under the two strategies. The coupling remediation strategies increased the overall degradation efficiency of CAHs without concentration rebound and improved the groundwater environment and provided favorable conditions for the growth of potential degrading bacteria. The long-term effects on the bacterial diversity of groundwater by using these two remediation strategies were basically the same, which were conducive to the evolution to Desulfobacterota and Chloroflexi. Finally, the total number of bacteria in the biostimulation pilot area was about one order of magnitude higher than the coupling remediation pilot area, but the number of dehalococcoidia in the latter groundwater (2.1~35)×103 copies/mL was higher than the former (8.3~9.1)×103 copies/mL, which was more conducive to the complete dechlorination of CAHs.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4668-4675 [Abstract] ( 223 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 846KB] ( 681 )
4676 Recent advances in porous carbon adsorption based on bibliometric analysis
GUAN Juan-juan, CHEN Ai-xia, WEI Xiao, ZHANG Yi-xuan, HU Rui-rui, ZHANG Lei
To review the states and frontier of the art of porous carbon adsorption, Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-E) citation database in Web of Science (WoS) and CNKI database were applied as the main data resources. The detailed literature analysis was conducted by Bibliometrix, Bibliometric platform and VOSviewer software. 3566SCI articles were published since 1997 to 2021, the overall trend of the number of articles was increasing. The number of publications increased rapidly in the past 5 years. 183 articles were published in Chinese academic journals. China ranking in the first place in terms of the total number of publications (1653articles) and independent publications, however, the average citation frequency was relatively lower than others. The main research forces were located in China, the United States and India, and there were frequent collaborations among authors with great academic influence. There was a strong academic link between CO2 emissions and porous carbon adsorption in greenhouse gases since 2010, and CO2 capture will be an ongoing research hotspot under the worldwide topic of carbon neutrality. The development and engineering application of low-cost, green and sustainable biomass resources to produce porous carbon materials will be drawn increasing attention in the future. In-depth understand of the adsorption mechanism will also be one of the future research directions.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4676-4687 [Abstract] ( 261 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1546KB] ( 830 )
Solid Waste
4688 Effects of copper on antibiotic resistance genes during earthworm conversion of cow dung
TIAN Xue-li, LI Zhong-han, YANG Feng-xia, HAN Bing-jun, ZHANG Ke-qiang
In this study, Eisenia fetida was used as the experimental earthworm, different Cu concentration gradients were set to study the effect of Cu on ARGs growth during earthworm conversion of cow dung. Results revealed that, under different Cu concentrations, the total abundance of ARGs showed a trend of CF (without Cu addition) -1 to 4.33×10-1 copies/16S copies. The addition of low and medium concentrations of Cu significantly increased the total abundance of ARGs in the samples (P<0.05). By studying the changes of different ARG subtypes in different time stages, we found that the low and high concentration of Cu treatment groups (T1, T3) increased the abundances of tet-ARGs, erm-ARGs and str-ARGs during earthworm conversion, while the abundances of tet-ARGs and str-ARGs decreased in the medium-concentration Cu treatment group (T2). Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that pH significantly affected the relative abundance of ARGs during earthworm conversion (P<0.05), and TOC, TN, and Cu also played an important role in ARGs variation. Earthworm conversion can accelerate the reduction of ARGs in cow dung and reduce its environmental risk to a certain extent, but the residual Cu in cow dung would lead to the enrichment of some ARGs during earthworm conversion of cow dung, thus it was urgent to further optimize the treatment process of earthworm conversion.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4688-4695 [Abstract] ( 251 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1117KB] ( 1272 )
4696 The influencing factors of targeted electric repair technology for HDPE membrane leakage in landfill
ZHU Ming-zhu, YAO Guang-yuan, LIU Yu-qiang, XU Ya, LIU Jing-cai, HUANG Qi-fei, YANG Yan-mei
The timely repair of HDPE membrane leakage in landfill is an important means of environmental risk control, which is of great significance to prevent leachate from polluting groundwater and soil environment. In order to solve the problems of complex operation, high cost and security risks during the operation period and after closure of landfill, the single factor experiments on the main influencing factors such as electrode type, voltage, operation time, bentonite concentration and dispersant/bentonite dosage ratio were carried out so as to analyze their impacts on repair effect and explore the best technological. The results showed that the accumulation at the leakage (5mm diameter) possessed good repair effect with the permeability coefficient of 9.41×10-6 cm/s, when graphite electrode adopted, the control voltage was 50V, the shortest operation time was 2days, the optimal bentonite concentration was 10g/L, and dispersant/bentonite ratio was 30%. In addition, the mathematical characterization model between the Zeta potential of solution system and the permeability coefficient of accumulation at the leakage were established, which can provide basis for the application in practical scenarios. In order to meet the impermeability requirements, the permeability coefficient needs to reach1×10-6cm/s, the Zeta potential of the corresponding repair solution should be at least -42.11mV.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4696-4703 [Abstract] ( 216 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 633KB] ( 951 )
Soil Pollution Control
4704 Source analysis and pollution assessment of soil heavy metals in the economic belt on the northern slope of Tianshan Mountains
YE Pan-qing, Abdugheni Abliz, SUN Xiao-li, Halidan Aisaiduli
