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  Current Issue
 
2023 Vol.43 Issue.1,Published 2023-01-20
Air Pollution Control
Water Pollution Control
Solid Waste
Environmental Ecology
Environmental Toxicology and Health
Carbon Emission Control
Air Pollution Control
1 Study on characterizing the spatial distribution of activity of photochemistry in summer and autumn in Guangdong Province, China
TANG Meng-xue, HUANG Xiao-feng, CHENG yong, LIN Xiao-yu, YAO Pei-ting, HU Ren-zhi, DENG Tao, HE Ling-yan
OH radicals were observed at urban and rural sites in the late summer and early autumn in Shenzhen, China. The daytime peak average concentrations of OH radicals were 6.0×106cm-3 and 5.9×106cm-3, which were at a moderate level compared to other regions around the world. Based on the observed data, a parameterized formula of OH radicals, with good fitting, was constructed to characterize the spatial distribution of OH radicals in Guangdong Province. The activity of photochemistry (AP) was reflected by the product of daytime OH and NO2 concentrations. Generally, higher AP (10.1×107μg/(m3·cm3)) was found in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and the lower AP in eastern, western and northern Guangdong (5.4×107,5.9×107 and 7.7×107μg/(m3·cm3)). Higher concentrations of PM2.5 and O3 were also found in the PRD, indicating a key role of regulating AP in the coordinated control of PM2.5 and O3 pollution in the PRD. The spatial distribution characteristics also showed that northern Guangdong and eastern Guangdong were significantly affected by the regional transport of PM2.5 from the northern inland and the regional transport of O3 from the southeast coast, respectively, reflecting the importance of regional joint control to jointly mitigate PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 1-6 [Abstract] ( 137 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1229KB] ( 805 )
7 PMF model based atmospheric aerosol light extinction budget source apportionment study in Wuhan.
XIA Rui, TAN Jian, WANG Qiong-qiong, WU Dui, KONG Shao-fei, CHEN Nan, DENG Tao, TAO Li-ping, ZHANG Xue, WU Bo-xi, WU Liang-bin, WANG Qing, WU Cheng
Online observation data from Wuhan in July (summer) and October (autumn) in 2020 was used to quantify the source contribution of PM2.5 on light extinction coefficients by inputting the optical parameters and chemical components of PM2.5 into the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. This study found that the dominating contributing sources of light absorption coefficient were vehicles (66.3%) and industry (14.2%). For light scattering coefficient, the major contributors were secondary inorganic aerosol Ⅰ (38.4%) and vehicle (27.0%). The source contribution on light scattering showed clear seasonal variations, as the contribution from secondary inorganic aerosol Ⅰ was notably lower in summer (14.6%) than in autumn (47.4%). As for the light extinction coefficient, vehicles (37.2%) and secondary inorganic aerosol Ⅱ (21.2%) were the major contributors in summer, while secondary inorganic aerosol Ⅰ (44.7%) and vehicles (26.7%) were the dominating sources in autumn. The absorption Ångström exponent (AAE) values for several important sources were also obtained in this study, including vehicles (0.96), industry (1.04), dust (1.39), and biomass burning (2.24).
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 7-19 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1854KB] ( 463 )
20 Contribution of autumn biomass burning to organic aerosol in the Pearl River Delta region
YANG Lei, YUAN Bin, ZHENG E, YE Chen-shuo, WANG Si-hang, HE Xian-jun, ZHANG Xiao-xiao, HUANG Shan, HU Wei-wei, SHAO Min
In this study, we applied thermal desorption chemical ionization Time-of-Flight mass spectrometer (FIGAERO-ToF-CIMS) to obtain high temporal resolution (i.e., hourly) measurements of levoglucosan, which is a widely-used tracer for biomass burning emissions. Using the dataset, we estimate the contributions of biomass burning to organic aerosol (OA) at an urban and a regional site in the autumn of Pearl River Delta (PRD) region. The results demonstrated that the average concentrations of levoglucosan at the urban and regional sites in the autumn PRD region were (0.07 ± 0.08) and (0.14 ± 0.12) μg/m3, respectively. We show that concentrations observed at the regional site were higher than the urban site. The diurnal variation of levoglucosan peaked in the morning and at night at both sites. It was observed that levoglucosan was poorly correlated with CO and acetonitrile at both sites, whereas significantly positive correlation was obtained with OA. The average contributions of biomass burning to OA were further estimated based on the tracer method to be 7.4% (urban site) and 11.4% (regional site), respectively, with significantly higher contributions at night than during the day.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 20-28 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1692KB] ( 527 )
29 Vertical distribution characteristics of atmospheric VOCs in Shenzhen based on tower observation
ZHENG Pin-mei, SUN Tian-le, ZHU Bo, WU Hao-ran, CUI Zhuo-yan, HAN Heng-xiao, GU Tian-fa, HUANG Xiao-feng
From August to September 2018, Using 11vertical gradient platforms of Shenzhen meteorological gradient observation tower, nine rounds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) stainless steel canisters sampling were carried out, and 103kinds of VOCs were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS), to study the VOCs composition characteristics at different vertical heights and its impact on near surface ozone (O3) formation. The results shown that the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) pollution level from the ground to 345m altitude was similar, and there was little change in the vertical gradient; however, the concentration of alkenes decreased with the increase of altitude, which was dominated by isoprene emitted from biogenic sources on the ground. Combined with the analysis of typical species and species pairs, it was found that the secondary formation, industrial emission and photochemical reaction consumption were the main reasons for the change of VOCs concentration on the vertical gradient. Using mixed layer gradient method to calculate VOCs flux, it was found that alkanes (28%) and aromatics (23%) contributed the most; dichloromethane (1.93±0.29) mg/(m2·h) and toluene (1.86±0.39) mg/(m2·h) had higher vertical flux. Combined with the analysis of the relationship between the vertical profiles of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and O3, it was concluded that the peak value of TVOCs/NO2 above 300m was more conducive to the O3 formation, which was one of the important reasons for the O3 peak value above 300m.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 29-37 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1391KB] ( 920 )
38 Observation and modeling study of the influence of aerosol radiation effect on meteorology and environment
YANG Jian-bo, CAI Zi-ying, YANG Xu, XING Rui, MENG Li-hong, LI Ying-hua
Two representative years (2015 and 2019) were selected to investigate the impact of aerosol radiation effect on bulk atmospheric transmissivity and incoming solar radiation, as well as the evolution of such effect, on the basis of in-situ observation and numerical simulation. With the application of the online coupled atmospheric chemistry model WRF-Chem, the feedback mechanism of aerosol radiative effect on the vertical distribution of meteorological factors, the boundary layer structures and the PM2.5 concentration during heavy pollution episodes were analyzed. Results showed that: haze pollution could lead to the obvious decline of bulk atmospheric transmissivity and this effect was dominant at noon. In spring, autumn and winter, haze pollution could lead to the reduction of bulk atmospheric transmissivity by 0.09, 0.11 and 0.09 at noon, respectively. The annual mean atmospheric transmissivity was reduced by about 15.5% due to haze pollution. While atmospheric transmissivity reduction due to cloud cover was about 22.4%, compared to clear days. The impact of aerosol and cloud on atmospheric transmissivity was also related to solar elevation angle. When the solar elevation angle was higher than 60°, haze pollution could lead to a reduction of atmospheric transmissivity of 8.6%. The attenuation of aerosol radiation effect on solar radiation would be enhanced with the aggravation of haze pollution. As the air quality level in Tianjin changing from I to Ⅵ, the mean incoming shortwave radiation flux at noon would be 484, 446, 439, 342, 328 and 253W/m2, respectively. During heavy pollution episode, the aerosol radiation effect could lead to cooling (0.8 ℃) and moistening (3.8%) of near-surface layer (below 250m), as well as heating (0.5℃) and drying (2.4%) of upper layer (300~1900m), which would then lead to the enhancement of inversion intensity and the weakening of vertical diffusion. This would finally form the positive aerosol-radiation-boundary layer-pollution feedback, hence lead to the further enhancement of PM2.5 concentration (up to 40µg/m3) near the surface, and this effect was more evident at about 16:00 in the afternoon. Since the implementation of atmospheric pollution prevention and control actions, the air quality in Tianjin has been continuously improved. Compared to 2015, the annual average PM2.5 concentration of 2019 in Tianjin was reduced by 27.1% and the number of polluted days was reduced by 43.8%. As a result, the attenuation effect of aerosol on solar radiation was weakened, as the haze pollution would lead to the reduction of noontime atmospheric transmissivity by 0.05 in the winter of 2019. Air pollution (AQI grade higher than Ⅳ) would reduce the incident shortwave radiation by 85.3W/m2 at noontime. Nonetheless, during heavy pollution episode in 2019, the aerosol radiation effect could still exert a nonnegligible impact on the aggravation of pollution levels (up to 20µg/m3) through the modification of vertical atmospheric stratification.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 38-51 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1517KB] ( 602 )
52 Pollution characteristics of atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) and its environmental effects in autumn in a coastal city
LIN Yi-ling, HONG You-wei, JI Xiao-ting, XU Ke, SHAO Zhi-qian, YU Rui-lian, CHEN Jin-sheng
The temporal variations and key influencing factors of atmospheric formaldehyde (HCHO) in autumn in the southeastern coastal city of Xiamen were investigated using online observation data of gaseous pollutants (HCHO, O3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), CO, NOx, isoprene) and the meteorological parameters (temperature, humidity, wind speed, wind direction) at an atmospheric environment supersite. The major sources of HCHO were identified quantitatively using the multilinear regression analysis method, and the contribution of HCHO to the formation of hydroxyl radical (·OH) was also estimated. It showed that the diurnal variation of HCHO displayed an obvious single-peak pattern, with the peak value appearing at around 13:00; and the concentrations of HCHO varied from 0.55×10-9 to 7.96×10-9 with an average concentration of (3.15±1.40)×10-9. Significant positive correlations between O3, PAN, and HCHO were observed. Temperature, humidity, and UV were the main meteorological factors affecting HCHO levels. Intense solar radiation, high temperature, low humidity, low wind speed, and southwest wind conditions favor the secondary formation of HCHO in Xiamen. The photolysis rate of HCHO (PHCHO) ranged from 0.01×10-9/h to 3.02×10-9/h, with a mean value PHCHO of 0.61×10-9/h. The rate of HCHO photolysis to produce stable molecules of H2 and CO was 1.1~1.6 times that of H· and HCO· free radicals. The primary sources of atmospheric HCHO in the autumn of Xiamen included secondary formations (39.2%), direct emissions (26.6%), and regional background (34.2%). During the daytime in autumn, the average ·OH formation rates from the photolysis of HONO, O3, and HCHO were 1.86×10-9/h, 1.11×10-9/h, and 0.70×10-9/h, respectively. And the production rate of OH caused by HCHO photolysis (P(OH_HCHO)) accounted for 10%~21% of the total ·OH formation rate.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 52-60 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1946KB] ( 407 )