In order to quantitatively identify and evaluate the sources and ecological risks of heavy metals in the Qitai, Jimsar, Fukang and other areas on the north slope of the Tianshan Mountains, we collected 171soil samples from the study area and analyzed the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb, Hg, As and Cd in soil. We used statistical methods of principal component analysis, positive matrix factorization (PMF) and potential ecological risk index to evaluate the degree of heavy metal pollution and to carry out source analysis. The results showed that:except for Zn, Cu, and Cr, the average concentration of Pb, Hg, As, and Cd in the soil exceeded Xinjiang soil heavy metal background values 4.1, 2.0, 8.0and 48.0times, respectively; compared with the national soil heavy metal risk screening value, the concentrations of Zn, Cr, and Hg were within the safe range. A few sample points of Cu and Pb were seriously polluted, exceeding the screening value. The average values of As and Cd exceeded the screening value by 3.09 times and 19.17times, respectively. According to the results of pollution source analysis the main pollution sources of soil in the study area are coal combustion, transportation, atmospheric dust, agricultural and industrial emissions as well as natural factors. The ecological risk assessment results showed that at all sampling points Zn, Cu, Cr, and Pb were at a slight risk state, Cd was at a very high-risk level; 73.68% of Hg was at a medium risk, 18.71% was at the high risk, 43.86% of As was at a moderate ecological risk, 51.46% was at the high risk. The comprehensive potential ecological risk index of the study area ranged from 472 to 2575.69, and the contribution rate of Cd to the comprehensive potential ecological index reached 89.24%, followed by As and Hg. The results indicated that Cd in the study area was very harmful to the soil eco-environment. As and Hg concentrations should be paid close attention.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4704-4712 [Abstract] ( 300 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 737KB] ( 674 )
4713 Correlation of soil heavy metal censored data based on maximum likelihood method
FENG Xu, SUN Da-quan, LI Ren-ying, WANG Li-jun, HUANG Li-dong
Based on the maximum likelihood method (MLE), the current work proposed a new method for estimating the correlation of censored data thorough constructing the likelihood function under different scenarios. The effects of sample size, censorship ratio, population correlation coefficient and disturbance term on the accuracy of the estimated values were studied. At the same time, the accuracy of MLE was tested by comparing MLE with substitution method (usually replacing the censored part with LOD or LOD/2) and deletion method (directly delete the censored part). The methodology was tested using the Australian census soil data. The results showed that the larger the sample size, the more accurate the MLE results would be. When the sample size reaches 2000, the estimated value has a better stability and is less affected by the censorship ratio. The estimated correlation coefficient of MLE varies less with the censorship ratio (0%~90%) or the population correlation coefficient, demonstrating gradual unbiasedness and consistency. The addition of disturbance terms has less impact on the accuracy of MLE, indicating its strong robustness. The MLE is significantly accurate than that of the deletion and substitution methods. The application of the experimental data showed that in the Australian survey data, Ag and Hg have a high correlation, and the correlation coefficient between Hg and Hf is almost 0.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4713-4719 [Abstract] ( 262 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 989KB] ( 1068 )
4720 Study of soil environmental criteria of copper for protection of terrestrial ecosystem
HUANG Xing-hua, LI Xu-zhi, WANG Guo-qing, JIANG Jin-lin, LONG Tao, WANG Xiao-zhi
The 10% effect concentration (EC10) and no effect concentration (NOEC) of Cu eco-toxicity were collected and screened from toxicity database and the published literature. Species sensitivity distribution (SSD) was performed to construct the SSD models for plants/invertebrates and ecological processes. The soil ecological safety thresholds were derived based on the model averaging method. For protecting the plants and invertebrates, soil thresholds of Cu were 10.9~38.9, 21.0~77.5, 36.6~124 and 47.6~151mg/kg for natural reserve/agricultural land, park, residential land and industry/commercial land, respectively, while soil thresholds were 4.49~72.2mg/kg(natural reserve/agricultural land), 19.9~135mg/kg (park), 60.9~220mg/kg (residential land) and 96.8~277mg/kg (industry/commercial land) for considering the soil microbial community.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4720-4730 [Abstract] ( 285 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1032KB] ( 1088 )
4731 Research progress of nano zero-valentiron coupling clay for remediation of polluted soil
HU Pei-wei, GAO Run-qin, DAI Yan-ni, ZHANG Yan, YANG Wen-zhao
Clay-supported nZVI possess excellent comprehensive performance, such as low cost, easy preparation and environmental compatibility. On the basis of summarizing the modification strategies of nZVI, the effects of clay types on the morphology and properties of nZVI are compared. This paper poses the optimal order of ideal clay carrier, analyses the relationship between the iron content, specific surface area, nZVI size and the removal performance. The application of nZVI coupling clay for soil remediation, such as heavy metals, halogenated organics, nitrates, new pollutants in soil are reviewed, and the negative effects of nZVI technology in soil remediation are also summarized. Finally, the paper prospects the future direction of nZVI coupled clay technology and its mineral materials for remediation of polluted soil.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4731-4740 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 754KB] ( 1237 )
Environmental Ecology
4741 Distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in surface sediments of Guchenghu Lake and its retreating and returning lake area
JIA Bing-chan, ZHANG Ming, WU Juan, GU Xiao-hong, YUAN He-zhong, ZI Xin-yuan, LI Yi-fan, ZENG Qing-fei
In order to explore the impact of returning from the polder to the lake on the pollution characteristics, spatial distribution and ecological risks of heavy metals in the surface sediments of Guchenghu Lake, the heavy metals (Fe, Mn, As, Zn, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd and Pb) contents were compared and analyzed, using the geo-accumulation index method and the potential ecological risk index method to evaluate the status of heavy metal pollution in sediments and the degree of potential ecological risk, using correlation and cluster analysis to analyze the potential sources of major heavy metal pollutants. The mean values of Cd (0.21mg/kg) in sediments of polders and Cd (0.56mg/kg), Zn (145.33mg/kg) and Pb (41.17mg/kg) in sediments of lakes were 2.45, 6.55, 2.24 and 1.87 times the background value of Jiangsu Province soil, respectively. The contents of heavy metals Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb in the surface sediments of the lake area were significantly higher than those of the retreating polder area. The evaluation by geoaccumulation index method showed that Cd in the retreat area was slightly polluted; Cd in the lake area was moderately polluted, and Zn, As, Cu, Pb were mildly polluted. The potential ecological risk index showed that the ecological risk of surface sediments in the lake area was higher than that in the retreat area; Cd was the most important contributor to ecological risk in the lake area and the retreat area, which may come from aquaculture activities and industrial wastewater discharge. The return polder land to Guchenghu lake plays a positive role in reducing the ecological risk of heavy metals in Guchenghu Lake.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4741-4751 [Abstract] ( 259 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1085KB] ( 1049 )
4752 Study on hydrodynamic partition and total phosphorus standard in the Three Gorges Reservoir
XIE Pei, SUN Ning, FANG Yuan, WANG Li-jing, LI Hong, QIAO Fei
The EFDC model was used to calculate water age in the Three Gorges Reservoir from 2010 to 2018. Result shows water age increased from the end to the head of the dam, especially in Baqian where water age over 100 days. With the lake attributes increased, tributaries nearby the dam were greatly affected. Dam operation has great influence on the water age, it will increase to 2~4 times during the high water level period. Based on the spatial distribution of water age, the Three Gorges Reservoir and its 17tributaries were divided into riverine, intermediate and lacustrine zones. Quantitative analysis of factors affecting water age showed that water age is positively correlated with water level, negatively correlated with discharge, and the change rate of drainage period is more obvious than that of impoundment period. Water age varies up to 6 to 7 days within unit flow and water level, and the variation range is between 30 and 100 days. Finally, the evaluation standard of total phosphorus in intermediate zone based on the weight method of water age was put forward, which revealed the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of total phosphorus, and provide scientific basis for the management and early warning of phosphorus pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4752-4757 [Abstract] ( 224 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 874KB] ( 807 )
4758 The source identification of nitrate in groundwater in Guanzhong section of Weihe river basin
ZHANG Wen-rui, ZHANG Yan, SHI Wen-min, ZHANG Cheng-qian
In order to identify the source of nitrogen pollution in groundwater and the characteristics of its migration and transformation qualitatively and quantitatively, the nitrogen and oxygen stable isotope technology and the SIAR model on the basis of hydrochemical analysis were combined in this paper to judge the source of groundwater recharge and the characteristics of groundwater nitrogen pollution in Guanzhong section of Weihe River Basin. The results showed that the main hydrochemical type of groundwater in the Guanzhong section of the Weihe River Basin was HCO3-Ca+Mg, and the groundwater was mainly recharged by rapid infiltration of precipitation and infiltration of surface water. Groundwater nitrogen pollution was mainly in the form of nitrate nitrogen. In all 34 groundwater samples collected, the variation range of nitrate nitrogen content was 0.154~36.717 mg/L, with an average content of 6.17 mg/L. The nitrate nitrogen content in two sampling points exceeded the Grade III groundwater standard, and the exceeding rate was 5.9%. The dominant role of nitrogen cycle was nitrification. The variation range of δ15N-NO3- content in groundwater was +6.08‰~+16.42‰ while δ15O-NO3- was +9.38‰~+12.514‰. Nitrate nitrogen pollution was mainly affected by human activities, soil organic nitrogen, manure and sewage and atmospheric deposition were the main contributors to groundwater nitrate nitrogen, with an average contribution rate of 44.65%, 40.03% and 15.32%, respectively.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4758-4767 [Abstract] ( 372 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1036KB] ( 1163 )
4768 Analysis of the causes for pollution of urban river and lake waters based on the redundancy analysis method and the influence from selection of scales
LIU Shu-ying, ZHANG Xiang, XU Jing, GU Fang-hua, JIA Hai-feng
The relation between the factors potentially causing pollution of urban water bodies and the quality of the water was analyzed based on redundancy analysis method. The basin of Dongsha lake at the central urban area of Wuhan was selected as the target area. Ten characteristics of rainfall and the underlying surface were selected as the factors and 18water quality indicators were selected as the response variables. The results showed that the ratios of the areas of impermeable pavement and river water are the main factors and the contribution rates were 0.703 and 0.652, respectively. The ratio of urban road area was the main factor when the size of buffer was more than 3000 m and the contribution rate was 0.796. Spatial distribution of rainfall had a contribution rate lower than 0.371 and was not the main factor. The scale of buffer had influence on determination of the factors and such an influence was closely related to the presence or absence of the drainage system and the area of the hydrological catchment unit. The river and lake pollution in the basin of Dongsha lake was due to the non-point source pollution at the surface of the impermeable pavement and the point source pollution at the discharge points of the drainage system. The ratio of the area of rivers was the key factor to improve water quality.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4768-4779 [Abstract] ( 284 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1135KB] ( 917 )