61 Synergistic stress effect of copper oxide nanoparticles and ciprofloxacin on aerobic granular sludge
LI Yu-qi, ZHAO Bai-hang, ZHANG Yu-qing, CHEN Xiao-tang, YANG Hai-shan
The coexistence of nanoparticles and antibiotics in wastewater treatment plants can produce combined toxicity. CuO NPs and CIP were used as representative substances of nanoparticles and antibiotics, respectively, to investigate the long-term coexistence effects of CuO NPs and CIP on the operation performance, sludge characteristics and microbial community in aerobic granular sludge (AGS) systems. The nitrogen removal under CuO NPs single stress slightly improved. Meanwhile, the carbon and phosphorus removal slightly decreased in the AGS system. CIP single stress significantly inhibited the removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The coexistence stress of CuO NPs and CIP showed an obvious synergistic inhibition on the removal of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus. The coexistence stress of CuO NPs and CIP decreased cell membrane integrity, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, enhanced extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secretion, and significantly changed the functional groups of soluble EPS(S-EPS) in AGS systems. The coexistence stress of CuO NPs and CIP changed microbial community structure, had a significant synergistic inhibition on biodiversity, and had a strong toxicity on microorganisms.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 61-69 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 467KB] ( 388 )
70 Study on water content of PM2.5 and its variation in Beijing
CHEN Yuan-yuan, LI Jun-qi, CHANG Miao, SHEN Xiu-e, LIU Bao-xian
Karl Fischer method can directly determine the water content of PM2.5 with good precision and accuracy. The method was applied to PM2.5 analysis of urban stations in Beijing in 2020, and the results showed that the annual average water concentration was (5.0±4.1) µg/m3, and the proportion of PM2.5was (12.5±4.8) %, which was significantly correlated with PM2.5 mass concentration. The monthly and seasonal variation trended of water concentration and PM2.5 mass concentration were basically consistent. The study found that with the increase of air pollution, the water concentration and its proportion in PM2.5 both showed an increasing trend, and the correlation between them was significantly enhanced. It can be seen that when pollution occurred, the increase of water concentration was conducive to the increase of moisture absorption of particles, thus pushing up the pollution level and enhancing the contribution to PM2.5 simultaneously. When dust pollution occurred, the humidity was at a low level in the same period, which was not conducive to the growth of moisture absorption of fine particles, the water concentration and its proportion were at a low level. There was a good correlation between water, secondary ions and organic matter, indicating that water provided heterogeneous transformation carrier for gaseous pollutants and promotes the further generation of fine particles such as nitrate, sulfate and organic matter. There was no correlation between water and crustal material, which proved that crustal elements were primary sources and were not affected by water.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 70-76 [Abstract] ( 142 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 437KB] ( 475 )
77 Analysis on the difference of near-surface ozone concentration between the Fenwei Plain and the Loess Plateau at different altitudes
QIAN peng, ZHU Bin, LIU Hui-min, JIANG Yi-rong, ZHANG Jian-kang, GAO Mei-mei, KANG lei
Using the hourly dataset of ground-level ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) collected by the General Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Station of China from 2017 to 2019, combined with reanalysis of meteorological datasets, we analyze the O3 concentrations characteristics in seasonal, monthly and diurnal scales in typical suburban areas (Xi'an, 500m; Yulin, 1100m and Ordos, 1300m above sea level) at three different altitudes from the Fenwei Plain to the Loess Plateau. The potential chemical and meteorological causes of the differences in O3 concentrations at the three locations are also conducted. The results show that the O3 concentrations are high at all three sites with less differences of concentrations in summer. In Xi'an, the net O3 increase in daytime, the net decrease in nighttime and the NO2 concentrations (one of the precursors of O3) are the highest among the three sites in summer, indicating that O3 photochemical production in daytime and the NO titration O3 effect in nighttime are the strongest in Xi'an, followed by Yulin and Ordos. In winter, O3 concentrations in all three sites are low and the lowest in Xi'an and the highest in Erdos, with large differences. This may be due to the combination effect of weak photochemical reactions in daytime, differences in NO titration O3 effects at night and background O3 concentrations at different altitudes, reflecting that the O3 concentration levels at the three sites are not only dominant by local chemistry at different NOx levels, but also determined by regional background values. The study also reveals that O3 concentrations in Ordos and Yulin (at the higher altitudes) increase faster in the morning than in Xi'an, consistent with the faster upward increase of the boundary layer height in two sites in the morning, which could be caused by the entrainment effect, downward transport high background O3 from free troposphere to the surface by turbulence at this period. During the rainy night in each season, O3 concentrations in all three sites are higher than those on cloudy and sunny days, with a small difference in Xi'an and significant differences in Yulin and Ordos, which further implies that O3 concentrations at sites with high altitudes could be influenced strongly by high background O3 concentrations, partly through the dragging effect of precipitation, and partly because of the weakened titration of NO at night on rainy days. In this study, the hypothesis of the altitude impact on surface O3 has been proposed through the analysis of long-term observations, which also needs validate by model simulations in widely regions.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 77-87 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2677KB] ( 758 )
88 Characteristics and health risks of ambient PM2.5-bound metals in Shenzhen
GU Tian-fa, YAN Run-hua, YAO Pei-ting, LIN Xiao-yu, LUO Yao, CAO Li-ming, ZHANG Ming-di, HUANG Xiao-feng
In this study, mass concentrations of 15PM2.5-bound metals in Shenzhen's road ambient air were online observed with a resolution of 1h from March 2020 to February 2021. Results showed that: total average concentration of PM2.5-bound metals in the road ambient air in Shenzhen was 1062.3±434.6ng/m3, and Fe, Al, K, Ca and Zn were the main contributor, which contribute 95.5% of total metals. Higher concentration of Fe was strongly affected by road dust and vehicle emissions. Significant seasonal differences happened in of metals. The concentration was the highest in winter (1709.3ng/m3) and lowest in summer (644.1ng/m3). Mn, Fe, Cr, Zn and Ca obtained obvious diurnal variation, which were consistent with traffic peaks for vehicles. Diurnal variation analysis revealed that: high concentrations of V and Ni from ship emissions at night deserve attention, while the concentrations of Mn, Zn and Ca were higher during the day than at night, which was related to the higher traffic flow of vehicles during the day. The daytime and nighttime concentrations of total metals on high pollution days were both 1.9times the average daytime and nighttime concentrations throughout the year. Non-carcinogenic risks of adults and children exposed to the road ambient air in Shenzhen were lower than the threshold of 1. However, total carcinogenic risks (6.5×10-6) exceeded the carcinogenic risk threshold of 10-6, and the sum of the carcinogenic risks of As and Cr (mainly from vehicle emissions) accounted for 88.9% of the total carcinogenic risk, indicating that the carcinogenic risk in PM2.5-bound metals of traffic deserves attention and needs to be controlled continuously.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 88-95 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 459KB] ( 497 )
96 Simulation study on global diffusional transmission of SO2 from Tonga volcano eruption
SU Xing-tao, DENG Zhi-wu, AN Hao
The Lagrangian particle diffusion model FLEXPART (FLEXible PARTicle dispersion model) was applied to study the global SO2 diffusion from the Tonga volcano eruption in January 2022. The SO2 source was evaluated and designed based on satellite monitoring information, and the numerical simulation was conducted untill 20th February 2022. The model presented a rather narrower extent of SO2 diffusion in north-south direction in the early stage of the volcano eruption. Later on, the simulated diffusion extent was graduallly in consistent with the observations. The SO2 was mainly concentrated in the southern hemisphere, and the westward transmission region was in the latitudes from 0 to 30ºS with a maximum transmission velocity of 22.5º/d. The trans-equatorial transmission was weak in the study period and with weak influence on the northern hemisphere and China. The westward transmission of SO2 showed inclined shape with higher front and lower rear. The rapidest upward transmission height and the maximum diffusion height were about 27km and 31km respectively. To February 20th, the SO2 deposition was discovered rarely in a large extent to south of 60ºN, the most parts of the world. The main deposition area was located in the latitudes form 0to 50ºS, and the strongest deposition areas were located in eastern Australia, northwest of Tonga volcano, and in southern parts of South America. The research results can provide data support and ideas for Tonga volcano climate effect assessment.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 96-106 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 3928KB] ( 454 )
107 Studies on characteristics of PM2.5, PM10 and ozone pollution in Wuhan based on wavelet transform
YAO Heng, ZHOU Jing-cheng, YANG Jun, QU Zhi-guang, CAO Yan-xiao
In order to verify the periodic law after the cooperative control of urban air pollutants emission, wavelet transform was used to analyse daily PM2.5, PM10 and ozone concentration data of 2421 days (d) from 2013 to 2020 in Wuhan. The results are as follows: Inhalable particulate matter pollution had been reduced year by year. From 2014 to 2019, the annual average concentration of PM2.5 had reduced from 80.5μg/m3 to 45.3μg/m3, and that of PM10 had reduced from 113.6μg/m3 to 72.6μg/m3, which means the excessive rate of PM2.5 was reduced from 44% to 11%, and that of PM10 was reduced from 22% to 2%. The ozone pollution had kept unabated, with the annual average concentration of ozone fluctuating between 90μg/m3 to 100μg/m3. The concentration of all three kinds of pollutants displayed clear periodicity. PM2.5, PM10 and ozone concentration displayed with a same primary period of 300d. On the contrary, the secondary period of the three pollutants were 140d, 125d, and 143d respectively. PM2.5 and PM10 had similar periods and phases, which indicates that pollution behaviours of both particulate matters are consistent. Furthermore, the concentration of the three pollutants had a positive correlation was revealed in short period (0~64d), whereas a negative correlation in long period of about 300d.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 107-114 [Abstract] ( 157 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2045KB] ( 527 )
115 Variation and influencing factors of iron solubility in fine particulate matter in Hangzhou
WANG Yue, ZHANG Yin-xiao, QI Bing, ZHU Yan-hong, YUAN Qi, LI Wei-jun