4780 VOCs in fractured aquifers: presence, migration characteristics, and difficulties for contaminated site remediation
WANG Liu-wei, YANG Xiao-dong, HOU De-yi
This review summarizes experimental methods in this field, assesses migration characteristics of VOCs in fractures, and analyzes mechanisms involved in the remediation of fractured aquifers. Furthermore, implications for contaminated site remediation are proposed. Advection-dispersion, adsorption-desorption and cross-media migration affect the fate of VOCs in fractured aquifers. Both crack clogging by chemical oxidation products and back diffusion of trapped VOCs affect the remediation efficiency, leading to tailing and rebounding of the remedy project in fractured aquifers. Low representativeness of environmental samples, limited mass transfer rate of reagents and substrates, and cross-media transport are the major obstacles hindering fractured aquifer remediation, where future works must spare no effort to overcome.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4780-4789 [Abstract] ( 270 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 679KB] ( 941 )
4790 Research progress on in-situ adsorption of heavy metal ions in sediments with carbon-based adsorbents
JIANG Feng, FENG Xian-lu, WANG Peng-fei, JIANG Xia
In this paper, the research progress of carbon-based adsorbents in the removal of heavy metal ions from lake sediments was reviewed, and the applications of biochar-based adsorbents, carbon nanotubes-based adsorbents and graphene oxide-based adsorbents in the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sediments in lakes were introduced in detail. The influencing factors were analyzed and the research prospect of carbon-based adsorbents for the remediation of heavy metal-contaminated sediments in lakes was put forward. It was indicated that biochar-based adsorbents, carbon nanotubes-based adsorbents, graphene oxide-based adsorbents and modified carbon-based adsorbents could effectively remove heavy metals in sediments and inhibit the bioavailability of heavy metals. Meanwhile, the performance of heavy metal removal was affected by pH value of overlying water, redox potential, organic matters and physical disturbance. Finally, considering limitation of carbon-based absorbents on remediating heavy metals in sediments, the future direction was prospected.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4790-4797 [Abstract] ( 231 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 932 )
4798 Research trends in effects of antimony on crops based on bibliometrics
LIU Lian-hua, OUYANG Wei, HE Meng-chang, LIN Chun-ye, CUI Xin-tong
In order to clarify the research status and development trends on effects of antimony on crops, the literature research was conducted in this field from 1991 to 2021 based on the database of Web of Science. The annual number of published literatures, the published number of main countries or regions, research institutions, keyword co-occurrence network, prominent keyword analysis, the co-citation network and key literatures were visually analyzed. Then, the future research development trend was summarized. Results showed that the total number of published literatures issued in this research field had shown a rapid growth trend during the period from 1991 to 2021. China, United States, Brazil, India, Italy, Spain and other countries, which were the main countries promoting this field development, published a large number of relevant literatures. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences were two Chinese research institutions among the top ten institutions in the number of publications, accounting for 10.5% of total amount. Based on the analysis of keyword co-occurrence network and keywords with the strongest citation bursts, the research hotspots on the impact of antimony on crops had developed from the impact of Sb on crop growth, yield and quality to the migration and transformation mechanism of Sb in soil, water, crops, sediments and other environments. The response mechanism of microbial community activity in soil and the risk assessment of antimony on human health had become research hotspots in recent years.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4798-4806 [Abstract] ( 286 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 6694KB] ( 1085 )
Carbon Emission Control
4807 Temporal-spatial evolution of carbon emission and driving factors in the Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration
WEI Yan-ting, LI Si-jia, ZHANG Hua
The spatial auto-correlation model and the geographically and temporally weighted regression model were applied in this study to explore the spatial-temporal evolution pattern and influencial factors of carbon emissions in 16cities of Chengdu-Chongqing urban agglomeration during the period of 2008~2018. The results showed that the overall carbon emissions were growing, with the total amount increased from 500 million tons to 660 million tons at a growth rate of about 1500 t/a. The land-average carbon emissions and per capita carbon emissions also had a fluctuating upward trend. The hot spots were Chengdu and Chongqing, accounted for about 20% and 25% of the total carbon emissions respectively, while the cold spot was Ya'an. There were significant spatial differences in both total carbon emissions and land-average carbon emissions. The Moran index of per capita carbon emissions was positive, showing an obvious spatial aggregation pattern. On the whole, the per capita carbon emissions demonstrated the spatial structure characteristics of "lower in the northeast-higher in the southwest", with Nanchong, Suining, and Guang'an being the lower-gathering areas. The influencial factors of each city showed spatial and temporal heterogeneity. Energy intensity, economic development level, and population size all had a significant positive effect on urban carbon emissions, and the effect was strong in the central and western cities; while the positive effect of urbanization level was weak, and the impact on the eastern cities was stronger.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4807-4816 [Abstract] ( 429 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2271KB] ( 1274 )
4817 An LMDI-based investigation of the changes in carbon emissions of the transportation sector in the Yangtze River Economic Belt
YANG Shao-hua, ZHANG Yu-quan, GENG Yong
Employing the LMDI decomposition model, this study examines how factors such as service-based carbon intensity, transportation structure, energy efficiency, energy intensity, economic structure, level of economic development, and population have influenced the carbon emissions of the transportation sector of the Yangtze River Economic Belt over the period of 2000 to 2019, along with the temporal and spatial characteristics. The Theil index is also applied to measure the regional heterogeneity effects, if any. The results show that the continuous expansion of the economy is the primary leading factor for the growth of carbon emissions of the transportation sector in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and its positive driving effects are at a rate of 116.33%, far exceeding that of population (6.19%), the second leading factor. The changes in the transportation structure and the economic structure are key factors to restrain the growth of carbon emissions, with their negative driving rates being -26.18% and -16.25%, respectively. The technological progress factors (energy efficiency and energy intensity) help slow down the increases also. Besides, both the per capita carbon emissions- and the carbon emission intensity-based Theil index values indicate that heterogeneity between provinces or municipalities exists for carbon emissions of the transportation sector in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, and the differences within regions are greater than those between regions. The carbon emission intensity-based regional differences particularly exhibit "club convergence" effects. Thereupon, policy suggestions are derived for greener development of transportation in the Yangtze River Economic Belt.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4817-4826 [Abstract] ( 370 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1620KB] ( 811 )
4827 Spatial correlation and prediction of land use carbon storage based on the InVEST-PLUS model- A case study in Guangdong Province
LIN Tong, YANG Mu-zhuang, WU Da-fang, LIU Feng, YANG Jin-hai, WANG Ying-jia
This paper calculated the spatial and temporal distribution of carbon storage in Guangdong Province from 1990 to 2020 based on the land use carbon storage database and the Carbon module of the InVEST model. Morans' I index and Getis-Ord Gi* were used to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of carbon storage at the grid scale. Then, the LISA agglomeration maps were obtained by calculating Anselin Local Moran's I. Finally, the PLUS model and 14 land use drivers are applied to predict the land use and its carbon storage distribution in 2050. The results showed that land use changes significantly affected the regional carbon storage and the highest carbon density was found in forest land and grassland, 188.44 and 329.34Mg/hm2, respectively.. The spatial pattern of carbon stocks is characterized by "low in the central part, high in the north, and medium in the east and west". The spatial distribution of carbon storage is consistent with the distribution of land use. The areas with significantly high values of carbon storage were located in the northern part of Guangdong Province, where there were few construction land and more concentrated ecological land. The areas with significantly low values were located in the Pearl River Delta region where the intensity of land development and ecological land fragmentation were higher. Under the natural development scenario, the carbon storage of land use in Guangdong Province will be reduced by 43.2721 million Mg by 2050. With the further development of land space, the carbon stock of coastal cities around the Pearl River Estuary will continue to decline. Therefore, increasing carbon storage in vegetation ecosystem is one of the most important ways to achieve carbon neutrality. We should continue to maintain the important position of the ecological protection barrier in the mountainous areas of northern Guangdong, slow down the intensity of urban land development in the Pearl River Delta, improve the ability to conserve land for construction, and form a balanced and coordinated pattern of land use and carbon storage.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4827-4839 [Abstract] ( 574 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 4117KB] ( 1048 )
4840 Carbon emission calculation method for contaminated soil stabilization and case study
ZHOU Shi-ji, SUN Hui-yang, LI Ying-zhen, YUAN Hang, FENG Ya-song, YANG Yu-ling, DU Yan-jun
The carbon emission calculation boundary was determined and the carbon emission calculation method was constructed based on the life cycle analysis of contaminated soil stabilization. Stabilizer production, infrastructure construction, filed application, and disposal of stabilized soil were the main source of carbon emission. The carbon emissions generated from scheme design, aging of the stabilized soil and effectiveness evaluation accounted for a small proportion. The carbon emission was accounted to 421516.31kg for an abandoned Arsenic plant contaminated soil ex-situ stabilization process, and 34.78kg for the stabilization of per ton contaminated soil. The raw material production of stabilizer was the most important carbon emission source of stabilization process, accounting for 86.26% of the total carbon emission, followed by the energy consumption of raw material and stabilizer transportations, accounting for 10.82% of the total carbon emission. Developing low-carbon stabilizer and shortening transportation distance are effective to reduce the carbon emission of contaminated soil stabilization.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4840-4848 [Abstract] ( 357 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 513KB] ( 946 )
4849 The role of green finance reform policy in carbon reduction
GAO Yuan, Shen Zhen-zhen
By using the difference in difference method, this study attempts to address the question of whether green finance reform policy has carbon emission reduction effects and the mechanism of it. By devoting attention to the green finance reform pilot area, panel data of 280 prefecture-level Chinese cities from 2013 to 2019 is used. This study finds that the green finance reform policy has a significant carbon emission reduction effect, and this effect is increasing yearly. Through the mechanism analysis, the results show that the realization of carbon emission reduction mainly depends on reduction of energy consumption intensity and improvement of green technology innovation. In addition, the green finance reform has a positive spillover effect-the effect of carbon emission reduction could radiate to the surrounding areas. Regrettably, green finance cannot be effectively linked to the synergistic effect of multi-pollutant reduction. This study suggests to expand the pilot areas, increase incentives and guidance for green finance entities, and enhance the synergistic effects of green finance policies.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4849-4859 [Abstract] ( 333 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 605KB] ( 1029 )