In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected during polluted and non-polluted days in Hangzhou.The mass concentrations of soluble iron (FeS) and the Fe solubility (Fes%) in the PM2.5were analyzed. The results show that the total Fe (FeT) concentration was 629±296ng m-3 with the range of 150~1167ng m-3, soluble iron concentration was 51.4±30.5ng m-3 with the range of 4.2~90.5ng m-3, and the Fe solubilityis 7.8±3.5% with the range of 1.5~12.9%. The concentrations of PM2.5, total Fe and soluble iron in polluted days were significantly higher than those in non-polluted days. Fe solubility was 9.3% in polluted days, much higher than 5.1% in non-polluted days. This study found that the difference of Fe solubility is mainly related to the source of Fe and the process of atmospheric acidification. Fe in polluted days is mainly affected by anthropogenic sources such as traffic and industrial emissions, and the atmospheric acidification in polluted days is stronger.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 115-121 [Abstract] ( 175 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 639KB] ( 363 )
Water Pollution Control
122 Cobalt-based gas diffusion electrodes enhance the E-Fenton for sulfathiazole sodium treatment
XIE Jin-yu, WANG Zhou-wen, GAO Wei-jie, DENG Feng-xia, QIU Shan
A cobalt oxide-doped carbon and nitrogen-based gas diffusion electrodes (Co-CN-GDE) were prepared, intending to enhance the degradation rate of antibiotic wastewater in the electro-Fenton process (EF). The interface reaction charge resistance of the Co-CN-GDE was reduced coupled with an enhancement of oxygen intensity after introduction of CoOx. It resulted in an obvious promotion of the active oxygen species, such as HO•. As the Co-CN-GDE EF was adapted to the treatment of sodium sulfathiazole (STZ) wastewater, the reaction kinetic constant increased from 0.008min-1 to 0.243min-1, and the degradation rate of STZ increased from 76.94% to 98.99% with the proportion of cobalt doping increased from 0 to 1/5 within 20min. Biotoxicity experiments proved that EF had a detoxifying effect. Finally, the intermediates of STZ were detected by Ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Degradation of STZ were mainly through α, β, γ bond fracture. Therefore, this study provides a new idea to alleviate the slow iron reduction rate in micro-area strong alkali environment in EF, and further strengthen the ability of gas diffusion electrode to treat antibiotic wastewater.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 122-131 [Abstract] ( 151 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1086KB] ( 380 )
132 Micro carbon mediated reduction-oxidation coupling process for 4-nitrochlorobenzene remediation
WANG Di-xiang, HUANG Ming-quan, WU Ding-ding, XIE Lin, LIU Peng, ZHU Chang-yin, ZHOU Dong-mei
Acoupling remediation process mediated by micron-activated carbon (MAC) was proposed for the degradation of 4-nitrochlorobenzene (4CNB), a pollutant that is difficult to remove from soil and groundwater. The effect of MAC surface properties and temperature on the reductive degradation of 4CNB by sulfide and the mechanism of 4CNB reduction-oxidation reaction mediated by MAC were studied by batch experiments, density functional theory analysis, and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis. The results showed that MAC could change the reduction of 4CNB into a thermodynamically favorable two-electron transfer process, and reduce the effect of sulfides on persulfate oxidation through pollutant adsorption and enrichment. Then 4CNB, which was difficult to be reduced and oxidized by sulfides and persulfates alone, was effectively removed. Under MAC intensification, the reduction rate of 4CNB was 8~82 times higher than that of single sulfide as a reducing agent, and the degradation of 4CNB exceeded 99% in 4hours at above 35℃. When 4CNB was reduced to 4-Chloroaniline (CAN), it was removed by free radical oxidation and persulfate oxidation on the surface of the carbon. In this study, a new micron carbon mediated reduction-oxidation coupling route for 4CNB remediation was proposed, which provided a new insight for developing low energy consumption and low-cost remediation strategies for 4CNB-contaminated soil and groundwater by using waste heat.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 132-142 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 968KB] ( 309 )
143 Estimation and analysis of embodied energy conversion in community septic tank
YAN Yi-jun, WANG Chun-yan, LIU Yi, DONG Xin, LIU Yan-chen, YAO Lin-jie
Taking the septic tank as the research object, based on reaction processes of anaerobic digestion model No.1, this paper established the unit model for calculation of water-energy-emission nexus in urban complex system-community septic tank (WeMax-STK), and analyzed the occurrence, conversion as well as the destination of sewage embodied energy, and evaluated the recovery potential of energy. The research results showed that the WeMax-STK model was generally reliable, the average error between the simulated value and the monitored value didn’t exceed 24%, the uncertainty was less than 18%, and the accuracy was more than 70%. The percentage of organic matters which conversed into thermal energy and internal microbial energy was about 17% of the total chemical energy in septic tank influent. Most sewage embodied chemical energy was transformed into slow degradation substrate, and the energy converted from organic matter into gaseous methane in the septic tank only accounts for about 4% of the total amount of chemical energy in the influent. The thermal energy recovery intensity was about 4.6kWh/m3, and the recovery potential was 24% to 25%, which was about 3 to 6 times that of chemical energy.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 143-152 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 0KB] ( 19 )
153 Influencing factors of nitrogen concentration in groundwater based on weights of evidence method
FENG Jing, HE Huai-zhen, DU Xin-qiang
For the difficulty of identifying the primary factors controlling the nitrogen concentration in groundwater, this work firstly selected precipitation, land-use pattern, population density, soil organic matter content, thickness of clay layer, groundwater depth, aquifer thickness, and groundwater type as evidence factors and analyzed their influence on the distribution of the nitrogen concentration in groundwater, through a case study of the Songhua River-Naoli River Watershed in the Sanjiang Plain. Based on the Weights of Evidence (WofE) method, the separate prediction models for ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen were then established, which successfully predicted the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in groundwater with the accuracy of 77.2% and 89.1%, respectively. The findings demonstrated the positive correlations among the nitrate nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen concentrations in groundwater and the precipitation as well as population density in the Sanjiang Plain. While the concentration of ammonia nitrogen responded positively to aquifer thickness, the concentration of nitrate nitrogen responded negatively, indicating that the redox environment of the aquifer had a significant impact on ammonia nitrogen while the nitrate nitrogen was more affected by the convection and dispersion in the aquifer. In addition, the concentrations of ammonia nitrogen and nitrate nitrogen in groundwater were found usually high in the studied residential area.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 153-163 [Abstract] ( 147 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2312KB] ( 367 )
164 Light-driven CQDs/PCN catalyzes activated persulfate degradation of bisphenol A
GUO Rui, LIU Zi-ang, GAO Yi-fang, JIAO Yuan, LIU Xiao-na, QIAN Tian-wei
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized using citric acid and urea as raw material, and the CQDs were dispersed on the surface of polymer carbon nitride (PCN) nanosheets (CQDs/PCN) by thermal polymerization. The CQDs were successfully loaded by SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. The photocatalytic performance of CQDs/PCN photoactivated persulfate (PDS) on bisphenol A(BPA) was investigated under the condition of simulating sunlight. The results shown that the degradation rate of BPA reached 99.99% within 10min and the removal rate of BPA remained more than 85% for 4repetitions, further indicating that the material has excellent repeatability and stability. The possible reaction mechanism for the photocatalytic removal of BPA by CQDs/PCN-PDS was speculated by free radical quenching experiments, which might be the catalytic degradation process of BPA through the participation of the superoxide radicals (•O2-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and holes (h+). In addition, a possible degradation pathway of BPA was proposed by analyzing the photocatalytic oxidation intermediates. This work provides the possibility for the rapid and efficient degradation of BPA, and also offers a new idea for the degradation of BPA.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 164-173 [Abstract] ( 149 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1195KB] ( 392 )
174 Effects of inorganic scaling on the separation of polyfluoroalkyl substances from water by nanofiltration membrane
WANG Jia-xuan, SUN Pei-dong, LIU Zhe, HOU Yu-shi, GUO Jun-jiang, LI Kun, WANG Lei
Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) which have different chain lengths were selected as the target polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Gypsum was chosen as the typical inorganic scaling. The characteristics and related mechanisms of PFASs removal by nanofiltration membrane in different gypsum scaling stages were studied. The tests were referred to as gypsum test. At the same time, the non-scaling inorganic salt solution with the same ionic strength was used to carry out a comparative test to investigate the retention rule of the target PFASs. The results showed that when gypsum coexisted with target PFASs, PFOS steady-state rejection of gypsum scaling experiment (>97.1%) displayed a higher retention than that of comparison experiment (<93.0%). While the steady-state removal rate of PFBS of comparison experiment (46.2%) was greater than that of gypsum scaling experiment (38.2%). For the same PFAS, the membrane surface charge of gypsum scaling experiment was less than that of the comparison test at the same filtration moment. Comprehensive analysis based on the combination of rejection rate, membrane flux and zeta potential showed that in the processing of gypsum scaling, the interception of PFOS was mainly controlled by the complexation and bridging of Ca2+ and PFOS, which affected the steric hindrance intensity of PFOS separation. At the initial stage of filtration, electrostatic repulsion played a major role in PFBS retention. When the scaling layer had formed, the cake enhanced concentration polarization effect became the main reason for the decrease of PFBS rejection.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 174-180 [Abstract] ( 152 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 601KB] ( 775 )
181 Effects of environmental factors on the degradation of paraxylene in seawater by Rhodomonas sp. JZB-2
YAO Yu, LI Hao, MENG Fan-ping
In previous study, Rhodomonas sp. JZB-2, a Cryptophyta microalga, was isolated and tested to be capable of rapid biodegradation of PX in seawater. In order to optimize the suitable conditions for this alga used for the bioremediation of PX in contaminated sea areas, the effects of four environmental factors (seawater pH, temperature, salinity and light intensity) on the microalgal growth and the efficiency of PX degradation were studied. The results showed that each factor significantly affected the microalgal growth and PX degradation. The microalga grew fastest at pH between 7.0 and 8.5, but the highest degradation ratio occurred at pH 7.0. This microalga could growth well at salinity ranging from 14 to 35, and the maximum value of PX degradation rate appeared at the salinity of 35. A range of temperature from 20 to 30℃ was suitable for the microalgal growth, and the degradation ratio of PX peaked at 30℃. A special effect tendency was found for the light intensity. This microalga grew fast under the light intensity of 200~400μmol/(m2·s), however, the maximum degradation rate of PX occurred at 800 μmol/(m2·s). Interestingly, the microalga could not grow under dark condition but still degraded PX rapidly, which was beneficial to its usage in the spill accident sea area on rainy days or at night. This study provided a basis for the rational usage of JZB-2 to degrade PX in the contaminated sea areas.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 181-189 [Abstract] ( 186 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 728KB] ( 357 )
190 The indirect photodegradation of sulfapyridazine in seawater
DOU Qi-wei, DUAN Jia-qi, TANG Xin-yu, YAO Qing-zhen, SU Rong-guo
The indirect photodegradation behavior and mechanism of SCP were studied by using CDOM that as the main photosensitizer. The effects of CDOM composition, salinity and pH on indirect photodegradation of SCP were analyzed. When CDOM concentration increased, the indirect photodegradation rate of SCP accelerated obviously. Upon irradiation, CDOM produced a variety of active substances, and the different active substances had different contribution rates to the indirect photodegradation of SCP, especially the 3CDOM* played a major role in the indirect photodegradation of SCP and its contribution rate was up to 77.94%. The CDOM used in the experiment was composed of four components, including three terrestrial humus (C1, C2, C3) and the marine humus (C4). The order of the correlation between the SCP removal rates and the four fluorescence components was C3>C2>C4>C1. The correlation between four fluorescence components and [3CDOM*] were also ranked as the former. C3 and C2 components had a significant correlation with [3CDOM*] (R2>0.97), that demonstrated the C3 and C2 components made great contributions to the production of [3CDOM*]. Salinity and pH value had significant effects on indirect photodegradation of SCP. When the salinity of the solution was equal to 15‰, the SCP indirect photodegradation rate reached a maximum. In the low salinity range (0~15‰), the promotion effect of ionic strength was greater than the inhibition effect of inorganic anions that made the indirect photodegradation rate greater with the increase of salinity. When the pH of the solution was equal to (5.00±0.10), the SCP indirect photodegradation rate reached a maximum. The indirect photodegradation rate of SCP slowed down with the increase of pH value of the solution, and the neutral and alkaline environments had negative effects on the indirect photodegradation of SCP.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 190-196 [Abstract] ( 117 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1125KB] ( 371 )
197 Rapid start-up and pollutant removal mechanism of MnOx filter for simultaneous removal of manganese and ammonium
ZHANG Rui-feng, YANG Shi-lian, YANG Jing, GUO Ying-ming, CHEN Xi
A dynamic experiment was conducted by coating MnOx on the surface of quartz sand to form MnOx filter media and constructing a filter with it. The start-up period, pollutant removal efficiency and influencing factors of the filter were investigated and the pollutant removal mechanism of the MnOx filter was explored by characterizing the structural changes of MnOx and inactivating the microorganisms on the surface of the filter media. The results showed that the manganese in the effluent of the filter can meet the standard in the first day of operation, and it can achieve the simultaneous and effective removal of manganese and ammonium from water when the filter starts to complete in the 9th day of operation. The maximum average concentrations of manganese and ammonium were 1.4 and 1.6 mg/L respectively at the filtration rate of 6 m/h. The efficient removal of manganese and ammonium could be further enhanced by increasing the dissolved oxygen content in the water. The results of SEM, EDS and XRD analysis showed that during the operation of the filter, MnOxgradually developed from a relatively dense particle accumulation morphology to a porous integrated sponge-like structure, and its composition gradually developed from ramsdellite and birnessite type MnO2 to buserite and birnessite type MnO2, but the elemental composition was relatively stable. Combined with the microbial inactivation experiments on surface of the filter media, it was concluded that the removal of manganese from the filter during the stable operation stage was mainly abiotic, and the removal of ammonium was mainly biological, with chemical catalytic oxidation and adsorption accounting for 16.9%~23.6% and 4.4%~11%, respectively. The results of the study will provide theoretical and technical support for the development of efficient filtration removal technologies for manganese and ammonium using MnOx.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 197-205 [Abstract] ( 132 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1220KB] ( 370 )
206 Effect on photosensitization activities of soluble microbial products by redox processes
LAI Chao-chao, YU Guo-xi, LIAO Zhi-cheng, GUO Zi-wei, HE Huan, HUANG Bin, PAN Xue-jun
In this study, the microorganisms in aerobic activated sludge (Ae) and pure microbial Escherichia coli (E) were used as the main sources of soluble microbial products (SMP) to investigate the influence of photochemical and electric potential redox processes on the changes in functional groups, components and photochemical activity of SMP. The results showed that the SUVA254 and E2/E3 of Ae and E were 4.03/0.79 and 1.60/3.04, respectively, indicating that Ae has the higher molecular weight and aromaticity than E. Besides, illumination and electrochemistry significantly decreased the fluorescence intensity and changed the aromaticity and humification degree of SMP. And these two processes can increase the concentration of active oxidation species (3SMP*, 1O2 and ·OH) of SMP under illumination conditions. The [1O2]ss and [·OH]ss increased from 1.70mol/L and 3.57mol/L to 18.47mol/L and 438.25mol/L, respectively. In addition, the photodegradation kinetic of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) mediated by SMP improved by almost 5 folds after being modified. This study improved the scientific understanding of the natural transformation processes of SMP in wastewater treatment plant effluent and the natural photodegradation of trace pollutants mediated by SMP.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 206-216 [Abstract] ( 115 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1322KB] ( 337 )
217 Study on influencing factors of partial sulfide autotrophic denitrification and response surface methodology for recovery of biological elemental sulfur
LI Wei-wei, ZHANG Yong-xian, YUAN Zhong-ling, WU He-long, CHEN Yong-zhi
The effects of HRT, pH and temperature on the reaction process were investigated by batch test using the partial sulfide autotrophic denitrifying sludge successfully started by the author's laboratory as inoculated sludge. The results showed that when the control parameters HRT was 5h, pH 7.5and temperature 30℃, the accumulation of nitrite and elemental sulfur reached 92.53% and 59.36%, respectively, and the optimal accumulation effect of target products was achieved. High-throughput analysis of microbial samples from sludge under optimal conditions showed that Proteobacteria was the main bacterium in autotrophic denitrification with a abundance of 91.44%, while Thiobacillus was 66.04%, which was the main contributor to the stabilization of sulfur and nitrite in the partial sulfide autotrophic denitrification process. The results of response surface optimization indicated that when the dosage of PAC was 7.73mL/L, pH was 4.53, and stirring speed was 220r/min, the best matching parameters for biological sulfur flocculation were achieved. The average sulfur flocculation rate (SFE) was 88.1%.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 217-224 [Abstract] ( 126 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1993KB] ( 455 )
225 Phosphorus release and formation of vivianite from acid leaching incineration sludge ash
KANG Su-qin, ZHENG Ya-qing, YANG Rui, SANG Qian-qian, MA Juan
Acid leaching incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA) which is a wet chemical process to extract phosphorus (P), is widely employed due to its simple operation and low loss. In this study, the effects of acid concentration, acid leaching time and liquid-solid ratio on the phosphorus release performance and the leaching behavior of key metal elements (Ca, Al, Mg, Fe) of ISSA samples using H2SO4 and HCl as extraction solutions were investigated by analyzing phosphorus form and mineral phase transition in ISSA at different temperatures (600~900℃) with dried sludge as control. Finally, phosphorus recovery products were separated by acid leaching, cation exchange resin (CER) purification and precipitation. The results showed that the form of phosphorus in ISSA sample was mainly dominated by non-apatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and part of NAIP could change to apatite inorganic phosphorus (AP) with the increase of incineration temperature. At the same time, after acid leaching with two extraction solutions, Ca, Al and Mg were the highest released metals in sludge samples, among of which the leaching amount of Ca and Mg changed slightly while Al decreased sharply with the increase of incineration temperature. Moreover, ISSA had a better phosphorus release performance at 800℃ compared with other incineration temperatures, and the phosphorous release performance of H2SO4 acid leaching was better than that of HCl acid leaching. As H2SO4 concentration was 0.10mol/L, liquid-solid ratio was 150mL/g and acid leaching time was 150min, the phosphorus release rate reached the highest. Analysis and characterization revealed that, the phosphorus recovery product synthesized from H2SO4 leaching solution after CER purification was highly purified vivianite.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 225-233 [Abstract] ( 135 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1732KB] ( 431 )
Solid Waste
234 Effect of condensed water reflux on maturity and greenhouse gas emissions during composting
WANG Jia-ni, MA Ruo-nan, TANG Ruo-lan, LI Li-qiong, PENG Li-juan, LI Guo-xue, LIN Jia-cong, WANG Ding-mei, LI Qin-fen, YUAN Jing
In order to investigate the influence of condensed water reflux on maturity and greenhouse gas emissions during composting, the trial was conducted with pig manure and kitchen waste in a 60L reactor for 48 days. The results showed that the saturated steam produced during thermophilic composting could not be emitted due to the closed system of reactor and transformed into condensed water, accounting for 18% of the wet weight of raw metarials. In addition, the main components of the condensed water were ammonium nitrogen (NH4+-N, 11.4g/L), dissolved total organic carbon (TOC, 6.3g/L) and inorganic salt ions, resulting a higher EC (41.05mS/cm) and pH (9.22). However, due to its higher NH4+-N concentration of the condensed water, the seed germination index (GI) in the condensed water reflux treatment had a lower maturity (71.4%), which decreased by 25.47% comparing with non-reflux. Furthermore, condensate reflux increased NH3 and CH4 emissions by 55.17% and 60.24%, but CO2 and N2O emissions decreased by 16.77% and 34.76%, respectively. Overall, condensate reflux reduced the total greenhouse gas emission by 17.8%. On the whole, we suggested the saturated steam should be condensed and discharged during composting, which could improve maturity and reduce moisture content of final compost, and decreasing the NH3 emissions. Further, if the condensed water can be collected, the nitrogen element will be recycled and reused. This paper provids theoretical basis and data support for the water removal and maturity in closed aerobic composting system.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 234-243 [Abstract] ( 161 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 613KB] ( 491 )
244 Effect of electric field on structure of fulvic acid during sludge composting
TAN Zhi-han, SUN Xiao-jie, Xi Bei-dou, LU Xue-shuang, LI Qiu-hong, MO Jing-jing, Zhang Jun