4860 A stochastic evolutionary game of logistics and manufacturing linkage emission reduction under carbon trading policy
XU Xin-yang, YANG Yang
This study considers the uncertainty of the external environment; constructs a stochastic game model, which consists of government, manufacturers, and logistics enterprises; discusses the stability of the model to obtain the steady-state conditions; and investigates the strategic evolution of the game subject with the numerical simulation method. The cost of regulation and the reverse check mechanism of the upper government are important factors affecting the strategy choice of the local government, and a higher carbon trading price will promote the evolution of the game system to the ideal set of strategies (active regulation, green production, green transportation), the change of the initial strategy selection probability in the ideal strategy set affects the evolution rate of the subject to some extent, even if the manufacturer's green production strategy selection probability at the beginning of the game is 0.1, it still converges to the green production stabilization strategy with the fastest evolution rate. The green production strategy of manufacturers under the linkage development will drive logistics enterprises to choose a green transportation strategy. The sensitivity of logistics enterprises to carbon trading price and carbon quota is greater than that of manufacturers, and the evolution rate of logistics enterprises to green transportation is negatively related to carbon quota and positively related to carbon trading price. The increase in fiscal revenue from carbon trading promotes positive regulatory behavior of local governments but may lead to unstable strategy choices of logistics firms when the fiscal revenue coefficient increases to 0.3. Along with the increase in the intensity of random disturbances, manufacturers maintain the highest stability, with fluctuations of 0.4667~1 and 0.5618~1 in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively, while the strategy choice of logistics companies is the most volatile, with fluctuations of 0.3856~1 and 0.4616~1 in scenarios 1and 2, respectively, and is in an unstable state for a long time at the beginning of the evolution.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4860-4870 [Abstract] ( 244 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2326KB] ( 1720 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
4871 Health risk assessment of pesticide residues in urban wastewater in four cities of North China
BAI Ya, LI Zhuang, HUANG Hong-mei, HUANG Jian-wen, LIANG Zhi-hao, FAN Gui-heng, LIU Tian-you, LI Xi-qing, ZHANG Wei
Wastewater samples were collected from wastewater treatment plants in Beijing, Taiyuan, Hohhot and Shijiazhuang, and the concentrations of 21pesticides were analyzed. The total and average mass of pesticide residues in wastewater were calculated. According to consumption of vegetable and fruit and related processing factors, the pesticide residues on vegetables and fruits were estimated, and corresponding health risk was further evaluated. The residue level per thousand inhabitants was highest in Shijiazhuang (454.89mg/thousand inhabitants/d), and Hohhot had the lowest level (63.70mg/thousand inhabitants/d). Among the tested pesticides, the concentration of carbendazim was relatively high, 224.22~1328.07ng/L, and the residue level per thousand was 49.98~424.98mg/thousand inhabitants/d. Carbendazim accounted for the highest proportion of pesticide residues in the four cities, 51.35% (Beijing)~93.43% (Shijiazhuang). Other pesticides with high proportion include imidacloprid and chlorantraniliprole, which showed a similar usage behavior of pesticide in vegetables and fruits in the region. The pesticide residues in vegetables and fruits are calculated based on the tested values in wastewater. The residue of carbendazim in vegetables and fruits in Shijiazhuang was 5.04mg/kg. By comparing the estimated potential daily intake with the daily allowable intake, the long-term health risk of these pesticide residues was relatively low.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4871-4879 [Abstract] ( 267 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 744KB] ( 948 )
4880 Comparison of health risk assessment and correction methods of heavy metals in PM10
FENG Xi-dan, LIU Zhi-lei, CHEN Qi-yu, CHEN Xi-chao, GAO Zi-xu, WANG Yu-yu, ZHENG Tong, LIU Yun, LIN Bi-gui
In this study, we characterized the content of heavy metals in PM10, calculated the exposure levels for population and assessed the human health risks in an electronic waste dismantling area of South China. Subsequently, the non-carcinogenic health risks of the population were amended by the target organ toxic dose (TTD) method and weight of evidence (WOE) method, respectively. The results showed that the non-carcinogenic health risks in the summer and winter were:children > adult women > adult men, and the heavy metal Ni was probably carcinogenic risks to the population (ranged from 10-6 to 10-4). The non-carcinogenic health risk values of Cr, Pb, Cd and As for adult males were 3.05×10-2 and the corrected risk values by the TTD and WOE methods were 5.41×10-2 and 5.4×10-1. Our results indicated that the assessment of non-carcinogenic health risk values of heavy metals from PM10 should comprehensively consider the interactions between heavy metals.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4880-4888 [Abstract] ( 351 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 872KB] ( 924 )
4889 Derivation of indoor benzene threshold value based on carcinogenic risk assessment of Chinese population
ZHAO Wen-jing, MA Xue-pu, AYIBOTA Tuerxunbieke, GUAN Jia-cheng, DUAN Xiao-li, QIN Ning