Fulvic acid (FA) is an important component of compost-derived humic substances, and its structure and electron transfer capacity are vital factors causing environmental effects. In order to investigate the influence of electric field on structural characteristics and electron transfer capacity (ETC) of FA that was formed during sludge composting, municipal sludge and rice bran were applied as raw materials, and two composting experiments, i.e.,one with a 5V direct current electric field and the other with no electric field (CK),were set up. Excitation-emission matrix florescence spectra coupled with parallel factor analysis, ultraviolet and visible spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy combined with two-dimensional correlation analysis were employed to investigate the evolution of the structure and composition of FA during composting. In addition, electrochemical methods was applied to determine the electron accepting capacities (EAC) and electron donating capacities (EDC) of the compost-derived FA. The results revealed that the major components of compost-derived FA were tryptophane-like, fulvic-like, and humic-like substances. Tryptophane-like substances in FA decreased during composting, whereas fulvic-like and humic-like substances increased during the process. Notably, the electric field promoted the degradation of tryptophan-like substances and the formation of humic-like substances, which inceased the aromatic degree, molecular weight, and humification of the FA. Results obtained from electrochemical analysis showed that the ETC of compost-derided FA increased initially and then decreased, Compared to the CK treatment, electric field application enhanced the EAC of compost-derided FA, though it reduced the EDC of FA, resulting the ETC of the FA from the later stage of composing was the highest. These results facilitated to elucidate the formation process of the FA and its redox properties during sludge composting.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 244-254 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1621KB] ( 564 )
Environmental Ecology
255 Effects of macrophytes on epiphytic rotifer species diversity in urban wetlands
LIANG Di-wen, LIU Lu, HUANG Chun-rong, YE Zhen, SUN Shuang-shuang, XU Rui, YANG Yu-feng, DONG Jia-hua, LIANG Ming-yi, ZHONG Zhi-qiang
This study investigated the community structure of rotifers living epiphytically on three types of macrophytes and in the pelagic zone within the connected water system of Haizhu National Wetland Park from June to October, 2021. The rotifer species diversity and the community dynamics of epiphytic rotifers on macrophytes were analysed. A total of 70 rotifer species were recorded during the study period. The highest number of taxa occurred in macrophyte zone (47). Abundant rotifers were attached to the surface of macrophytes, ranging from 108 to 5826 ind./gdw. The abundance of epiphytic rotifers decreased in the trend: submerged plants > floating leaf plants > emergent plants. The rotifer communities were significantly different among the non-macrophyte zone, the macrophyte zone and the three types of macrophytes. The surface of macrophytes were dominated by sensitive genera with weak swimming ability, such as Lecane, Testudinella and Lepadella. While macrophyte zone and non-macrophyte zone communities were dominated by genera with strong swimming ability such as Polyarthra as well as pollution-tolerant genera such as Anuraeopsis and Brachionus. In addition, the Shannon-Weiner diversity index and the Pielou’s evenness index of the three macrophyte epiphytic rotifer communities were significantly higher than those in the non-macrophyte zone (P<0.05). All three types of the macrophytes provide habitat support for rotifers and effectively improve the biodiversity in urban wetland ecosystem.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 255-265 [Abstract] ( 114 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 920KB] ( 331 )
266 Vulnerability of mangrove habitats driven by sea level rise and land use
LIANG Shan-shan, LIU Jie, SU Shang-ke, CHEN Guang-chen, CHEN Shun-yang, CHEN Bin, LIU Wen-hua, HU Wen-jia
In order to explore the potential changes of mangrove habitats due to sea level rise (SLR) and land use, Leizhou Peninsula, which has the most concentrated mangrove distribution in China, was taken as the study area. A vulnerability index for mangrove habitats was proposed based on the SLAMM model and landscape ecological model. Four SLR-land use combination scenarios (SLR4.5-Developed, SLR4.5-Natural, SLR8.5-Developed, and SLR8.5-Natural) were set up in this study to predict the habitats changes and vulnerability habitats of mangrove in Leizhou Peninsula by 2050, and several management strategies to cope with environmental changes were proposed. The results indicated that: ①The superposition of the double pressure of SLR and land use would cause significant degradation of mangrove habitats, and the predicted habitat area would be reduced by 16.59% to 25.61%, with the reduction locations concentrated along the coast of Tieshan Bay, Anpu Bay, Zhanjiang Bay, Leizhou Bay and Liusha Bay. ②Under the natural scenarios, although still coping with the pressure of SLR, the area of potential mangrove habitats could be increased by 44.66% to 67.74%. The increased mangrove areas were concentrated along the coastal nearshore and rivers banks, but the additional habitats faced a high degree of fragmentation. ③The trend of mangrove migration to present reserves was showed in all scenarios, and the area of mangrove habitats in reserves decreased from 5949.8 to 4732.1~5192.9hm2.④The high vulnerability areas were mainly located on the nearshore of Leizhou Bay, Zhanjiang Bay, Liusha Bay, etc. Under the natural scenarios, the vulnerability of additional mangrove habitats was generally high. In the future, paying attention to high-vulnerability areas and making timely dynamic adjustments to land use policies and reserve management strategies, are conducive to enhancing the resilience of mangrove habitats to cope with environmental changes such as SLR and promoting sustainable development of the region.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 266-275 [Abstract] ( 221 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1830KB] ( 742 )
276 Spatiotemporal evolution and influencing factors of vegetation in Northeast China
SHI Song, LI Wen, DING Yi-shu, LIN Xiao-peng, ZHAI Yu-cen
Based on MODIS NDVI remote sensing data from 2000 to 2020, supplemented with meteorological data and land use data, the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics of vegetation and its response mechanism to climate change and human activities of each topographic unit in different cycle phases in Northeast China were investigated in-depth, using the methods of wavelet analysis, Sen+Mann-Kendall trend analysis, Hurst index, partial correlation analysis and residual analysis. The results showed that: Temporally, the vegetation NDVI in Northeast China showed an increasing trend with a rate of 0.0308/10a (P<0.001), and the most stable cycle change was about 10a under the first main cycle of 16a. Spatially, the vegetation NDVI in Northeast China was at a high level overall, but the spatial differentiation was obvious, with a pattern of "low in the southwest and high in the northeast". The NDVI improvement area was larger than the degradation area in each cycle phase and the improvement area was expanding. The main theme of NDVI future trend is continuous improvement, accounting for 63.56% of the total area. In terms of response mechanism, the vegetation NDVI in Northeast China was influenced by both climate change and human activities. NDVI was positively correlated with temperature, precipitation and relative humidity, while negatively correlated with sunshine hours from 2000 to 2020, among which precipitation had the strongest influence on NDVI, and the area with precipitation as the dominant climate factor increased significantly with the cycle succession. Human activities mainly positive contribute the variation of NDVI, the implementation of forestry projects was the key to the improvement of vegetation condition, while the expansion of land for construction was the main cause of vegetation reduction.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 276-289 [Abstract] ( 181 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 5164KB] ( 845 )
290 Impact of rainfall process on the water quality of Renmin Canal using ground-based remote sensing
NIU Yong-kang, ZHANG Yun-lin, ZHANG Yi-bo, SUN Xiao, LI Na, WANG Wei-jia, SHI Kun, GAO Yang-hui, GAO Jing
This paper used a ground-based hyperspectral water quality remote sensing instrument with a monitoring frequency of 1minute to continuously monitor key water quality dynamics such as total suspended solid (TSM), turbidity, and total phosphorus (TP) in the Renmin Canal of Deyang in Sichuan Province, from September 24 to November 18, 2021. Continuous monitoring accurately characterized the minute-level dynamics of water quality and explored the impact of different rainfall intensities on the water quality combining with synchronous hourly rainfall data. Through continuous monitoring, the minute-level dynamics of water quality was accurately characterized and the impact of different rainfall intensities were explored on the water quality combining with synchronous hourly rainfall data. Significantly positive linear correlations were found between rainfall amount and TSM (r=0.88,P<0.001), turbidity (r=0.82,P<0.001), TP (r=0.81,P<0.001). However, positive but no significant correlation was found between rainfall amount and total nitrogen (TN) (r=0.39,P=0.07). During light rain, obvious surface runoff was not brought by small rainfall amount, which almost had no impact on the water quality of the river. In contrast, during heavy rain and rainstorm, a significant increase of turbidity, TSM and TP was caused by the formation of surface runoff, while the increase of TN was relatively gentle. Through high-frequency water quality data, the key river basin pollution process could be accurately characterized, from the occurrence of high-intensity rainfall to the large and pulsed input flux of nitrogen and phosphorus pollutants in the basin, and then to the short-term dramatic changes in water quality. Our results provided a scientific basis for pollution control and comprehensive treatment measures in areas with frequent high-intensity rainfall and basins under the scenario of increasing extreme rainfall in the future.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 290-300 [Abstract] ( 120 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1193KB] ( 577 )
301 Effects of land use change on groundwater quality in the Dianchi Lake Basin
CHEN Qing-fei, CHEN An-qiang, YE Yuan-hang, MIN Jin-heng, ZHANG Dan
Land use change impacts on shallow groundwater quality. The changes of land use and shallow groundwater quality in the Dianchi Lake Basin in recent 20years (2002~2020) were analyze by comprehensive use of remote sensing image interpretation, Markov transition matrix and redundancy analysis, and the impact of land use change on shallow groundwater quality in a long time scale was revealed. The results showed that the land use types in 2002 and 2020 in the Dianchi Lake Basin were mainly grassland, forest land and cultivated land, accounting for 20.91% and 17.43%, 43.21% and 37.99%, 22.11% and 17.08% of the total area, respectively. The transfer probabilities of cultivated land to construction land and forest land, forest land to grassland and cultivated land, and grassland to forest land and construction land were 22.59% and 20.72%, 13.16% and 10.49%, 26.30% and 15.65% from 2002 to 2020, respectively. The area of cultivated land decreased by 146km2, and the area of construction land increased by 279km2. From 2002 to 2020, the chemical type of shallow groundwater in the Dianchi Lake Basin changed from HCO3-·SO42--Mg2+to HCO3-·SO42--Ca2+. The quality of shallow groundwater decreased from Class I and II to Class IV and V, and the overall water quality has deteriorated. Grassland and forest land were negatively correlated with TN and NO3--N, showing a “sink” effect, while construction land was positively correlated with TN and NO3--N (P < 0.05), showing a “source” effect. Our results revealed that changes in the spatial pattern of land use in the Dianchi Lake Basin significantly affected the quality of shallow groundwater. Construction land and cultivated land were the main drivers that led to the deterioration of shallow groundwater quality in the Dianchi Lake Basin. Reasonable planning and utilization of land resources are crucial to improve groundwater quality in the Dianchi Lake Basin.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 301-310 [Abstract] ( 140 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1104KB] ( 388 )