A total of 464 indoor benzene concentrations from 29 provincial administrative regions in China were collected by systematic literature review. Carcinogenic risk of adults in China caused by benzene inhalation was estimated based on the exposure parameters of Chinese population. The benzene indoor threshold value was estimated by Monte Carlo method. The results showed that the geometric mean of indoor benzene concentrations in China was 0.030mg/m3. Compared with the other 3 indoor scenarios, occupational exposure had the highest benzene residue level, with an average of 0.052mg/m3. Benzene exposure in bedroom had the greatest lifetime carcer risk of 9.30×10-5. The threshold value derived based on the exposure parameters of Chinese population is 0.020mg/m3, which is slightly lower than the benzene threshold value of revised "Indoor air quality standard" (GB/T18883-2022). In conclusion, some residents in China have carcinogenic risk caused by indoor benzene exposure higher than acceptable level, especially in bedroom environment. The modification and implementation of the indoor air quality standard is conducive to the management of indoor benzene pollution and reduce the benzene exposure and carcinogenic risk.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4889-4900 [Abstract] ( 361 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 644KB] ( 952 )
4901 Health risk and toxic effect of heavy metals in soils from typical vegetable planting areas in southwest China
TINA Wen, ZONG Da-peng, FANG Cheng-gang, WANG Cheng-chen, WANG Jian-min, XIANG Ping
To figure out the pollution characteristics of heavy metals in soils from typical vegetable planting areas in Tonghai, southwest China, we collected 151soil samples and measured the concentrations of Cd, As, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Besides, the bioaccessibility and cytotoxicity of heavy metals were investigated by in vitro gastrointestinal simulation method (SBRC) combined with the human gastric mucosa cells GES-1model. Our results showed that the Cd level in soils exceeded the risk screening value (0.6mg/kg, 6.5 < pH £ 7.5, GB 15618-2018) with the greatest coefficient of variation being 72.73%. The average content of Cr, Cd, and Zn exceeded the soil background values of Yunnan Province. In addition, the bioaccessibility of heavy metals in soil varied greatly, with Cd being the highest at 35.31%. There may be carcinogenic risk caused by metals in the study area, where Cr, As and Ni were the main contributors to carcinogenic risks. However, the non-carcinogenic risk was not obvious. The comprehensive non-carcinogenic risk (HI) and comprehensive carcinogenic risk (CR) based on bioaccessibility data were both lower than those based on total concentrations. To validate the above-mentioned results, GES-1cells were employed and exposed to all bioaccessible extracts of soils, cell viability significantly decreased (P<0.05), and cell morphology was altered in all groups, indicating bioaccessible extracts of soils could induce gastric epithelial cell damage.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4901-4908 [Abstract] ( 308 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1204KB] ( 1156 )
Environmental Impact Assessment and Management
4909 Analysis on the resource-environment net benefit and equity in the global trade of rare earth
DI Jing-han, WEN Zong-guo
To solve the inequity of resource and environment in rare earth resource products trade, this research evaluated the actual net benefits in resource and environment of all countries involved using Life Cycle Assessment combined with Cost-Benefit Analysis. This paper also assessed the impacts of trending developments in the global manufacturing industry under three main scenarios. Results show that in 2018 the actual net benefits reached 8.5billion dollars, mainly contributed by trading raw materials of rare earth. Under future scenarios, policies associated with green development and climate change goals are estimated to reduce net benefits by 17%, whereas they remain the predominant policy path for solving the inequity problem. The transfer and reconstruction of global industrial chains lead to an 11% decrease in net benefits, meanwhile exacerbating the inequity issue in low-income countries. Developments in the emerging manufacturing industry increase net benefits by 76% while leaving the severe inequity situation in low-income countries unresolved.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4909-4918 [Abstract] ( 257 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1824KB] ( 770 )
4919 Consumption and coupling of virtual water and virtual energy in the past 20 years and predicting their demand for the next decade in China
WANG Feng-chu, CAO Jian-jun, WANG Ning, JIAO Yu-meng, LI Yu
Based on China's water and energy consumption data from 1997 to 2018, the input-output model was used to estimate the consumption of virtual water and energy in the three industries. At the same time, the coupling coordination degree model was used to simulate the coupling coordination level of the virtual water and energy system. Finally, the exponential smoothing method was used to predict the total consumption of virtual water and energy in China from 2022 to 2032. The results show that:(1) In the last 20years, the consumption of virtual water and energy showed an general upward trend in the three industries, and the proportion of virtual water and energy consumption in the primary and secondary industries showed downward trends, while that in the tertiary industry showed an upward trend; (2) The direct and complete water and energy consumption coefficients of the three industries showed downward trends, resulting in the continuous improvement in the utilization efficiency of water and energy; (3) Through indirectly consuming a large amount of water and energy, the secondary and tertiary industries were thought as "invisible" industries with high water and energy consumption; (4) The virtual water-energy system was in a high level of coupling, but it only reached the primary stage of coordinated development; (5) The consumption of virtual water, energy and physical energy will still increase, while that of physical water will decrease in the decade. Therefore, to alleviate China's water and energy crisis in the future, it is necessary to optimize the industrial structure, increase the utilization efficiency of water and energy resources in all links of the industrial chain, improve the consumption structure, and enhance the coupling and coordination degree of the virtual water-energy system.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4919-4930 [Abstract] ( 265 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1454KB] ( 694 )