311 Characteristics of phytoplankton in cold and arid areas and their indicator of trophic status
WANG Shi-huan, ZHANG Sheng, WU Rong, SHI Xiao-hong, ZHAO Sheng-nan, SUN Biao
To reveal the characteristics of phytoplankton community structure and their response to nutrient, phytoplankton and physicochemical indexes of water quality in Lake Hulun, Daihai, Ulansuhai and Juyanhai were sampled and investigated in July 2019 and July 2020. 101, 44, 125 and 42 phytoplankton species were identified in Lake Hulun, Daihai, Ulansuhai and Juyanhai with a total phytoplankton abundance of 5.71×105, 0.18×105, 3.45×105 and 6.96×105 cells/L, respectively. Chlorophyta, Diatoms and Cyanobacteria were the dominant phyla. However, only 6dominant species were identified in Juyanhai, which was the least compared with more than 10 dominant species in the three other lakes. The dominant species of phytoplankton were mainly impacted by TLI, T, TDS, NH4+-N, SAL and pH (P<0.01). The mean values of phytoplankton Shannon-Wiener diversity (Hx), richness (D) and evenness (J) were 1.4, 0.38 and 2.79 in Hulun Lake, 2.28, 0.87 and 1.42 in Daihai, 2.99, 0.74 and 4.46 in Ulansuhai, 2.39, 0.75 and 0.75 in Juyanhai, which indicated the corresponding evaluation results were medium rich/medium/medium nutrition, medium/medium rich/poor nutrition, medium/poor medium/poor nutrition, medium /moderate/poor nutrition, respectively. However the evaluation results of the comprehensive nutrition index (TLI) were severe eutrophication, moderate eutrophication, mild eutrophication and moderate eutrophication, respectively. Obviously, the evaluation results of the three approaches were different. On the whole, the evaluation result of phytoplankton index was significantly lower than that of physical and chemical indicators. This might be because the three diversity indexes were not only affected by the comprehensive nutrition indexes like TP, TN, SD and Chl.a, but also significantly correlated with T, pH, SAL and TDS. The analyzed results showed that J was significantly correlated with all the indexes, while Hx was significantly correlated with the indexes that were related to the comprehensive nutritional indexes and D was significantly correlated with T, pH, SAL and TDS. Therefore, the use of biological evaluation such as biodiversity alone may not be applicable to the lakes in the Inner Mongolia Plateau and it is suggested to use multiple evaluation methods in combination with physical and chemical indicators for a comprehensive evaluation.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 311-320 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1217KB] ( 585 )
321 Concentration characteristics and source analysis of PAHs on the glass surface of universities in Shanghai
YU Ying-peng, LI Chuan-wu, LIANG Feng, LIU Min
Organic film on the glass surface were gathered from seven universities and a university town in the downtown and suburbs of Shanghai in different seasons to determine the enrichment level and sources of PAHs on the glass surface. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to measure the mass concentrations of 16 different types of PAHs that are under the priority control of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The seasonal distribution of mass concentration, component features, and pollution sources of PAHs on the glass surface was also examined. According to the findings, the annual average area normalized mass concentration of PAHs on the glass surfaces of universities in the downtown (541.5ng/m2) was significantly higher than that in the suburbs (290.0ng/m2), with TJU(Tongji University) having the highest annual average mass concentration (998.1ng/m2) and SJUT (Songjiang University Town) having the lowest annual average mass concentration (226.6ng/m2). The seasonal variation range of PAHs mass concentration on the glass surface of SHU (Shanghai University) was the smallest, implying that the pollution source was fairly unchanged; low-ring PAHs were more easily enhanced on the glass surface in summer, autumn, and winter; Phe was the pollutant with the highest proportion in each season; a wide range of traceability indicators demonstrate that the PAHs on the glass surface of Shanghai universities were mainly local sources and largely from oil combustion and raise dust, particularly from the automotive exhaust; the primary carcinogens of PAHs on glass surfaces were BaP, DahA, and B[b+k]F.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 321-327 [Abstract] ( 97 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 786KB] ( 389 )
328 Oxidative stress and IBR evaluation of Sinonovacula constricta on intertidal oil pollution
XU Qing-xia, PAN Yu-ying, YANG Ting-ting, YANG Jin-sheng, ZHANG Meng, CHEN Fan, WANG Ying-ying, TANG Zhong-wei
To discuss the toxic effect which induced by intertidal crude oil pollution to organisms, antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in gills and visceral mass, the changes of gills structure as well as Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) of Sinonovacula constricta exposed to different oil concentration were studied. The results showed that superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in gills and visceral mass as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in visceral mass appeared low concentration induction and high concentration inhibition effect in terms of dose-response. SOD induction and catalase (CAT) inhibition appeared at the same time while the rules were roughly opposite. In the time-effect, the SOD activities showed an increase-decrease-increase trend, while CAT and GPx activities showed the decrease-increase trend. The Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in gills showed an increase-decrease trend, the maximum value was 371.663U/mgprot. The malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the two tissues of Sinonvacula constricta increased significantly in the early stage of exposure (6h), the highest MDA content in gills and visceral mass were 5.030 and 10.705 nmol/mgprot, respectively, then gradually stabilized in the later stage. IBR results showed that biomarkers in gills were more sensitive to crude oil contamination. The crude oil exposure can deform the gills filament structure or cause their detachment. The results showed that gills of Sinonovacula constricta were more suitable as the organ for biological monitoring and evaluation of oil exposure in intertidal zone.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 328-340 [Abstract] ( 148 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2413KB] ( 369 )
341 Promoting effect of microalgae and its secretions on dissolved organophosphate mineralization
ZHANG Xiao-yan, LUO Zhuan-xi, WANG Zhen-hong
In order to better understand the mineralization process of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) and its related influencing factors in the aquatic ecological environment, the typical DOP types (adenosine-5'-triphosphate disodium salt (ATP), sodium β-glycerophosphoric and D-glucose-6-phosphate disodium salt (GP)), temperatures (4, 15 and 25℃), proportions of Microcystis aeruginosa and its secretions (M. a & EPS) (0%, 50% and 90%), arsenate (As(V)) concentration (0, 10 and 100μg/L) were selected as the main four environmental factors(three levels for each). The L9(34) orthogonal test was then used to explore the main influencing factors and levels of DOP mineralization process and the main environmental changes during the mineralization process. Results showed that M. a & EPS, as the main influencing factor, could significantly promote the mineralization of DOP at the initial stage (the first 2days), and then was replaced by temperature. Herein the increase of temperature was beneficial to the mineralization of DOP. During the typical DOP mineralization process, the proliferation of algal cells promoted the mineralization of DOP at the optimal temperature(25℃), and caused large fluctuations in pH and ORP in the environment of βP and ATP. The mineralization of DOP in the As(V)-containing environment was accompanied by the transformation of As(V) species. In particular, the production of arsenite (As(III)) was significant in both GP and ATP environments, which could enhance the ecological risk of arsenic. The increased proportion of M. a & EPS promoted the methylation of As(V) in the βP environment. Additionally, the mineralization of individual DOP led to a significant increase in the content of soluble organic matter (DOM) in the environment, which mainly accounted to protein-like components. Meanwhile, the mineralization of DOP combined with M. a & EPS also increased the DOM but with soluble microbial products.The obtain results are of great significance for the comprehensive understanding of the mineralization process of different DOPs in water bodies and the scientific management and control of the ecological risks caused by the outbreak of algal blooms and changes in the water environment.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 341-350 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1033KB] ( 383 )
Environmental Toxicology and Health
351 Enrichment of antibiotics in cherry radish and its potential risk
LI Yang-yang, MEI Qin-yuan, LIU Zi-yin, YIN Li-chun, WANG Xing-shuo, CHEN Ze-you
To explore the potential ecological and health risks of soil antibiotic pollution, a greenhouse pot experiment on cherry radishes was conducted from June to September 2021. Oxytetracycline (OTC) or streptomycin (STR) contaminated water was applied to soil every 6days, and the biomass, plant uptake of antibiotics, and the antibiotic resistance characteristics of the microbiome of cherry radish were analyzed. In addition, the potential human health risks of residual antibiotic and antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) in radish plants were evaluated by risk quotient, calculation of intake index, and the mouse feeding tests. The results showed that continuous application of OTC significantly promoted the growth of radish plants and increased the total biomass of radish plants by 23.1% on 74 days compared with the non-antibiotic applied control group, while continuous application of STR had no significant effect on the growth of radish plants. Radish plants accumulated a certain amount of the applied two antibiotics, and the residual amount of STR in tissues was higher than OTC by 1~2 orders of magnitude. Antibiotics were mainly enriched in leaves at the early growth stage, and antibiotic residue in the neck of fleshy roots at the later growth stage was significantly increased (P < 0.05). The proportion of culturable OTC- and STR-resistant bacteria in total culturable bacteria increased by 2.48×10-6%~5.05 ×10-4% and 0.19%~3.32%, respectively. Consumption of the neck of fleshy roots exposed to antibiotics could increase the body's intake of antibiotics and ARB, but the associated health risk was relatively low, as the assessed risk index HQ was less than 0.1 and the antibiotic residue in feces of mice eating radish plants was below the detection limit.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 351-360 [Abstract] ( 146 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 859KB] ( 380 )
361 Pollution characteristics and toxic effects of neonicotinoid insecticides
CUI Song, LI Fei, LIU Zhi-kun
This paper reviewed the occurrence status of neonicotinoid insecticides in soil, water and atmosphere and their toxic effects on invertebrates, vertebrates, and humans. Neonicotinoids commonly exist in multi-media environments, especially in the agricultural planting areas with high residual concentrations. The effects of neonicotinoids on non-target organisms were mainly manifested in oxidative stress, inhibition of activity, damage to DNA and reproductive function, while they also posed risks to human fertility, reproduction, nerves, and organ functions. Therefore, it is urgent to systematically study the occurrence and pollution of neonicotinoid insecticides in multi-environmental media and explore their health effects on non-target organisms, which could help to fully understand the potential risks of these insecticides on the ecological environment and non-target organisms in the future.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 361-373 [Abstract] ( 174 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 756KB] ( 760 )