4931 Application of contingent valuation method in resources and environmental value assessment in China
WU Zhao-liang
Contingent valuation method (CVM) is an effective approach to estimate the full value of public goods or services, such as resources and environment. China has introduced CVM for a short time, and it is still in the stage of applying relevant theories and imitating evaluation methods. It means that we lack of scientific guidance in questionnaire design, scenario description, value elicitation techniques selection, model application, as well as reliability and validity examination. This paper systematically summarizes CVM from the perspective of theory, method and practice, especially supplements the random value theory and the issue of value elicitation techniques selection considering the uncertainty of individuals' preferences. It is suggested that we should strengthen the theory and method system improvement of CVM, conduct large-scale surveys in different regions, carry out comparative studies using different value elicitation techniques, pay attention to the impact of uncertainty bias and promote the reliability and validity verification of the results in the future research.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4931-4938 [Abstract] ( 294 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 433KB] ( 1148 )
4939 Evaluation of municipal solid waste classification policy in Shanghai based on hardware input-output benefit analysis
TANG Li-chen, CHEN Mi, ZHANG Wei
Based on the four kinds of hardware input elements:waste truck, classified delivery point, recycling service point and waste transfer station, this study takes the implementation effect of Shanghai municipal solid waste classification policy as the research object, and analyzes and evaluates the specific implementation effect of Shanghai municipal solid waste compulsory classification from January 2020 to June 2021by using DEA method. It can be seen from the data analysis results that after the promulgation of the regulations, the overall implementation effect of domestic waste classification in Shanghai is relatively good. The average values of comprehensive efficiency, pure technical efficiency and scale efficiency are 0.957, 0.993 and 0.963 respectively, which are all in a relatively effective state. However, there are redundant inputs and insufficient outputs in some months, and there is still much room for improvement It is suggested that the input factors should be applied to the municipal solid waste treatment of recyclables, dry waste, wet waste and hazardous waste in a balanced manner, so as to improve the treatment level of recyclables, dry waste, wet waste and hazardous waste in Shanghai and improve the efficiency of policy implementation.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4939-4945 [Abstract] ( 317 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 431KB] ( 1124 )
4946 Factors influencing household waste classification behaviors of small-medium cities' residents: a case study of Zhangjiagang
ZHANG Jia-yue, FEI Fan, WEN Zong-guo
To identify the influencing factors and decision-making mechanism of residents' classification behavior in small-medium cities, this paper constructed a waste classification behavior decision model, and made Zhangjiagang City, Jiangsu Province as an example, using structural equation model fitting and modification, analyzed the subjective and objective factors that influence classification behavior of small-medium cities' residents, and compared with related research in big cities. The results showed that, the waste classification participation rate of Zhangjiagang reached 95%, higher than the first and second-tier cities. For residents in Zhangjiagang, "Behavioral Intention" was the most significant factor, followed by "Environmental Awareness" and "Social Influence"; the signification of "Economic Return" and "Regulatory Impact" was low, and had not yet played their due incentive; the influence of "Classification Knowledge Mastery" and "Time Spent" was not significant. In general, subjective consciousness with sensitivity coefficient of 0.629 was still the dominant factor influencing residents' classification behavior in small-medium cities, However, in the context of mandatory classification, with the improvement of the classification facilities, the promulgation of laws and regulations and the strengthening of community control, the influence of subjective factors on residents' classification behavior weakened. While the objective environment factor had more significant observed variables, which gradually increased its influence, and could be an effective point for government to formulate management policies.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4946-4953 [Abstract] ( 292 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 668KB] ( 815 )
4954 Environmental effects of improved seed variety subsidy policy
YI Hang, GU Wei-yi, SUN Jin-jie, LIU Bei-bei
In this study, the wheat improved seed variety subsidy was taken as an example and the fertilizer application per unit area was used as a proxy variable to assess the environmental effects. Based on relevant agricultural data at the municipal level, a difference-in-differences model was constructed to quantify the changes in fertilizer application per unit area resulting from policy implementation. After that, the changes in planting costs, greenhouse gas emissions and social carbon costs due to changes in fertilizer application were estimated. The results showed that the policy had great environmental benefits, with the implementation of the policy resulting in a reduction of 5.9% in fertilizer application per unit area, a reduction of 139.42CNY/hm2 in planting costs, a reduction of 822.06kg CO2e/hm2 in greenhouse gas emissions and a reduction of 301.91CNY/hm2 in social carbon costs, fully compensating for the financial expenditure on the subsidy. The potential environmental impact should be taken into account in the development, improvement and extension of agricultural subsidy policies in the future, in order to enhance synergies between increased agricultural production and environmental benefits.
2022 Vol. 42 (10): 4954-4960 [Abstract] ( 318 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 817 )
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