374 Association of atmospheric pollution exposure with menstrual cycle length among fertile women
FENG Xiao-qin, LUO Jin-hong, XIE Wo-long, WANG Na, QIN Guo-hua
343reproductive aged women permanently dwelling in Shanxi were recruited to conduct a cross-sectional study for the association between ambient air pollution exposure and menstrual cycle length. Based on physiological characteristics of menstrual cycle length, exposure windows for menstrual cycle length were designed. Daily concentrations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), particulate matters with the diameter≤2.5µm (PM2.5), and ozone (O3) were obtained from local air quality monitoring stations. Generalized linear model (GLM) was employed to evaluate the association of ambient air pollution exposure with total menstrual cycle length, follicular phase length, and luteal phase length during distinct exposure windows. SO2 exposure level in Q4 group were significantly associated with prolonged total menstrual cycle length during period 1(0.053; 95%CI: 0.022, 0.083), period 2(0.049; 95%CI: 0.02, 0.078), and period 3(0.045; 95%CI: 0.017, 0.073). Furthermore, the effect of SO2 exposure was particularly on the prolongation of follicular phase. Similarly, NO2 exposure level in Q3 group were significantly associated with prolonged total menstrual cycle length during period 1(0.060; 95CI: 0.035, 0.085), period 2(0.056; 95CI: 0.030, 0.083), and period 3(0.050; 95CI: 0.025, 0.075). PM2.5 exposure level in Q3 group were significantly associated with prolonged total menstrual cycle length during period 1(0.043; 95%CI: 0.012, 0.074) and period 2(0.049; 95%CI: 0.020, 0.079). However, O3 exposure level in Q4group were significantly associated with shortened follicular phase during period 1(-0.043; 95% CI: -0.079, -0.003), period 2(-0.047; 95%CI: -0.072, -0.022), and period 3(-0.046; 95CI: -0.081, -0.011). In summary, follicular phase of menstrual cycle may be sensitive to ambient air pollution exposure. Moreover, the significant association of ambient air pollution exposure and menstrual cycle length was still observed even when exposed below Chinese existing standard levels. Our findings provided important reference evidence of precise formulation of atmospheric pollution control measures in China and accelerate implementation of regional health risk prevention policy.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 374-382 [Abstract] ( 131 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 545KB] ( 429 )
383 Health effects and population exposure risk of nitrogen dioxide in Huangshi City
WANG Ke-yi, KANG Ping, OU Yi-han, ZHANG Xiao-ling, WANG Ke-ke, WANG An-yi, FENG Hao-peng, WANG Jiu-sheng
In order to reveal the characteristics of health effects and population exposure risk of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in Huangshi City, NO2 concentration, non-accidental deaths, daily deaths from respiratory and circulatory diseases, daily hospitalizations for medical diseases, and meteorological elements in Huangshi city from 2015 to 2020 were collected. Based on these data, the spatial and temporal variation of NO2 was explored, the effect of NO2 on the number of fatal cases and internal medicine hospitalizations was quantitatively evaluated by using a semi-parametric generalized additive model (GAM), and the exposure risk (R*) of residents was evaluated. The intra-annual variation of NO2 concentration in Huangshi was "U" shaped, with more serious pollution in spring and winter, and slightly higher NO2 concentration in densely populated and industrial areas. At the optimal lag time, with each 10µg/m3 increase in NO2 concentration, the number of deaths in non-accidental, respiratory, and circulatory cases reached the maximum at lag01, lag3, lag1, with percentage increase (ER) values of 1.93% (95%CI: -2.10, 6.14), 2.13%, (95%CI: -6.56, 11.62), 4.82% (95%CI: -0.22, 10.02), respectively. The number of daily hospitalizations for internal medical diseases reached the maximum at lag05 with a percentage increase (IP) value of 5.34% (95% CI: 3.58, 7.14). Focus on the gender attributes of hospitalized cases, the male group was more sensitive to NO2 exposure; Focus on age attributes, the 18~60 years group was more sensitive to NO2 exposure; Focus on medical disease attributes, patients with renal failure were more sensitive to NO2 exposure. Assess the population exposure risk of NO2, the highest R* was found for adolescents in the age group of 9~12 years. The adult population had the highest R* for males in the 18~45 age group and the highest R* for females in the 80+ age group. The seasonal ranking of the mean R* for all age groups was spring > autumn > winter > summer.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 383-393 [Abstract] ( 122 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2061KB] ( 455 )
394 Study on the effects of air pollution on cognitive ability of middle-aged and elderly people
FAN Dan, YANG Xiao-hong, YANG Zhong-yuan
Using data from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study(CHARLS), this paper evaluated the impact of air pollution on cognitive ability and its transmission path of middle-aged adults and senior citizens in China by using two-stage least square method, and further analyzed the heterogeneity of different types of pollutants. It was found that air pollution was significantly and negatively correlated with cognitive ability of middle-aged people and their even older counterparts, and a string of robustness tests showed that the results were robust. Mechanism analysis and heterogeneity analysis showed that air pollution indirectly impacted individuals' cognitive ability through shaping their moods, states, sports, social activities, health and memory, and air pollution had a greater adverse impact on cognitive ability of the elderly, women, people with poor health behaviors and lower socioeconomic status. Further study found that PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO yield remarkable cognitive depreciation effect can improve cognitive ability of the middle-aged and senior citizens. This paper centers on air pollution and a greying population in China, identifying the potential health effects of air pollution on cognitive ability among Chinese residents, which to some extent provides a realistic basis and policy reference for the national healthy environment governance and the achievement of healthy aging.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 394-403 [Abstract] ( 145 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 491KB] ( 694 )
404 Combined toxicity of sequential exposure of antibiotics and fungicides on green algae
LI Chao-jie, NONG Qiong-yuan, QIN Li-tang, MO Ling-yun, LIANG Yan-peng, ZENG Hong-hu, DENG Zhen-gui, LIU Liang
The mixture systems of three antibiotics (doxycycline hydrochloride (DOX), erythromycin (ERY), oxytetracycline (OXY)) and three triazole fungicides (myclobutanil(MYC), propiconazole (PRO) and tebuconazole (TCZ)) were selected as target pollutants. The primary producer green algae (Chlorella pyrenoidosa) in the ecosystem was used as the test organism to study the combined toxicity of sequential exposure to target contaminants. The results showed that the inhibitory toxicities of six single target pollutants to Chlorella pyrenoidosa were: PRO>DOX>TCZ>ERY>MYC>OXY. The difference of inhibition rates between simultaneous exposure and sequential exposure of antibiotic triazole bactericide mixture system mixed at 50% effect concentration was 0.38%~36.76%. The toxicity to Chlorella pyrenoidosa increased up to 36.82% when DOX, PRO, TCZ, and MYC were exposed to Chlorella pyrenoidosa in the reverse order. Under the influence of different concentrations and time, the sequential exposure toxicities of PRO-DOX and TCZ-DOX were higher than that of DOX-PRO and DOX-TCZ after adjusting the exposure sequence. The higher concentrations the greater difference of inhibition rates. At the exposure time of 96h~144h, the difference of sequential exposure inhibition rates of exposure concentration EC50/20 was 0.65%~11.57%. The difference of sequential exposure inhibition rates of exposure concentration EC50 was 0.15%~36.93%. The range of sequential exposure inhibition rate increased with the increase of concentration. At the exposure concentration EC50/20 to EC50, the difference of sequential exposure inhibition rates of exposure time 96h was 0.29%~36.93%. The difference of sequential exposure inhibition rates of exposure time 144h was 0.215%~30.09%. The range of sequential exposure inhibition rate decreased with the increase of time. Therefore, sequential exposure changed the combined toxicity of antibiotics and triazole fungicides to Chlorella pyrenoidosa. The sequential exposure, exposure time, and exposure concentration were the key factors affecting the toxicity.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 404-414 [Abstract] ( 163 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 539KB] ( 473 )
415 Comprehensive assessment method of site heavy metal pollution risk based on fuzzy mathematics
KE Qiang, FENG Kang-hong, CAO Xin-de, XU Xiao-yun
Based on the theory of traditional soil evaluation methods and the framework of fuzzy mathematics, this paper established an evaluation model composed of risk factor set, risk evaluation set, membership function, evaluation matrix and weight coefficient, and finally formed a set of comprehensive evaluation methods for heavy metal pollution risk of sites. The polluted soil of a smelter from Tongling, Anhui was selected as the research site to analyze the pollution of heavy metals and verify the effectiveness of the evaluation model. The average contents of heavy metals in the surface soil of the study site were 1382mg/kg for As, 64.9mg/kg for Cd, 4973mg/kg for Cu, and 3403mg/kg for Pb. Among them As and Pb were seriously polluted. Compared to the traditional soil evaluation method, the integrated evaluation method considered three aspects especially human health risk, groundwater migration risk and ecological risk of heavy metals. The proportion of area occupied by different risks after interpolation was safe (25.3%), low risk (5.86%), medium risk (9.00%) and high risk (59.9%). Compared with nemero index method, the area of high risk in the comprehensive evaluation method decreased by 9.50%, while the area of medium risk, low risk and safe area increased by about 3.54%, 3.83% and 1.20% respectively, indicating that the overall risk decreased. Compared with traditional soil evaluation methods, the comprehensive evaluation method based on fuzzy mathematical model is not limited to a single index of total heavy metals, but carries out a more detailed pollution risk assessment regarding the actual situation of the site and the way of land reuse, which highlights the contribution of different heavy metal pollution and thus providing more accurate risk assessment of soil pollution.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 415-423 [Abstract] ( 141 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 1935KB] ( 559 )
Carbon Emission Control
424 Plants moderate the effects of emission fluxes of CO2 and CH4 on increased flooding in wetland soils
TAN Feng-feng, LUO Min, ZHANG Chang-wei, CHEN Xin, HUANG Jia-fang
Two mesocosms, with and without plants, were established in the tidal wetlands of the Minjiang Estuary, Southeast China. Each mesocosm contained three elevation treatments: control (CK), CK-20cm, and CK-40cm. The CO2 and CH4 emission fluxes under each elevation treatment in the planted and unplanted mesocosms were investigated. Overall, the results showed that increased flooding did not significantly change the total biomass or stem heights of the plants, but it increased the belowground biomass and decreased the aboveground biomass. In the planted mesocosms, the soil redox potential (ORP) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration increased with increasing flooding. In the unplanted mesocosms, the DOC concentration also increased with increasing flooding, but the soil ORP did not change. In the planted mesocosms, compared to the CK treatment, CO2 emission flux increased by 43% and 61%, respectively and CH4 emission flux increased by 66% and 84%, respectively for the CK-20cm and CK-40cm treatments. In the unplanted mesocosms, the emission fluxes of CO2 and CH4 did not significantly change with increasing flooding. Within 50 to 100 years of sea level rises in the future, the sustained-flux global warming potential of vegetated tidal wetland will increase, while the soil organic carbon storage will decrease. Conversely, in unvegetated tidal wetlands, the sustained-flux global warming potential will decrease, while the storage of soil organic carbon will not change.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 424-435 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2233KB] ( 369 )
436 Environmental impact and carbon neutral benefit of food waste anaerobic treatment case evaluation
SHI Chuan, LI Kun, BIAN Xiao, WANG Kai-jun
In order to comprehensively assess the impact and benefit of food waste treatment, life cycle environmental impact assessment of food waste treatment process was conducted, especially technical units. Carbon neutral calculation model was established to predict and verify the actual carbon emission and energy consumption. The practical case was evaluated by integrated consideration of “environment-economic-social” benefit. The results showed that the biomass fertiliser processing and biogas purification units caused 39% and 59% of the total environmental impact respectively. In addition, the carbon emission from crude oil refining and biogas purification were significantly reduced in the form of bio-based product recovery, accounting for 9.7% and 54.7% of the theoretical carbon reduction, respectively. The food waste treatment plant needs to reduce the discrepancy between theoretical and actual carbon emission by increasing the stability of the system, improving the gas monitoring system, increasing the technical treatment efficiency and optimising the additional energy consumption of the equipment. The overall assessment showed that analysed model of food waste treatment has potential to be "carbon-negative" and bright future prospects for technology promotion.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 436-445 [Abstract] ( 138 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 483KB] ( 825 )
446 Measuring the environmental footprints caused by the changes of residents' food consumption
DOU Yu-xing, LIU Xiu-li
This paper first compared and analyzed the changing characteristics of urban and rural residents' food consumption from 2014 to 2020, then calculated the contributions of population size, urbanization rate, per capita food consumption volume, and food consumption structure to the environmental footprints. Finally, we designed three scenarios: the current food consumption structure S0, the developing consumption structure S1, and the optimal consumption structure S2, closer to the dietary guideline in 2022 for Chinese residents, to measure the environmental footprints led by residents' food consumption in 2025 and 2030. The results show that the per capita food consumption volume and dietary structure have gradually become the main factors affecting the environmental footprints. The average contribution of per capita food consumption volume and consumption structure of urban (rural) residents to the environmental footprints in 2018~2020 was 51.1% (51.6%) and -17.4% (-13.1%) in China. The environmental footprints caused by the changes in residents' food consumption in S1and S2 would be lower than those in S0, and the differences would be more evident in S2. Compared with the environmental footprints in S0, the land, water, and carbon footprints caused by urban (rural) residents' food consumption in S2 would drop 10.5% (11.5%), 19.6% (17.2%), 12.6% (13.7%) respectively in 2025, those would reduce 11.6% (11.9%), 21.0% (16.8%), 13.6% (14.7%) in 2030 respectively. Based on the analysis of the results, we suggested practical ways to reduce the environmental footprints caused by food consumption.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 446-455 [Abstract] ( 176 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 649KB] ( 650 )
456 Industry benchmark research of Beijing carbon trade pilot: A case study in thermal industry
CHEN Cao-cao, QIU Da-qing, LIU Geng-yuan, ZHANG Yue, TIAN Tian-qi, YU Feng-ju, SONG Dan, SUN Fen, FAN Yi-ran, HU Yong-feng, WANG Li-bo, WANG Xin-shuang, HU Jing
This paper took carbon emissions industry benchmark of heating industry in Beijing pilot carbon market as an example. Based on the verified enterprises data of the heating industry from 2013 to 2019, this study analysed 4kinds of benchmark scenarios. Following the Beijing atmospheric pollution control, the clean transformation of the coal-fired heating industry was basically completed. Taking 2017 as the turning point, the heating intensity was transitioned from a rapid decline to a stable state, and it was appropriate to choose a more recent historical year as the base year for analysis. The benchmark value of the heating industry in Beijing should be set as 63.1kgCO2/GJ after assessing the advancement of comprehensive evaluation benchmark value and comparing the proportion of the industry degree of surplus quota and quota insufficient enterprise. This benchmark value in this research was stricter than the published energy consumption limit standard for local heating industries in Beijing, and it was in good agreement with the published advanced carbon emission value of the Beijing heating industry. After the transformation of the heating industry in Beijing from the historical intensity method to the benchmark method, the fairness of this method was further improved compared with the historical intensity method, by drawing a uniform baseline and making the overall quota of the industry inadequate. This study has a positive role in promoting the reconstruction of thermal system under the urban carbon neutrality target.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 456-464 [Abstract] ( 130 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 486KB] ( 600 )
465 Assessment for Co-benefits of low-carbon city on CO2 and PM2.5 in China
ZHAO Yan-yun, LU Xiang-yi, WANG Wen
This paper incorporated CO2 and PM2.5 that based on satellite remote sensing data into a unified research framework. The time-varying difference-in-differences model was used to explore the Co-benefits and impact mechanism of low-carbon city construction from 2007 to 2019 at the city scale. It was found that the Co-benefits of CO2 and PM2.5 were significant, which reducing CO2 emissions and atmospheric PM2.5 concentrations in pilot cities by 3.2% and 0.74%. The findings still held after a series of robustness tests. The mechanism analysis showed that improving the public transportation environment was the most important way to achieve the Co-benefits in low-carbon city construction. Moreover, there were regional differences in the Co-benefits of low carbon policies, and the Co-benefits were more significant in cities with high levels of economic development, high levels of industrial structure, and non-resource-based cities. Therefore, we should give full play to the Co-benefits and further accelerate the construction of low-carbon cities to promote the synergistic management of CO2, PM2.5 and other air pollutants.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 465-476 [Abstract] ( 154 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 639KB] ( 1059 )
477 Spatio-temporal variation of gross primary productivity and synergistic mechanism of influencing factors in the eight economic zones, China
XU Yong, ZHAO Chun, GUO Zhen-dong, DAI Qiang-yu, PAN Yu-chun, ZHENG Zhi-wei
China and the eight economic zones were considered as the study area. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze the impact of anthropogenic factors, land use types, climatic factors, and topographic factors on the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP. Using MODIS GPP time series, in situ meteorological data, land use type, DEM, nighttime light, and population density data based on Theil-Sen Median trend analysis, Mann-Kendall significance test, and geo-detector model, the spatio-temporal variation of vegetation GPP from 2000 to 2020 were analyzed, and the influencing factors affecting the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP were detected both on country and regional scales. The results showed that the vegetation GPP showed a fluctuating upward trend both in China and the eight economic zones from 2000 to 2020. The areas with an upward trend accounted for 84.46% of the total area, of which the areas with extremely significant increases accounted for 19.86%, mainly distributed in the middle of the Yellow River economic zone and east of the Northwest economic zone. The factor detection results showed that relative humidity, sunshine duration, precipitation, and land use types were the dominant factors affecting the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in China. On regional scale, relative humidity, sunshine duration, and precipitation were the dominant factors affecting the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in the Northeast, middle reaches of the Yellow River, Southwest, and Northwest economic zones, while anthropogenic factors exerted the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in the Eastern and Southern coastal economic zones. Interaction detection results showed that the interaction between land use type and relative humidity exhibited the greatest influence on the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in China with a q value of 0.75. On regional scale, the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in the middle reaches of the Yellow River and Southwest economic zones was mostly affected by the interaction between precipitation and other influencing factors, while the spatial differentiation of vegetation GPP in other economic zones was mainly affected by the interaction between land use type and other influencing factors or relative humidity and other influencing factors.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 477-487 [Abstract] ( 192 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 2001KB] ( 670 )
488 Evaluation and optimization analysis of carbon reduction efficiency of retired NCM lithium battery recycling system
LI Jian-xi, SONG Xiao-long, PAN Jing-jin, ZHUANG Xu-ning, ZHAO Jing, DOU Yong-qi
With the rapid development of China's new energy vehicle industry, a large number of power batteries have entered the retirement period. It has become an important research topic to identify the synergistic effect of cost and carbon reduction and carry out systematic optimization analysis in view of the current situation of retired power battery recycling. The carbon footprint and economic cost of the retired NCM lithium battery recycling system in China were analyzed by using life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. The carbon footprint and life cycle cost of the retired NCM lithium battery recycling system with 1GWh capacity were -2.33×107kgCO2eq and –336131500 yuan, respectively. The carbon reduction efficiency assessment and scenario analysis were carried out based on the two-dimensional indicators of carbon footprint and life cycle cost. It was found that compared with the real system, the optimization scenario dominated by automobile manufacturers had lower carbon reduction efficiency, and the optimization scenario with higher echelon utilization ratio had the optimal carbon reduction efficiency. The carbon reduction efficiency of the retired NCM lithium battery recycling system can be significantly improved by increasing the proportion of echelon utilization and adopting advanced resource recovery technology.
2023 Vol. 43 (1): 488-496 [Abstract] ( 185 ) [HTML 1KB] [ PDF 726KB] ( 966 )
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